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aioi.  e.  16.2- 


THE  GENERAL 


BIOGRAPHICAL    DICTIONARY. 


A  NEW  EDITION. 


VOL.  XXVIL 


PHntcd  by  NfCHOLS,  50N»  and  B^iTLEYt 
IM  Uom  Pumgr^  Fkf  t  Stnttf  London. 


THE   GENERAL 

BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY: 

CONTAINING 

AI<  HISTORICAL  AND  CRITICAL  ACCOUNT 

OF   TBI 

LIVES   AND   WRITINGS 

OF   THE 

MOST   EMINENT    PERSONS 

IN   EVERY  NATION; 

PARTICULARLY  THE  BRITISH  AND  IRISH; 
FROM  THE  EARLIEST  ACCOUNTS  TO  THE  PRESENT  TIME. 


A  NEW  EDITION, 

i 

KEVI8ED  AMD  ENLARGED   BY 

ALEXANDER  CHALMERS,  F.  S.  A. 


voL  XXVII. 


LONDONt 

« 

miNTBD  FOR  J.  NICHOLS  AND  SON ;  F.  C.  AND  J.  UYIMOTON ;  T.  FAYNE  ; 
OTRIDGB  AND  SON;  O.  AND  W.  NICOL ;  O.  WILKIX )  J.  WALKER;  «r» 
LOWNDES;  T.  EGZRTON;  I^CKINGTONy  ALLEN,  AND  CO.;  J.  CARPENTER; 
LONGMAN,  HURST,  RE£8»  ORM£,  AND  BROWN;  CADELL  AND  DA  VIES ;  LAW 
AND  WHITTAKER;  J.  BOOKER;^  J.  CUTHELL ;  CLARKE  AND  SONS;  J»  AND 
A.  ARpH;  J.  HARRIS;  BLACK,  PARBURY,  AND  ALLEN  ;  J.  BLACK;  J.  BOOTH; 
J.  MAWMAN;  CTALE  AND  FBNNER;  R.  H.  EVANS;  J.  HATCHARD;  J.  MURRAY; 
BALDWIN,  CRADOCK,  AND  JOY  ;  E«  BBNTLBY ;  OGLE  AND  CO. ;  W^  GINGER ; 
RODWELL  AND  MARTIN;  P.  WRIQBT;  I.  OBIOHTON  AND  SON,  CAMBRIDGE; 
CONSTABLE  AND  CO.  KDINBURGH;  AND  WILSON  AND  SON,  YORK. 

1816. 


A  NEW  AND    GENERAL 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


O  AA,  or  DE  SA  (Emanuel),  a  learned  Portuguese  Jesuit, 
was  born  in  ISSO^^at  Coode,  in  the  province  of  Douro,  and 
entered  tbe  society  ii^  1545,  After  the  usual  course  of 
studies,  he  taught  at  Coimbra,  Rome,  and  other  places^ 
and  was  considered  as  an  excellent  preacher  and  iQtt»rpra» 
ter  of  the  acriptures,  on  which  last  Recount  he  wts  em- 
ployed, by  pope  Pius  Y.  on  a  new  eclitiion  ^f  the  Bible.  He 
died  at  Arona,  in  the  MilanesOi  ;Bieci  ^^  in  the 

sixty'-sixth  year  of  his  age.  His'^nief  Wbflc^^^  :  <*  Scho- 
lia in  qtiatubr  Evang^lia,"  Antw^p  and 'Cdldg^',  1596,  4to; 
and  /*  Notatiooes  in  toum  sacrapgi^fSi^ipttiram^'*  &c.  Ant* 
werp,  1598,  4to;  reprinted,  with  bther  scholia,  or  notes, 
by  Mariana  and  Tinni*  Dupin  says,  that  of  all  the  Com* 
menlaries  upon  the  scriptures  fj^ere  is  nothing  more  con*, 
cise.and  useful  than  tbe  notes  of  our  author,  whose  sole 
object,  he  adds,  is  to  give  the  literal  sens&  in  a  few  words 
and  in  i^  intelligible  manner.  De  Sa  was  the  author  of 
another  work,; wfaich^  although  a. very  small  volume,  is 
said  to  have  employed  him  for  forty  years :  it  is  entitled 
*^  Aphorismi  Confessaribrum,"  printed  first  at  Venice,  1595, 
12mo,  avd  afterwards,  frequently  reprinted  in  various 
places.  Dupin  calls  it  a  moral  work ;  it  seems  rather  a  set 
of  rules  for  confessors  in  cases  of  conscience ;  and  Lavocat 
tells  us  it  contains  some  dangerous  positions  respecting 
bbth.ihQraU  aiid  the  authority  of  kings.  It  underwent  sa 
many  corrections  and  emendations  before  the  pope  would 
license  it^.that  it.  did  not  appear,  until  the  year  before  the. 
author  di^.  .The  French  trtnslatioos  of  it  have  many 
castrations.  >  , 

>  Antonio  Bibl.  HifjM^Aiegambe.-i*]>uptn.— 'Sforeri.— Saxii  OaomuU 

Vou  XXVII.  B 


2  SAADIAS-GAON. 

SAADI.     See  SADI. 

SAADIAS-GAON,  or  Saadiad  the  Excellent,  a  learned 
rabbi,  the  chief  of  the  academy  of  the  Jews,  was  born  ac 
Pitbom  in  Egypt,  about  the  year  892.  In«the  year  927, 
he  was  iavited  by  David  Ben- Chair,  the  prince  of  the  cap- 
tivity^ to  preside  over  the  academy  at  Sora,  near  Babylon, 
where  one  of  his  first  objects  was  to  explode  the  doctrine 
of  the  transmigration  of  souls,  which  was  very  prevalent, 
ev^tt  among  the  Jews.  But  having  refused  to  dobscribe 
to  a  new  regulation,  which  appeared  to  him  to  be  repug* 
hant  to  the  Jewish  laws,  a  breach  arose  ^etween  David 
and  Saadias,  which-  after  some  years  was  made  up,  and 
Saadias  was  restored  to  his  professorship,  in  which  he  con- 
tinued with  great  reputation  tiU  his  death,  in  the  year  9M. 
H'lB  pviftcipal  works  wrtf  *'  Sepber  HaemUnah,"  or  a  trea- 
tise iConoerciing  the  Jewish  articles  of  faith,  in  ten  chap- 
ters ;  but  we  haw.  only  a  translation  of  it  from  the  or^kiftl 
Arabic  into  Hebrew,  which  was  printed  at  Coustautinople 
te  1647)  aird  uften  repritued.  *' A  Commentary  on  tbe 
Book' fezint,'^  print^d^  with  other  Commentaries  on  .tint 
book,  at  Mantua,  in  1502}  ^^ An  Arabic  tranalatioo  of  the 
iNrbole  Old  Te&tlUnetit^''  of  wJuch  the  Peolatsuch  is  inserted 
in  Jdiy'^  and  Walton's  Polyglottsi  accompaiMed  witii  the 
Laiin  veriion  of  Gabriel;  Siooitft;  *^  A^  Comtoentaryf  on  tbo 
Sodg  of  Songs/'  in  Hebrexi,  printed ,  at  Pragiie  in  I6i^^ 
4to ;  **  A  Commentary  on  Daniel/*  likewise  in  Hebrofr^ 
ioserfed  ki  the  great  robbinical  bibles  of  Venice  and  Basil ; 
'<  A  Commcnilaty  on  Jobi^'  in  Arabic^  the  MS*  of  irltteh 
is  in  tfa^  Bodleian  library  at  Oxford ;  and  a  contnieolary 
on  illicit  iiUiaaceS)  mentioiied  by  Aben  Efrau' 

SAAV^H^DRA.     See.CERVANT£S.  ^     « 

SAAVEDRA-FAXARDO  (Di«goj>b)«  afifnnisb  pdi- 
iieal  and  moral  writer,  was  born  May  6,  1584,  at  Algezares, 
in  the  kingdom  of  Murcia,  aud  studied  at  Sdamanca*  In 
I6M|  fad  went  to 'Rome  as  secretaFy  to^  the  caoNiinal  Gas- 
par  do  BorgtOy  who  was  appointed  Spanish  ambassador  to 
fbe  pdipe^  and  assistodin' the  coadavesof  1621  aiid  id'/S^ 
held  ftor  the  election  of  the  popes  Gregory  XVi  and  Ur«- 
bsa  VIIL  For  these  services  Saavodra  was  rewarded  witk 
a  cai»oiiry  in  the  church  of  St.  James,  although  ho  imd 
never  taken  pties^i  orders.  Spme^  time  after  he  was  m:p^ 
pointed  agent  from<  tbo  ootiru  of  8paia  «t  Aome^  and  his 

i  Moreri.<--StiaQS  Cri/t.  Hist. , 


SAAVEDRA-FAXARDO.  S 

•eondoctin  this  office  acquired  bin  general  esteeili.     In 
1636,  he  assisted   ai  the  electoral  congress   held   there, 
-i«  which  Ferdinand  III.  was  chosen  king  of  the  Romans. 
He  afterwards  was  present  at  eight  diets  held  in  Swisser- 
huid,  and  lastly  at  the  general  diet  of  the  empire  at  Ratis- 
booue,  where  he  appeared  in  quality  of  plenipotentiary  of 
the  circle  and  of  the  house  of  BurgUfidy.     After  being 
employed  in  some  other  diplomatic  aff.iirs,  he  returned 
to  Madrid  in  1646,  and  was  appointed  master  of  ceremo- 
nies in  the  introduction  of  ainhas^adors;  but  be  did  not  en- 
joy this  honour  longi^  as  he  died  Aug.  24,    1649.     In  his 
public  cliaracter  he  rendened  the  state  very  important  ser- 
Tices,  and,  as  a  writer,  is  ranked  among  those  who  have 
comributed  to  polish  and    enrich  the  Spanish  language. 
The  Spanish  critics,  who  place  him  among  theif  classics, 
say  be  wrote  Spanish  as  Tacitus  wrote  Latin.     He  has  lon^ 
b«Bn  known,  even  in  this  country,  by  his  ^<  Emblems,*' 
which  were  publislied  in  Q  vols    8vo,  in  the  early  part  of 
*tbe  last  ceatu|*y«     These  politico*moral  instructions  for  a 
Christian  prince,  were  first  printed  in  1640,  4to,  under  the 
title  of  '^  Idea  de  un  Principe  Politico  Christiano  repre- 
iBeotada  en  ciei»  empreiias,*' and  reprinted  at  Milan  in  1642 ; 
tbey  were  afterwards  translated  into  Latin,  and  published 
under  the  title   of  '*  Symbola  Christiano-*Palitica,*'    and 
liave  often  been  reprinted  inr  various  sizes  in  France,  Italy, 
and  Holland*    He  wrote  also  '*  Corona  Gotica,  Castellana, 
y  Anstriaca  politicamente  illustrada/^    1646,  4to,    which 
was  to  have  consisted  of  tliree  parts,  but  be  lived  to  com* 
plete  one  only  ;  the   rest  was  by  Nunez  de  Castro;  and 
**  Respdblica  Literaria,^'  published  in  1670,  8vo.     Of  this 
work  ao  English  translation  was  published  by  I.  E.  in  1727. 
It  IS  akiivAof  visipn,  giving  a  satirical  account  of  the  re« 
poblio  of  letters,  not  unlike  the  manner  of  Swift.     Tm 
French  bave  a  translation  of  it,  so  late  as  1770.  ^ 

SABATIER  (PETEif},  a.  learned  French  Benedictine, 
waa'born  at  Poictiers  in  1680,  aiid  died  at  Rbeims  March 
2^  1942.  He  spent  twenty  years  of  hi»  life  in  preparing  for 
the  preas  a  valuable  edition  df  all  the  Latin  vefsiot>s  of  the 
Soriptuyes,  collected  together,  and  united  in  one  point  of 
WW.  It  consists  of  three  volumes,  folio;  bat  he  lived 
only  to  pvint  one  volume ;  the  others  were  completed  by 
Ij9l  fUae,  ako  a  Benedictine  of  St.  Maur.    The  titl^  isr 


>  AfitMna  BiM.  Hof  • 
B  2 


4  SABA  f.I  E  R. 

*  V  Bibliorum  Sacrorum  Latins  Versiones  antiqucb  seii  Ve- 
tills  Italica,  et  cetera^  quscuinqMe  in  codicibiis  MSS.  et 
antiquoruoi  libris  reperiri  potuerudt,'*  Rheimls,  1743-— 
1749. »  * 

SABATIER  (Raphael  -  Bienvenu)^  a  very  en^ineftt 
French  surgeon,  was  born  at  Paris  in  October  .17329  and 
after  studying  tl^e,  acquired  the  first  rank  in  his  pro- 
fession,  and  jn  every  situation  which  he  filled,  his  know- 
ledge, skilly  an^  success,  were  equally  coilspicuous.  He 
.became  censor-royal  of  the  academy  of  sciences,  profes- 
sor and  dempn^rator  of  the  surgical  schools^  secretary  of 
correspondence,  surgeon*  major  of  the  hospital  of  invalids, 
and  a  member  of  the  institute.  His  education  had  been 
more  liberal  and  comprehensive  than  usual.  He  not  only 
was  an  excellent  Greek  and  Latin  scholar,  but  was  well 
acquainted  with  the  English,  Italiat),  and  German,  laor 
guages.  Besides  his  public  courses  of  lectures  on  ana- 
tomy, and  surgery,  he  instructed  many  private  pupils,  not 
only  of  his  own  country,  but  those  of  foreign  nations  who 
were  attracted  to  Paris  by  his  fame  as  a  teacher,  and  were 
delighted  with  his  unaffected  politeness  and  candour.  la 
bis  latter  days  Bonaparte  appointed  him  one^of  his  con- 
sulting surgeons,  and  be  was  one  of  the  first  on  whom  he 
bestowed  the  cross  of  the  legion  of  honour.  Sabatier  died 
at  Paris  July  21,  1811.  He  retained  his  faculties  to  the 
last,  but  we  are  told  became  ashamed  of  his  bodily  weak* 
ness.  ^/  Hide  me,^'  he  said  to  his  wife  knd  son,  '^  from 
the  world,  that  you  may  be  the  only  witnesses  of  this  de- 
cay to  which  I  must  submit/^  A  little  before  his  death  he 
said  to  his  son,  '*  Contentplate  the  state  into  which  I  am 
fallen,  and  learn  to  die.*'  His  humane  attention  to  his 
patients  was  a  distinguished  feature  in  his  character.  During 
any  painful  operation  be  used  to  say,  '^  Weep  ]  weep ! 
the  more  you  express  a  sense  of  your  sufferings,  the  more 
anxious  I  shall  be  to  shorten  them.*' 

His  works  are,  1.  ^^  Theses  anatomico-cbirurgicso,"  1748, 
4to.  2.  *^  De  variis  cataractam  extrahendi  modis,"  1759,' 
4to.  S.  An  edition  of  Verdier's  ^^  Abreg6  d'Anatomie,'* 
with  additions,  1768^  2  vols.  12mo.  4.  An  edition  of  La 
Motte's  "  Trait6  complet  de  Cbirurgie,"  which  .was.  fol« 
lowed  by  his  own,  5.  '*  Trait^  copaplet  d'Anatomie,"  1775. 
Of  this  a  thijrd  edition,  with  many  improvements,  appeared 

>  Diet.  Hi9t*'*'*3ttii  Ooonutt,  vol,  VIIL 


I 


:    S  A  B  A  T  I  E  R.  ^ 

in,  1791,  3  vols.  8vb.  6.  "  De  la  Medieine.expdctativejV 
1796^  3  vols.  8vo.  7.  **  De  la  Medicine  operatoire,  ou 
Pes  Operations  de  Cbirurgie  qui  se  pratiquent  le  plus  fre- 
qaemment,"  .17^6,  3  vols/  8yo.  Besides  these  he  contri* 
buted  many  ^9say9  tp  the  medical  joornals.^ 

SABBA,'fBlIcfR  (Francis),  a  learned  French  writer,  was 
born  at  Condf>m^  Qc^  BB,  1735^  and  after  making  great 
proBciency  ^n  hi$  StM^es  atn'ong  the  fathers  of  the  oratory 
in  that  ci||^,  wieixt*  to*  Orleans,.  H^here  he  was  employed  ad 
^  private  tutor.  In  17i&2,  hewas.  i#viwl  to  the  college  of 
Chalons-sur-Marne;  wbeVe.  he*^auglit  the  third  and  fourth 
classea  for  sixteen  years,  which  gave  him  a  title  to  the  pen« 
sion  of  an  emeritus.  His  literary  re|)utation  took  its  rise 
principally  from  bis  esssay  on'  the  temporal  power  of  the 
popes,  which  gained  the  prize  of  the  academy  of  Prussia.^ 
He  was  then  about  twenty-.eigbt  years  old ;  but  had  before 
,this  ad()ressed  a  curious  paper  on  th.e  limits  of  the  empire 
of  Cbarlemagna  to  the  academy  of  Belles  Lettre3  at  Paris. 
He  was  the  principal  means  of  founding  the  academy  of 
Chalons,  procured  a  charter  for  it,  and  acted  as  secFe« 
tary  for  thirty  years.  Such  was  his  reputation  that  he  had 
the  honpur  to  correspond  with  some  of  the  royal  perso* 
nages  of  lurope,  and  was  in  particular  much  esteemed  by 
the  kingrs  of  Prussia  and  Sweden  ;  nor  was  he  less  in  fa- 
your  with  Choiseul,  the  French  minister,  who  encouraged 
bis  taste  for  study.  It  does  not  appear,  however,  that  his 
riches  increased  with  his  reputation,  Bg^  this  occasioned 
his  projecting  a  paper-manufactory  inirHolIani),  which  ended 
like  some  of  the  schemes  of  ingenious  men  ;  Sabbathier 
iii*as  ruined,  and  his  successors  mad^  a.fortune  He  died 
]^  a  village  near  Chalon,  March  11,  .1807,  in  his  seventy* 
second  year. 

..  He' publijshed,  1.  ^'Essai  historique-critique  sur  Pori- 
gine  de  la  puissance  temporelle  des  Papes,^^  Chalons,  1764^ 
}j2mOf  reprinted  the  following  year.  2.  "  Le  Manuel  des 
$nfans,V  ibid.  1769,'  ]2mo,  a  collection  of  maxims  frooi 
PiQtarcb*,s  li^i^es.  3.  '*  Recu^il  de  Dissertations  sur  divers 
sujets  de  Thistoircj  de  France,!'  ibid.  1778,  12mo.  4.  "Let 
Mcsurs,  cputumes  et  usages  d^s  anciens  peuples,  pouir 
sjsrvir  a  Peducation  de  la  jeunesse,'*  ibid.  1770,  3  toIs. 
12mo.  Of  this  entertaining  work,  a  trs^nslation  was  pub<* 
lished  in   1775,  2  vols.  8vo,    by  the  4ate  Rev.  Percival 

1  Dtct.  Hist.— Eby  Diet.  Hist,  cl«  U  Medieioe.        .  t 


«  .SABBATHIER. 

Stockdale.  5.  ^' Dictionnaire  pour  IMntellig^ncedef  au« 
teurs  classiques  Grecs  et  Latins,  tant  sacr^s  (}ue  profanes, 
contenant  la  geographie,  i'histoire,  la  fable,  et  les  anti- 
^aitis,"  ibid.  1766 — li90,  36  vols.  8vo,  and  2  volumes  oF 
plates.  Voluminous  as  this  work  is,  the  troubles  which 
followed  the  reroluiion  obliged  the  author  to'leave  it'  in- 
complete ;  but  thfe  manuscript  of  the  concluding  volumes 
18  said  to  be  in  a  state  for  publicatidn.  It  is  lin  elaborate 
collection,  very  useful  for  consultsltion,  bqt  lK>t  always 
correct,  and  contftin^^  many  articles  which  increase  the 
bulk  rather  than  the  value.  A  jitdicious  selection,  it  is 
thought,  would  supersede  any  publication  of  the  kind  in 
France.'  % 

SABBATINI  (Andrea),  known  likewise  by  the  name 
of  Andrea  da  Salerno,  is  the  first  artist  that  deserves  no- 
tice, of  the  Neapolitan  school.  He  is  supposed  to  have 
been  born  about  1480.  Enamoured  of  the  style  of  Pietro 
Perugino,  who  had  painted  an  Assumption  of  the  Virgin 
in  the  dome  of  Naples,  he  set  out  for  Perugia  to  become 
bi«  pupil ;  but  hearifig  at  an  inn  on  the  road  some  painters 
txtol  the  works  of  Raphael  in  the  Vatican,  he  altered  his 
mind^  went  to  Rome,  and  ente^red  that  master^s  school. 
His  stay  there  was  short,  for  the  death  of  his  father  obliged 
him  to  return  borne  against  his  will  in  1513  ;  he  returned, 
However,  a  new  man.  It  is  said  that  he  painted  with  Ra- 
phael at  the  Pace,  and  in  the  Vatican,  and  that  he  copied 
Ills  pictures  well :' be  certainly  emulated  his  manner  with 
success.  Compared  with  his  fellow-scholars,  if  he  falls 
^ahortof  Julio,  he  soars  above  Raphael  del  Colle  and  idie 
sestoftbat  sphere.  He  had  correctness  and  selection  of 
attitUide  and  features,  <leptb  of  shade,  perhaps  too  mucb 
sharpness  in  the  marking  of  the  muscles,  a  broad  'st3^le  of 
folding  in  his  draperies,  and  a  colour  which  even  now 
mailitains  its  freshness.  ,  Of  his  numerous  works  at  Naples 
mentioned  in  the  catalogue  of  his  pictures,  the  altar- 
pieces  at  S.  Maria  delle  Grazie  deserve  perhaps  prefe- 
rence ;  for  his  fr^^^  scoes  there  and  elsewhere,  extolled  by 
the  writers  as  miracles  of  art,  are  now,  the  greater  part^ 
destroyed.  He  painted  likewise  at  Salerno,  Gaeta,  and 
other  places  of  the  kingdom,  for  churches  and  privitte  col- 
lections, where  his  Madcximas  often  rival  those  of  Raphael* 
This  disting4iisbed  artist  died  in  1545.  * 

1  Diet  Hist.  Sopfdemeiit.  *  Ptt^iDston  by  Faseti. 


«  A  B  B  A  T  I  N  I.  7 

SABBATINI  (LORBKZO),  called  Lorenzin  di  Bologna, 
was  one  of  the  most  genteel  and  most  delicate  painters  of 
bis  age.  He  has  been  often  mistaken  for  a  scholar  of  Ra^ 
pbael,  from  tfae  resemblance  of  his  Holy  Families  in  stjle 
of  design  and  colour  to  those  of  that  master,  though  the 
colour  be  always  weaker.  He  likewise  painted  Madonnas 
and  angels  in  cabinet-pictures,  which  seem  of  Parmigi- 
ano;  nor  are  bis  altar-pieces  different:  the  most  cele- 
brated is  that  of  S.  Michele  at  8.  Giacomo,  en^aved  by 
Agostino  Caracci^  and  recommended  to  his  school  as  a  mo- 
del of  griacefal  elegance.  He  excelled  in  fresco ;  correct 
in  design,  copious  in  invention,  equal  to  every  iubject^ 
and  yet,  what  surprises,  rapid.  Such  were  the  talents  (hat 
procured  him  employ,  not  only  in  many  patrician  fkmilies 
of  his  own  province,  but  a  call  to  Rome  under  the  pontifi- 
cate of  Gregorio  XIII.  where,  according  to  Baglion],,he 
pleased  much,  especially  in  his  naked  figures,  a  branch  he 
bad  not  much  cultivated  at  Bologna.  The  stories  of  St. 
Paul  in  the  Capella  Paolina,  Faith  triumphant  over  Infide* 
iity  in  the  Sala  regia,  and  various  other  subjects  in  the 
galleries  and  loggie  of  the  Vatican,  are  the  works  of  Sab- 
bad ni,  always  done  in  competition  with  tfae  best  masters, 
and  always -with  applause:  hence  among  the  great  con« 
dourse  of  masters  wbo  at  that  time  thronged  for  pnsce- 
dence  in  Rome,  he  was  selc^cted  to  superintend  the  dif- 
ferent departn^ents  of  the  Vatican  ;  in  which  o£Bce  he  died 
in  the  vigour  of  life,  1577.* 

SABELLICUS,  whose  proper  name  was  Marcus  Anto- 
Kius  Coccius,  or  vernacularly  Makcantonio  Coccio,  an 
Italian  historian  andxcritic,  was  born  in  1436,  in  the  cam-, 
pagna  of  Rome,  on  the  conSnes  of  the  ancient  country  of 
tbe  Sabines,  from  which  circumstance  he  took^the  name  of 
Sabellicus.  He  was  a  scholar  of  Pomponius  Lotus's,  and 
in  1475,  was  appointed  professor  of  eloquence  at  Udino,  to 
vrhii^h  office  he  was  likewise  appointed  at  Venice,  in  1484. 
8ome  time  after,  when  the  plague  obfiged  him  to  retire  to 
Verona,  he  composed,  within  the  space  of  fifteen  months^ 
his  Latin  history  of  Venice,  in  thirty- three  books,  which 
were  published  in  1467,  entitled  '<  Rerum  Venetiarum  ab 
urbe  cQudita,*'  folio,  a  most  beautiful  specimen  of  early 
printings  of  which  there  was  a  copy  on  vellum,  in  the  Pi- 
iielli  library.    Tfae  republic  of  Venice  was  so  pleased  with 

)  PilkiDgton  by  PoieK. 


,/ 


-S  .        S:A  BELL  I  C  U  S.       • 

this  work' as  to  decree  the  author  a  pension  of  200sequip8 ; 
and  Sabellicus,  out  of  gratitude^  added  four  books  to  his 
history,  which,  however,  remain  in  manuscript.  He  pubr 
li^hed  also  "  A  Description  of  Venice,''  in  three  books ;  a 
.*^  Dialogi^e  on  the  Venetian  Magistrates;"  and  two  poems 
in  honour  of  the  republic.  The  most  considerable  of  his 
other  works  is  his  rhapsody  of  histories  :  **  Rhapsodiae  His* 
.tori^rum  Enneades,''  in  ten  Enneads,  each  containing  nine 
.books,  and  comprizing  a  general  history  from  the  crea- 
tion to  t^e  year  1503.  The  first  edition  published  at  Ve- 
.nice  in  1498,  folio,  contained  only  seven  Enneads ;  but  the 
second,  in  1504,;  had  the  addition  of  three  more,  bringing 
the  history  down  to  the  above  date.  Although  there  is 
little,  either  in  matter  or  manner,  to  recommend  this  work, 
or  many  others  of  its  kind,  to  a  modern  reader,^  it  brought 
.the  author  both  reward  and  reputation.  His  other  .worKs 
.are  discourses,  moral,  philosophical,  and.  historical,  with 
many  Latin  poems;  the  whole  printed /in  four  volumes, 
/olio,  at  Basil  in  15«0.  There  is  a  scarce  edition  of  his 
.**  EpistolsB  familiares,  necnon  Orationes  et  Poemata,*'  Ve-^ 
nice,  1502,  folio.  Sabellicus  likewise  wrote  commenta<f 
lies  on  Pliny  the  naturalist,  Valerius  -Maximus,  Livy,  Ho^ 
.jace,  Justin,  Florus,  and  some  other  classics, , which  are 
to  b^  found  in  Gruter's  **  Thesaurus.'*  He  died  at  Venice 
in  1506.  Whatever  reputatioQ  he  might  gain  by  his  history 
of  Venice,  he  .allows  himself  that  he  tOQ  often  made  use  of 
authors  on  whom,  not  much  reliance  was  to  be- placed  ;  and 
jt  is  certain  that  he  ciidnot  ixt  all  c^onsult,  or  seem  to  know 
the  existence^  of,  the  annals  of  the  doge  Andrew  Dan dolo, 
which,  furnish  the tmost  authentic,  as  well  as.  ancient,  ac* 
cpunt  of  the  early  tinges  .of  the  republic,/  ^ 

.  SABELLIUS,  a  Lybian,  known  in  Qi^^Iesiastical  history 
as  the  head  of  the  sect  called  Sabellians,i  lived  in  the  third 
century,  and  was  born  at  Ptolemais,  and  was  a  disciple  of 
Noetus.  He  reduced  the  three  persons  in  the  Trinity  to 
three  states,  or  relations,  or  rather  reduced  the  whole 
Trinity  to  the  one  person  of  the  Father;  making  the 
Word  and  Holy  Spirit  to  be  the  only  emanations  or 
functions  thereof.  Epiph^nius  tells  us,  that  the  God  of 
the  Sab^liians,  whom  they  called  the  Father,  resembled 
the  Son,,  and  was  ^l  fi)ere  subtraction,  whereof  the  Son  was 
the  illuminative  virtue  or  quality,  and  th^  Holy  Ghost  the 


1  Tirabotcbi.— GingueDc  Hist.  latt  d'lislie.^— Gen.  Diet. 


S  A  B  E  L  LI  US.  » 

Arming  virtue*  Thistect  had  many  folloi^eiii  iii  M«s6po« 
Ummin4  Rome;  but  th«ir  doctrines  are  so  obscurely  ex* 
pressed,  as-jtocrei^e- doubts  as  to  what  they  really  were;. 
JUSicertain;  boweveff  .tbat;t);iey'Mrere  cobdemned  by  the 
Tfioitiirians^  andtbereforeLiMrdner,  and  Fiis  followers,  seem 
pleased  to  add  Sabelliuii  to  the  scanty  list  of  Unitarians  of 
the  el^rly^ges. ' 

SABINUS  (Georqe),  whpse  family  name  was  Schalter, 
ones  of  the  best  Latin  poets  of  bis  time,  was.  bom*  in  the 
electorate  of  Brandenburg  in  150S;  and,  at  fifteen,*  sent 
to  Wittemberg^  where  be  was  privately  instructed  by 
JMelanctbon,  in  whose /honse  he  liyed.  He  had:  a  great 
ambition  to  excel ;  and  aa  enthusiastic  regard  for  what  was 
excellent,  especially  in  Latin  poetry ;  and  although  the 
specimens  he  studied  made  him  somewhat  diAdeot  of  his 
powers,  he  ventured  to  submit  to  rthe  puUso,  .in  his  twen- 
ty-second year,  a  poem;  emitted.  "  Res  GcstsD  Csetrarum 
Gemianorum,""  which  spread*  l)is  reputation  ail  over  Ger« 
many,  and  made  all  the  princes,  wko  had  any  regard  for 
polite  literature,  his  friends  apd ,  patrons*  Afterwards  he 
ti>avel}ed  into  Italy,  where  he  .contracted  an  acquaintance 
with -Bembiis  and.  other  leart)ed  men ;  and,  on  his  return 
vifited  Eraaoius  at  Fribucg,  when  that  great  man  was  in 
ihe  tast.s^ge  of  life.  In  l£|36>  he  married  Melancthon's 
eldest  daughter,  at.Wittembergv  to  whom  he^  was  engaged 
before  bjs  journey  into  Italy.  She  was  only  fourteen,  but 
very  handsome,  and  understood  Latin  well ;  and  Sabiiiua 
always  lived  happily  vvit'h  her:  but  he  had  several  alterca- 
tions with  Melancthon,  because  be  wanted  to  raise  himself 
to  civil  employments ;  and  did  not  relish  the  humility  of 
Afelanctbon,  who  confinlsd  himself  to  literary  pursuits,  and 
would  be  at  no  trouble  to  advance  bis  children.  This  mis- 
uodei^standing  occasioned  Sabinus  to  remove  into  Prussia 
in  1543,  with  his  wife,  who  afterwards  died  at  Konigsberg 
in  1.547.  }Ie  settled,  for  some,  little  time,.at  Francfort 
upon  the  Oder,  and  was  made  professor  of  the  belles  lettres 
)bythe  appointment  of  the  elector  of  Brandenburg;  and 
was  afterwards  promoted  to  be  rector  of  the  new  univer- 
sity of  Konigsberg,  which  was  opened  in  1544.:  .His  elo- 
quence and  learning  brought. him  to  the . knowledge  of 
Charges  Y,  who  ennobled,  him,  and  he  was  also  employed 
pti  sqme  embassies^  paiitipiilarly  by  the  elector  of  Bran- 

<  Lardaer*!  WoTlu.->Mo9bciin. 


10  S  A  B  I  N  U  S. 

denburg  into  Italy,  where  be  »eems  -to  have  contracfeid 
an  illness,  of  wbich  he  died  in  1560,  the  same  jreaV  in 
which  Meiancthon  died.  His  Latin  poeois  were  published 
at  Leipsic  in  1558  and  1597,  the  latter  with  additions  and 
letters.  He  published  some  other  works,  less  known, 
which  are  enumerated  by  Nicoron.* 

SACCHETTI  (Francis),  an  Italian  poet,  but  better 
kAown  as  a  writer  of  Oovels,  was  bom  at  Florer^ce  about 
1335,  of  an  ancient  family,  some  branches  of  which  had 
held  employments  of  great  trust  and  dignity  in  the  repub* 
lie.  While  «young  he  composed  some  amatory  verses,  in 
imitation  of  Petrarch,  but  with  a  turn  of  thought  anrd 
style  peculiar  to  bimself,  and  he  was  frequently  employed 
in  drawing  up  poetical  inscriptions  for  public  monuments^ 
&c.  in  which  sentiments  of  morality  and  a  love  of  liberty 
were  expected  to  be  introduced.  Some  of  these  are  stiU 
extant,  but  are  perhaps  more  to  be  praised  for  the  subject 
than  the  style.  Sacchetti,  when  more  advanced  in  life, 
filled  several  offices  of  the  magistracy  both  at  Florence  and 
different  parts  of  Tuscany,  and  formed  an  acquaintance 
with  the  most  eminent  men  of  his  time,  by  whom  he  was 
highly  respected.  He  suffered  much,  however,  during 
the  civil  contests  of  his  country.  He  is  supposed  to  have 
died  about  the  beginning  of  the  fifteenth  century.  Verf 
litrie  of  his  poetry  has  been  published.  He  is  principally 
ktiown  by  his  "  Navels,*'  an  excellent  edition  of  which 
was  published  at  Florence  in  1724,  2  vols.  8vo,  by  Bottari^ 
wj^  has  prefixed  an  account  of  his  life.  These  tales  are 
in  the  manner  of  Boccaccio^  but  shorter,  more  lively,  and 
in  general  more  decent.  * 

8ACCHI  (Anbrea),  an  illustrious  Italian  painter,  tbe 
son  of  a  paioter,  was  h6ri\  at  Rome  in  1601,  or  as  some 
writers  say,  in  1594.  He  learned  tbe  principles  of  his  art 
under  bis  father,  but  became  afterwards  the  disciple  of 
Francesco  Albaoo,  and  made  such  advances,  4hat,  under 
twelve  years  of  age,  he  carried  the  prize,  in  the  academy 
of  St  Luke,  from  all  his  mucb  older  competitors.  With 
this  badge  of  hofiour,  tbey  gave  him  the  nickname  of  An- 
drenccio,  to  denote  the  diminutive  figure  he  then  made> 
being  a  boy ;  and  which  he  long  retained.  His  appUcatioa 
to  the  works  of  Polidoro  da  Caravaggio  and  Raphael,  and 
tbe  antique  marbles^  together  with  his  studies  under  Albanpj 

« 

1  Kiceron,  Tof.  XXVI.-— Metdiior  Adam.-«Saxii  Onomast. 
'  Ginguene  Hist  Lit  d'ltalie.— Moreri. 


S  A  C  C  H  L  U 

naihh  copying  zfter  Caneggioj  and  ocbers,  the  best 
Lombard  masters,  wt^e  the  several  steps  ^by  vrhieb  he 
ratsed  himseif  tp  extraordinary  perfection  in  historical  cona*- 
position:  The  tht^e  first  gave  him  his  correctness  and 
elegance  ^f  design ;  and  the  last  made  him  the  best 
colonrist  of  ail  the  Roman  school.  His  works  are  not  very 
DQinerous,  owing  to  the  infirmities  which  attended  his  latter 
years^  and  especially  the  gout,  which  occasioned  frequent 
and  long  inlerniptions  to  his  labours.  He  was  likewise 
slow  and  fasttdioas,  and  wished  to  rest  his  feme  more  npon 
the  quality  than  qiiAntity  of  his  performances.  His  first 
patrons  were  the  eardtnals  Antonio  Barberini  and  del 
Mone,  tht'  protector  of  ike  academy  of  painting.  He  be-* 
came  afterwards  a  great  favourite  of  lirban  VHi.  asid  drew 
an  admirable  portrait  of  him.  Several  of  the  public  edi- 
fices at  Rome  are  emfoeliisbed  with  his  works,  some  of 
which  have  been  ranked  among  the  most  admired  produc- 
tions of  art  in  that  capital.  Such  are  his  eelefofated  picture 
of  tbe  Death  of  St.  Anne,  in  the  chtirch  of  S.  Carlo  a  Ca- 
tinari ;  the  Angei  appearing  to  St.  Joseph,  the  priaetpal 
aitar«piece  in  S.  Giuseppe  k  Capo  le  Case ;  and  his  St. 
Andrea^  in  the  Quirinai.  Btit  his  most  dtstitrguished  per-* 
formance  is  his  famous  picture  of  S.;Rodiualdo,  foimefrly  in 
the  church  dedicated  to  that  saint,  no^  in  the  galtery  of 
the  Louvre.  This  adniirable  production  was  considered 
one  of  the  four  finest  pictures  at  Rome,  where  Saechi  died 
in  1^68.  ^ 

SACCHINl  (Anthony-Maria-Oaspar),  a  very  distin^ 
gnished  musician  in  the  last  century,  wals  born  at  Naples 
May  11,  1735,  according  to  one  account,  but  E)r.  Burney 
says  1727.  He  was  educated  in  the  conservatorio  of  St. 
Onofrio,  under  Durante,  and  ikiade  rapid  progress  in  the 
sciencoi  attaching  himseif  principally  to  the  vioHh,  on 
which  he  became  a  most  accomplished  performer.  He 
afterwards  resided  at  Rome  eight  years ;  and  at  Veoice, 
where  he  remained  four  years,  he  was  appointed. master 
of  the  conservatorio  of  the  Ospidaletto.  It  was  here  where 
be  first  composted  for  tftie  church,  but  always  kept  his  sa« 
cred  and  secular  style  of  composition  separate  and  distinct. 
His  ecdestastical  compositions  are  not  only  learned,  solemn, 
and  abounding  with  fine  effects,  but  clothed  in  the  richest 
and  most  pure  harmony. 

*  ArgcBviUe,  vsl.  {^— Pilkii^stcNi. 


if  SA:€CHINL 

r  His  reputatioD  ihcneasirig,  he  visited,  by  invitatioii,  sdme 
of  the  couru(  of  Germany,  «nci  among  others  those  of 
Brunswick  and  Wittemberg,  where  he  succeeded  the  ce^ 
l^hrate^d  Jomelli ;  >nd  after  having  composed  for  all  the 
{[reat  theatres  in  Italy  and  Germany  ,with  increasing 'SUC* 
cess,  he  came  to  England  in  1772,  and  here  supported  the 
high  reputation  he  had  acquired { on -the  continent.  His 
operas  of  the  "  Cid'*  and  *.' Tamerlano"  were' equal,  says 
•Dr.  Bumey,  if  not  superior,  to  any  musical  dramas  we 
jhaye^  heard  in  any  part  of  .Europe..  ^Ue  remained,  however^ 
top; long  in  England  for  his.  fame  au#  fortune.  The  first 
>vas  injured  by  cabals,  and  by  what  ought  to  have  increased 
it,  the  number  of  his  works  ;  and  the  second  by  inactivity 
and  want  of  economNpt^ 

.  He  refused  several  engagements  which  were  offered  him 
from  Russia,  Poriugal,  and  even  France,  but  this  last  he 
9t  length  accept«d,trini  hopes  t>f  an  establishment  for  life* 
Accordingly  he  went  thither  in  IJS  h,  but  it  is  manifest  in 
the  operas  that  he  composed  for  Paris,  .that  he  wprjked  for, 
singers  of  me^u  abilities;  which,  besides  the  airs  being' 
set  to  French:  words,  prevented  their  circulation  in  the  rest 
pf  Europe,  which  his  other  vocal. productions  in  i^is  own 
language  had  coustantly  done.  At  Paris,  however,  he  was 
al/nost  adored,  but  returned  the  following  year  to  London, 
where  he  only  augmented  his  debts  and  embarrassments ; 
^o  tb^t,  in  1794,  h^  took,  a  final  leave  of  this  country^  and 
settled  at  Paris,  where  he  not  only  obtained  a  pension 
from  the  queen  of  France^  but  the,  theatrical  pension,  in 
^risequeoce  of  three  successful  pieces,  r  This  graceful, 
eiegaut,  and  judicious  composer  died,  at  Paris,  October  8^ 

A786»  *       .  •,  .  .  .  .    .      ;     - 

■  All  Sacchini'fl  pperas^re  jreplete  with  elegant  air^,  beau-* 
t^ful  accompanied  recitatives, .  and  orchestriil  effects,  with^ 
out  the  lea&t  ap|p<^^rance  of  labour  or  study.  It  was  seem-^ 
ipgly  hy  ^m^^  iiieans  tha^  he  produced  the  greatest 
efi'ects.  He  intei:e$ted  the  audience  more  by  a  happy, 
graceful,  and  toujching  melodj^  than  by  a  laboured  and 
extraneous*  ododulationi  His  accoqipaniments  always  briU 
Ijant  and.  ingenif):us,  without  being  loaded  and  confpsed, 
assist  the.  expression  of  the  vocal  part,  and  are  often  pic* 
turesque.  Each  of  the  dniipas  he  composed  in  this  country 
was  so  entire,  so  masterly,  yet  so. new  and  natural,  that< 
there  was  nothing  left  for  criticism  to  censure,  though  in- 
numerablp  beauties*  to  point  but  and  admire.     He  had  a 


S  A  C  C  H  I  N  I.  13 

taste  so  exquisite,  and  so,  totally  iree  from  pedantry,  that 
hi»  Wiis .  frequently  new  without  effort ;  never  thinking  of 
himself  or. bis  fame  for-aiiy.  pai!tic(iiiir  excellence,  but 
totally  occupied  with  tbe^  ideas  of  the  poet,  and  the  pro- 
priety, -oonsistency,  and  effect  of  the-  whole  drama.  His 
accompaniments,  though  always  rich  and  ingenious,  nevet* 
call  off  attention  from  the  voice,  but  by  a  constant  ^mw^'- 
;Miri?7i(y,  the  principal  melody  is  rendered  distinguishable 
through  all. the  contrivance  of  imitative  and  picturesque 
design  in  the  instruments. 

Sacchini's  private  character  was  that  of  a  generous  and 
benevolent  roan,  somewhat  too  imprudent  in  the  indul- 
gence o/  charitable  feelings,  but  a  steady  friend,  an  af- 
fectionate relation,  and  a  kind  master.* 

SACCHINl  (Francis),  a  celebrated  Jesuit,  was  born  in 
1570,  in  the.  diocese  of  Perugia.  He  was  professor  of 
rhetonc  at  Rome  during  several  years,  and  secretary  to 
his  general,  Vitelleschi,  seven  years.  He  died  December 
26,  1625/ aged  55.  His  princijpal  works  are;  "A  Conti- 
nuation of  the  History  of  the  Jesuits*  Society,''  begun  by 
Orlandino.  Of  this  Saodhini  wrote  the  2d,  3d,  4th,  and 
^th  partner  volumes,  fol.  1620 — 1661.  An  addition  to 
the  fifth  part  was  made  by  Jouvency,  and  the  whole  com- 
pleted by  JuUiis  Cordara.  Perfect  copies  are  very  rarely 
to  be  met  with.  Sacchini  was  also  the  author  of  a-  small 
hook  judiciously  written  and  much  esteemed,  entitled  <<  D^ 
ratione.  Libros  cum  profectu  legendi,''  l2mo,  at  the  end 
of  which/ is  a  discourse,  ^*  De  vitandft  Librorum  moribus 
noxiorum>  lectione,''  which  ^fadier  Sacchini  delivered  at 
Rome  in  his  rhetorical  school  in  1603.*  • 

SACHEVERELL  (Henay),  D.  D.  a  man  whose  his- 
tory  affo^d^  a  very  striking  example  of  the  folly  of  party 
spirit,  was  the  son  of  Joshua  Sacheverell  of  Marlborough, 
clerk,  who  died  rector  of  St.  Peter's  church  in  Marlbd- 
rougby  leaving  a  numerous  family  iu  very  low  circumstan- 
ces* By  a  letter  to  him  fr.om  his  uncle^  in  1711,  it  ap-' 
pears  thaa;  ha  bad  a  birother- oarmed  Thomas,  and  a  sister 
Susannah.  Henry  was  pat  to  school  at  M^rlborouo-b,  at 
the. charge  of  Mr.  .Edward  Hetfrst,  ;an  apothecary,  who, 
being  his  godfattier,.  adopted  him  as  bis  son.  Hearst's 
widow  put;  him  afterwards  to  Magdalen-cc^Uege,  Oxford,' 

'  Buriiey's  His».  of  Music. — and  inRees*]i  Cyclppeidia.— -IJlcU  Hi»U 
•  Mown,- Pici.  Hist.'  ^ 


14  S  A  C  H  E  V  E  R  E  L  L. 

where  be  became  demy  in  1687,  at;  tbe  age  of  15.  Hei^ 
be  soon  distinguifibed  himself  by  a  regular  observation'  of 
the  duties  of  the  booa^,  by  his  compositions,  *  good  mao- 
ners,  and  genteel  behaviour;  qualifications  which  recom- 
mended him  to  that  society,  of  which,  he  became  felh>w, 
and,  as  public  tutor,  had  the  clireof  the  education  of  most 
of  the  young  gentlemen  of  quality  and  fortune  that  were 
admitted  of  the  college.  In  this  station  he  had  the  care  of 
the  education  of  a  great  many  persons  eminent  for  their 
learning  and  abilities ;  and  avas  contemporary  and  ciiamber- 
fellow  with  Addison,  and  one  of  his  chief  intimates  till  the 
time  of  his  famous  trial.  Mr.  Addisou's  ^^  Account  of  the 
greatest  English  Poets,"  dated  April  4,  1694,  in  a  £are* 
welUpoem  to  the  Muses- on  his  intending  to  enter  into 
holy  orders,  was  inscribed  "to  Mr.  Henry  Sacheyerell,'* 
his  then  dearest  friend  and  colleague.  Much  has  been  said 
by  Sacheverell's  enemies  of  his  ingmtixude  to  his.  relations^ 
and  of  his  turbulent  behaviour  at  Oxford ;  but  these  appear 
to  have  been  groundless  calumnies^  circulated  only  by  the 
spirit  of  patty.  In  bis  youiigeryeara  he  wrote  some  excellent 
Latin  poems,  besides  several  in  the  second  and  third  vo* 
lumesof  the  ^^  MufSB  A«glicanas,*'  ascribed  to  bit  pupils^ 
and  there  is  a  good  .one  of  some  length  in  the  second  vo- 
lume, under  bis  own  name  (transcribed  from  the  Oxford 
coUeation,  on  queen  Mary's  deaths  1605).  He  took  the 
degree  of  M.  A.  May  16,  1696;  B.  D.  Feb.  4,  1707;  D.D. 
July  1,  1703«  His  6rst  preferment  was  Cannock,  or  Cank, 
|n  the  county  of  Stafford.  He  was  appoioted  preacher  of 
St.  Saviour's,  Southwark,  in  1705;  and  while  in  this  sta«» 
tion  preached  his^  famous  sermons  (at  Derby,  Aug.  14^ 
170^;  and  at  St.*Pifiirs,  Nov.  9,  in  the  same  year) ;  and 
in  one  of  them  was  supposed  to  point  at  lord  Godolpbin, 
under  the  name  of  Volpone.  It  has  been  stiggeated,.  that 
to  this  circumstance,  as  much- as  to  the  doctrines  contained 
ip  his  sermons,  ,he  was^  indebted  for  his  prosecution,  and 
eventually  for  his  preferment.  Being  impeached  by  the 
House  of  Commons,  bis  trial  beg^n  Feb.  27,  1709.- 10^ 
and  continued  until  the  23d  of  March :  when  he  was  sen* 
tenced  to  a  suspension  from  preaching  for  three  years,  aud 
his  two  sermons  ordered  to  be  burnt.  This  prosecution^ 
however^  overthrew  the  ministry,  and  laid  the  fcmndation 
of  his  fortune.  To  sir  Simon  Harcourt,  who  was  counsel 
for  him,  he  presented  a  silver  bason  gilt,  with  an  elegant 
inscriptiooy    written  probably  by  his    friend  Dr.  Atter- 


,  S  A  C  H  E  V  E  R  E  L  L.  15 

\ 
\ 

bury*.  Dr.  SacbeYerell»  diiring  h»  Mispeasion,  mftde  a  iunili 
of  triumphal  progress  through  various  paru  yf  the  king^loia; 
during  which   period  he   was  collated   to  a  living  near 
Shrewsbury ;  and,  in  the  same  month  that  hi^  suspension 
^^ded,  bad  the  valuable  rectory  of  St.  And#sw.^s»  Uolborn^ 
fxma  him  bjPthe  queenf  April  13^  17 13.     At  that  time  his 
reputation  was  so  higb^  that  he  was  enabled  to  sell  the  (irsit 
■sermon  preached  after  his  sentence  expired  (on  Palm  Suo- 
day)  for  the  sum  of  lOQ/.;  and  upwards  of  40^000  copies, 
it  is  laid,  were  soon  sold«     We  find  by  Swift's  Journal  to 
Stella,  Jan.  22,  1711-12,  that  he  bad  also  interest  enough 
with  the  ministry  te  provide  very  amply  for  one  of  his 
brothers;  yet,  as  the  deaa  had  said  beffre^  Aug«  24,  i7ii« 
^Vthey  hated  and  affected  to  despise  bim«*'     A  consider- 
able estate  at  Callow  in  Derbyshire  was  soon  after  left  to 
lam  1>y  bis  kinsman  George  Sacheverelli  esq»     In  17  f 6, 
be  prefixed  a  dedication  to  **  Fifteen  Discourses,  ocoasioa- 
ally  delivered   before  the  university  o^  Oxford,  by   W. 
Adams,  M.  A.  late  student  of  Christ-church,  and  r^^or  of 
Staunton  upon  Wye,  in  Oxfordshire.'*     After  this  publi- 
cation, we  bear  jitUiiiof  bioiy  exoept  hy  quarrels  with  bk  * 
parishioners.     Hm  died  June  S^  1724 ;  and,  by  his  w31, 
bequeathed  to  Bp.  Atterbury,  then  iu  ei^iie,  who  was  sup- 
PQsed  to  have  penned  for  him  the  defence  be  made  beforfe 
the  House  of  Peers  f,  the  sum  of  500.    The  duchess  of 

'          ♦  «« Xiro  honoratissimo,  «f  Tbi94»peech,  whea  originally  pub- 

^      Vmterii  Juris  oracufo,  lished,  was  tho^  acMressed,  *<  To  the 

£celesia  &  Regni  presidio  fc  Lords  Sptrittt&l  and  TemfKM-al  io  M^. 

oroamento,  liaoient  assembled : 

SiMO!fi  HAKCotftf,  Eqaiti  AUrafo,  Maj^  it  please  your  Lordships, 

'  «M0gtMB  Biitamiiis  Sisiii  Migbi  It  Satli  bien  my  ftani-  forttine  to  ht 

.  $,                  fipstodi,  misHunderstood*  at  a  ttme  wben  I  en- 

^i  Serenissimse  Keginas  h  Secretioribus     deavoured  to  express  myself  wiih  the 

'      '        cdnsiliis;  utmost  ptaidoess ;  even  th&  defence  I 

ob  oavMim  oie^in,  ebiaai  S^Ilremo  made  at  your  Lotdsbips*  d*r,  hi  Htstp^ 

Senatu,  of  cieat  iog  the  innocence  of  my  hear^ 

in  Aula  Westmonasteriensi,       |  tiaih  been  grievously  misrepresented. 

.    ii^riosa  cam  faoandia  ?<!#  which  reasbn  I  have  hombly  ptt" 

tf,  sabacta  legim  scientia,  sumed  to  offer  it  in  this  manner  to  your 

benign^  &  coustanter  defensam  ;  Lordships*  perusal.     My  (x>rds,  these 

«b  pri>cam  EcdesTie  doctrinam,      "Cftre  the  >f6ry  t^ortTs  f  spake  to  your 

JHviu)andaiii  Legum  vim,  .  Lordships,     t  hope  tifey  are  fo  plain 

piam  Subditorum  tidem,  sn^  express,,  as  not  to  be  capable  of 

et  sacTOsancta  Le^nnf  jifra,\   ^  any  miscons'triiction :    and  may  l  so 

'  eontn  wfarios  PerdMiitim  iit^us  find  tkercy  dt  the  lHfea<l«  «f  God  as  they' 

,               feliciter  ▼inoicata  |^  yre  in  e-^ery  refpeet  ep^irely  agreeabU 

Votiviim  hoc  Mi^nusculipm  to  my  thoughts  and  principles  !     lam, 

Ciratitudinis  ergo  my  Lords,  your  Lordships'  most  obe- 

Jp.  D.^0.  '    dient  aud  most  dutiful  servant, 

Aimo  Saluiis  mdccx.'* 


16  S  A  C  H  E  V  E  ft  £  L  L. 

Marlborough  describes  Sacheverell  as  ^*  an  ignorant  iaipit<>^ 
dent  incendiary ;  a  man  who  Hias  the  scorn  even  of  those 
who  made  use  of  him  as  a  too];"  And  Bp.  Burnet  says^ 
^*  He  was  a  bold  insolent  man,  with  a  very  stn#ll  measure 
of  religion,  mtue,  learning,  or  good  sens^;  but  he  re- 
solved to  force  himself  into  popularity  and  preferment,^  by 
the  most  petulant  railings  at  dissenters'  and  low-church, 
men,  in  several  sermons  and  libels,  written  without  either 
cha^teness  of  style  or  liv^eliness  of  expression."  Whs^ever 
bis  character,  it  is  evident  that  he  owed  every  thing  to  an 
injudicious  prosecution, 'which' defeated  the  purposes  of 
those  who  instituted  it,  and  for  mttny  years '  continued 
those  prejudices  in  the  public*  mind,  which  a  wiser  ad- 
ministration would  have  beeif  ^ivxious  to  dispel. '   ' 

SACKVILLE  (Thomas),  lord  Buckhurst  and  egrl  of 
Dbrset,  an  eminent  statesman  and  p6et,  was  born  at  Withy • 
am  in  Sussex,  in  1527.  He  'was 'the  son  of  sir  Richard 
Sackville,  who  d^ed  in  1566,  by  Wihifred  Brydges  (after- 
wardi  harchioness  of  Winchester),  and  grandson  of  John 
Sackville^  esq.  who  died  in  1557,  by  Anne  Boleyne,  sister 
df  sir  Thomas  Boleyne,  earl  (^  Wiltshire ;  and  great  grand- 
son of  Richard  Sadcville,  esq.  who  died  iH  1524,  by  Isabel|^ 
daughter  of  John  Digges,  of  Digges^s  place  In  Barbam, 
Kent,  ofafatmily  which  for  many  succeeding  geneimtions 
prodiyed  men  of  learning  and  genius.  He  was  first  of  th6 
university  of  Oxford,  and^  as  it  is  supposed^  of  Hart-hall, 
now  Hertford-college  ;  but  taking  no  degree  there,  he#e-  - 
moved  lo  Cambridge,  where  he  commenced  master  of  art9, 
and  afterwards  was  a  student  of  the  Inner.  Temple.  At 
both  universities  he  became  celebrated  both  as  a  Latin  and 
English  poet,  and  carried  the  same  taste  and  Clients  to  tfc^ 
Temple,  where  he  wrote  his  tragedy  of  "  Gorboduc,"  ^icb 
was  exhibited  in  the  great  hall  by  the  students  of  that  so- 
ciety, as  part  of  a  Christmas  entertainment,  and  afterwards 
before  queen  Elizabeth  n  Whitehall,  Jatu  J  8,  1561.  It 
was  surreptitiously  printed  in  1563,  utider  the  title  of 
'^  The  Tragedy  of  Gorbodui^'  4to;  but  a  correct  edition 
under  the  inspection  of  the  authors  (for  he  was  assisted  by- 
Thomas  Norton),  appeared  in  1571,  entitled  "TheTra- 
gedie  of  Ferrex  and  Porrex.''  Another  i^ition  appeared 
in  1569,  notwithstanding  wfaicb,  for  many  years  it  had  so  • 

*  OeDt.   Mag.    s«6  Index.— ^Swift's  Works.— Ra pin's  Hist — Burnetii  Owa 
Timst.— TatkKy  Sp<(ctalorj  and  Guardiao,  wilhaotes,  «dit.  1806.— &c.  &c.    * 


SACJtVtLtfi*  iff 

!lS4#){>letely  di^ppeare^  that  Dry<ten  «kfid  OldbMtf  in  the 
jteign  of  Cjb^rleft  II.  do  not  !»ppear  U>  have  seen  it,  though 
tb#y  pr^eii4ed  to  criticise  it ;  and  even  Wood  knew  juat 
as  little  of  it,  as  is  plain  from  bis  telling  us  that  it  was 
/^Hten  ia  W  Snglisb  rhyme.  Pope  took  a  fancy  to  re^^ 
iri^kve  thi»  pJay  from  oblivioB,  and  Spence  being  employed 
p9  ffit  it  p|P  with  aili  poasibte  advantage,  ii  was  prjuted 
f^mp/Ofifily  in  1736^  ^vo^with  a  preface  by  the  editor. 
Sp«fioe^  9pea|(i;ii^g  of  hisllordabip  as  apoet,  declares,  that 
**  the dawQ'Of  our  English  poetry  was  in  Chancer^s  time, 
(but  that  it  aboiue  out  la  him  too  bright  all  titonee  to  liaat 
iwg..  The  succeeding  age  was  dark  and  OTercaat.  There 
'W9i»  indeed  some  igUmmeriAgs  of  genius  again  in  tienrjr 
Ylirs  timi^ ;  but  Dur  poetry  had  never  what  <ioald  be  cailed 
ik  fairtaettl€)d  day-light  till  towards  the  end  of  queen  Mi^A* 
betth^s  ceign.  .  It  wa»  between  these  two  periods^  that  lord 
-Buokhur^t  wrote;  ^fter.  the  earl  of  Surrey,  and  before 
.Spoasen''  ]SMartan*s  opinion  of  this  tragedy  is  not  very 
faiioufdble.  -  He  thinks  it  neirer  was  a  favourite  with  our 
ajioestors*  and  fell  iilto  oblivion  On  account  of  the  naked- 
(Oesrsapd  juninterestmg  nature  of  the  plot,  the  tedioiis 
ieogth  0i  the  speeches,  the  want  of  discrimination  of  char 
Iraciber,  and  almost  a  total,  absence  of  pathetic  or  critidal 
«tualioBs.  ¥iet  he  allows  that  the  language  of  "  Gorbo- 
iliic'^  has  giseat  merit  and  perspicuity,  and  that  it  is  en-^ 
titely  Iree  {cojm  the  tumid  phraseology  of  a  aubseqUent  age 
^f.faj^yrwtiting. 

iSadLviJile  is  said  by  Warton  to  bate  bei^n  the  inventor 
aad  principal,  contributor  to  that  celebrated  collection  of 
hiitorlcal  legends,  entitled  **  The  Mirror  for  Magistrates,** 
fmt  edil»d  in  J  559  by  William  Baldwin  ;  but  sir  Egei^ton 
firydges.  ithinks  there  is  some  reason  to  doubt  this,  as 
SackvalWs  ^*  Induction,'^  ^nd  "  Legend  of  the  duke  of 
fittf^Dgbam,'*  did  not  appear  appended  to  that  work  till 
the  second  edition  in  1563.  The  reader^  howev^,  haa 
now  an  oppoitiwiily  of  examining  the  evidence  on  this 
point  in  the  v^ry  accurate  andsplendid  edition  of  this  wotit 
just  pnbliahed  by  loseph  Haslewood,  esq.  It  is  allowed 
that  Sackville's  share  exceeds  in  dignity  and  genius  all  th€ 
other  contributions  to  the  work.  The  *•  Induction**  con- 
tains some  of  the  finest  strains  of  English  poetry,  and  some 
of  the  most  magnificent  personifications  of  abstract  ideas  in 
Qur  language ;  exceeding  Spenser  in  dignity,  and  not  short 
ef  him  in  brilliance  $  and*  the  <<  Complaint  of  Henry  duke 

Voi-XXYIL  C 


18  «  A  C  K  V  I  t  L  E. 

of  Buckinghaim'*  is  written,  says  Warton,  with  a  force  andf 
even  elegance  of  expression,  a  copiousness  of  phraseology, 
and  an  exactness  pf  versification,  not  to  be  foiind  in  any 
other  part  of  the  collection. 

Having  by  these  productions  established  the  reputations 
of  being  the  best  poet  in  bis  time,  he  laid  down  his  pen^ 
and  assumed  the  character  of  the  statesman,  in  which  he 
also  became  very  emin^ent.     He  found  leisure,  however, 
to  make  the  tour  of  France  and  Ilaly ;  a^nd  was  on  somd 
account  or  other  in  prison  at  Rome,  wh^n  the  news  arrived 
of  his  father  sir  Richard  Saekville's  death' iti  1566.     Upon 
this,  he  obtained  his  release,  returned  home,  entered  inta 
the  possession  of  a  vast  inheritance,  and  soon  after  waa^ 
prompted  to  the  peerage  by  the  title  of  lord  Buckhurst. 
He  enjoyed  this  accession  of  honour  and  fortune  too  libe* 
rally  for  a  while,  but  soon  saw  his  error.     Some  attribute 
his  being  reclaimed  to  the  quejti,  but  others  say,  that  the 
indignity   of  being  kept  in  waiting  by  an  alderman,  of 
whom  he  bad  occasion  to  borrow  money,  made  so  deep  an 
impression  on  him,  that  he  resolved  from  that  moment  to 
be  an  oeconomist.     By  the  queen  he  was  received  into 
particular  favour,  and  employed  in  many  very  important 
affairs.     In   1587  he  was  sent  ambassador  to  the  United 
Provinces,  upon  their  complaints  against  the  earl  of  Lei«i» 
eester ;;  and,  though  he  discharged  that  nice  and  hazardous 
trust,  with  great  integrity,  yet  the  favourite  prevailed  with 
his  mistress  to  call  him  home,  and  confine  him  to  his  holise 
for  nine  or  ten  months  ;  which  command  lord  Buckhurst  if 
said  to  have  submitted  to  so  obsequiously,  than  in  all  the 
time  he  never  would  endure,  openly  or  secretly,  by  day 
or  by  night,  to  see  either  wife  or  child.     His  enemy,  how* 
ever,  dying,  her  majesty's  favour  returned  to  him  more 
jstrqngly  than  ever.     He  was  made  knight  of  the  garter  in 
1590;  and  chancellor  of  Oxford  in  1591,  by  the  queen's 
special  interposition.     In  1589  he  was  joined  with  the  trea* 
surer  Burleigh  in  negotiating  a  peace  with  dpain;  and, 
upon  the  death  of  Burleigh  the  same  year,  succeeded  him 
in  his  office;  by  virtue  of  which  he  became  in  a  manner 
prime  mitiister,  and  as  suoh  exerted  himself  vigorously  for 
the  public  good  and  her  majesty's  safety. 

Upon  the  death  of  Elizabeth,  the  administration  of  th« 
ktngdom  devolving  on  him  with  other  counsellors,  they 
linanioioU^ly  proclaimed  king  James;  and  that  king  re*- 
Slewed  bis  patent  of  lord  high-treasurer  for  life,  before  his 


S  A  6  k  V  i  L  L  £.  n 

'MV^9l  in  England,  and  even  before  bis  lordship  waitifdl  oil 
bis  majesty.    In  March  1604  he  was  created  earl  of  Dorset. 
•He  was  one  of  those  whom  his  majesty  consulted  and  con-» 
fided  in  npon  all  occasions ;  and  he  lived  in  the  highest 
esteem  and  repatation,  without  any  extraordinary  deca^ 
of  health,  till  1 607.    Then  he  was  seized  at  bis  house  at 
Horsley,in  Surrey,  with  la  disorder,  which  reduced  him 
96f  that  bis  life  was  despaired  of*     At  this  crisis,  the  kiag 
sent  him  a  gold  ring  enamelled  black,  set  with  twenty  dia- 
moiKld;  and  this  message,  that  ''his  majesty  wishea  him 
a  speiedy  and  perfect  recovery^  with  all  happy  and  good 
success,  &hd  that  he  might  live  as  long  as  the  diamonds  of 
that  ring  did  endure,  and  in  token  thereof  required  him  t# 
wear  it^  and  keep  it  for  his  sake.'^     He  recovered  this  ill- 
ness to  iSiU  appearance ;  but  soon  after,  as  he  was  attend- 
ing at  the  council-tkble,  he  dropped  down,  and  immedi- 
ately expired.    This  sudden  deaths  which  happened  April 
•19,*  1608,  was  dcicasioned  by  a  particular  kind  of  dropsy  on 
the  brain.     He  was  interred  with  great  solemnity  in  West- 
minster-abbey ;  his  funeral  sermon  being  preached  by  his 
chiiplaiii  Dr.  Abbot>  aftef^ards  abp.  of  Canterbury. ,  S(ix 
•Kbbert  Nauoton  writes  of  hini  in  the  following  terms: 
"  They  much  commend  his  elocution,  but  more  the  ex- 
cellency 'of  his^pen.     He  was  a  scholar,  and  a  ^person  of 
quick  dispatch ;  faculties  that  yet  run  in  the  blood :  and 
they  aay  of  him,  that  his  secretaries  did  little  for  him  by 
way  of  inditemept,  wherein  they  could  seldom  please  him^ 
he  was  so  facete  and  choice  in  his  phrase  and  style. — I  find 
not  that  :he  was  any  ways  inured  in  the  factions  of  the 
court,  which  were  all  his  time  strong,  and  in  every  mau^s 
note  I  the  .Howards  and  the  Cecils' on  the  one  part,  my 
lord  of  Essex,  &c.  on  the  other  part :  for  he  held  the  staff 
of  the  treasury  fast  in  his  htod,  which  once  in  a  year  made 
them  all  beholden  to  him.    And  the  truth  is^  as  he  was  a 
wise  man  and  a  stout^  lie  had  no  reason  to  be  a  partaker ; 
for  he  s.tood  sure  in  blood  and  graces  lind  was  wholly  in« 
tentive  to  the  queen's  services :  and  such  were  his  abilities^ 
that  she  received  assiduous  proofs  of  his  sufficiency ;  and  it 
has  been  thought^  that  she  might  have  more  cunning  in*^ 
struments,  but  none  of  a  more  strong  judgment  and  con^ 
fidence  in  bis  ways,  which  are  symptoms  of  magnanimity 
and  fidelity.*'     Lord  Orford  says,  that  <*  few  first  ministert 
kav^toft  uo  fair  a  character,  and  that  his  family  ^^"*        ^ 

62 


so  SACKVILLe. 

ftbe  office  of  an  apology  for  it,  against  some  Kttle  cavils, 
.which ^^spreta  exoleacunt;  si.irascare,  agnita  videntur.'* 
-  Several  of  his  letters  are  printed  in  the  Cabala ;  besides 
which  there  is  a  Latin  letter  of  his  to  Dr.  Bartholomew 
Clarke,  prefixed  to. that  author's  Latin  translation  from  the 
Italian  of  Castiglione's  '<  Courtier/'  entitled,  *^  De  Curiali 
aive  Aulico,''  first  printed  at  London  about  1571.  This 
be  j^Tots  while  envoy  at  Paris.  Indeed  his  early  t;^aste  and 
learning  never  forsook  him,  but  appeared  in  the  exercise 
of  his  miore  formal  political  functions.  He  was,  says  War- 
ton,  frequently  disgudted  at  the  pedantry  and  official  bar- 
barity of  style,  in  which  the  public  letters  add  instruments 
^ere  usually  fjiamed.  Even  in  the  decisions  and  pleadings 
of  the  Star-chamber  court,  he  practised  and  encouraged 
an  unaccustomed  style  of  eloquent  and  graceful  oratory.^ 

SACKVILLE  (Charles),  sixth  earl  of  Dorset  and  Mid- 
dlesex, a  celebrated  wit  and  poet,  was  descended  in  a 
direct  line  from  Thomas  lord  Buckhorst,  and  born  Jan.  24, 
1637.  He  had  his  education  under  a  private  tutor;  after 
which,  making  the  tour  of  Italy,  he  returned  to  England  a 
little  before  the  Restoration.  He  was  chosen  in  the  first 
parliament  that  was  called  after  that  event  for  £^ast  Grin« 
stead  in  Sussex,  made  a  great  figure  as  a  speaker,  and  was 
caressed  by  Charles  IL;  but,  having  as  yet  no  turn  to 
business,  declined  all  public  employmeoit  He  was,  is 
truth,  like  Villiers,  Rochester,  Sedley,  &c.  one  of  the  wits 
or  libertines  of  Charleses  court;  and  thought  of  nothing  so 
much  as  feats  of  galfamtry,  which  sometimes  carried  him  to 
inexcusable  excesses  *.  He  want  a  volunteer  in  the  first 
Dutch  war  in  1665;  and,  the  night  before  the  engage* 
ment,  composed  .the  celebrated  song  ^'  To  all  you  Ladies 

*  "  One  of  these  frolicks  has,  by  cr»wd  attempted  to  force  the  door,  and, 

the  industry  of  Wood,  come  dowu  to  being  repulsed,  drore  in  the  perforoi- 

|K>sterity.     Sackville,    wbo  was  thea  en  with  ttooea,  and  bcttke  the  wiodoira 

lord  Buckburst,  with  sir  Charles  Sed-  of  tlie  house.     For  this  misdeoieanonr 

ley  and  sir  Thomas  Ogle,  got  drunk  at  they  were  indicted,  ^nd  Sedley  waf 

the  Cock  in  Bow-street  by  Covent-gar*  fined  five  bnodred  pounds:  wliat  was 

^en,  and,  going  into  the  balcony,  ex*  the  sentence  of  the  otbe^  js.not  koown* 

posed  themselves  to  the  populace   in  Sedley  employed  Kiliigrew  and  another 

Very    indecent  postures.     At  last,  as  to  procure  a  remission  from  the  king ; 

%bey  grew  warmer,  Sedley  stood  Ibrth  bat  (mark  the  /riendsbip  of  ibe  diaso- 

naked,  and  harangued  the  populace  in  lute  !)  they  begged  the  fine  for  them* 

such  profane  language,  that  the  pub-  selves,  and  exacted  it  to  the  last  groat." 
Ac  indignation    was    awakened  ;    the  Johnson's  Lives. 

»  ColHns's  Peerage,  by  sir  B,  Bridges. — Wartaii*s  Hittnry  of  Poetry;-^Biog. 
9«*it.— Bibliograpberj  vol.  I. — Hailewood's  edition  of  the  ^irrQr  for  Maeialf^lHL 
1815,  4to.^Park's  edit,  of  the  Royal  andNoble  Authors! 


SACKVILLE.  2ri 

now  at  land,^  which  is  generallj^  esteemed  the  happiest 
of  his  productions ;  but  there  is  reason  to  think  it  was  not 
originally  composed,  but  only  revised  on  this  occasion.  Soon 
after  he  was  made  a  gentleman  of  the  bed-chamber ;  and, 
on  account  of  his  distinguished  politeness,  sent  by  the 
king  upon  several  short  embassies  of  compliment  inta 
France,  Upon  the  death  of  his  uncle  James  Craniield,  earl 
of  Middlesex,  in  1674,  that  estate  devolved  on  him;  and 
he  succeeded  likewise  to  tlie  title  by  creation  in  1675«r 
His  father  dying  two  years  after,  he  succeeded  him  in  hia 
estate  and  honours.  He  utterly  disliked,  and  openly  dis- 
countenanced, the  violent  measures  of  James  ITs  reign; 
and  early  engaged  for  the  prince  of  Orange,  by  whom  be 
was  n)ade  lord  chamberlain  of  the  household,  and  taken 
ieto  the  privy  •council.  In  1692;:  he  attended  king  Wil- 
liam to  the  congress  at  the  Hague,  and  was  near  losing  hia 
life  in  the  passage.  They  went  on  board  Jan.  10,  in  a  verjr 
severe  season ;  and,  when  they  were  a  few  leagues  off 
Goree,  having  by  bad  weather  been  four  days  at  sea,  the 
king  was  so  impatient' to  go  on  shore,  that  he  took  a  boat; 
when,  a  thick  fog  arising  soon  after,  they  were  so  closely 
surrounded  with  ice,  a&  not  to  be  able  either  to  make  the 
sbore,  or  get  back  to  the  ship.  In  this  condition  they  re« 
mained  twenty-two  hours,  almost  despairing  of  life ;  and 
the  cold  was  so  bitter,  that  they  could  hardly  speak  or 
stand  at  thetr  landing ;  and  lord  Dorset  contracted  a  lame* 
ness,  which  continued  for  some  time.  In  1698,  his  health 
insensibly  declining,  he  retired  from  public  afiairs ;  only 
now  and  then  appearing  at  the  council*  board.  He  died  at 
Bath  Jan.  19,  1705-6,  after  having  married  two  wives;  by 
the  latter  of  whom  he  had  a  daughter,  and  an  only  son, 
Lionel  Cran field  Sackville,  who  was  created  a  duke  in 
1720,  and  died  Oct.  9,  1765. 

Lord  Dorset  wrote  several  little  poems,  which,  however, 
are  not  numerous  Enough  to  make  a  volume  of  themselves, 
but  are  included  in  Johnson's  collection  of  the  '^  English 
Poets.''  He  was  a  great  patron  of  poets  and  men  of  wit, 
who  have  not  failed  in  their  turn  to  transmit  his  with  lustre 
to  posterity.  Prior,  Dryden,  Congreve,  Addison,  and  many 
more,  have  all  exerted  themselves  in  their  several  panegy* 
rics  upon  this  patron ;  Prior  more  particularly,  whose  ex- 
quisitely-wrought character  of  him,  in  the  dedication  of 
hia  poems  to  his  son,  the  first  duke  of  Dorset,  is  to  this 
da^  admired  as  a  master-piece.    He  says,  <<The  brightness 


22  SACKVILLE. 

of  his  parts/  the  solidity  of  his  judgment,  and  the  candour 
and  generosity  of  bis  temper,  distinguished  him  in  an  age' 
of  great  politeness,  and  at  a  court  abounding  with  men  of 
the  finest  sense  and  learning.  The  most  eminent  masters 
in  their  several  ways  appealed  to  bis  determination  :  Wsd« 
ler  thought  it  an  honour  to  consult  him  in  the  softness  and 
harmony  of  his  verse ;  and  Dr.  Sprat,  in  the  delicacy  and 
turn  of  his  prose:  Dry  den  determines  by  him,  under  the 
character  of  Eugenius,  as  to  the  laws  of  dramatic  poetry : 
Butler  owed  it  to  him,  that  the  court  tasted  his  *  Hudibras  :* 
Wycberley,  that  the  town  liked  his  *  Plain  Dealer;  and^ 
the  late  duke  of  Buckingham  deferred  to  publish  his  ^Re- 
bearsar  till  he  was  sure,  as  he  expressed  it,  that  my  lord 
Dorset  would  not  rehearse  upon  him  again.  If  we  wanted 
foreign  testimony,  La  Fontaine  and  St.  Evremond  have 
acknowledged  that  he  was  a  perfect  master  of  the  beauty 
and  fineness  of  their  language,  and  of  all  they  call  *  les 
'  belles  lettres.'  .  Nor  was  this  nicety  of  his  judgment  con- 
fined only  to  books  and  literature:  he  was  the  same  in 
iftatuary,  painting,  ^nd  other  parts  of  art.  Bernini 
tyould  have  taken  his  opinion  upon  the  beauty  and  at-v 
titude  of  a  figure ;  and  king  Charles  did  not  agree  with 
Leiy^  that  my  lady  Cleveland's  picture  was  finished,  till  it 
bad  the  approbation  of  my  lord  Buckhurst." 

'^  He  was  a  man,'-  says  Dr.  Johnson,  '<  whose  elegance 
and  judgment'  were  universally  confessed,  and  whose 
bounty  to  the  learned  and  witty  was  generally  known.  To 
the  indulgent  affection  of  the  public,  lord  Rochester  bore 
ample  testimony  in  this  remark :  '  I  know  not  how  it  is, 
but  lord  Buckburst  may  do  what  he  will,  yet  is  never  in 
tKe  wrong.'  If  such  a  man  attempted  poetry,  we  cannot 
wonder  that  his  works  were  praised.  Dryden,  whom,  if 
Prior  tells  ti:uth,  he  distinguished  by  his  beneficence,  and 
\vho  lavished  his  blandishments  on  those  who  are  not  known 
to  have  so  well  deserved  them,  undertaking  to  produce 
authors  of  our  own  country  superior  to  those  of  antiquity, 
says,  *  I  would  instance  your  Lordship  in  satire,  and  Shak- 
s&peare  in  tragedy.'  Would  it  be  imagined  that,  of  this 
rival  to  antiquity,  all  the  satires  were  little  personal  in- 
vectives, and  that  his  longest  composition  was  a  song  of 
eleven  staii:^as  ?  The  blame,  however,  of  this  exaggerated 
praise  falls  on  the  encomiast,  not  upon  the  author ;  whose 
performances  are>  what  they  pretend  to  be,  the  effusions 
9ff^man  of  wit;  gay,  vigorous,  and  airy*     His  verses  to 


I 


8  A  C  K  V  I  L  L  E.  ft 

JHoward  shew  great  fertility  of  miad ;  aod  bis  ^  Dorinda" 
lias  been  imitated  by  Pope. ' 
SACROBOSCO,     See  HOLYWOOD. 
SACY.     See  MAISTRE. 

SADEEL  (Anthony),  one  of  tbe  promoters  of  the  re- 
jformatioD,  was  born  in  1534,  at  the  castle  of  Cbabot  io 
the  Maconais,  and  was  descended  of  a  noble  and  ancient 
family  of  the  Forez.     His  father  dying  when  he  was  very 
young,  the  care  of  his  education  devolved  on  his  mother^ 
wbo  sent  him  to  Paris,  where,  he  6rst  was  initiated  in  the 
principles  of  the  Protestant  religion.    These  he  afterwarda 
became  better  acquainted  with  at  Tboulouse  and  Geneva, 
when  iotroduced  to  Calvia  and  Beza.     On  the  death  of  aq 
uncle  he  was,  recalled  home,  and  again  sent  to  Paris,  in 
£ODsequen<:e  of  a  contest  respecting  the  will  of  that  uncle^ 
wl\o  had  left  considerable  property.     While  here,  becom- 
ing more  attached  to  the  cause  of  the  reformatron,  he  was 
induced  to  study  divinity,  instead  of  law,  forVhipb  he  had 
been  .originally  intended ;  and  such  was  his  progress  and 
tbe  promising  appearance  of  his  talents  and  zeal,  that  at 
the  age  of  twenty,  he  was  invited  to  preach  to  the  congre- 
gation of  the  reformed  at  Paris*     Their  assembling,  how* 
ever,  was  attended  with  great  danger;  and,  in  1557,  whea 
they  met  to  celebrate  the  sacrament,  about  150  were  ap- 
prehended and  thrown. into  prison,  their  pastors  only  es- 
caping.    The  priests  having  circulated  various  scandalous 
reports  of  this  meeting,    which  the  judges  found  to  be 
false,  Sadeel  was  employed  by  his  brethren  in  draining, 
up  a  vindication  of  them.    Next  year  he  was  himself  taken, 
up,  and  imprisoned,    but  the  king  of  Navarre,  who  had 
often  been  one  of  his  hearers,    immediately  seat  to  the 
officers  to  release  him,  as  beiqg  one  of  his  own  suite,  and 
when  they  refused,  went  in  person  to. the  prison,  coip- 
plained  of  the  affront,  and  released  Sadeel.     Jt  not,  how- 
ever, being  thought  safe  for  him  to  remain  at  this  crisis  in 
Paris,  be  retired  for  some  time  to  Orleans,  and  when  the 
danger  seemed  to  be  over^  returned  again,  and  drew  up 
a  Confession  of  Faith,  first  proposed  in  a  synod  of  the  re-, 
formed  clergy  of  France,  held  at  Paris,  which  was  pre- 
sented  to  the  king  by  the  famous  admiral  Coligni.     The 
kjng  dyii^  soon  after,  ^nd  the  .queen  and  the  family  oj^. 

*  Biog.  Brit. — Collins's  Peerage  by  sir  E.  Bridges*— AUi.  Ox*  Tol.  IL— ^ 
^rk*f  editioB  Of  tbe  Hoyal  and  Noble  Avtborg.  V 


U  I  A  D  E  E  L, 

Onise  renewing  with  inore  fmy  than  evet  i;h#  p«r^<^Gutioii 
of  the  reformed,  Sadeel  was  obliged  again  lo  leave  the 
metropolis,  which,  however,  he  continued  occasionally  to 
visit  when  it  could  be  done  without  danger. 

In  1562,  he  presided  at  a  national  synod  at  OrieanSji 
Urnd^  then  went  to  Berne,  and  finally  to' Geneva,  where  h^ 
was  associated  with*  the  ministers  of  that  place,  Henry  1V% 
tPho  had  a  great  respect  for  him,  gave  him  an  invitation-  to 
his  court,  which,  after  some  hesitation,  from  his  aversioiiL 
to  public  life,  he  accepted,  and  was^  chaplain  at  the  batttlts 
f)f  Courtray,  and  had  the  charge  of  a  mission  to  the  pro^ 
testant  prince^  of  Germany ;  but  unable  at  length  to  beat? 
Ihe  fatigues  of  a  military  life,  which  be  was  obliged  t6 
]l>ass  with  his  royal  benefactor,  he  retired  to  Geneva  iii 
15S9,  and  resumed  his  functions  as  a  preacher,  and  under<r 
took  the  professorship  of  Hebrew  until  his  death,  Feb.  23, 
1591.  Besides  his  sermons,  which  were  highly  popular 
and  persuasive,  he  aided  the  cause  of  reformatiorr  by  taking 
an  active  part  in  the  controversies  which  arose  ouft  of  it, 
and  by  writingsr  of  the  practical  kind.  One  French  bio- 
grapher tells  us  that  Sadeel  was  an  assumed  name,  but  in 
^11  other  authorities,  welind  him  called  by  th^t  hatpe  only 
with  the  addition  of  CHANDi£Us,  Which  alluded  to  bis  an. 
cestors,  who  were  barons  of  Chandieu.  Accordingly  hi* 
works  are  entitled  <<  Antonii  Sadeelis  Chapdaei,  nobilissi- 
Aii  viri,  opera  thedlogica,"  Geneva,  1592,  folio ;  reprinted 
1593,  4^0;  and  1599  and  1615,  folio.  They  consist, 
among  others,  of  the  following  treiitisesf  published  aepa-^ 
lately,  *'  De  verbo  Dei  scripto,"  Gen,  1592.  "  De  vera 
peccatorum  remissione^'*  ibid.  1591.  **  De  «nico  Christi 
Sfl^^rdotio  et  sacrificio,^'  ibid.  1692.  ^<  De  s[Sirituali  et^ 
sacramentali  manducatione  Corporis  Christi  ;'^  two  trea-^ 
tises,  ibid.  1596.  "  Posnaniensiutn  assertionutn  refatatio,'^ 
ibid.  1596,  ^^  Refutatio  libelli  Claudii  de  Sainctes,  inti*" 
l^lati,  Examen  doctrines  Calvinianae  et  BezansB  de  cceina; 
Dornini,^'  ibid.  1592.  He  wrote  also,  in  Frenebi  "  His- 
tbire  des  persecutions  et  des  nnartyrs  de  Tegtise  de  Pari$y 
depuis  Tan  1557,  jusqu^au  regne  de  Charles  IX."  printed 
at  Lyons,  in  1563,  8vo,  tinder  the  name  of  Zamariel,  He 
wrote  also  ^*  Metamorphose  de  Ronsard  en  prettre,"  in 
verse,  part  of  a  controversy  he  had  with  that  writer,  who  in 
his  work  on  the  troubles  dur'mg  the  minority  of  Charles  IX, 
bad  attributed  them  to  the  reformers.  His  life,  ,by  Jaihes^ 
Xectius,  was  prefixed  to  \x\s  works,  wd  published  .sepa^ 


^  A  D  I.  95 

mdf  Hi  Geivet^  ih  1595,  Sto.  Tbe  substonQe  of  it  is  givea 
in  our  6rst  authority.' 

SADI,  or  S A  DE£>  ai  eelebrated  Penian  po€ft  and  mo« 
liiisty  wa^b'oniin  1175,  at  Sheeraz,  or  Schiraz, '  tbe  capi« 
tri  of  Persia,  anrd  wa9  educated  af  Damascus,  btrt  quitted 
Ills  country  when  it  was  desolated  by  the  Turks,  and  com-> 
flhefik;ed  bis  travels,  He  was  afterwards  taken  prisoner,  and 
§otfdefnned  to  work  at  the  fortifications  of  TripoK.  Wbile 
in  this  deplorable  state,  he  was  redeented  by  a^merclHint  of 
.  Aleppo,  who  had  so  much  i^gard  for  him  as  to  give  him  his 
ddu^bter  in  marriage,  with  a  dowry  of  one  hundred  sequins. 
Thik  lady,  however,  beti^  aii  intolerable  scold,  proved  the 
plague  of  his  life,  and  gave  him  that  unfavourable  opinion 
of  the  ^r  Which  appears  occasionally  in  his  works.  During 
one  of  tfaeif  altercations  she  reproached  him  with  tbe  fa* 
TOurs-het  family  bad  conferred-*-"  Ae  not  you  the  man 
ay  ftilfcer  bought  for  ten  pieces  of  gold  ?'* — •*  Yes,"  an* 
sa^e^ed  Sadi,  ''and  he  sold  me  again  for  an  hundred  se«' 
qurtts  ?" 

Wt  find  few  other  particiilars  of  bis  life,  daring  which 
h6  appeatis  to  have  been  admired  for  his  wise  sayings  and 
hi^  wit;  He  is  tfaid  to  have  lited  an  hundred  and  twenty 
yifeM,  that  is,  to  the  year  1295,  but  different  dates  are 
^ignedy  some  making  hinf  born  in  1 193,  and  die  in  1^12. 
He  composed  such  a  variety  of  works  in  prose  and  verse, 
Arabic  and  Persian,  as  to  fill  two  lar^  folio  volumes,  which 
were  printed  at  Calcutta,  in  1795.  It  was  not,  botvever, 
metely  as  a  poet,  that  he  acquired  fame,  but  as  a  phifloso- 
l^r  and  a  moralist.  His  works  are  quoted  by  the  Persians 
on  the  daily  and  hourly- occurrences  of  life ;  and  his  tomb, 
a(^oining  the  city  where  he  was  born,  is  still  visited  with 
feneration.  "  Yet,'*  says  sir  WWiam  Ouseley,  speaking 
of  ibis  author's  works,  '<  I  shall  not  here  suppress  that  there 
is  attriboted  to  Sadi  a  short  collection  of  poetical  composi«» 
tabns,  inculcating  lessons  of  the  grossest  sensuality  ;*'  and 
even  bis  most  mot^l  work,  called  *'  Gulistan,''  or  ^^  Garden 
of  Flowers/'  is  by  no  means  immitculate.  Mr.  Gladwin 
also,  to  whom  we  owe  an  excellent  translation'  Of  it,  pub^^ 
fished  at  Calcutta,  1806,  in  4to,  with  the  Original  Persian, 
has  been  obliged  to  omit  or  disguise  ^  few  passages,  which, 
be  says,  **  although  not  offensive  to  th6  coarse  ideas  of 

I  Melchior  Adain.«*Freheri  Th«atniiiu«*Moreri  et  Biog.  Uak.  in  art  Chan* 


t6  S  A  D  L 

native  readers,  couM  not  ppssibly  be  translated  wilbout 
transgressing  the  bounds  of  decency.'* 

This  work  has  been  idng  known  in  Europe  by  the  edition 
and  translation  published  by  the  learned  Gentius,  lender 
the  title  of  '^  Rosarium  politicum,  sive  amoenum  sortis  hU"« 
mans  Theatrum,  Persice  et  Lat.''  Arast.  1651,  foi.  There  * 
was  also  a  French  ti^^nslation  by  P.  du  Ryer,  1634,  Svo, 
and  another  by  d'Alegr^,  in  1704,  12  mo,  since  which  the 
abbe  Gaudin  gave  a  preferable  translation,  first  in  1789^ 
under  the  title  of  ^^,]£ssai  historique  sur  la  legislation  de  la 
Perse,''  and  afterwards  by  the  more  appropriate  titl^  of 
^'Gulistan,  ou  Tempire  des  roses,"  17i^l,  8vo.  The  En« 
glish  public  was  in  soooe  degree  made  acquainted  with  this 
work  by  a  publication  by  Stephen  Sullivan,  esq.  entitled 
**  Select  Fables  from  Gnlistan,  or  the  Bed  of  Ros^i^,  trans^ 
lated  from  the  original  Persian  of  Sadi,"  1774,  12mo* 
These  are  chiefly  of  a  political  tendency,  recommending; 
justice  and  humanity  to  princes.  Mr.  Gladwin's  includes 
the  whole,  and  is  a  valuable  contribution  to  our  knowledge 
of  Persian  manners  and  morals.  Sadi's  other  works^are en- 
titled <<  Bostan,  or  the  Garden  of  Flow^ers,"  which  is  in 
verse,  and  ^^  Molam^t ;"  in  Arabic,  sparks,  rays,  or  spe* 
cimens.  We  may  add,  that  Olearius  published  the  ^^  Gu- 
listan,"  in  Geripan,  wit^  plates,  in  1634,  fol.  under  i\xe 
tjtle  of  *^  Persianischjer  Ros^ntbal.'*^ 

SADLER  (JoH^),  an  English  writer,  descended  of  a^ 
ancient  family  in  Shropshire,  was  born  in  1615^  and  admit* 
ted  pensioner  of  Emanuel  college,  in  .Cambridge,  Nov.  IS^ 
1.630,  where  he  became  eminent  for  his  knowledge  in  the 
](iebrew  and  Oriental  languages.  After  having  taken  his 
degrees  ajt.tbe  usual  periods,  that  of  M.  A.  in  163.8,  in 
which  year  be  Y^^  chosen  fellpw  qf  his  college,  he  removed 
to  Lincoln's-Inh ;  where  he  made  a  considerable  progress 
in  the  study  of  the  law,  and  was  admitted  Que  of  the  mas- 
ters in  ordinary  in  the  court  of  chancery,  June  I,  1 644^ 
and  was  likewise  one  of  the  two  masters  of  requests.  In 
1649,  he  was  chosen  town -clerk  of  London,  and  published 
in  tbe  same  year  in  4to,  a  work  with  this  title,  "  Rights  of 
the  Kingdom  :  or.  Customs  of  our  Ancestors,  touching  the 
duty,  power,  election,  or  succession,  of  our  kings  and 
partiaments,  our  true  liberty,  due  allegiance,  three  estates^ 
their  legislative  power,  original,  judicial,  and  executive, 

*  '  •      •  * 

1  D'Herbelot  Bibl.  Oriental.— Gladwin's  Persian  Classics,  vol.  I.— Waripf 'f^ 
Tour  to  Sheerez.'— Month.  Re?.  1774.— JlriU  Crit  vol.  XXI^ 


6  A  D  L  £  R.  .         9T 

with  the  militia  J  freely  discussed  through  the  British,  Saxon, 
Normally  laws  and  histories."     It  was  reprinted  in  1682, 
^d  has  always  been  valued  by  lawyers  and  others.     He 
wa$  greatly  esteemed  by  Oliver  Cromwell ;  who,  by  a  let- 
ter from  Cork,  of  Dec.  1,  1649,  offered  him  the  place  of 
chief  justice  of  Munster  in  Ireland,  with  a  salary  of  1000/. 
per  annum  ;  but  this  he  excused  himself  from  accepting, 
lo  August  1650,  he  was  made  master  of  Magdalen  college, 
ID  Cambridge,  upon  the  removal  of  Dr.  Rainbow,  who 
again  succeeded  Sadler  after  the  restoration.    In  1653,  he 
was  chosen   member  of  parliament  for  Cambri^e.     In 
1655,  by  warrant  of  Cromwell,  pursuant  to. an  ordinance 
for  better  regulating  and  limiting  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
hi^h  court  of  chancery,  he  was   continued  a  master  in 
chancery,  when  their  number  was  reduced  tb  six  only.     It 
was  by  his  interest,  that  the  Jews  obtained  the  privilege  of 
building  a  synagogue  in  London.     In  1658,  he  was  chosen 
member  of  parliament  for  Yarmouth  ;  and  in  December  of 
the  year  following,  appointed  6rst  commissioner,  under  th# 
gte^Lt  seal,  with  Taylor,   Wbitelock,  and  others,  for  the^ 
probate  of  wills.     In  1660,  he  published  in  4to,  his  ^^  Ol- 
bia :  The  New  Island  lately  discovered.     With  its  religion, 
rites  of  worship,    laws,  customs,  government,  characters, 
and  language;  with   edu<5atiou  of  their  children  in  their 
sciences,  arts,  and  manufacturet ;    with  other  things   re- 
markable ;  by  a  Christian  pilgrim  driven  by  tempest  from 
Civita  Vecchia,  or  some  other  parts  about  Rome,  through 
the  straights  into  the  Atlantic  ocean.     The  first  part."     Of 
^fais  work,  which  appears  to  be  a  kind  of  fiction.  Dr.  John 
Worthington,    in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Samuel  Hartlib,   dated* 
April  1,  1661,  says,  *^  Is  the  second  part  of  Olbia  like  to 
come  out  shortly?  It  is  said  to  treat  of  the  religion,  wor- 
ship,   laws, '  customs,    manner  of  education,  &c.   of  that 
place.     The  design  promiseth  much  variety." 

Soon  after  the  restoration,  he.  lost  all  his  employments, 
by  virtue  of  an  act  of  parliament  13  Caroli  II,  <^for  the 
well-governing  and  regulating  of  corporations:"  his  con- 
science not  permitting  him  to  take  or  subscribe  the  oath 
and  declaration  there  required,  in  w^hich  it  was  declared, 
tha)b  ^'  it  was  not  lawful,  upon  any  pretence  whatever,  to 
tak^^  afms  against  the  king;"  an  obedience  so  absolute, 
^at  be  thought  it  not  due  to  any  earthly  power,  though  he 
had  never  engaged,  or  in  .any  manner  acted,  against  the 
kteking.    Ii>  the  fire  of  London,  1666,  bis  house  in  Sa?> 


M  ^  SADLER. 

lislmrj^^courty  which  he  birilt  at  the  erpeiis^  of  5000/1  lind 
several  other  of  his  houses  in  London  vi^re  destroyed  ;  »nd^ 
soon  after,  his  inaBsion*iioiise  in  Shropshire  had  the  same 
fate.  He  was  also  now  deprived  of  Va»xball  on  the  river 
Thames,  and  other  estates  which  he  had  purchased,  being 
crown  lands,  and  of  a  considerable  estate  in  the  Fens  in 
Bedford  Level,  without  any  recompence.  These  misfor- 
tjunes  and  several  others  coining  upon  him,  he  retired  to 
his  manor  and  seat  of  Warm^ell  in  Dorsetshire,  which  he 
bad  obtained  with  bis  wife ;  where  he  lived  in  a  private 
manner,*  and  died  tti  April  1674,  aged  fifty-nine.  Thomas 
Sadler,  esq.  deputy  to  lord  Walpole,  clerk  of  the  pells, 
who  contributed  the  above  account  to  the  editors  of  the 
General  Dictionary,  and  Daniel  Sadler,  chief  clerk  in  the 
Old  Annuity  office,  were  his  grandsons-  Walker  says  he 
was  informed  that  Mr.  Sadler  was  a  very  insignificant  man, 
and  Calamy  tells  us  that  a  clergyman  of  the  church  of  Er^ 
gland  gave  him  this  character,  *'  We  accounted  him,  not 
4Dly  a  general  scholar,  and  an  accomplished  gentleman, 
but  also  a  person  of  great  piety;  though  it  must  be  owned 
be  was  not  always  right  in  his  kead.*'^ 

SADLER  (Sir  Ralph),  an  eminent  English*  statesman,, 
was  born  in  1507,  at  Hackney,  in  Middlesex.  He  was 
the  son  of  Henry  Sadler,  who,  though  a  gentleman  by 
birth,  and  possessed  of  a  fair  inheritance,  seems  to  have 
been  steward  or  surveyor  to  the  proprietor  of  the  manor  of 
Gillney,  near  Great  Hadham,  in  Essex.  Ralph  in  early 
life  g^iJted  a  situation  in  the  family  of  Thomas  Cromwell, 
earl  of  .Essex,  and  by  him  was  introduced  to  the  notice  of 
Henry  VHL  who  took  him  into  his  service,  hut  at  whatf 
time  is  not  tery  clear.  He  was  employed  in  the  great  work 
of  dissolving  the  religious  houses,  and  had  bis  fuil  share  of 
the  spoil.  In  1537,  he  commenced  a  long  course  of  diplo« 
matic  services,  by  an  embassy  to  Scotland,  whose  monarch' 
was  then  absent  in  France.  The  objects  of  his  mission 
were  to  greet  the  queen  dowager,  to  strengthen  the  En* 
glisb  interests  in  the  councils  of  regency  which  then  go- 
verned Scotland,  and  to  discover  the  probable  convequences 
of  the  iiuimate  union  of  Scotland  with  Fraiace.  Having- 
collected  such-  information  as  he  could  procure  on  these' 
topics,  be  returned  in  the  beginning  of  the  following  year, 
but  went  again  to  Scotland  soon  after,  ostensibly  to  main* 

1  Gen.  Diet. — OaUmy.— Hutchins's  Dorsetshire. — Walker's  SufferiDg9»  art« 
Rainbow. — Cole's  MS  Athena  iu  Brit.  Mus.— Birch's  MSS.  in  Ayscough's  Ca« 
talogue. 


Sk 


SADLER.  29 

ftm  a  good  correspondence  between  the  two  crowns,  but 
Maily,  asapj^ars  from  his  state-papers,  to  detach  the  king 
of  Scotland  from  the  councils  of  cardinal  Beaton,  who  was 
mt  the  bead  of  the  party  most  in  the  interest  of  France.  H^ 
was  instrocted  also  to  direct  the  king's  attention  to  the  orer- 
grown  possessions  of  the  chcirch  as  a  source  of  revenue, 
and  to  persuade  him  to  imitate  his  uncle  Henry  Vllfth's 
eonduct  to 'the  see  of  Rome,  and  to  make  coiifimon  cause 
with  England  against  France.  In  all  this,  however,  he 
appears  to  have  failed,  or  at  least  to  have  left  Scotland 
mthout  having  viaterially  succeeded  in  any  part  of  his 
missioaj. 

In  the  same  year,  1540,  be  lost  his  patron  Cromwell, 
who  was  beheaded ;  but  he  retained  his  favour  with  Henry, 
and  in  154 1  was  again  sent  to  Scotland,  to  detach  the  king 
from  the  pope  and  the  popish  clergy,  and  to  press  upon 
him  the  propriety  of  a  personal  meeting  with  Henry.  This 
however  the  king  of  Scotland  appears  to  have  evaded  with 
considerable  address,  and  died  the  following  year  of  a  broken 
heart,  in-coaaequeace  of  hearing  of  the  fatal  battle  of  Sol- 
way.  The  crown  was  now  left  to  James  V.*s  infant  daughter 
Mary;  and  sir  Ralph  Sadier^s  next  employment  was  to  lend 
his  aid  to  the  match,  projected  by  Henry  VIII.  between  his 
son  Edward  and  the  young  queen.  Bat  this  ended  so  un-^ 
successfully,  that  Sadler  was  obliged  to  return  to  England 
in  Oee.  1549,  and  Henry  declared  war  against  Scotland, 
in  the  niean  tine  be  was  so  satisfied  with  Sadler's  services, 
ereo  in  ibis  last  negociation,  that  he  included  him,  by  the 
title  of  sir  Ralph  Sadleyr,  knight,  among  the  twelve  per- 
sons whom  he  named  as  a  privy  ^council  to  the  sixteen  no- 
bles to  whom,  in  his  will,  he  bequeathed  the  care  of  his 
sen,  and  of  the  kingdom.  When  this  will,  was  set  aside  by 
the  protector  duke  of  Somerset,  and  it  became  necessary 
to.  reconcile  the  feing^s  executors  and  privy-counsdlors,  by 
wealth  and  honours,  sir  Ralph  Sadler  received  a  confirma- 
tion wf  alt  the  churchy-lands  formerly  assigned  to  him  by 
Henry,  with  splendid  additions. 

When  the  war  with  Scotland  was  renewed,  sir  Ralph  so 
distingvished  himself  at  the  battle  of  Pinkie,  that  he  was 
00 :ihe  field  raised  to  the  degree  of  knight  banneret;  but 
we  bear  nothing  more  of  him  during  the  reign  of  Edward 
VL  except  that  in  a  grant,  dated  the  4th  of  that  king's 
reign,  be  is  termed  master  of  the  great  wardrobe*  In 
Marj*s  reign,  although  be  appears  to  have  been  in  ber 


*o  jS  A  D  L  E  R, 

favour^  be  Retired  to  his  estate  at  Hackney,  atid  resigned 
the  office  of  knight  of  the  bamper,  which  bad  been  con« 
ferred  oc^  him  by  Henry  VIII.     On  (be  accession  of  £ii^ 
zabetb,  he  again  appeared  at  court,  «vas  called  to  tbe  privy 
.council,  and  retained  to  bis  death  a  great  portion  of  tbe 
esteem  of  that  princess.     He.  was  a  mciniber  of  her  first 
parliament,  ,as  one  of  the  knights  of  the  shir«  for  the 
.  county  of  Hertford,  and  continued  to  be  a  representative 
of  the  people  during  the  greater  part^  if  not  the  whole,  of 
her  reign.     When  queen  Elizabeth  thought  proper  to  [9^ 
yom  the  cause  of  the  reformation  in  Scotland^  and  to  sup'* 
port  the  nobility  who  were  for  it  against  Mary,  sir  Ralph 
Sadler  was  her  principal  agent,  and  so  negotiated  as  to 
prepare  the  way  for  Elizabeth's  great  influence  in  the  afr 
fairs   of  Scotland.     He   was  also  concerned  in  tbe  sub^ 
sequent  measures  which  led  to  the  death  of  queen  Mary, 
and  was  appointed  her  keeper  in  the  castle  of  Tutbury ; 
but  such  was  Elizabeth's  jealousy  of  this  unfortunate  prin-^ 
cess,  that  even  Sadler's  watchfulness  became  liable  to  her 
suspicions,  and  on  one  occasion,  a  very  heavy  compiaint 
>was  made  against  him,  that  he  had  permitted  Mary  to  ac* 
company  him  to  some  distance  from  the  castle  of  Tutbury^ 
to  enjoy  tb^  sport  of  hawking*     Sir  Ralph  bad  been  hither** 
to  so  subservient  to  his  royal  mistress,  in  all  her  measures^ 
and  perhaps  in  some  which  he  could  not  altogether  approve^ 
that  this  complaint  gave  him  great  uneasiness  and  he  ans- 
wered it  rather  by  an  expostulation  than  an  apology.     He 
admitted  that  he  bad  sent  for  his  hawks  and  falconeriS  to  di^^ 
vert  '^  the  miserable  life"  which  he  passed  at  Tutbury,  and 
that  be  had  been  unable  to  resist  the  solicitation  of  the 
prisoner,  to  permit  her  to  see  a  sport  in  which  she  greatly 
delighted,     fiut  he  adds,  that  this  was  under  the  strictesl 
precautions  for  security  of  her  person;  and  he  declares 
to  the  secretary  Cecil,  that,  rather  than  continue  a  charge 
.whicli  subjected  him  to  such  misconstruction,  were  it  not 
more  for  fear  of  offending  the  queen  than  dread  of  .the 
punishment,  he  would  abandon  his  present  charge  on  coa* 
dition  of  surrendering  himself  prisoner  to  the  Tower  for 
all  the  days  of  his  life,  and  concludes  that  be  is  so  wearjF 
of  this  lite,  that  death  itself  would  make  him  more  happjb 
Elizabeth  so  far  complied  with  his  intimation  as  to  com'' 
mit  Mary  to  a  new  keeper,  but  she  did  :not  withdraw  bet 
ponfidence  from  sir  Ralph  in  other  matterS|  and  after  the 
execution  of  Mary,  employed  him  to  go  to  the  court  of 


8  A  b  L  E  It.  31 

'lames  'VI.  tb  dissuade  him  from  entertaining  thoughts  of  a 
war  with  England  on  his  mother^s  account,  to  which  thera 
was  reason  to  think  he  might  have  been  excited.'  In  this 
sir  Ralph  had  little  difficulty  in  succeeding,  partly  from 
James's  love  of  ease,  and  partly  from  the  prospect  he  had 
of  succeeding  peaceably  to  the  throne  of  England.  This 
was  the  last  time  sir  Ralph  Sadler  was  employed  in  the 
fiublic  service,  for  soon  after  his  return  from  Scotland,  hb 
died  at  his  lordship  of  Standon,  March  30,  1587,  in  the 
eightieth  year  of  his  age,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  df 
Standon,  where  his  monument  was  decorated  with  the  king 
of  Scotland's  standard,  which  he  took  in  the  battle  of  Mus- 
selburgh. He  left  behind  him  twenty-two  manors,  several 
parsonages,  and  other  great  portions  of  land,  in  the  several 
counties  of  Hertford,  Gloucester,  Warwick,  Buckingham, 
and  Worcester.  He  married  Margaret  Mitchell,  a  laundress 
in  the  family  of  his  first  patron,  Thomas  Cromwell,  earl 
of  Essex,  in  the  life-time,  though  in  the  absence,  of  her 
husband,  Matthew  Barr6,  a  tradesman  in  London,  pre- 
sumed to  be  dead  at  that  time,  aud  he  afterwards  procured 
an  act  of  parliament,  37  Henry  VIH.  for  the  legitimatiotf 
of  the  children  by  her,  who  were  three  sons^  and  four 
daughters;  Anne,  married  to  sir  George  Horsey  of  Digs^ 
well,  knight ;  Mary,  to  Thomas  Bollys  aliter  Bowles  Wai- 
lington,  esq.  Jane,  to  Edward  Baesh,  of  Stanstead,  esq. 
(which  three  gentlemen  appear  to  have  been  sheriffs  of  the 
county  of  Hertford,  14,  18,  and  13  Eliz.);  and  Dorothy, 
to  Edward  EIryngton  of  Berstall,  in  the  county  of  Bucks, 
^q.  The  sons  were,  Thomas,  Edward,  and  Henry.  Tho- 
mas succeeded  to  Standon,  was  sheriff  of  the  county  29 
aud  37  Eliz.  was  knighted,  and  entertained  king  James 
there  two  nights  on  his  way  to  Scotland.  He  had  issue, 
Ralph  and  Gertrude  married  to  Walter  the  first  lord  Aston 
of  the  kingdom  of  Scotland ;  Ralph,  his  son,  dying  with- 
out issue^  was  succeeded  in  bis  lordship  of  Standon  and 
other  estates  in  the  county  of  Hertford,  by  Walter,  the 
aetond  lord  Aston,  eldest  surviving  son  of  his  sister  Ger-^ 
trude  lady  Aston.  The  bnrying-place  of  the  family  is  in 
the  chaocel  of  the  church  at  Standon.  Against  the  south 
wall  is  s  monument  for  sir  Ralph  Sadler,  with  the  effigies 
of  jiimself  in  armour,  and  of  his  three  sons  and  four 
daughters,  and  three  inscriptions,  in  Latin  verse,  in  En- 
glish verse,  and  in  English  prose :  against  the  north  wall  is 
fitaother'  for  air  Thomas^  with  the  effigies  of  himself  io 


32  B  A  D  L  E  R. 

armour,  his  lady,  son  and  d^lughter,  i^nd  sin  epitaph  iH  £tt-« 
glish  prose.  1  here  are  also  several  inscriptions  for  tarioiis 
persons  of  the  Aston  family. 

The  transactions  of  sir  Ralph  Sadler^s  inost  meypoi'abk? 
embassies  are  recorded  in  ^'  Letters  and  NegociatioB^s  of 
Sir  Ralph  Sadler/'  &c.  printed  at  Edinburgh,  1720,  Syq^ 
from  MSS.  in  the  advocates'  library ;  but  a  more  complete 
collection  was  recently  published  of  his. '*  State  papers  and 
Letters,"  from  MSS«  in  the  possession  of  Arthur  Clifford^ 
esq.  a  descendant,  1809,  in  2  vols.  4to,  with  a  life  by  WaU 
ter  Scott,  esq.  to  which  we  are  principally  indebted  for  thief 
preceding  account.  From  this  valuable  and  interesting 
publication  the  character  of  sir  Ralph  Sadler  will  be  esti>» 
mated  according  to  the  views  the  reader  has  been  ace  us-* 
tomed  to  take  of  the  measures  of  die  reigjYs  in  which  be 
lived ;  and  on  this  account  bis  character  will  probably  be 
more  highly  esteemed  in  England  thap  in  Scotland.  That 
be  should  have  preserved  the  favour  of  four  such  discordatit 
sovereigns  as  Henry,  Edward,  Mary,  aiid  Elizabeth,  is' 
extraordinary,  but  not  a  solitary  instance.^ 
.  SADELER  (John),  the  first  of  a  family  of  distinguished 
engravers,  the  son  of  a  founder  and  chaser,  was  boru 
at  Brussels  in  1550.  He  applied  early  in  life  to  drawing 
and  engraving,  and  published  some  prints  at  Antwerp^ 
which  did  him  great  honour.  Encouraged  by  this  success, 
he  travelled  over  Holland  that  he  might  work  under  the 
inspection  of  the  best  masters,  and  found  a  generous  be^ 
nefactor  in  the  duke  of  Bavaria.  He  went  afterwards  into 
Italy3  and  presented  some  of  his  prints  to  pope  Cleaienl: 
VllJ.  but  receiving  only  empty  compliments  from  that 
pontiff,  retired  to  Venice,  wher^  be  died  1600^  in  his  fif* 
tieth  year,  leaving  a  son  named  Juste  or  Justin^*  by  wbons 
^1^  we  have  some  good  prints.  Raphael  Sadeler,  John's 
brother,  and  pupil,  was  born  in  1555,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  an  engraver,  by  the  correctness  of  his  drawings 
and  the  natural  expression  of  his  figure^.  JJe  accompanied 
John  to  Rome  and  to  Venice,  and  died  in  the  lajtt^  city* 
Raphael  engraved  some  plates  for  a  work  entitled  *'  de 
opificio  mundi,^*  1617,  3vo,  which  is  seldom  found  per^ 
feet.  The  works  executed  by  him  aod  John  in  conjunction^ 
are,  "Solitude,  sive'vitae  patrum  eremicolarum,^'  4to; 
*♦  SylvoB  sacrff:,"  "  Trophaeum  vitae  solitariss  ;*'  ^' Oraou* 

*  Life  by  Walter  Scott,  esq.  &c.— Brit.  Grit.  vol.  XXXVII. 


S  A  D  E  L  E  It.  33 

\ 

I 

I 

liim  aitacboreticum,"  <<  Solitudo  sive  vitas  feminartim  ftna« 
choreticarum ;''  *' Recueil  d^Ettampes,  d>apres  Raphael^ 
Titieo,  Carrache,''  &c.  amounting  to  more  thto  500 
prinisy  in  2  vols.  fol.  Giles  Sadeler  was  nephew  and  pupil 
of  John  and  Raphael,  but  excelled  them  in  correct  draw- 
ingi  and  in  the  taste  and  neatness  of  his  engraving.  -  After 
having  remained  some  time  in  Italy,  he  was  invited  into 
Germany  by  the  emperor  Rodolphus  II.  who  settled  a  pen- 
sbn  upon  him ;  and  Matthias  and  Ferdinand,  this  emperor*s 
Miccessorss  continued  also  to  esteem  and  honour  him.  He 
died  at  Prague  in  1629,  aged  fifty-nine,  being  born  at 
Antwerp  in  1570,  leaving  ^*  Vestigi  delP  antichit^  di  Ro- 
ma,'* Rome,  1660,  fol.  obi.  These  engravers  employed 
their  talents  chiefly  on  scripture  subjects.  Mark  Sadeler^ 
related  to  the  three  above  mentioned,  seem^  to  have  been 
merely  the  editor  of  their  works.' 

SADO LET  (James),  a  polite  and  learned  Italian,  was 
born  at  Modena  in  1477,  and  was  the  son  of  an  eminent 
civilian,  who,  afterwards  becoming  a  professor  at  Ferrara, 
took  him  along  with  him,  and  educated  him  with  great  care. 
He  acquired  a  masterly  knowledge  in  the  Latin  and  Greek 
early,  and  then  applied  himself  to  philosophy  and  elo- 
queace ;  taking  Aristotle  and  Cicero  for  his  guides^  whom 
he.  considered  as  the  first  masters  in  these  branches.  He. 
also  cultivated  Latin  poetry,  in  which  he  displayed  a  very 
high  degree  of  classical  purity.  Going  to  Rome  under  the 
pontificate  of  Alexander  Vh  when  he  was  about  twenty- 
two,  be  was  taken  into  the  family  of  cardinal  Caraffa,  who 
loved  men  of  letters;  and,  uponrthe  death  of  this  cardinal 
in  1511)  passed  into  that  of  Frederic  Fregosa,  archbishop 
of  Salerno,  where  he  found  Peter  Bembus,  and  contracted 
ao  intimacy  with  him.  When  Leo  X.  ascended  the  papal 
throne  in  1513,  be  chose  Bembus  and  Sadolet  for  his  se- 
cretaries; men  extremely  qualified  for  the  office,  ias  both 
of  them  wrote  with  gredt  elegance  and  facility:  and  soon 
after  made  Sadolet  bishop  of  Carpentras,  pear  Avignon, 
Upon  the  death  of  Leo,  in  1521,  he  went  to  his  diocese, 
and  resided  there  during  the  pontificate  of  Adrian  V I,;  •  but 
Clement  YII.  was  no  sooner  seated  in  the  chair,  in  1123, 
than  lie  recalled  him  ta  Rome*  S9>dolet  submitted  to  his 
holiness,  but  on  condition  that  he  should  return  to  bis  dio- 
cese at  the  end  of  three  years*    Paul  IIL  who  succeeded 

»  Slrutr*  Dict->Diet.  Hiit.  ^ 

VOL.XXVIL  D 


S4  *  A  D  O  L  E  T. 

.Clement  VII.  in  1534,  called  bim  to  Rome  again ;  made 
him  a  cardinal  in  1536,  and  employed  him  in  mieiny  impor- 
laat  embassies  and  negociations*  Sadolet,  at  lengthy  grown 
^too  old  to  perfonn  the  duties  of  bis  bishopric,  went  no 
.more  from  Rome ;  but  spent  the  remainder  of  bis  days 
there  in  repose  and  study.  He  died  in  1547,  not  without 
poison,  as  some  have  imagined ;  because  he  corresponded 
too  familiarly  with  the  Protestants,  and  testified  much  re- 
gard for  some  of  their  doctors.  It  is  true,  he  had  written 
in  1539  a  Latin  letter  to  the  senate  and  people  of  Geneva, 
with  a  view  of  reducing  them  to  an  obedience  to  the  pope; 
add  had  addressed  himself  to  the  Calvinists,  with  the  affec- 
tionate appellation  •  of  *^  Charissimi  in  Christo  Fratres;'* 
but  this  proceeded  entirely  from  his  moderate  and  peace- 
able temper  and  courteous. disposition.  He  was  a  sincere 
adherent  to  the  Romish  church,  but  without  bigotry.  The 
liberality  of  sentiment  he  displayed  in  his  commentary  on 
the  epistle  pf  St.  Paul  to  the  Romans  incurred  the  censure 
of  the  Roman  court. 

Sadolet  in  his  younger  days  was  somewhat  gay,  but  re- 
formed bis  manners  very  strictly  afterwards,  and  became 
a  man  of  great  virtue  and  goodness.  He  was,  like  other 
scholars  of  his  time»  a  close  imitator  of  Cicero  in  his  prose 
works,  and  of  Virgil  in  his  poetry.  In  the  best  of  bis  La- 
tin poems,  his  ^^  Gurtius,**  he  is  allowed  to  have  adorned  a 
dignified  subject  with  numbers  equally  chaste, 'spirited, 
and  harmonious.  His  works  consist  of  epistles,  disserta^ 
tions,  orations,  poems,  and  commentaries  upon  some  parts 
<>f  holy  writ.  They  have  been  printed  oftentimes  sepa* 
rately :  and  were  first  collected  and  published  together,  in 
a  large  8vo  volume,  at  Mentz,  in  1607  ;  but  a  more  com- 
plete and  excellent  edition  was  published  at  Verona,  in 
1737,  4  vols.  .4to*  All. his  contemporaries  have  spoken  of 
bim  in  the  highest  terms ;  Erasmus  particularly,  who  calls 
bim  ^^  eximium  eetatis  suae  decus."^ 
.  SAEMUND  (SiGFUSSOV),  a  celebrated  Icelandic  writer, 
was  the  son  of  a  priest  named  Sigfus,'  and  was  bom  about 
the  middle  of  the  eleventh  century,  between  105a  and 
1Q60.  He  travelled  at  a  very  early  period  into  Italy  and 
Germany,  in  order  to  improve  himself  in  knowledge,  and 
for  a  considerable  time  his  countrymen  were  not  at  all  aware 
of  what  had  become  of  him.    At  length  Jonas,  the  son  of 

Tinboschi.— NiotroD,  ? oL  XXVIII.--«Ftfl8weH*8  Politiaa.— Roseoe't  tinot 


S  A  £  M  y  N  D.  35 

Ogmund,  who  was  afiterwards  a  bishop,  found  him  at  Paris, 
aod  carried  him  back  to  Iceland..   Here  he  took  the  order 
of  priesthood,  and  succeeded  his  father  as  priest  of  Odda.- 
fie  also  established  a  school,  and  contributed  with  others 
to  induce  the  Icelanders  to  pay  tithes,  and  took  a  consi- 
derable part  with  regard  to  the  formation  of  the  ecclesias- 
tical code  of  laws.     He  died  in  1 133  or  1  ld5,  being  about 
^iglity  years  of  age.     At  the  age  of  seventy  he  wrote  a 
History  of  Norway,  from  the  time  of  Harold  Haarfager  to 
that  of  Magnus  the  Good«     He  is  generally  allpwed  the 
merit  of  having  collected  the  poetical  Edda,   by  which 
means  he  preserved  these  curious  and  valuable  remains  of 
the  ancient  Scandinavian  mythology,  poetry,  and  morality, 
from  being  lost   They  were  printed  at  Copenhagen,  1787, 
4t0y  with  a  Latin  translation,  the  editors  of  which,  in  their 
preface,  give  a  full  account  of  the  supposed  authors,  and 
the  claim  of  Saemund  to  be  considered  as  the  principal 
jpoUector.* 

SAGE  (Alain  Rene'  Le),  the  first  of  French  novelists, 
was  born,  according  to  one  of  bis  biographers,  in  1677,  at 
Ruys,  in  Britanny;  or,  according  to  another,  in  1668,  at 
Vannes.  At  tlie  age  of  twenty-five  he  came  to  Paris,  with 
a  view  to  study  philosophy.  His  talents,  although  they 
did  not  display  themselves  very  early,  proved  to  be  equally 
brilliant  and  solid.  He  made  himself  first  known  by  a  pa- 
raphrastic translation  of  the  ^'  Letters  of  Aristasnetus," 
which  he  published  in  two  small  volumes*  He  then  travelled 
through  Spain,  and  applied  to  the  study  of  the  Spanish 
language,  customs,  and  writers,  from  whom  he  adopted 
plots  and  fables,  and  transfused  them  into  his  native  tongue 
with  great  facility  and  success.  His  works  of  this  kind  are, 
**  Guzman  D'Alfarache  ;'*  the  **  Bachelor  of  Salamanca;*' 
"  Gil  Bias;'*  "New  Adventures  of  Don  Quixote,'*  origi- 
nally written  by  Avellaneda;  **-The  Devil  on  two  Sticks,** 
as  it  is  called  in  our  translation,  in  French  '<  Le  Diable  boi- 
teux,**.and  some  others  of  less  note.  Of  the  "Devil  on 
two  Sticks,**  we  are  told  that  the  first  edition  had  amazing 
success,  and  the  second  sold  with  still  greater  rapidity. 
Two  noblemen  coming  to  the  bookseller's,  found  only  one 
lingle  copy  remaining,  which  each  was  for  purchasing: 
and  the  dispute  grew  so  warm,  that  they  were  going  to 
decide  it  by  the  sword,  had  not  the  bookseller  interposedi 

•  Work  aboTe  inentioft«d,«-5ee  Aiulytiatl  Itevicw,  vol.  Il 

».2 


it  iS  A  G  ic. 

He  was  also  dbtinguisbed  for  some  dramatic  pieces,  of 
which  "Crispin,**  and  "Turcaret,"  both  comedies,  wer* 
the  most  successful,  and'  allowed  to  fall  very  little  short  of 
the  genius  of  Moliere.  "  Turcaret,*'  which  was  first  played 
in  1709,  has  been  praised  by  the  French  critics,  as  com- 
prebending  a  dialogue  just  and  natural,  characters  drawn 
with  peculiar  fidelity,  and  a  well-conducted  plot  He 
composed  also  many  pieces  for  the  comic  opera,  which, 
if  somewhat  deficient  in  invention,  were  in  general  sprightly, 
and  enriched  with  borrowed  fancies  very  happily  adapted 
to  the  genius  of  the  French  theatre. 

When  a  favourite  with  the  town,  he  appears  to  have  pre- 
sumed a  little  on  that  circumstance.  It  was  his  custom  to 
read  his  plays  in  certain  fashionable  circles,  before  they 
were  publicly  represented.  On  one  of  those  occasions, 
when  engaged  to  read  a  piece  at  the  duchess  de  Bouil- 
lon's, an  unexpected  affair  detained  him  until  a  considera- 
ble time  after  the  appointed  hour.  The  duchess,  on  his 
entrance,  began  to  reproach  him,  but  with  pleasantry,  for 
bis  having  made  th^  company  lose  two  hours  in  waiting  for 
him.  "  If  I  have  made  them  lose  them,^'  said  Le  Sage, 
^^  nothing  can  be  more  easy  than  to  recover  them.  I  will 
not  read  my  play,''  and  immediately  took  his  leave,  nor 
could  any  invitation  induce  him  to  visit  the  duchess  a  se- 
cond time. 

He  had  several  children,  the  eldest  of  whom  was  long  a 
distinguished  actor  on  the  French  stage,  under  the  name  of 
Montmenil,  and  amidst  all  the  temptations  of  a  theatrical ' 
life,  was  a  man  of  irreproachable  character.  ^  He  died  sud- 
denly white  partaking  of  the  pleasures  of  the  chase,  Sept. 
8,  1743,  and  his  death  was  a  loss  ^o  the  public,  and  parti- 
cularly to  his  father,  who  was  now  grown  old,  and  had 
been  poorly  rewarded  by  the  age  which  he  contributed  so 
often  to  entertain.  He  was  likewise  at  this  time  very  deaf^ 
and  obliged  to  have  recourse  to  an  ear-trumpet,  which  he 
used  in  a  manner  that  bespoke  the  old  humourist.  It  was 
his  practice  to  take  it  out  of  his  pocket  when  he  had*  reason 
to  think  that  his  company  was  composed  of  men  of  genius^ 
but  he  very  gravely  replaced  it,  when  he  found  that  thej 
were  of  an  inferior  stamp. 

This  infirmity,  however,  depriving  him  of  the  pleasure! 
of  society,  he  left  Paris  for  Boulogne-sur-mer,  in  the  ca-. 
ihedral  of  which  one  of  bis  sons  held  a  canonry:  and  al- 
though of  ao  adyaQced  age,  Le  Sage  left  the  metropolian  ^f 


SAGE.  3^ 

taste,  literature,  and  gaiety,  with  considerable  regret.  He 
did  not  enjoy  his  retirement  long,  being  cut  off  by  a  severe 
illness,  Nov.  17,  1747,  in  his  eightieth  year.  He  was  in- 
ttrred  at  Boulogne,  with  the  following  epitaph : 

**  Sous  ce  tombeau  git  Le  Sage,  abattu 
Par  le  ciseau  de  la  Parque  importune : 
S*il  ne  fut  pas  ami  de  la  Fortune,  ^ 

II  fut  toq^ours  ami  de  la  Vertu." 

His  character  is  said  to  have  been  truly  amiable,  and  his 
conduct  strictly  moral  and  correct,  free  from  ambition,  and 
one  who  courted  fortune  no  farther  than  was  necessary  to 
enjoy  the  pleasures  and  quiet  of  a  literary  life. 
'  Of  all  his  works,  his  '*  Gil  Blas^*  is  by  far  the  most  po- 
pular, and' deservedly  ranks  very  high  among  the  produc- 
tions of  historical  fancy.  It  has  been,  we  believe,  trans- 
lated into  every  European  language,  iind  received  in  all 
nations,  as  a  faithful  portrait  of  human  nature.  Few  books 
have  been  so  frequently  quoted,  as  affording  happy  illus- 
trations of  general  manners,  and  of  the  common  caprices 
and  infirmities  incident  to  man.  Le  Sage,  says  Dr.  Moore, 
proves  himself  to  have  been  intimately  acquainted  with 
human  nature.  And  asjthe  moral  tendency  of  the  character 
of  Gil  Bias  has  been  sometimes  questioned,  the  same  au- 
thor very  properly  remarks  that  he  never  intended  that 
character  as  a  model  of  imitation.  His  object  seems  to 
have  been  to  exhibit  men  as  they  are,  not  as  they  ought  to 
be :  for  this  purpose  he  chooses  a  youth  of  no  extraordi-* 
nary  talents,  and  without  steady  principles,  open  to  be 
duped  by  knavery,  and  perverted  by  example.  He  sends 
him  like  a  spaniel,  through  the  open  fields,  the  coverts, 
the  giddy  heights,  and  latent  tracts  of  life,*  to  raise  the 
game  at  which  he  wishes  to  shoot ;  and  few  moral  bunts- 
men  ever  afforded  more  entertaining  sport. 

The  popularity  of  this  novel,  which  equals  that  of  almost 
any  of  our  own  most  favourite  productions,  may  afford  a 
lesson  to  the  writers  of  fiction,  who  are  ambitious  that  their 
works  may  live.  Had  Le  Sage  drawn  those  extravagant 
and  distorted  characters  which  are  so  common  in  the  novels 
published  within  the  last  twenty  years,  he  could  not  have 
expected  that  they  would  outlive  the  novelty  of  a  first  pe- 
rusal ;  but,  depicting  nature,  and  nature  only,  as  he  found 
her  in  men  of  all  ranks  apd  stations,  he  knew  that  what 
would  please  now  would  please  for  ever,  and  that  he  was  ^ 
speaking  a  ian|[uage  that  would  be  understood  in  every 


» 


38  SAGE 

spot  of-  the  globe.  The  artifices  of  refined  and  highly  po* 
lished  society  may  introduce  variations  and  disguises 
which  give  an  air  of  novelty,  to  the  actions  of  men  ;  but 
original  manners  and  caprices,  such  as  Le  Sage  has  describ- 
ed, will  perhaps  at  all  times  be  acknowledged  to  be  just, 
natural,  and  faithful,  whether  we  apply  the  test  of  self- 
exafpination,  or  have  recourse  to  the  more  easy  practice  of 
remarking  the  conduct  of  those  with  whom  we  associate.^ 

SAGE  (John),  a  bishop  of  the  old  episcopal  church  of 
Scotland,  a  man  of  great  learning  and  worth,  and  an  able 
Controversial  writer  in  defence  of  the  church  to  which  he 
belonged,  was  born  in  1652.  He  was  the  son  of  captain 
Sage,  a  gentleman  of  Fifeshire  in  Scotland,  and  an  officer 
of  merit  in  lord  DufFus's  regiment,  who  fought  on  the  side 
'of  the  royalists  when  Monk  stormed  Dundee  in  1651.  Al- 
'  though,  like  many  other  royalists,  he  was  scantily  rewarded 
for  his  services,  he  was  able  to  give  his  son  a  liberal  edu- 
cation at  school,  and  at  the  university  of  St.  Andrew's, 
where  he  tooH  his  degree  of  master  of  arts  in  1672.  He 
passed  some  years  afterwards  as  schoolmaster  of  the  pa* 
rishes  of  Bingry  in  Fifeshire,  and  of  Tippermoor  in  Perth- 
shire, and  as  private  tutor  to  the  sons  of  a  gentleman  of 
focjtune,  whom  he  attended  at  school,  and  accompanied  to 
the  university  of  St.  Andrew's.  Jn  1684,  when  his  pupils 
left  him,  he  removed  from  St.  Andrew's,  and  when  uncer- 
tain what  course  to  pursue,  was  recommended  to  archbishop 
Hose,  who  gave  him  priest's  orders,  and  advised  him  to 
officiate  at  Glasgow.  Here  be  continued  to  display  his 
talents  till  the  revolution  in  1638,  when  the  presbyterian 
form  of  church  government  was  established,  and  then  went 
to  Edinburgh.  He  preached  in  this  city  a  while,  but  re- 
fusing to  take  the  oaths  of  allegiance,  was  obliged  to  de- 
sist, and  found  an  asylum  in  the  house  of  sir  William 
Bruce,  the  sheriff  of  Kinross,  who  approved  his  principles, 
and  admired  bis  virtues.  Returning  to  Edinburgh  in  1695^ 
where  he  appears  to  have  written  some  defences  of  the 
church  to  which  he  belonged,  he  was  observed,  and  obliged 
again  to  retire.  At  length  he  found  a  safe  retreat  with 
the  countess  of  Caliendar,  who  employed  him  as  chaplain, 
and  tutor  to  her  sons,  and  afterwards  he  lived  with  sir  John 
Steuart  of  GarntuUy  as  chaplain,  until  Jan.  25,  1705,  when 

1  Diet  Hist — Moore's  Life  of  Smollett.— Blair's  Lectares,— BeaUie's  Disser* 
tatiODS,  p.  570. 


SAGE.  89 

be  was  consecrated  a.  bishop.  In  the  folio  wing  year  his. 
health  began  to  decay,  and  after  trying  the  waters  of  Bath, 
in  1709,  and  change  of  air  in  other  places,  without  much 
benefit,  he  died  at  Edinburgh  June  7,  1711. 

Bishop  Sage  was  a  man  profoundly  skilled  in  all  the  an- 
cient languages,  which  gate  him  an  eminent  advantage 
over  his  adTersaries,  the  most  distinguished  of  whom  was 
Mr.  Gilbert  Rule,  principal  of  the  college  of  Edinburgh, 
who,  with  mneh  zeal^  and  no  mean  abilities,  was  over- 
matched by  the  superior  learning  and  historical  knowledge 
of  his  antagonist.  Sage  wrote  the  second  and  third  letters^ 
concerning  the  persecution  of  the  episcopal  clergy  in  Scot* 
land,  which  were  printed  at  London,  in  1689,  the  rev.- 
Thomas  Merer  having  written  the  first,  and  professor 
Monro  the  fourth'.  2.  **  An  account  of  the  late  establish" 
ment  of  Presbyterian  Government  by  the  parliament  of 
Scotland  in  1690,'*  Lond.  1693.  3.  '<  The  fundamental 
charter  of  Presbytery,'\ibid.  1695.  4.  "The  principles  of 
the  Cyprianic  age — with  regard  to  episcopal  power  and 
jurisdiction,"  ibid.  1695.  5.  "A  Vindication**  of  the  pre-' 
ceding,  ibid.  1701.  6.  ^VSome  remarks  on  a  Letter  from 
a  gentleman  in  the  city,  to  a  minister  in  the  country,  on 
Mr. David  Williamson's  sermon  before, the  General  As- 
sembly,'* Edin.  1703.  7.  ^^A  brief '  examination  of  some 
things  in  Mr.  Meldrum's  sermon,  preached  May  16,  1705, 
against  a  toleration  to  those  of  the  episcopal  persuasion," 
ibid.  1703.  8.  <<  The  reasonableness  of  a  *  toleration  of 
those  of  the  Episcopal  persuasion  inquired  into  purely  on 
chnreh  principles,'*  ibid.  1704;  9.  ^'The  Life  of  Gawin 
Douglas,"  bishop  of  Dunkeld,  prefixed  to  Ituddiman*s  edi- 
tion of  ^*  Douglas's  Virgil,**  1710.  10.  '^  An  Introduction  to 
Drummond's  History  of  the  Five  James*s,**  Edio.  1711,  with 
notes  by  Ruddiman,  who  always  spoke  highly  of  Sage  as 
a  scholar  and  companion.^ 

SAGITTARIUS  (Gaspar),  an  eminent  Lutheran  divine, 
historian  to  the  duke  of  Saxony,  and  prpfessor  of  history 
at  Halley  was  bom  Sept.  23,  1643,  at  Lunenburg.  He  stu« 
died  in,  or  visited  the  greatest  part  of  the  German  univer- 
sities, where  he  was  much  esteemed  for  his  extensive  know« 
ledge  of  history  and  antiquities.     He  died  March  9,  1694, 

*  Life  of  Sage,  anoninaouSy  but  written  by.  Mr.  Jobn  Gillan,  a  bishop  of  the 
same  churchy  Lond.  1714,  8vo.— Chalmers's  Life  of  Raddiman,  p.  54.— Tytler*! 
Life  of  Kaimes.— Gillan's  Life  of  Sage  is  scaree  ^  but  an  ample  abridgment  may 
be  Men  in  the  Encyclopedia  Britannica. 


40  SAGITTARIUS. 

r 

leaving  nearly  TO  yolumes  of  dissertationsi  principally  en 
historical  subjects ;  on  oracles ;  on  the  gates  of  the  an- 
cients; ^^Tfae  succession  of  the  Princes  of  Orange/'  4to; 
**  History  of  the  City  of  Herderwich ;"  a  life  of  St  Norbert, 
1683 ;  ^^Tractatus  varii  de  historia  legenda/'  4to  ;  **  His- 
toria  antiqua  Noribergse/'  4to;  '^  Origin  of  the  Dukes  of 
Brunswick  ;"  "  History  of  Lubec ;"  "  Antiquities  of  the 
kingdom  of  Thuringia  ;*'  "  History  of  the  Marquises  and 
Electors  of  Brandenburg/'  and  many  others,  enumerated  by 
Niceron.  His  life  was  written  by  Schmid,  and  published 
in  1713,  8vo.' 
SAINCTES  (Claudius  de),  in  Latin  Sanctesius,  was 

.  born  in  1525,  at  Perche.  He  entered  as  a  regular  canon 
in  the  abbey  de  St.  Cheron,  nea^  Chartres  ;  at  the  age  of 
fifteen  was  admitted  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  1555,  and  re^ 
sided  afterwards  in  the  house  of  cardinal  de  LoiYaine,  who 
employed  him  at  the  conference  of  Poissy,  in  1561,  and 
persuaded  king.  Charles  IX.  to  send  him  to  the  council  of 
Trent,  with  eleven  other  doctors.  In  1566  De  Sainctes, 
with  Simon  Vigor,  afterwards  archbishop  of  Narbonne,  dis- 
puted against  two  protestant  ministers,  at  the  house  of  the 
duke  de  Nevers,  and  published  the  records  of  this  con- 
ference two  years  after,  and  had  also  a  controversy  with 
Sadeel,  as  we  have  recently  noticed  in  his  article.  He 
became  so  celebrated  for  his  writings,  sermons,  and  zeal 
against  the  protestants,  as  to  be  promoted  to  the  bishopric 
of  Evreux  in  1575.  The  following  year  he  attended  the 
states  of  Blois,  and  in  1581,  the  council  of  Rouen;  but 
having  afterwards  joined  the  most  violent  among  the 
Leaguers^  was  seized  at  Louviers  by  Henry  IVth^s  party, 
who  found  a  writing  among  his  papers,  in  which  he  pre- 
tended to  justify  the  assassination  of  Henry  III.  and  de- 
clared that  the  present  king  deserved  the  same  treatment. 
Being  carried  as  a  prisoner  to  Caen,  he  would  there  have 
received  the  punishment  due  to  his  attempt,  had. not  car- 
dinal de  Bourbon,  and  some  other  prelates,  interceded  that 
his  punishment  should  be  perpetual  imprisonment.  He 
vas  accordingly  confined  in  the  castle  de  Crevecoeur,  in 
the  diocese  4f  LisieUx,  where  he  died  in  1591.  De  Sainctea 
left  many  learned  works,  the  largest  and  most  scarce  among 

'  which  is  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Eucharist,^'  in  Latin,  folio,  au 
edition  of  St.  James's,    St.  Basil's,  and  St.  Chrysostom^s 

1  NioeroDy  toI.  IV.— Mortrl— Diet*  Hitt. 


SAINCTES.  41 


<( 


Liturgies,"  Antwerp,  1560,  8vo,  afterwards  reprinted, 
bat  this  is  the  only  edition  that  is  valued.' 

ST.  ALDEGONDE.     See  MARNIX. 

ST.  AMAND  (James),  a  classical  scholar  and  critic,  was 
probably  the  descendant  of  a  French  family^  but  we  find  no 
mentbn  of  him  in  any  French  biographical  work,  and  are 
unable  to  say  much  of  his  early  history.  In  1705,  he  was 
a  student  at  Lincoln  college,  Oxford,  but  made  no  long 
stay  there.  His  passion  for  Greek  literature,  but  particu* 
lariy  for  acquiring  materials  towards  a  new  edition  of  Theo» 
critus,  led  him  to  Italy,  where,  though  yoi:^ng,  for  he  was 
scarce  twenty,  he  obtained  a  distinguished  reputation  for 
learning,  and  became  acquainted  with  men  of  the  first 
erudition,  among  whom  were  Gravina,  Fontanini,  and 
others.  By  their  acquaintance  he  was  easily  introduced 
into  the  best  libraries ;  and  at  Florence  in  particular,  he 
was  favoured  with  the  friendship  of  the  learned  professor 
Salvini,  who  furnished  him  with  several  materials  relating 
to  Theocritus  from  the  Laurentian  library  and  St.  Mary's 
monastery  of  Benedictines.  The  patronage  and  friendship 
of  Mr.  Newton  too,  the  English  ambassador  at  the  grand 
duke's  court,  were  of  signal  service  to  him.  After  spend- 
ing some  time  with  these  and  other  learned  men,  in  a  mu-- 
tual  exchange  of  literary  treasures  and  observations,  he 
returned  to  England  by  way  of  Geneva  and  Paris,  and  died, 
not  about  1750,  as  Mr.  Warton  says,  but  Sept.  5,  1754,  at 
his  house  in  Red-lion-square,  leaving  the  valuable  collec- 
tion of  books  and  MSS.  he  had  made  abroad  to  the  Bodleian 
library,  and  the  duplicates  of  his  books  to  Lincoln  college. 
Of  the  MSS.  Mr.  Warton  availed  himself  in  his  edition 
of  Theocritus.  Mr.  St.  Amand  left  also  8006/.  to  Christ's 
hospital^  and  other  legacies,  which  shew  that  he  was  a  man 
of  considerable  opulence.* 

ST«  AM  ANT  (Mark-Anthony- Gerard,  sieur  de),  a 
French  poet,  was  born  at  Roan  in  Normandy  in  1594.  In 
the  epistle  dedicatory  to  the  third  part  of  his  works,  he  tells 
us,  that  his  father  commanded  a  squadron  of  ships  in  the 
service  of  Elizabeth  queen  of  England  for  twenty-two' 
years,  and  that  he  was  for  three  yeass  prisoner  in  the  Black 
Tower  at  Constantinople.  He  mentions  also,  that  two 
brothers  of ,  bis  had  been  killed  in  an  engagement  against 

1  Gen.  Diet.  art.  Sabctesiut.— Moreri. 

•  Warton's  Preface  to  bii  Tbeocritas.— Gent,  Mag.  Tol.  XXIV.— Wood*t  Col« 
Icf  61  and  Ball8»  and  Annali* 


v/.r. 


42  ST.   A  M  A  N  T. 

the  Tiirks.  His  own  life  was  spent  in  a  continual  succes- 
sion of  travels,  which  were  of  no  advaiftage  to  his  fortune. 
There  are  miscellaneous  poems  of  this  author,  the  greatest 
part  of  which  are  of  the  comic  or  burlesque,  and  the  ama- 
tory kind.  The  first  volume  was  printed  at  Paris  in  1627, 
the  second  in  1643,  and  the  third  in  1649,  and  they  bare 
been  reprinted  several  times.  "  Solitude,  an  ode,"  which 
is  one  of  the  first  of  them,  is  his  best  piece  in  the  opinion 
of  Mr.  Boileau.  In  1650  he  published  <^  Stances  sur  la 
grossesse  de  la  reine  de  Pologne  et  de  Suede.'*  In  1654 
he  printed  his  ^<  Moise  sauv6,  idylle  heroique,"  Leyden  ; 
which  had  at  first  many  admirers:  Chapelain  called  it  a 
"speaking  picture  ;  but  it  has  not  preserved  its  reputation. 
St.  Amant  wrote  also  a  very  devout  piece,  entitled  "  Stances 
it  M.  Corneilie,  sur  son  imitation  de  Jesus  Christ,^'  Paris, 
1656.  Mr.  Brossette  says  that  he  wrote  also  a  poem  upon 
the  moon,  in  which  he  introduced  a  compliment  to  Lewis 
XIV.  upon  his  skill  in  swimming,  an  amusement  he  often 
took  when  young  in  the  river  Seine  ;  but  the  king's  dislike 
to  this  poem  is  said  to  have  affected  the  author  to  such  a 
degree,  that  he  did  not  survive  it  long.  He  died  in  1661, 
aged  sixty-seven.  He  was  admitted  a  member  of  the 
French  academy,  when  first  founded  by  cardinal  Bichelieu, 
in  1633;  and  Mr.  Pelisson  informs  us,  that,  in  1637,  at 
his  own  desire,  he  was  excused  from  the  obligation  of 
making  a  speech  in  his  turn,  on  condition  that  he  would 
compile  the  comic  part  of  the  dictionary  which  the  academy 
had  undertaken,  and  collect  the  burlesque  terms.  This 
was  a  task  well  suited  to  him  ;  for  it  appears  by  his  writings 
that  he  was  extremely  conversant  in  these  terms,  of  which 
he  seems  to  have  made  a  complete  collection  from  the 
markets  and  other  places  where  the  lower  people  resort.^ 

ST.  AMOUR  (William  de),  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
and  one  of  the  greatest  ornaments  of  Christianity  which 
appeared  in  the  Romish  communion  in  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury, had  his  name  from  St  Amour  in  Franche  Compt6, 
where  he  was  born  about  the,  commencement  of  that  cen- 
tury. The  zeal  which  he  showed  against  the  new  institu- 
tion of  mendicant  friars,  both  in  his  sen^pns,  and  as  theo- 
logical professor,  induced  the  university  of  Paris  to  make 
choice  of  him  to  defend  their  interests  against  the  Domini- 
cans and  Franciscans,  who  wished  to  engross  the  power  and 

1  Gen.  Diet*— -Aforeri. 


ST.    A  M  O  U  »•  43 

influence  of  tbe  unirersity  to  themselves.  In  1255,  the  de- 
bate was  brought  before  the  pope  Alexander  IV.  who^-with 
intolerable  arrogance,  ordered  the  university  not  only  to 
restore  the  Dominicans  to  their  former  station,  but  also  to 
grant  them  as  many  professorships  as  they  should  require. 
The  magistrates  of  Paris,  at  first,  were  disposed  to  protect 
the  university ;  but  the  terror  of  the  papal  edicts  reduced 
them  at  length  to  silence;  and  not  only  the  Dominicans, 
but  also  the  Franciscans,  assumed  whatever  power  they 
pleased  in  that  famous  seminary,  and  knew  no  other  restric- 
tions than  what  the  pope  imposed  upon  them.  St.  Amour, 
however^  wrote  several  treatises  against  the  mendicant  or- 
ders, and  particularly,  in  1255,  or  1256,  his  famous  book, 
*^  Perils  des  derniers  temps,"  concerning  the  ^^  perils  of 
the  latter  days,"  in  which  he  maintained  that  St.  Paul's 
prophecy  of  the  latter  times  (2  Tim.  iii.  1.)  was  fulfilling  in 
the  abominations  of  the  friars,  and  laid  down  thirty-nine 
marks  of  false  teachers. 

Some  years  before  the  pope  had  decided  in  favour  of  the 
mendicants,  a  fanatical  book  under  the  title  of'  an  *'  Intro- 
duction to  the  Everlasting  Gospel"  was  published  by  a 
Franciscan^  who  exalted  St.  Francis  above  Jesus  Christ, 
and  arrogated  to  his  order  the  glory  of  reforming  mankind 
by  a  new  gospel.  The  universal  ferment,  excited  by  thrs 
impious  book,  obliged  Alexander  IV.  to  suppress  it,  but  he 
ordered  it  to  be  burnt  in  secret,  being  willing  to  spare  the 
reputation  of  the  mendicants.  The  university  of  Paris, 
however,  insisted  upon  a  public  condemnation  of  the  book ; 
and  Alexander,  great  as  he  was  in  power,  was  obliged  to 
submit.  He  then  took  revenge  by  condemning  St.  Amour*s 
work  to  be  burnt,  and  the  author  to  be  banished  from 
France.  St.  Amour  retired  to  his  native  place,  and  was 
Hot  permitted  to  return  to  Paris  until  the  pontificate  of  Cle- 
ment IV.  He  died  at  Paris  in  1272*  His  works  were  pub- 
lished there  in  T632,  4to.  He  was  a  man  of  learning  and 
correct  manners,  of  great  zeal,  and,  in  the  opinion  of  a 
late  writer,  wanted  only  a  more  favourable  soil,  in  which 
he  might  bring  to  maturity  the  fruits  of  those  protestant 
principles,  the  seeds  of  which  he  nourished  in  bis  breast.^ 

SAINT-ANDRE'    (NathaNAEL),    an    anatomist,    well 
known  in  this  country  on  account  of  the  imposture  of  the 

>  Biog.  Uttiv.  art.  Amoar*— Milaer't  Eccl.  Hist.  toI.  IV.  p.  20.— Dapin.— 
Moiliciin. 


*4  S  A  1  N  T  -  A  N  D  R  E'. 

RabbiUwoman^  and  for  various  eccentricities  of  conduct, 
was  a  native  of  Switzerland,  but,  on  coming  over  to  Eng- 
land, was  placed  by  some  friends  under  a  surgeon  of  emi- 
nence, in  which  profession  be  became  skilful.  ,  He,  for  a 
time,  read  public  lectures  on  anatomy,  and  obtained  con* 
siderable  reputation  ;  which  was  ruined  by  the  part  he  took 
in  the  affair  of  Mary  Tofts,  as  well  as  by  many  other  irre^* 
gularities  of  character.  He  died  in  1776,  after  having 
been  for  many,  years  the  subject  of  more  curiosity  and  con- 
versation than  any  of  his  contemporaries,  though  without 
eny  extraordinary-talents,  or  claims  to  distinction.  They 
'who  are  curious  to  know  more  of  his  character  may  have 
their  curiosity  gratified  in  the  ^^  Ane'cdotes  of  HogarthV  by 
Nichols.* 

f   ST.  EVREMOND.  See  EVREMOND. 

ST.  GERMAN,  or  SEINTGERMAN  (Christopher), 
90  English  lawyer  and  law-writer  of  the  sixkeenthcentury^ 
is  supposed  to  have  been  born  at  Skilton,  near  Coventry, 
ia  Warwickshire,  and  educated  for  some  time  at  Oxford, 

'  whence  he  removed  to  the  Inner  Temple  for  the  study  of  the 
law.  After  being  admitted  to  the  bar,  he  became'an  emi- 
nent counsellor,  and  we  should  suppose  a  very  popular  one, 
as  he  frequently  refused  or  returned  his  fees.     What  he 

"  go^  by  honourable  practice  and  #ome  paternal  estate,  he 
expended  in  the  purchase  of  books,  and  gathered  a  very 
fine  library,  which  was  all  the  property  he  left  to  his  heirs. 
Besides  his  legal  knowledge,  be  was  conversant  in  philo- 
sophy and  the  divinity  of  tb^  times,  and  jirrote  on  tlie. latter 
subject  with  so  much  freedom  as  to  render  his  sentiments 
suspected,  for  which  reason  Bale  has  given  him  a  very  adi* 
vaQtageous  character.  He  is  jcommended  too  for  bis  pietjr, 
ivnd  pious  ordering  of  his  family,  to  whom  he  xead  .every' 
night  a  chapter  in  the  Bible,  and  expounded  it.  He  died 
Sept.  28,  1540,   and  npt  1539,  as  Bale  states.     He  was 

^  buried  in  the  church. of  St.  Alphage,.  within  Cripplegate, 
London.  It  appears  by  his  will  that  be  was  a  considerable 
l^enefactor  to  Skilton  church,  where  bis  father  sir  Henry 
St.  German,  knt.  and  his  mother  lie  buried,  and  to  that  of 

.  Laleford.  St.  German  has  immortalized  his  name  by  his 
valuable  and  well-known  work,  which  bears  the  title  of 
^VThe  Doctor  and  Student,  or  Dialogues  between. a. doctor 
•f  divinity,  and  a  student  in  the  laws  of  England,  concern- 

0  « 

I  Nichols's  Hogarth. 


ST.    GERMAN.  4B 

log  the  grounds  of  those  liws,**  first  printed  by  Rastell,  in 
Latin,  1523, 12mo,  and  reprinted  in  1528.  ]i|r*  Bridgoian 
eouoierates  above  twenty  editions  which  followed,  the  last 
in  1787,  8vo,'  with  questions  and  cases  concerning  the 
equity  of  the  law,  qorret.ted  and  improved  by  Wiiliam 
Muchall^  or  MiirchaU.  On  the  subject  of  this  celebrated 
work,  A^.iiargrave  (in  his  Law  Tract8j52 1),  has  published 
•from  a 'MS.  in  the  Cotton  library,  *^  A  Replication  of  a 
Seijftante  at  the  Laws  of  England,  to  certayne  pointes  al- 
leaged  by  a  student  of  the  said  lawes  of  England,  in  a  Dia*- 
logue  in  Englishe,  between  a  doctor  of  divinity  and  the 
said  student ;"  and  a  little  ^*  Treatise  concerning  writs  of 
Subpoena.''  Two  other  tracts  are  attributed  by  Ames  to 
.St  German,  though  they  bear  the  name  of  Thomas  God- 
frey, viz.  ^^  A  Treatise  concerning  the  power  of  the  Clergy 
and  of  the  lawes  of  the  Realme,'*  12mo,  no  date ;  and  ^*  A 
Treatise  concernynge  divers  of  the  Constitucyons  provya- 
cyall  and  legantines,''  12mo,  no  date.  Tanner  attributes 
to  him  ^<  A  Treatise  concerning  the  division  between  the 
.Spiritualitie  and  the  Temporaltie,"  printed  by  Redman 
without  date ;.  and  this  seems  to  be  the  same  work  as  **  The 
•PacyfyeV  of  the  division  between  the  Spiritualitie  and  Tem« 
poraltie,'V  printed  by .  Berthelet,  which  being  remarkable 
for  impartiality  and  temperate  language,  was  pointed  out 
to  sir  Thomas  More^  as  an  example  for  him  to  follow  in 
his  controversial  writings.  This  incited  sir  Thomas  to  pub* 
lish  <^  Ao  Apology e  made  by  him,  anno  1533,  after  he  had 
gevin  over  th'.'office  of  lord  chancellor  of  Englande,''  print- 
ed by  Rastell,  1 5 3 3, '  1 2 mo.  St.  German  was  also  proliibly 
the  author  of  ^*  Newe  addicions  treating  most  specially,  of 
the  power  of  .the  Parlyament  concernynge  the  Spiritualitie 
and  the  Spiritual  Jurisdiction,''  1531,  12mo,  now  reprinted 
in  all  the  modern;,  editions  of  the  **  Doctor  and  Student.'^ 
He  had  a.  controversy  with  sir  Thomas  More,  which  pro- 
duced ^^  Salem  and  6i:Saucej  being  a  dialogue  between  two 
Englishmen,  one  called  Salem,  and  llie  other  Bizance,*' 
1533,  8vo.  This  wa^  written  in  answer  to  More's  ^^  Apo- 
logye"  above  mentioned ;  and  sir  Thomas  replied  in  the 
'^Debellation  of  Salem  and  Bisance,"  by  Rastell,  in  153S(« 
Jvo.' 

SAINT-JOHN  (Henry),  lord  viscount  Bolingbroke,  au 
Eminent  statesman  atid  writer^   >yas   descended  from  an 

^  T^if^.-T'Bale.— Ath.  Ox.  vol.  I.-'Bridsman's  Legal  Bibliography. 


W  S  A  IN  T- J  OH  N; 

ancient  and  noble  family,  and  born,  as  all  his  biographers 
say,  in  16]g,  but  it  appears  by  the  register  of  Battersea 
parish  that  he  was  baptised  Oct.  10,  1678.  Hisfather,  sir 
Henry  St.  John,  son  of  sir  Waiter  St.  John,  died  at  Bat- 
tersea, his  family-seat,  July  3,  1708,  in  his  eighty-seventh 
year :  his  mother  was  lady  Mary,  second  daughter  and  co- 
heiress of  Robert  Rich,  earl  of  Warwick.  He  was  bred 
up,  with  great  care,  under  the  inspection  of  bis  grand- 
father, as  well  as  his  father,  who  neglected  no  means  to 
cultivate  bis  mipd.  It  was  once  noticed  in  parliament  that 
he  was  educated  in  dissenting  principles,  and  it  is  very 
certain  that  the  first  director  of  his  studies  was  the  famous 
I>aniel  Burgess,  who,  with  all  his  oddities  (See  BuROESS) 
was  frequently  employed  s^  tutor  tct  the  sons  of  men  of 
rank.  Goldsmith  seems  desirous  to  impute  Bolingbroke^s 
infidelity  to  this  divine,  and  to  his  being  obliged  to  read 
Manton's  Sermons  on  the  1 19th  Psalm  ;  but  such  an  opi- 
nion is  as  dangerous  as  it  is  absurd.  From  Bui^ss  or 
Manton,  he  could  have  imbibed  owiy  a  higher  reverence 
for  religion  than  was  to  be  expected  from  a  lively  youth  ; 
end  as  to  the  disgust  he  felt,  to  which  his  biographer 
seems  inclined  to  trace  his  infidelity,  it  is  probable  that  a 
boy  would  not  have  entertained  much  less  dislike  to  a  vo*' 
luminous  history  of  England,  if  pbliged  to  read  it  when  he 
wished  to  be  idle.  But,  whatever  instruction  he  might  re- 
ceive from  his  first  tutors,  it  is  very  certain,  that  he  had  |i 
regular  and  liberal  education.  He  was  sent  to  Eton, 
where  he  had  for  his  companion  and  rival  sit*  Robert  Wal- 
poldb  "  The  parts  of  Mr.  St.  John,*'  says  Coxe,  *•  w^re 
more  lively  and  brilliant,  those  of  Walpole'more  steady 
and  solid.  Walpole  was  industrious  and  diligent,  because 
his  talents  required,  application ;  St.  John  was  negligent, 
because  >his  quickness  of  apprehension  rendered  labour 
less  necessary.'*  These  characteristics  prevailed  in  both 
throughout  life.  From  £ton  Mr.  St.  John  was  removed  to 
ChrisJ^churcb,  Oxford,  where  he  made  a  shining  figure<aa 
a  polite  scholar,  and  when  he  left  the  university,  he  was 
considered  las  a  youth  highly  accomplished  for  public  life. 
His  person  was  agreeable,  and  he  had  a  dignity  mixed  with 
sweetness  in  his  looks,  and  a  manner  very  prepossessing, 
and,  as  some  of  his  contemporaries  said,  irresistible*  He 
bad  much  acuteness,  great  judgment,  and  a  prodigious 
memory.  Whatever  he  read  he  retained  so  as  to  make 
it  entirely  hi3  own  ^  but  in  youth,  he  was  not  in  general 


S  A  I  N  T  .  J  O  H  N.  47 

much  given  either  to  reading  or  reflection.  With  great 
parts,  be  had,  as  it  usually  happens,  great -passions; 
which  hurried  him  into  those  indiscretions  and  follies  that 
distinguish  the  libertine.  He  does  not,  however,  appear 
to  have  been  without  his  serious  moments,  nor  always  un- 
willing to  listen  to  the  voice  of  conscience.  ^'  There  has 
been  something  always,"  says  he,  ^^  ready  to  whisper  in 
my  ear,  while  I  ran  the  course  of  pleasure  and  of  business^ 
f  Solve  senescentem  mature  sanas  equum;*  ^  and  while  'tis 
well,  release  thy  aged  horse.*  But  my  genius,  unlike  the 
demon  of  Socrates,  whispered  so  softly,  that  very  often  I 
heard  him  not,  in  the  hurry  of  those  passions  with  which  I 
was  transported.  Some  calmer  hours  there  were ;  in  them 
I  hearkened  to  him.  Reflection  had  often  its  turn ;  and 
the  love  of  study  and 'the  desire  of  knowledge  have  never 
quite  abandt>ned  me«  I  am  not,  therefore^  entirely  unpre- 
pared for  the  life  I  will  lead ;  and  it  is  not  without  reason 
that  I  promise  myself  more  satisfaction  in  the  latter  part  of 
it  than  I  ever  knew  in  the  former.** 

As  these  youthful  extravagances  involved  him  in  discre- 
dit, bis  parents  were  very  desirous  to  reclaim  bim.  With 
this  view,  when  in  his  twenty-second  year,  they  married 
him  toi  the  daughter  and  coheire;ss  of  sir  Henry  Winche- 
pomb  of  Bucklebury,  in  the  county  of  Berks,  hart.;  and 
upon  this  marriage  a  large  settlement  was  made,  which 
proved  very  serviceable  to  him  in  his  old  age,  though  a 
great  part  of  what  his  lady  brought  was  taken  from  him,  in 
consequence  of  his  attainder.  The  union  in  other  respects 
was  not  much  to  his  liking.  .  The  same  year  he  was  elected 
for  the  borough  of  Wotton^Basset,  and  sat  in  the  fifth 
pariiament  of  king  William,  which  met  Feb.  10,  1700; 
and  in  which  Robert  Harley,  esq.  afterwarda  earl  of  Ox- 
ford, was  chosen  for  the  first  time  speaker.  Of  this  short 
pariiament,  which  ended  June  24^  1701,  the  business  waa 
the  impeachment  of  the  king's  ministers,  who  wer^^  con- 
cerned in  the  conclusion  of  the  two  partition-treaties ;  and^ 
Mr.  St.  John  siding  with  the  majority,  who  were  then  con- 
sidered as  tories,  ought  to  be  looked  upon  a»  commencing 
his  politicid  career  in  that  character.  He  sat  also  in  the 
next,  which  was  the  last  parliament  in  the  reign  of  William, 
and  the  first  in  that  of  Anne.  He  was  charged,  sfo  early 
as  1710,  with  having  voted  this  year  against  the  succes- 
sion in  the  House  bf  Hanover ;  but  this  he  has  peremp- 
tiprily. denied^  becfiuse  in  1701  a  bill  wa»  brought  into  par- 


«  SAIN  T.JOHN* 

Jiament,  by  sir  Charles  Hedges  and  himself^  entitled  **  A 
Bill  for  tte  farther  security  of  bis  majesty's  person,  and 
the  succession  of  the  crown  in  the  Protestant  line,  and 
extinguishing  the  hopes  of  the  pretended  prince  of  Wale?, 
«nd  all  other  pretenders,  and  their  open  and  secret  abet*- 
•tors."  In  July  1702,' upon  the  dissolution  of  the  second 
parliament,  the  queen  making  a  tour  from  Windsor  to 
Bath,  by  way  of  Oxford,  Mr.  St.  John  attended  her;  and, 
at  that  university,  with  several  persons  of  the  highest  dis- 
tinction, had  the  degree  of  doctor  of  laws  conferred  upon 
him. 

Persevering  steadily  in  the  same  tory-connections,  to 
which  he  adhered  against  the  whig  principles  of  his  faniily, 
.his  fathe^  and  grandfather  being  both  of  that  party,  be 
gained  such  au  influence  in  the  house,  that  on  April  10^ 
1704,  be  was  appointed  secretary  pf  war,  and  of  the  ma- 
rines. As  this  post  required  a  constant  correspondency 
with  the  duke  of  Marlborough,  it  appears  to  have  been  the 
principal  foundation  of  the  rumours  raised  many  ye^ra 
after,  that  he  was  in  a  particular  manner  attached  to  the 
duke.  It  is  certain,  that  he  knew  his  worth,  and  was  a 
Mncere  admirer  of  him ;  but  he  always  denied  apy  particu* 
lar  connection ;  nor  was  he  ever  charged  by  the  duke  or 
duchess  with  ingratitude  or  breach  of  engagement  to  them; 
In  all  political  measures,  Mr.  St.  John  acted  with  Mr. 
Harley :  and,  therefore,  when  this  minister  was  removed 
from  the  seals  in  1 707,  Mr.  St.  John  chose  to  follow  his  for- 
tune, and  the  next  day  resigned  his  place.  He  was  not 
returned  in  the  subsequent  parliament ;  but,  upon  the  dis-^ 
solution  of  it  in  1710,  Harley  being  made  chancellor  and 
under^treasurei^  of  the  Exchequer,  the  post  of  secretary  of 
state  was  given  to  St.  John.  About  the  same  time  he  wrote 
the  famous  *^  Letter  to  the  Examiner,^  to  be  found  among 
the  first  of  those  papers :  it  was  then  universally  ascribed 
to  him,  and  gave  no  inconsiderable  proofs  of  his  abilities 
as  a  writer ;  for  in  this  single  short  paper  are  comprehended 
the  outlines  of  that  design  on  which  Swift  employed  him- 
self for  near  a  twelvemonth. 

Upon  the  calling  of  a  new  parliament  in  November,  he 
was  chosen  knight  of  the  shire  for  the  county  of  Berks^ 
and  also  burgess  for  Wotton-Basset;  but  made  bis  election- 
for  the  former.  He  appeared  now  upon  a  scene  of  action^' 
which  called  forth  all  his  abilities.  He  sustained  almost 
tbe  whole-weight  of  the  business  of  the  peace  of  Utrecht, 


S  A  I  NT- J  O  H  N.  49 

which  bovtfwer  he  vras  not  supposed  to  negotiate  to  the 
adiracitage  of  his  country:  and  therefore  bad  an  ample 
abare  of  the  censure  bestowed  on  that  treaty  ever  since. 
The  real^  state  of  the  case  is,  that  '^  the  two  parties/'  as 
be  bioiseif  owns,  **  were  become  factions  in  tbe  strict  sense  . 
of  the  word."  He  was  of  that  which  prevailed  for  peace, 
againsv  those  who  delighted  in  war ;  for  this  was  the  Ian-* 
guage  of  the  times :  and,  a  peace  being  resolved  on  by  the 
English  ministers  at  all  risk^,  it  is  no  wonder  if  it  was  made 
with  less  advantage  to  the  nation.  He  owns  this,  yet  justi^ 
fies  the  peace  in  general :  '<  Though  it  was  a  duty,'*  saya 
he,  '*  that  we  owed  to  our  country,  to  deliver  her  from  the 
necessity  of  bearing  any  longer  so  uneqtol  a  part  in  so 
unneoessary  a  war,  yet  was  there  some  degree  of  merit  in 
performing  it,  I  think  so  strongly  in  this  manner,  I  am 
so  incorrigible,  that,  if  I  could  be  placed  in  tlie  same  cir<» 
camstances  again,  I  would  take  the  same  resolution,  and 
act  the  same  part.  Age  and  experience  might  enable  me 
to  act  with  more  abili^and  greater  skill;  but  all  I  have 
suffered  sipce  the  death  of  the  queen  should  not  hinder  me 
froin  acting.  Notwithstanding  this,  I  shall  not  be  surprised 
if  you  think  that  the  peace  of  Utrecht  was  not  answerable' 
to  the  success  of  the  war,  nor  to  the  e({brts  made  in  it.  I 
think  so  myself;  and  Have  always  owned,  even  when  it 
was  making  and  made,  that  I  thottght  so.  Since  we  had 
committed  a  successinl  folly,  we  ought  to  have  reaped 
more  advantage  from  it  than  we  did." 

In  July  1712,  be  was  created  baron  St.  John  of  Lediard* 
Tregoze  in  Wiltshire,  and  viscount  Bolingbroke ;  and  was 
also,  the  same  year,  appointed  lord-lieutenant  of  tbe  county 
of  Essex.  Biii^  these  honours  not  coming  up  to  the  mea- 
sure of  his  mtibitionl,  he  meditated  supplanting  Harley, 
now  earl  of  Oxford,  who  had  ofiended'  him,  even  in  the 
matter  of  tbe  peerage.  Paulet  St.  John,  the  last  earl  of 
Bolingbroke,  died  the  5th  of  October  preceding  his  crea-- 
tion ;  and  the  earldon^  became  extinct  by  bis  decease,  add 
this  honour  had  been  proudised  to  him;  but,  bis  presence 
in  the  House  of  Cottkmons  being  so  necesf^a^y  at  that  tiine^ 
Barley  prevailed  upon  him  to  remain  there  daring  that 
session;  with  an  assurance,  that  bis  rank  should  be  pre-^ 
served  for  him.  But,  whe»  be  expected  t heboid  title  should' 
have  been  renewed  in  his  favour,  be  received  only  that  of 
viscount;  which  he  resented  as  an  intended  alfr^nt  on  the 
part  of  Harley,  who  had  got  an  earldom  for  himself.     "  I 

Vol.  XXVII.  E 


50  S  A  I  N  T  -  J  O  H  N; 

eontinuecl>*'  says  Bolingblroke,  <^  in  the  House  of  Com*' 
mons  during  that  important  session  which  preceded  the 
peace;  and  which,  by  the  spirit  shewn  through  the  whole 
course  of  it,  and  by  the  resolutions  taken  in  it,  rendered 
the  conclusion  of  the  treaties  practicable.  After  this,  I 
was  dragged  into  the  House  of  Lc^rds  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  make  my  promotipn  a  punishment,  not  a  reward*;  and 
was  there  left  to  defend  the  treaties  alone.  It  would  not 
have  been  hard,"  continues  he,  *^  to  have  forced  the  earl 
of  Oxford  to  use  me  better.  His  good  intentions  began  to 
be  very  much  doubted  of:  the  truth  is,  no  opinion  of  his 
sincerity  had  ever  taken  root  in  the  party;  and,  which 
was  worse  for  a  man  in  his  stiation,  the  opinion  of  his 
capacity  began  to  fall  apace.  1  began  in  my  heart  to  re- 
nounce the  friendship  which,  till  that  time,  I  had  preserved 
inviolable  for  Oxford.  I  was  not  aware  of  all  his  treachery, 
nor  of  the  base  and  little'  means  which  he  employed  then, 
'  and  continued  to  employ  afterwards,  to  ruin  me  in  the 
opinion  of  the  queen,  and  every  where  else.  I  saw,  how- 
ever, that  he  bad  no  friendship  for  any  body;  and  that,  with 
respect  to  me,  instead  of  having  the  ability  to  render  that 
merit,  which  I  endeavoured  to  acquire,  an  addition  of 
strength  to  himself,  it  became  the  object  of  his  jealousy, 
and  a  reason  for  undermining  me.'^  There  was  also  ano- 
ther transaction,  .which  passed  not  long  after  lord  Boling- 
broke^s  being  laised  to  the  peerage,  SLud  which  aggravated 
bis  animosity  to  that  minister.  In  a  few  weeks  after  his 
return  from  France,  her  majesty  bestowed  the  vacant  rib- 
bons of  the  order  of  the  garter  upon  the  dukes  Hamilton, 
Beaufort,  and  Kent,  and  the  earls  Powlet,  Oxford,  and 
Strafford.  Bolingbroke  thought  himself  here  again  ijl 
used,  having  an  ambiuon,  as  the  minister  Well  knewy  to 
receive  such  an  instance  as  this  was  of  his  mistress's  grace 
and  favour.  Indignant  at  all  these  circunxstances,  we  are 
told  that  Bolingbroke,  when  the  treasurer's  staff  was  taken 
from  Oxford,  expressed  his  joy  by  entertaining  that  very 
day,  July  7,  1714,  at  dinner,  the  general  Stanhope,  Ca- 
dogan,  and  Palmer,  sir  William  Wyndham,  Mr.  Craggs, 
and  other  gentlemen.  Oxford  said  upon  his  going  out, 
that  *^  some  of  them  would  smart  for  it ;''  and  Bolingbroke 
was  far  from  being  insensible  of  the  danger  to  which  he 
stood  eicposed ;  yet  he  was  not  without  hopes  still  of  se- 
curing himself,  by  making  his  court  to  the  whigs ;  audit 
is  certain,  that  a  little  before. this  he  had  proposed  to  bring 


SAINT- JOHN.  51 

in  a  bill  to  the  House  of  Lords,  to  make  it  treason  to' enlist 
soldiers  for  the  Pretender,  which  was  passed  into  an  act. 

Soon^  however,  after  the  accession  of  king  George  L  in 
1714,  the  seals  were  taken  from  him,  and  all  the  papers 
in  his  office  securedi  During  the  short  session  of  parlia- 
ment at  this  juncture,  he  applied  himself  with  his  usual 
industry  and  vigour  to  keep  up  the  spirits  of  the  friends  to 
the  late  administration,  without  omitting*  any  proper  occa- 
sion of  testifying  his  reapect  and  duty  to  his  majesty,  by 
assisting  in  settling  the  civil  list,  and  other  necessary 
points.  But,  when  after  the  meeting  of  the  new  parlia- 
ment, his  danger  became  more  imminent,  be  withdrew 
privately  to  France^  in  March  1715.  It  is  said,  by  the 
continuator  of  Rapines  history,  that  bis  heart  began  to  fail 
him  as  soon  as  he  heard  that  Prior  was  landed  at  Dover, 
and  had  promised  to  reveal  all  he  knew.  Accordingly  that 
evening  his  lordship^  who  had  the  night  before  iappeared 
at  the  play-^house  in  Drury-lane,  and  bespoke  another  play 
for  the  next  night,  and  subscribed  to  a  new  opera  that  was 
to  be  acted  some  time  after,  .went  off  to  Dover  in  disguise, 
as  a  servant  to  Le  Vigne/one  of  the  French  king's  messen-^ 
gers.  His  lordship,  however/  al\^ays  affirmed  that  he  took 
this  step  upon  certain  and  repeated  informations,  that  a 
resolution  was  taken,  by  tbe  men  in  power,  not  only  to 
prosecute,  but  to  pursue  him  to  the  scaffold. 

Upon  his  arrival  at  Paris^  he  received  an  invitation  from 
the  Pretender,  then  at  Barr,  to  engage  in  his  service : 
which  he  at  first  absolutely  refused,  and  thought  it  wiser 
to  make  tbe  best  application,  that  his  present  circumstances 
would  admit,  to  prevent  the  progress  of  his  prosecution  in 
England.  While  this  was  in  doubt,  he  retired  into  Dau^ 
phio£,  where  he  continued  till  the  beginning  of  July  ;  and 
then,  upon  receiving  unfavourable  news  from  some  oif  his 
party  in  England,  he  complied  with  a  second  invitation 
from  tbe  Pretender;  and,  taking  the  seals  of  tbe  secretary's 
office  at  Commercy,  set  out  with  them  |br  Paris,  and  ar» 
rived  thither  the  latter  end  of  the  same  month,  in  order  to 
procure  from  that  court  tbe  necessary  succours  for  his  new 
master^s  intended  invasion  of  England.  The  vote  for  im- 
peaching him  of . high  treason  bad  passed  in  the  House  6i 
Commons  .the  June  preceding;'  and  six  articles  were 
brought  into  the  house,  and  read  by  VV^alpole^  August  4^ 
1715,  which  were  in  substance  as  follows:  1.  ^^  That 
whereas  he  had  assured  the  ministers  oC  tfa^Stat^s  General, 


52  S  A  I  N  T  -  J  O  H  N. 

by  order  from  her  majesty  in  1711)  that  she  would  make 
no  peace  but  in  concert  with  them ;  yet  be  sent  Mr.  Prior 
to  France,  that  same  year,  with  proposals  for  a  treaty  of 
peace  with  that  monarch,  without  the  consent  of  the  allies.'' 
2.  **  That  he  advised  and  promoted  the  making  of  a  sepa- 
rate treaty  or  convention,  with  France,  which  was  signed 
in  September/'  3.  **  That  he  disclosed  to  M.  Mesnager, 
the  French  minister  at  London,  this  convention,  which  was  ' 
the  preliminary  instruction  to  her  majesty's  plenipotenti' 
aries  at  Utrecht,  in  October."  4.  ^^  That  her  majesty's 
final  instructions  to  her  said  plenipotentiaries  were  disclosed 
by  him  to  the  abbot  Gualtier,  an  emissary  of  France."  5. 
**  That  he  disclosed  to  the  French  the  manner  how  Tour* 
nay  in  Flanders  might  be  gained  by  them."  6.  ^<  That  be 
advised  and  promoted  the  yielding  up  of  Spain  and  the 
West-Indies  to  the  duke  of  Anjou,  then  an  enemy  to  her 
majesty."  These  articles  were  sent  up  to  the  Lords  in 
August;  in  consequence  of  which,  he  stood  attainted  of 
high-treason,  September  the  10th  of  the  same  year. 

In  the  mean  time,  his  new  engagements  with  the  Pre* 
tender  were  so  unsuccessful  as  to  bring  on  him  a  similar 
disgrace;  for  the  year  1715  was  scarcely  expired,  when 
the  seals  and  papers  of  his  new  secretary's  office  were  de« 
manded,  and  given  up ;  and  this  was  soon  followed  by  an 
accusation  branched  into  seven  articles,  in  which  be  was 
impeached  of  treachery,  incapacity,  and  neglect.  Thus 
discarded,  he  turned  his  thoughts  once  more  to  a  reconci* 
liation  with  his  country,  and  in  a  short  time,  by  that  cha- 
racteristic activity  with  which  he  prosecuted  all  his  designs, 
he  procured,  through  the  mediation  of  the  earl  of  Stair, 
then  the  British  ambassador  at  the  French  court,  a  promise 
of  pardon,  upon  certain  conditions,  from  the  king,  who, 
in  July  1716,  created  his  father  baron  of  Battersea  and  vis* 
count  St.  John.  In  the  mean  time  these  vicissitudes  had 
thrown  Jiim  into  a  state  of  reflection ;  and  this  produced, 
by  way  of  relief,  a  <^  Consolatio  Philosophica,"  which  he 
wrote  the  same  year,  under  the  title  of  *^  Reflections  upon 
Exile."  In  this  piece  he  has  drawn  the  picture  of  his  own 
exile ;  which,  being  represented  as  a  violence,  proceeding 
solely  from  the  malice  of  his  persecutors,  to  one  who  had 
served  his  country  with  ability  and  integrity,  is  by  the 
magic  of  his  p^n  converted  not  only  into  a  tolerable,  but 
what  appears  tb  be  an  honourable,  station.  He  bad  ats^ 
this  year  writtei,^  several  letters,  in  answer  to  the  charge 
brought  against  him  by  the  Pretender  and  his  adherents, 


^ 


SAINT- JOHN.  53 

wbicb  were  primted  at  London  in  1735,  8vo,  together  with 
answers  to  them  by  Mr.  James  Murray,  afterwards  made 
earl  of  Dunbar  by  the  Pretender ;  but,  being  then  imme- 
diately suppressed,  are  reprinted  in  ^'  Tindal's  Contii^a- 
tion  of  Rapin's  History  of  England."  The  following  year, 
be  drew  up  a  vindication  of  his  whole  conduct  with  respect 
to  the  tories,  in  the  form  of  *a  letter  to  sir  William  Wynd- 
ham,  which  was  printed  in  1753,  8vo.  It  is  written  with 
the  utmost  elegance  and  address,  and  abounds  with  interest- 
ing and  entertaining  anecdotes. 

His  first  lady  being  dead,  be  espoused  about  this  time, 
17 16,  a  second  of  great  merit  and  accomplishments-,  niece 
to  madam  de  Maintenon,  and  widow  of  the  marquis  de 
Villette ;  with  whom  he  had  a  very  large  fortune,  encum- 
bered, however,  with  a  long  and  troublesome  law-suit.    In 
the  company  and  conversation  of  this  lady,  be  passed  &is 
time  in  France,  sometimes  in  the  country,  and  sometimes 
at  the  capita],  till  1723;  when  the  king  was  pleased  to 
grant  him  a  full  and  .free  pardon.     Upon  the  first  notice  of 
this  favour,  the  expectation  of  which  had  been  the  govern- 
ing principle  of  his  political  conduct  for  several  years,  he 
returned  to  his  native  country.     It  is  observable,  that  bi- 
shop Atterbury  was  banished  >at  this  very  juncture ;  and 
happening,  on  his  being  set  ashore  at  Calais,  to  hear  that 
lord  Bolingbroke   was   there,  he  said,  ^*  Then   I  am  ex- 
changed V*     His  lordship  having  obtained,  about  two  years 
after  his  return,  an  act  of  parliament  to  restore  him  to  his 
family-inheritance,  and  to  enable  him  to  possess  any  pur- 
chase he  sjiiould  make,  chose  a  seat  of  lord  Tankerville,  at 
Dawley   near  Uxbridge  in  Middlesex";  where  he  settled 
with  his  lad}^  and  gratified  his  taste  by  improving  it  into  a 
aiost  elegant  villa.     Here  he  amused  himself  with  rural 
employments,  and  with  corresponding  and  conversing  with 
Pope,  Swift,  and  other  friends ;  but  was  by  no  means  sa- 
tisfied within  :  for  he  was  yet  no  more  than  a  mere  titular 
lord,  and  stood  excluded  from  a  seat  in  the  House  of  Peers. 
Inflamed  with  this  taint  that  yet  remained,  in  his  blood,  he 
entered  again,  in  1726,  upon  the  public  stage;  and,  dis- 
avowing ail  obligations  to  the  minister  Wal|!)ole,  to  whose 
secret  enmity  he  imputed  his  not  having  received  the  full 
effects  of  the  royal  mercy  intended,  he  embarked  in  the  op- 
position, and  distinguished  himself  by  a  multitude  of  pieces, 
written  during  the  short  remainder  of  that  reign,  and  for 
ome  years  upder  the  following,  with  great  boldness  against 
^  measures  that  were  then  pursued.     Besides  his  papers 


/ 


54  SAINT- JOHN, 

in  the  ^*  Craftsman^^'  which  were  the  most  popular  in  that 
celebrated  collection,  he  published  several  pamphlets, 
which  were  afterwards  reprinted  in  the  second  edition  of 
h\^*^  Political  Tracts/'  and  in  the  authorized  edition  of 
his  works. 

Having  carried  on  his  part  of  the  siege  against  the  mini* 
ster  with  inimitable  spirit  for  ten  years,  he  laid  down  hit 
pen,  owing  to  a  disagreement  with  his  principal  coadju- 
tors; and,  in  1735,  retired  to  France,  with  a  full  resolu- 
tion never  to  engage  more  in  public  business.  Swift,  who 
knew  that  this  retreat  was  the  effect  of  disdain,  vexa- 
tion, ^l\d  disappointment,  that  his  lordship's  passions  ran 
high,  anci'that  his  attainder  unreversed  still  tingled  in  his 
veins,  cpncluded  him  certainly  gone  once  more  to;tfae  Pre- 
tender, as  bi^  enemies  gave  out ;  but  he  was  rebuked  for 
this  by  Pope,  who  assured  him,  that  it  was  absolutely  un- 
true in  every  circumstance,  that  he  had  fixed  in  a  very 
agreeable  retirement  near  Fontaiobleau,  and  made  it  his 
whole  business  vacate  lileris.  He  had  now  passed  the  60th. 
year  of  his  age ;  and  through  a  greater  variety  of  scenes^ 
both  of  pleasure  and  business,  than  any  of  his  contempo- 
raries. He  had  gone  as  far  towards  reinstating  himself  in 
the  full  possession  of  his  former  honours  as  great  parts  and 
great  application  could  go ;  and  seemed  at  last  to  think, 
that  the  door  was  finally  shut  against  him.  He  had  not 
been  long  in  his  retreat,  when  he  began  a  course  of  **  Letf 
ters  on  the  study  and  use  of  History,"  for  the  use  of  lord 
Cornbury,  to  whom  they  are  addressed.  They  were  pub- 
lished in  1752 ;  and,  though  they  are  drawn  up,  as  all  his 
works  are,  in .  an  elegant  and  masterly  style,  and  abound 
with  just  reflections,  yet,  on  account  of  some  freedoms 
taken  with  ecclesiastical  history,  they  exposed  him  to  much 
censure.  Subjoined  to  these  letters  are,  his  piece  *'upon 
Exile,"  and  a  letter  to  lord  Bathurst  ^'  on  the  true  use  of 
study  and  Retirement." 

Upon  the  death  of  his  father,  who  lived  to  be  extremely 
old,  he  settled  at  Battersea,  the  ancient  seat  of  the  family, 
where  he  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life.  His  age,  his 
genius,  perfected  by  long  experience  and  much  retiection, 
gave  him  a  superiority  over  most  of  bis  contemporaries, 
which  his  works  have  not  altogether  preserved.  Pope  and 
Swift,  however,  were  among  his  most  ardent  admirers; 
and  it  is  well  known,  that  the  former  received  from  him 
the  materials  for  his  **  Essay  on  Man."     Yet,  even  in  thi' 


SAIN  T-J  O  H  N 


S5 


retirement,  he  did  not  neglect  the  consideration  of  pnbhc 
affairs  ;  for,  after  the  conclusion  of  the  war  in  1747,  upoti» 
measures  being  taken  which  did  not  agree  with  his  notions 
of  political  prudence,  he  began    «'  Some  Reflections  on 
the  present  sute  of  the  nation,  principaUy  with  regard  to 
her  taxes  and  debts,  and  on  the  causes  and  consequences 
of  them  :'*  but  he  did  not  finish  them.     In  1749,  came  out 
his  «  Letters  on  the  spirit  of  Patriotism,  on  the  idea  of  a 
Patriot  King,  and  on  the  state  of  parties  ^t  the  accession  of 
king  George  I ;"  with  a  preface  in  which  Pope's  conduct, 
with  regard  to  that  piece,  is  represented  as  an  inexcusabla 
act  of  treachery  to  him.     Of  this  subject  wc  have  already 
taken  sufficient  notice  in  our  accounts  of  Mallet  and  Pope. 
Bolingbroke  was  now  approaching  his  end.     For  some  Ume 
a  cancerous  humour  in  his  face  bad  made  considerable  pro- 
greds,  and  he  was  persuaded  to  apply  an  empirical  remedy, 
which  exposed  him  to  the  most  excruciating  tortures.     Lord 
Chesterfield  saw  him,  for  the  last  time,  the  day  before 
these   tortures  began.     Bolingbroke,  when   they  parted, 
embraced  his  old  friend  with  tenderness,  and  said  "God, 
who  placed  me  here,  will  do  ^vhat  he  pleases  with  me  h»e- 
after,  and  he  knows  best  what  to  do.     May  he  t^less  you ! 
About  a  fortnight  after  be  died,  at  his  house  at  >attersca, 
Nov.  15,  1751,  nearly  eighty  years  old,  if  the  date  usually 
assigned  to  his  birth  be  correct.     His  corpse  was  interred 
with  those  of  his  ancestors  in  that  church,  where  there  is  a 
marble  monument  erected  to  his  memory. 

His  lordship's  estate  and  honours  descended  to  his  ne- 
phew; the  care  and  profits  of  his  manuscripts  he  left  to 
Mallet,  who  published  them,  together  with  his  works  already 
printed,  in  1754,  5  vols.  4to.  They  may  be  divided  into 
political  and  philosophical  works :  the  former  of  which  have 
been  mentioned  already,  and  consist  of  «  Letters  upon 
History,"  "  Letterto  Wyndham,"  "  Letters  on  Patriotism, 
and  papers  in  the  "  Craftsman;''  which  had  been  sepa- 
rately  printed  in  8  vols.  8vo,  under  the  title  of  ''  Disserta^ 
tion  upon  Parties,"  ''  Remarks  on  thie  History  of  England," 
and  «  Political  Tracts."  His  philosophical  works  consist 
of,  "  The  substance  of  some  letters  written  originally  m 
French  kbout  1720  to  Mr.  de  Pouilly  ;  letter  occasioned  by 
one  of  abp.  Tillotson's  sermons  ;  and  letters  or  essays  ad- 
dressed to  Alexander  Pope,  esq."  As  Mallet  had  published 
an  8vo  edition  of  the  "  Letters  on  History,"  and  the  '^  Let- 
ter to  Wyndham,"  before  the  4to  edition  of  the  works 


56  SAIN  T-J  O  H  N, 

came  out,  he  afterwards  pabHsbed  separately  tbe  pUlos^r 
pbical  writings,  5  vols.  Bvo.  These  esyajrs,  addressed  to 
Pope,  on  philosophy  and  religion,  contain  iqany  tbingf 
which  deny  o^  ridicule  the  great  truths  of  revelation ;  and^ 
on  this  account,  not  only  exposed  the  deceased  author  tp 
the  just  animadversions  of  several  writers,  but  occasionecl. 
also  a  presentment  of  his  works  by  the  grand  jmy  of  West-» 
minster ;  but  the  sale  of  them  was  very  slow,  and  of  li^e 
years  they  are  perhaps  still  less  consulted.  An  edition, 
however,  was  published  in  1809,  in  8  vols.  Svo,  with  many 
additions,  from  subsequent  authorities,  to  the  l^  of  Boling-^ 
broke,  which  was  written  by  Dr.  Goldsmith.  Soine  tintie 
before  this,  a  valuable  collection  of  lord  BohDgbroke^s  po-r 
litical  correspondence  was  published  in  4to,and  4  vols.  Svo, 
by  the  rev.  Gilbert  iParke,  which  contains  mocli  inforana* 
tiqn  respecting  the  memorable  peace  of  Utrecht.  His  cha* 
looter  has  been  (Irawn  by  various  able  pens,  by  Chestei^M, 
Mrs.  Cockburn,  Ruffbead  (under  the  guidance  of  Warbur* 
ton),  lord  Walpole,  Horace  Walpole,  lord  Orrery,  Ac.  &c. 
and  although  they  differ  in  some  points,  coincide  in  proving 
that  lord  Bolingbroke  was  cpnsidiered  by  all  as  a  politician 
of  an  impqttant  class  ;  that  those  who  have  been  at  most 
pains  to  dl'^ame  him  as  an  enemy,  would  ^hav4e  been  very 
desirous  to  secure  him  as  a  friend.,  and  that  they  may  be 
credited  in  every  thing  sooner  than  in  their  affecting  to 
undervalue  his  talents.  Ambition  and  immorality  consti- 
tute the  great  objections  tp  his  public  and  private  charac- 
ter. His  infidel  principles  were  not  much  known  before  his 
death,  except  to  his  friends.  Like  Chesterfield  and  Hume, 
be  left  something  behind  him  worse  than  be  had  prodiicea 
in  bis  life-time,  and  subjected  himself  to  accusations  to 
which  he  could  no  longer  reply.  In  his  character  since,  he 
has  suffered  equally  by  tbe  just  resentment  of  piety,  and 
By  the  unforgiving  prejudices  qf  party ;  and  an  impartial 
history  of  his  conduct  and  opinions  is  perhaps  yet  a  desir 
deratum.^ 

ST.  LAMBERT  {Charles  Francis  de),  fiwrmerly  a 
member  of  the  French  academy,  was  born  in  Nancy,  Dee. 
16,  17 17,  of  a  family  of  Lorrain.  He  was  educated  amoag 
tbe  Jesuits  at  the  college  of  Pont-a-Moussori,  but  in  early 

1  Life  by  Goldsmith,  io  edit.  1909.— Biog.  Brit.— Swill's  Works.— Po|ie'| 
Works  by  Bowles. — Coxe's  Waljjolt* .-:-LysoDs'*  Environs,  vol.  I.-— Royal  and 
Nebl«  Authors  by  Park.— Chesterfield's  Memoirs  and  Letters.— Leiand'sOteisti  • 
cal  Wffkera. — Warburton^s  LeUerif  to  Q[ard,  ^c*  l^c. 


ST.    L  A  M  B  E  E  T.  57 

life  eintered  into  the  army^  which  be  qaitted  at  the  peace 
of  Aix^ia-Cbapelle  in  1748,  and  joined  the  gay  party  as-  . 
sembled  by  Stanislaus,  king  of  Poland,  at  Luneville.  There 
be  becaaae  an  admirer  of  Madame  de  Cbatelet,  who  return- 
ed his  attachment  He  was  afterwards  intimate  with,  and 
the  egregious, flatterer  of  Voltaire.  It  is  not  said  what 
part  he  took  in  the  revolution,  but  he  escaped  its  dangers, 
and  died  at  Paris  Feb.  9,  1805.  He  was  a  man  of  genius, 
but  his  steps  in  the  literary  career  were  rather  slow,  afid  in- 
commensurate with  the  actitity  of  his  genius;  for  his  first 
poetical  work,  ^^  Les  F£tes  de  1' Amour  et  de  P Hymen,**  a 
theatrical  performance,  was  published  about  1760,  when 
be  was  already  turned  of  forty  years  of  age.  His  poem 
entitled  ^'  Les  quatres  parties  du  jour"  appeared  in  1764, 
and  soon  ranked  him  unong  the  greatest  poets  of  his  age. 
The  composition  was  acknowledged  to  possess  novelty  in 
the  descriptions,  interest  iu  the  details,  and  elegance  in 
the  style ;  although,  on  the  other  side,  it  was  charged  with 
coldness,  want  of  unity,  and  monotonous  episodes.  The 
same  year  he  published  his  *'  Essai  sur  le  luxe,"  8vo.  His 
next,  abd  jut»tly  celebrated,  poetical  performance,  **  Les 
Saisons,*'  which  was  published  in  176d,  raised  him  to  the 
highest  degree  of  reputation.  It  was  generally  admitted 
that  he  exhibited  here  a  large  share  of  ingenuity  and  inven- 
tion, by  introducing  pastoral  poetry  into  a  composition  of 
a  different  sort,  making  it  still  preserve  its  native  simplicity, 
and  yet  associate  naturally  with  more  elevated  subjects. 
An  additional  merit  was  discovered,  with  regard  to  this 
elegant  work,  in  the  motive  of  the  author  ;  as  his  professed 
design  was  to  inspire  the  great  proprietors  of  land  with  an 
incliiiation  to  live  on  their  manors,  and  contribute  to  the 
happiness  of  the  cultivators. 

In  1772,  he  published  his  '<  Fables  Orientales,"  which 
did  little  either  to  increase  or  to  diminish  his  poetical  fame : 
and  many  years  after  he  produced  his  ^^  Consolation  de  la 
Vieillesse,"  a  proof  that  his  talents  had  suffered  no  dimi- 
nution from  age  or  infirmity.  The  last  publication  of  Saint 
Lambert  is  a  philosophical  work  in  prose.  It  appeared  in 
1798,  in  3  vols.  8vo,  under  the  title  of  ^^  Catecfaisme  Uni- 
versel.'^  It  was  intended  to  exhibit  a  system  of  morals 
grounded  on  human  nature;  and  the  favourite  object  of 
the  author  was  to  confute  the  doctrine  of  a  moral  sense, 
which  has  been  supported  by  many  eminent  metaphysicians, 
ever  since  the  writings  of  Shaftesbury  and  of  Hutcheson. 


58  S  T.    L  A  M  B  E  R  T. 

This  work  was  justly  denominated  ^by  some  French  critics, 
alluding  to  the  age  of  the  author,  Le  soir  i^un  beau  jour 
(the  evening  of  a  beautiful  day  !)  He  wrote  also  some  ar- 
ticles for  the  £ncyclopedie,  and  many  fugitive  pieces  in 
the  literary  journals.' 

SAINTE-MARTHE,  in  Latin  Sammarthanus,  is  the 
name  of  a  family  in  France,  which  produced  many  men  of  let- 
ters. The  first,  Gaucher  de  SAinte-Marthe,  had  a  son 
Charles,  born  in  1512,  who  became  physician  to  Francis  11. 
and  was  remarkable  for  his  eloquence.  Queen  Margaret  of 
Navarre  and  the  duchess  of  Vendome  honoured  him  with 
their  particular  esteem  ;  and  when  they  died  in  1550,  he 
testified  his  grief  by  a  funeral  oration  upon  each,  published 
the  same  year.  That  upon  the  queen  was  in  Latin,  the 
Other  in  French.  There  is  also  some  Latin  and  French 
poetry  of  bis  in  being.  He  died  in  1555. — Scevole,'  or 
ScAVOLA,  the  nephew  of  Charles,  was  born  at  Loudun  in. 
I5.S6,  and  became  very  distinguished  both  in  learning  and 
business.  He  loved  letters  from  his  infancy,  attained  an 
intimate  acquaintance  with  the  Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew 
tongues  ;  and  became  an  orator,  a  lawyer,  a  poet,  and  an 
historian;  he, is  also  represented  as  a  good  friend,  zealous 
for  his  country,  and  of  inviolable  fidelity  to  his  prince.  He 
bad,  in  the  reigns  of  Henry  IIL  and  Henry  IV.  several  con* 
siderable  employments,  which  he  filled  with  great  reputa- 
tion. In  1579,  he  was  governor  of  Poitiers,  and  afterwards 
treasurer  of  France  for  this  district.  In  1593  and  1S94,  he 
exercised  the  office  of  intendant  of  the  finances,  in  the 
army  of  Bretagne,  commanded  by  the  duke  de  Montpen- 
sier  :  aud,  in  the  latter  of  these  years,  he  reduced  Poitiers 
to  the  subjectioQ  of  Henry  IV.  Some  time  after,  he  con- 
ceived thoughts  of  retiring  to  his  own  country,  and  de« 
voting  the  remainder  of  his  life  to  contemplation  :  but  was 
again  made  governor  of  Poitiers,  in  so  honourable  a  man- 
ner that  he  could  not  decline  it.  Upon  the  expiration  of 
this  office^  he  went  to  Paris,  and  thence  to, Loudun,  where 
he  passed  the  rest  of  his  days  ^'  in  otio  cum  dignitate." 
This  town  had  been  often  protected  from  ruin  in  the  civil 
wars  merely  by  his  credit,  and  therefore  regarded  him  as 
its  protector.  He  died  there  in  1623,  universally  regretted  ; 
and  his  funeral  oration  was  pronounced  by  the  famous 
Urban  Grandier.     He  was  the  author  of  **  La  loUange  de 

1  Diet.  Uist.— Baldwin's  Literary  Journal. 


SAINT  E*M  A  R  T  H  K  S9 

laville  de  jPoitiers,"  157S;  **  Opera  Poetica,*'  consisting 
of  odesy  elegies,  epigrams,  and  sacred  poems,  in  French 
and  Latin^  1575;  ^<  Galiorum  dootrina  illustrium  elogia/* 
1598  :''  bat  his  chief  work,  and  that  which  keeps  his  naine 
still  alive  in  the  republic  of  letters,  is  bis  work  called  **  Ps* 
dotrophia,  sea  de  puerorum  educattone,*'  printed  in  1584, 
and  dedicated  to  Henry  III.  This  poem  went  through  tea 
editions  in  the  author's  life -time,  and  hath  gone  through  as 
many  since*  It  was  neatly  printed  at  London  in  1708,  in 
12mo,  together  with  tlie^^  Callip^dia^'  of  Quillet.  It  is, 
also  printed  with  a  complete  edition  of  his  and  his  son 
Abel's  works,  under  the  title  ^^  Sammarthanorum  patris  et 
filii  opera  Latina  et  Gallica,  turn  soluta  oratione,  tum  versa 
schpta,"  ,Paris^  1633,  4to.  Scevole  left  several  sons;  of 
whom  Ab£L,  the  eldest,  born  at  Loudun  in  1570,  applied 
himself,  like  his  father,  to  literature.  He  cultivated 
French  and  Latin  poetry ;  the  latter^  were  printed  with 
those  of  his  father  in  the  edition  just  mentioned,  but  are 
inferior  to  them.  Lewis  XIII.  settled  on  him  a  pension,, 
for  the  services  he  had  done  him,  and  made  him  a  coun* 
sailor  of  state.  In  1627,  he  was  made  librarian  to  the 
king  at  Fontainebleau  ;  and  had  after  that  other  commis- 
sions of  importance.  He  died  at  Poitiers  in  1652,  where 
his  ^^  Opuscula  Varia^'  were  printed  in  1645^  8vo.  This 
Abel  had  a  son  of  his  own  name,  bom  in  1630,  and  after- 
wards distinguished  by  his  learning.  He  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther as  librarian  at  Fontainebleau,  and  in  that  quality  pre- 
sented to  Lewis  XIV.  in  1668,  ^'  Un  Discours  pour  le  r£- 
tablissemeot  de  cette  Bibliotheque."     He  died  in  1706. 

Scevole's  second  and  third  sons,  Scevole  and  Lewis,. 
were  born  in  1571.  They  were  twin-brothers,  of  the  same 
temper,  genius,  and  studies ;  with  this  difference  only^ 
that  Scevole  continued  alayman,  aiid  married,  while  Lewis 
embraced  the  ecclesiastical  state.  They  spent  tbeir  lives 
together  in  perfect  union,  and  were  occupied  in  the  same 
labours.  They  were  both  counsellors  to  tiie  king,  and  his- 
toriographers of  France.  They  were  both  interred  at  St. 
Severin  in  Paris,  in  the  same  grave  ;  though  Scevole  died 
in  1650,  and  Lewis  did  not  die  till  1656.  They  distin- 
guished themselves  by  their  knowledge,  and  in  conjunc- 
tion composed  the  '^  Gallia  Christiana,  seu  series  omnium 
Episc.  &6.  Francia;,*'  of  which  there  is  an  edition  in  13. 
vols,  folio,  1715 — 1786,  but  three  more  volumes  are  yet 
necessary  to  complete  it. 


$0  SAINT  E-M  A  R  T  H  EL 

Besides  these,   there  were  Denis,    Pet^e    Scevole^ 

'  Abel  Lewis,  and  Claude,  ]>e  Saikte-Marthe,  all  men 

of  learning,  and  who  distinguished  themselves  by  various 

publicaUons  ;  but  their  works  are  not  of  a  natare  to  make 

a  particular  enumeration  of  them  necessary  here.' 

ST,  PALAY£  (John  Baptist  de  la  Cuane  de),  an  in^ 
genious  French  writer,  was  borp  at  Auxerre  in  1697.  TIm 
only  information  we  have  of  his  early  life  is  restricted  to  a^ 
notice  of  the  affection  which  subsiatwi  between  him  and  his 
twin-brother  M.  de  la  Corne.  It  appears  that  he  devoted 
himself  to  researches  into  the  language  and  antiquities  of. 
bis  country,  and  was  admitted  a  member  of  the  French 
academy,  and  that  of  inscriptions.  In  all  his  labours  he 
was  assisted  by  his  brother,  who  liv^  with  him,  and  was 
his  inseparable  associate  in  lus  studies,  and  even  in  his 
amusements;  St.  Palaye  died  in  1781.  La  Harpe  haa 
published  some  spirited  verses  which  he  addressed  in  his 
eightieth  year  to  a  lady  who  had  embroidered  a  weistcoat 
for  him ;  but  he  is  chiefly  known  as  an  author  by .  '^  Me* 
moires  sur  FAncienne  Chevalerie,*^  3  vols.  ISmo,  in  which 
he  paints  in  very  Hvely  colours  the  manners  and  customs 
of  diat  institmion.  Mrs.  Dobscm  published  an  English 
translation  of  this  in  1784.  After  his  decease  the  afebd 
Mijlot  drew  up,  from  his  papers,  ^*  L'Histoire  des  Trouba- 
dours,'' in  3  vols.  12mo.  St.  Palaye  had  meditated  on  an 
*^  Universal  French  Glossary,"  which  was  to  be  more  co- 
pious than  that  of  Du  Cange,  and  left  two  works  in  maou-* 
script,  one  a  history  of  the  variations  that  have  taken  place 
in  the  French  language,  the  other  a  Dictionary  of  French 
antiquities.' 

ST.  PAVIN  (Dennis  Sanguin  de),  a  French  poet  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  was  born  at  Paris,  and  studied 
with  a  view  to  the  ecclesiastical  profession,  but  his  private 
attachment  was  wholly  to  the  belles  lettres  and  poetry, 
which  he  diligently  cultivated.  He  spent  the  greatest  part 
of 'his  life  at  Livri,  of  which  he  was  abbot,  though  no  cre- 
dit to  the  order,  for  he  lived  in  a  voluptuous,  indolent 
style,  circulating  and  practising  the  pernicious  maxims  he 
had  learnt  from  hts  master,  tbue  poet  Theophile,  and  to 
which. he  was  so  strongly  attached,  that  Boileau  in  his  first 
satire  places  St  Pavin's  conversion  among  things  morally 
impossible.     The  story  of  his  having  been  converted  by 

>  Moreri.^Dict.  Hist. — Dupio.  ^  Diet.  Hist. 


S  T     P  A  V  I  N  $1! 

hearing  a  terrible  voice  at  the  time  Theopbile  died^  in 
162S,  is  entirely  without  foundation,  for  his  conversion 
preceded  his  own  death  but  a  very  short  time.  He  died  in 
1670,  leaving  several  poems  not  inelegantly  written,  which 
form  part  of  vol.  IV.  of  Barbin's  collection ;  and  a  collec- 
tion of  bis  Works  was  published  In  1759, 12mo,  with  Charle- 
va),  Lalaiie,  and  Montplaisir  He  was  related  to  Claudius 
Saogain,  steward  of  the  household  to  the  king  and  the 
duke  of  Orleans,  who  published  **  Les  HeurW  in  French 
verse,  Paris,  1660,  4ta,  in  which  the  whole  Psalter  is  trans- 
latedi^ 

ST.  PIERRE  (Charles  Irenes  Castel  de),  a  French 
moral  and  potitical  writer,  was  born  in  1658,  of  a  noble 
fiunily,  at  Saint-Pierre-  in  Normandy.  He  studied  at  the 
college  of  Caen^  and  was  brought  up  to  the  church,  and 
obtained  some  preferment ;  but  was  more  distinguished  for 
his  political  knowledge.  Previous  to  his  appearing  in  po- 
litical life,^  he  wrote  some  observations  on  philosophical 
grammar,  in  consequence  of  which  he  was  admitted  a  mem- 
ber of  the  academy  in  1695.  His  political  fame  induced 
the  cardinal  Polignac  to  take  him  with  him  to  the  confer- 
ences for  the  peace  of  Utrecht ;  and  here  he  appears  to 
have  announced  one  of  his  favourite  projects,  the  establish- 
ment of  a  kind  of  European  diet,  in  order  to  secure  a  per- 
petual peace,  which  cardinal  Fleury  received  with  good 
humour,  but  saw  at  once  its  practical  difficulties.  Such 
indeed  was  the  case  with  most  of  the  schemes  he  published 
in  bis  works,  which  are  now  nearly  forgotten.  He  cer- 
tainly, however,  had  the  merit  of  discovering  the  defects 
of  the  government  of  Louis  XIV.  a^d  pleaded  the  cause  of 
a  more  free  constitution  with  much  boldness.  One  of  his 
best  works  was  *^  A  Memorial  on  the  establishment  of  a 
proportional  Taille,"  which  is  said  to  have  n>eltorated  the 
state  of  taxation  in  France.  He  died  in  1743,  aged  eighty- 
five.  After  the  death  of  Louis  XIV.  he  published  some  of 
bis  spirited  sentiments  of  that  monarch  in  a  pamphlet  en- 
titled *^  La  Polysynodie,^'  or  the  plurality  of  councils,  for 
which  he  was  expelled  the  French  academy,  Fontenelle 
only  giving  a  vote  in  his  favour.  An  edition  of  his  works 
was  published  in  Holland,  1744,  18  vols.  l2mo.' 

ST.  REAL  (Casar  Vichard  de),  a  polite  French  writer, 
was  the  son  of  a  counsellor  to  the  senate  of  Chamberri  in 

1  Moreri.— Diet.  Hist  *  Eloges  by  D'Alemb«rt.— Diet.  Hist. 


62  S  T.    R  E  A  X. 

S4v6y,'  where  he  was  bom,  bat  it  is  hot  mentioned  in  wba€ 
year.  He  came  very  young  to  France,  was  some  time  A 
disciple  of  M.  de  Variilas,  and  afterwards  distinguished 
himself  at  Paris  by  several  ingenious  productions.  In  1675^ 
be  returned- to  Chamberri,  and  went  thence  to  England 
with  the  duchess  of  Ma2arin ;  but  soon  after  came  back  to 
Paris^  where  he  lived  a  long  time,  without  title  or  dignity/ 
intent  upon  literary  pursuits.  He  returned  a  second  time 
to  Chamberri  in  1692,  and  died  there  the  same  year,  ad« 
vanced  in  years,  but  not  in  the  best  circumstances.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  parts  and  penetration,  a  lover  of  the 
sciences,  and  particularly  foud  of  history,  which  he  wished 
to  have  studied,  not  as  a  bare  recital  of  facts  and  speeches, 
but  as  a  picture  of  human  nature  philosophically  contem- 
plated. He  wrote  a  piece,  with  this  view,  ^^  De  I'Usage 
de  PHistoire,^'  Paris,  1672,  12mo,  which  is  full  of  sensible 
and  judicious  reflections.  In  L674,  he  published  "  Con- 
juration des  Espaguols  centre  la  R^publique  de  Venise  en 
1618,"  12mo,  in  a  style  which  Voltaire  compares  to  that  of 
Sallust ;  but  what  he  gained  in  reputation  by  this,  he  is  said 
to  have  lost  by  his  '^  La  Vie  de  J6sus  Christ,^'  pablbhed 
four  years  after.  He  wrote  many  other  things  :  some  to 
illustrate  the  Roman  history,  which  he  had  made  his  parti- 
cular study;  some  upon  subjects  of  philosophy,  politics, 
and  morals ;  and  notes  upon  the  first  two  books  of  Tully's 
**  Letters  to  Atticus,'^  of  which  he  made  a  French  transla- 
tion. A  neat  edition  of  his  works  was  published  at  the 
Hague  in  1722,  in  5  vols.  i2mo,  without  the  letters /to  At- 
ticus;  which,  however,  were  printed  in  the  edition  of  Paris, 
1745,  in  3  vols.  4to,  and  six  12iho.'' 

ST.  SIMON  (Louis  de  Rouvroi,  duke  OF),a  French  wri- 
ter of  memoirs,  was  the  son  of  a  duke  of  the  same  title,  born 
June  16,1 67.5,  and  was  introduced  at  the  court  of  Louis  XIV. 
in  his  fifteenth  year,  but  bad  been  educated  in  virtuous  prin- 
ciples, and  never  departed  from  them,  either  at  court  or 
in  the  army,  in  which  he  served  till  1697.  In  1721  he  was 
appointed  ambassador  extraordinary  to  the  court  of  Spain^ 
for  the  purpose  of  soliciting  the  infanta  in  marriage  for 
Louis XV.  After  being  for  some  time  confidential  adviser  to 
the  regent,  duke  of  Orleans,  he  retired' to  his  estate,  and 
passed  most  of  his  time  in  his  library,  where  he  read  in- 
cessantly and  forgot  nothing.     The  marshal  de  Belle-Isle 

^  Niceron,  vol.  lU 


S  T.    S  I  M  O  N.  6S 

used  to  say  that  he  was  the  most  interesting  and  agreeable 
dictionary  be  had  ever  consulted.  At  fourscore  be  enjoyed 
all  his  faculties  as  perfect  as  at  forty  :  the  precise  time  o^ 
his  death  is  hot  mentioned,  but  it  appears  to  have  taken 
place  about  1757.  He  composed  '^  Memoii^  of  the  reign 
of  Louis  XIV.  and  the  Regency,"  which  consist  of  a  va- 
riety of  anecdotes  relative  to  the  courts  of  Louis  XIV.  and 
XV.  which  are  told  in  an  elegant  style,  but  his  manner  is 
often  sarcastic,  although  his  justice  has  never  been  called 
in  question.  M.  Anquetil  has  made  this  nobleman's  me- 
moirs the  basis  of  his  history  of  ^'  Louis  XIV.  his  Court  and 
the  Regent.^'  Some  of  the  editions  of  these  Memoirs  have 
been  mutilated,  but  the  most  complete  was  printed  at  Stras- 
burg,  in  1791,    13  vols.  8 vo." 

SALDEN  (Wzluam),  a  learned  writei'  in  the  sixteenth 
century,  born  at  Utrecht,  was  successively  minister  of  se- 
veral churches  in  Holland,  and  lastly  at  the  Hague,  where 
he  died  in  16d4.  .Hi^  most  knpwn  and  valuable  works  are, 
"  Otia  Theologica,''  4to,  containing  dissertations  on  diffe- 
rent subjects,  from  the  Old  and  New  Testament ;  '<  Con- 
cionator  Saper,''  12mo;  and  ^'  De  Libris  varioque  eorum 
usu  et.abusu,V  Amsterdam,  1668,  12mo.'. 

SALE  (G£ORG£)y  a  learned  Eaglisbman,  who  died  at 
London  in  1736,  was  a  man  who  did  much  service  to  the 
republic  of  letters,  but  of  his  private  history  we  have  no 
account.  He  had  a  hand  in  the  ^'  Universal  History,"'  and 
executed  the  cosmogony  and  a  part  of  the  history  follow- 
ing. He  was  also  engaged  in  other  publications ;  but  his 
capital  work  is  ^^  The  Koran,  commonly  called  the  Alcoran 
of  Mohammed^*  translated  into  English  immediately  from 
the  original  .Arabic ;  with  explanatory  notes  taken  from  the 
most  approved  commentators.  To  which  is  prefixed,  a 
preliminary  Discourse,*'  1734,  4to.  The  preliminary  dis- 
course consists  of  1S6  pages,  and  is  divided. into  eight  sec- 
tions, which  treat  of  the  following  particulars:  Sect.  1. 
'^  Of  the  Arabs  before  Mohammed,  or,  as  they  express  it, 
in  the  'time  of  ignorance ;'  their  history,  religion,  learning,- 
and  customs."  Sect.  2.  *^  Of  the  state  of  Christianity,  par- 
ticularly of  the  Eastern  Churches,  and  of  Judaism,  at  the 
^  time  of  Mohammed's  appearance ;  and  of  the  methods 
taken  by  him  for  establishing  his  rehgion,  and  the  circum- 
stances which  concurred  thereto."     Sect.  3.  '^  Of  the  Ko- 

^  Anquetily  ubi  supra.— Diet.  Hist.  *  Burman  Traj.  Eradit. — Moreri. 


64  8  A  L-t£« 

ran  itself^  the  peculiarities  of  that  book,  tbe  maoiH^  of  its 
being  writteo  and  published,  and  tbe  general  design  of  it.'* 
Sect.  4«  ^'  Of  the  doctrines  and  positive  precepts  of  the 
Koran,  which  relate  to  futh  and  religious  duties.'*  Sect.  S. 
"  Of  certain  negative  precepts  in  the  Koran.**  Sect.  6. 
*^  Of  the  institutions  of  tbe  Koran  in  civil  affairs.**  Sect. 
7.  '*  Of  the  noontbs  commanded  by  the  Koran  to  be  kept 
S9cred,  and  of  the  setting  apart  of  Friday  for  the  especial 
service  of  God.'*  Sect.  8.  "  Of  the  principal  sects  among 
the  Mohammedans;  and  of  those  who  have  pretended  to 
prophesy  among  the  Arabs  in  or  since  the  time  of  Moham- 
med.*' This  preliminary  discourse,  as  should  seem,  might 
deserve  to  be  published  separately  from  the  Koran.  Mr. 
Sale  was  also  one  of  the  membsers  of  the  society  fbr  the  en- 
couragement of  learning,  begua  in  1736,  but  as  be  died 
in  that  year,  could  not  have  eujpyed  the  promised  advan- 
tages of  it.  He  was  oiie  of  the  authors  of  the  ^^  General 
Dictionary,"  to  which  w^  so  often  refer,  which  includes  a 
translation .  of  Bziyle,  10  vols,  follo^  Mr.  Sale  left  a  son, 
who  was  fellow  of  New  college,  Oxford,  where  be  took  bis 
degree  of  M.  A.  in  1756..  He  was  afterwards  a  fellow  of 
Winchester  college,  in  1765,  and  died  a  short  time  after.* 

SALIAN^  or  SALLIAN  (Jam^s),.  a. learned  Jesuit  of 
Avignon,  where  he  was  born  in  1557^  entered  into  that 
society  in  1578,  and  became  anoted  tuton  He  was. after- 
wards made  rector  of  the  college  of  Besangon^  and. died  at 
Parisian.  23,  1640,  in  the  eighty-third  year  of  his' age. 
He  wrote  some  pious  tracts,  but  is  principally  known  for 
bis  <^  Annals  of  the  Old  Testament/'  published  in  161  Si — 24, 
6  vols,  folio.  As  this  wotk' appeared  too  voluminous  for 
geueral  use,  M«deSponde,. bishop  of  Paniiers,  requested 
leave  to  publish  an  abridgment  in  the  manner  of  his  abridg- 
ment of  Baronius ;  but  Salian>  co«s<;iogs  how  much  origi-^ 
nais  suffer  by  abridgments^  refused  this  truest  with  much 
politeness;  and  when  induo^  at  last  to  make  an  abridg-* 
meat  himself,  contrived  to  do  it  in  such  a  laaanec  as.  to 
render  the  original  almost  indispensable  to  his  readers.'  . 

SALISBURY  (John  of),  one  of  the  greatest  ornaments 
of  the  twelfth  centucy^iwas  born  at  Old  Sarum,  whence  he 
derived  the  name  of  Sa&ISJSURI£nsis^  about  1116.  After 
he  had  gone  through  a  course  of  education  in  England,  he 
went  to  the  university  of  Paris  in  i  136,  and  attended  upon 

>  Gent  Mag.;  seelD^ex. — BosweH's  Life  of  Johusoo.      *  Moreri.— Alegambe. 


S  A  L  I  S  B  U  R  Y.  65 

the  lectures  of  Abelard  land  ottier  masters,  with  such  in- 
dustry  and  success,  that  he  acquired  an  uncommon  share  of 
knowledge  both  in  philosophy  and  letters.     At  an  early 
period  of  life,  his  poverty  obliged  him  to  undertake  the 
office  of  preceptor  ;  yet  amidst  engagements  of  this  kind, 
be  found  leisure  to  acquire  a  competent  knowledge  of  dia- 
lectics,   physics,  and  morals,  as  well  as  an  acquaintance 
with  the  Greek,  and  (what  was  at  that  time  a  rare  accom- 
plisbment)  with  the  Hebrew,  languages.     He  may  justly 
be  ranked  among  the  first  scholars  of  his  age.    After  many 
years  had  elapsed,  he  resolved  to  revisit  the  companions 
of  his  early  studies  on   Mount  St.  Genevieve,  in  order  to 
Confei*  with  them  on  the  topics  on  which  they  had  formerly 
disputed.     His  account  of  this  visit  affords  a  striking  pic- 
ture of  the  philosophical  character  of  this  age.     ^*  I  found 
them,^'  says  he,  *^  the  same  men,  and  in  the  same  place ; 
Bor  had  they  advanced  a  single  step  towards  resolving  our 
antient  questions,    nor  added  a  single  proposition,  how- 
ever stnati,  to  their  stock  of  knowledge.     Whence  1  in* 
ferred,  what  indeed  it  was  easy  to  collect,  that  dialectic 
studies,  however  useful  they  may  be  when  connected  wrth 
other  branches  of  learning,  are  in  tbemselven  barren  and 
uselesa.*'     Speaking  in  another  place  of  the  philosophers 
of  his  time,  be  eomplains,    that  they  collected  auditors 
solely  for  the  ostentation  of  science,  and  designedly  ren- 
dered  their  discourses  obscure,    that  they  might  appear 
loaded  with  the  mysteries  of  wisdom ;  and  that  though  all 
professed  to  follow  Aristotle,  they  were  so  ignorant  of  hisr 
true  doctrine,  that  in  attempting  to  explain  his  meaning, 
they  often  advanced  a  Platonic  notion,  or  some  erroneous 
tenet  equally  distant  from  the  true  system  of  Aristotle  and 
of  Platx>.     From  these  observations,  and  firom  many  similar 
passaged  to  be  found  in  his  writings,  it  appears,  that  John 
of  Salisbury  was  aware  of  the  trifling  character. both  of  the 
philosoph)^  hnd  the  philosophers  of  hts  age ;  owing,  pro- 
bably, to  the^iinoommon  share  ofgood  sense  which  he  pos- 
sessed, a^'  well  as  to  the'  unusual  extent  and  variety  of  his 
learning.  ^  Throughout  his  writings  there  are  evident  traces 
of  a  frttiifoV  genius',  of  sotihd  understanding,  of  various 
emdftidn,  and,  with  due  allowance  for  the  age  in^  which  he 
Kwd^ :  of  correct  taste, 

•  At 'Bi«  rblurm into  'England',  after  bis  first  visit  to  Paris, 
be  studi4sd'lh^  clvfl  law  ondcft  V««afius,  who  taught  Witb^ 
gr^at^^pkube  at03^ford4i¥>i449.  '  fitabmaeing  tb^  monsi* 
Vol.  XXVIL  F 


65  8ALISBU  R  Y; 

tic  Irfe  at  Canterbury,  he  became  the  diief  confidant  of 
two  successive  archbishops  of  that  see,  Theobald  and 
Tbonias  a  Becket.  To  the  last  of  these  he  dedicnted  his 
celebrated  work  "  Polycraticon,  or  De  nugis  curialiiim,  et 
vestigiis  philosophorum/*  a  very  curious  and  valuable  mo* 
nuoient  of  the  literature  of  bis  times.  Although  he  did 
not  approve  some  p^rt  of  the  conduct  of  Becket,  he  sub- 
mitted to  Henry  the  Second^s  sentence  of  banishment,  and- 
remained  in  exile  for  seven  years,  rather  than  give  up  the 
•party  of  the  archbishop,  which  was  the  condition  on  wbich^ 
he  might  have  been  permitted  to  return.  In  negotiating 
Becket's  affairs,  he  performed  no  less  than  ten  jour|[i4^». 
into  Italy.  In  one  of  these  journeys,  he  obtained  familiar 
uitercourse  witti  pope  Adrian  IV.  his  countryman,  who. 
having  asked  him  what  the  world  said  of  bitn  and  of  the:^ 
Roman  church,  John  returned  such  an  answer  as  might? 
have  been,  e^ipected  from  the  boldest  of  the  reformers' in> 
the  sixteenth  centcrry,  telUng  his  holiness,  among  other- 
thi^igs,  that  the  world  6aid,  **  the  pope  liimseM^  was  a  bUr*> 
then  to  Christendom  which  is  scarcely  to  be  borne."  The 
whole  of  this  curious  dialogue  may  be  seen. in  the  fM>rk' 
above  mentioned,  * 

At  length  he  was  permitted  to  return  to  England  in  1171, « 
9nd  was  a  spectator  of  the  murder  of  Us  friend  Becket, 
from  whom  he  endeavoured  to  ward  off  one  of  the  bhiWs,< 
and  received  it  on  bis  arm,  which  was  seriously  hurt.  In 
1172  be  was  promoted  to  the  French  bishopric  of  Char* 
tres,  in  the  province  of  Sens,  which  he  held  ten  years, 
dying  in  1182.  He  composed  many  other  works  besides 
the  *' Polycraticon,"  whibh  is  written  in  a  plain  concise 
style,  and  is  an  excellent  treatise  upon  the  employmems^^ 
occupations,  duties,  virtues,  and  vices,  of  great  men,  tod^ 
contains  a  number  of  moral  reflections,  passages  from  au« 
thors,  examples,  apologues,  pieces  of  history,  and  eom-< 
ii)on-pIaces.  His  familiar  acquaintance  with  the  classics 
aj>pears,  not  only  from  the  happy  facility  of  his  ianguage^^ 
but  from  the  many  citations  of  the  purest  Roman  authors^ 
with  which  his  wor^  are  perpetually  inteilqpersed. .  Mom- 
£lucon  says,  that  some  part  of  the  supplement  to  Petronios,) 
{|iib)ished  as  a  genuine  and  valuable  discovery  a  few  yetfra 
ago,  but  since  supposed  to  l^e  spurious,  is  quoted  in  the^ 
^^  Potg^QnatlciMi."  It  was  pul;^iisbed  at  Paris  in  1519,  and 
at  Ley  den  lo  li693.  Sire;  and  a  French  translation  of  it», 
entitled  *<  Les  Vanitez  de  la^^r/'  at  Pari^»  1640^  in*4tOjH 


•  » rfk   »    Jt  .  ^  ^ 


S  A  L  I  S  B  U  H  Y.  67 

with  a:  life  of  the  HUtbor  prefixed.  Among  his  othtv  inror^ 
ftre  a  volume  of  /^  Letters/^  published,  at  Paris  in  1611^ 
for  which  bis  stjle  seems  best  adapted^  anfl^bis  corre- 
spondents were  some  of  the  first  personages  of  the  ase* 
Their  cooteots,  as  detailing  important  occurrences,  are  in- 
terestingy  and  their  ti^rn  of  expression  sometimes  elegant. 
Another  of  his  works  was  a  learned  defence  of  grarpmar, 
riietoric,  and  logic,  against  one  whom  he  calls  pornificius, 
which  cqntains  a  most  curious  account  of  tlie  state  of  these 
vciences  at  this  period. ' 

SALISBURY,  or  SALESBURV  (William),  a  Welsh' 
aoiiqoary,  was  born  of  an  ancient  family  in  Denbighshire, 
and  studied  for  some  time  at  Oxford,  ,wb,ence  he  removed 
to  Thaives-Inn,  London.  Here  he  applied  to  the  law,  but 
does  not  appear  to  have  risen  to  any  eminence,  as  Wood 
speaks  of  himi  as  living  in  bis  latter  days  ii>  the  house  of 
a  bookselier  in  St.  Paul's  church-yard.  His  principal  ob- 
ject appears  to  have  been  the  cultivation  of  the  Welsh 
laof^uage,  askd  the  translation  into  it  of  the  Bible,  &c.  It 
)voald  appear  that  queen  Elizabeth  gave  him  a  patent,  for 
seven  years,  for  printing  in  A^elsh  th^  Bible,  Common- 
Prayer,  and  ^*  Administration  of  the  Sacraments/'  Hp 
compiled  ^^A  Qictipoary  in.  .j^pgUsh  and  Welsh,"  Lond. 
1547,  4to.  '  *>.A  Littl/s  Xireatise  pf  the  English  pronunci-  . 
atiou  of  the  Letters."  ^^^pl^n  apd  familiar  introduction'* 
to  tbe^ame,  Lopd.  1350,  4tQ.  <*  9attery  of  the  Pope's 
Botterepix,.  commonly  csdjied  t;he  High- Altar,"  ibid.  i550|^ 
8vo.  *<  The  Laws  of  Howell  Dha."  "  A  Welsh  Eheto- 
rick,"  revised,  enlarged,  &c.  by  Henry  Perry,  B.  D. 
The  period  of  his  death  is  uncertain,  but  ho  was  living  in 

i5«.,«  ',..-.:" 

SALISBURY.    See  CECIL. 

S4LL£NCK^  (Albert  H^nry  de),  an  ingenious  and 
laborious  writer^  was  born  at  the  Hague  in  1694.  His 
father  was  receiver-general  of  Walloon  Flanders,  and  of 
aa  ancient  and  considerable  family.  He  was'educated  with- 
great  care,  and  sent  at  a  pi*oper  age  to  Leyden ;  where  he 
studied  history.,  iinder  Perjzonius,  philosophy  under  Bet* 
nard,  and  law  under  Voetius  and  Noodt.  Having  finished 
his  academical  studies  with  honour,  he  returned  to  his  pa- 
vers.at  the  Hague,  and  was  admitted  an  advocate  in  the 

'  ,    •      •    .• 

— lBerrtogtiMi>9^t^aiy  History  of  the  MMdie 
^  ath.  Os.  XMW  edit.  vol.  L 

F2 


«& 


S  A  L  L  E  N  G  R  E. 


court  of  Holland  After  the  peace  of  Utrecht  in  171 3,  be 
went  to  France ;  ^nd  spent  some  time  at  Paris  in  vifitiiig 
libraries,  and  in  cultivating  friendships  with  learned  men^ 
In  1716,  he  was  made  counsellor  to  the  princess  of  Nas- 
sau ;>«nd,  the  year  a/ter,  commissary  of  the  finances  of 
the  States  General.  He  went  again  to  France  in  1717; 
and  two  years  after  to  England,  where  he  was  elected  fel- 
low of  the  Royal  Society,  in  the  list  of  which  he  is  called 
*•  Auditor-Surveyor  of  the  Bank  of  Holland.'*     He  was  au- 

•  thor  of  several  publications,  which  shewed  parts,  learning, 
and  industry ;  and  without  doubt  woilld,  if  he  had  lived, 
have  been  of  great  use  and  ornament  to  the  republic  of 
letters';  btit,  catphing  the  smalUpox,  he  died  in  1725,  in 
his  thiitieth  year. 

He  was  for  some  time  editor  of  the  ^^  Literary  Journal,'* 
which  began  at  the  Hague  in  1713.  His  pait  eonsists  of 
four  volumes,  1715 — 1717,  The  eontimKition  waa  by 
Desmolets  and  Gouget.  In  1714,  he  published  **  L'Elog^ 
dei'Yvresse,^'  a  piece  of  much  spirit  and  gaiety <;  in  1715, 
^*  Histoire  de  Pierre  de  Montmaur,''  2  vols.  Svo,  a  collec- 
tion of  all  the  pieces  written  against  that  sHigubrchavac- 
t&vK  In  1716,  '<  Commentaires  sur  les  Epitres  d'Ovide 
par  M.  de  Meziriac,'*  with  a  discourse  upon  the  lifeand 
works  of  Meziriac ;  the  same  year,  <^  t^o^si'es  de  M»  de  la 
Monnoye;*Mn  1716^  1718, 171&I  ^^NovusTbesaurus  Anti- 
quitatuhi  tlomanarum,"  a  Supplement  to  Gravius'a  co)- 

' lection,  in  *Z  vols,  folio;  in  1718,  '^Huetti  de  rebus  ad 


*  PettT  de  MoDtmatir  was  a  Jesuit 

f)f  the  ^ev^at^enib  century,  nho  was 

sent  ID  early  life  by  bis  order  to  Rome, 

aud  there  be  tao^bt  grammar  w!thcre« 

dit  during  tbree  years.    He  afterwarcfs 

'  \th  tt)e,  Jesuits,  and  set  tip  as  a  drug- 

'  fist  at  Avignohi  wbicb  situation  proredf 

vefy  profitable  to  bim»    Than^oing  ta 

.  Paf  is,  |ie  ^attend^d  the  bar,  wbich  he 

quitted  to  devote  himself  to  poetry, 

displaying  bis  taste  chiefly   in-  ana- 

^  grsnas,  and  puns.    This  did  not,  bQw- 

,  ^yer,  jpreyeu^  his  succeeding  Ooulu  as 

regius  professor  of  Oreek,  from  whence 

-he  was  sunrmimedMontmaur  the  Grebiaiw 

>  liis  eon^taqt  pfaotice  i^as  to  ridicule 

,  m^ ,  of  learning  by  satires  ahd  sar- 

^catmis;  freqiieDtiy  making  aUmtons- 1» 

their  names,  taken  fromi  Greek  and 

'l4iii«,  which  Vert!  tailed  MoJatiqauir- 

kms.    Hence   a  warfare  .«esnn««c«4 

whiehdoas    not  appear  to  kave  re* 


dpuoded  much  to  the  cieifit  of  f  itbfr 
party»  Among  other  expedientH  they 
accused  Montm'aur  of  having  killed  the 
porter  of  the  college  of  Boncourt,  on 
which  he  was  seht  to  prison^  a^nd  scarce 
cleared  of  this  imaginary  crime,  befora 
they  accused  him  of  tothers  more  iofa- 
moas*  Varioi)^  attfmpta  we^e  also 
made  to  render  him  ridiculous.  '  Me- 
nage set  the  fiisbion  by  a  fictitious 
**  Life  of  Monttnaur,**  mblch  he  poh- 
liahed  in  Latin,  1636,  under  the  toame 
of  "  G argil lus  Mamurra.'*  Others  fol- 
lowed his'  example,,  and  |f.  de  Sallen- 
gre  publiahed  tlie  work  ^boye-mtn.. 
tioned,  which  forms  a  curious  and  ea-^ 
tertainihg  <^ollection.  Moptioaar  wftt 
certatnlji  a^badjpoct,  but  in  other  re- 
spects was  not  so  despicable  «s  most 
authors  repreietit  him.  Ut  4it4  im 
X^^»,  9(f«ifev«^rr«Mif. 


S  A  L  i,  E  IS  G-R  E.  69 

enm  pertinentibus  Coaiinentarius,*'  with  a  preface  written 
hff  biiDseif.  About  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  engaged 
io  writiog  '<  A  History  of  the  United  Provinces  from  1609, 
to  the  conclusion  of  the  peace  of  Munster  in  164S/'  which 
was  published  at  the  Hague  in  1728,  with  this  title,  <<£s-» 
sai  d'une  Histoire  des  Provinces  Unies  pour  Tann^e  1621, 
ou  la  Treve  finit,  et  le  Guerre  recommence  avec  TEs- 
pagne/*  4to.  * 

SALLO  (Denis  de),  a  French  writer,  the  first  projector 
of  literary  journals,  was  descended  from  an  ancient  and  . 
noble  family,  and  born  at  Paris  in  1626.  During  his  edu- 
cation,  he  gave  no  proofs  of  precocious  talent,  and  afforded 
little  hope  of  much  progress  in  letters  or  science.  But  this, 
seems  to  have  been  the  effect  rather  of  indolence  than  in- 
capacity, for  he  afterwards  became  an  accomplished  Greek; 
and  Latin  scholar,  and  maintained  public  theses  in  philoso- 
phy with  the  greatest  applause.  He  then  studied*  the  law, 
and  was  admitted  a  counsellor  in  the  parliament  of  Paris  in 
1652.  This,  however,  did  not  seem  so  much  to  his  taste 
as  general  imjuiries  into  literary  history  and  knowledge^ 
and  desultory  reading.  It  is  said  that  he  occasionally 
perused  all  kinds  of  books,  made  curious  researches,  and 
kept  a  person  always  near  him  to  take  down  his  reflections,, 
and  to  make  abstracts.  In  1664,  he  formed  the  project  of 
the/' Journal  des  ^gavans;'*  and,  the  year  following,  be- 
gan to  publish  it  under  the  name  of  Sieur  de  Hedouville, 
which  was  that  of  his  valet  de  chambre ;  but  the  severity  of 
his  censures  gave  offence  to  many  who  were  able  to  make, 
reprisals.  Menage's  ^*  Amoenitates  Juris  Civilis''  was  one 
%of  the  first  of  those  works  which  fell  under  Sallows  cogni- 
zance,  and  his  mode  of  treating  it  provoked  Menage  to 
return  his  abuse  with  equal  severity  in  his  preface  to  the 
works  of  Malherbe,  printed  in  1666.  Charles  Patin'a 
**  Introduction  a  la  connoissance  des  M^dailles*'  was  ano- 
ther work  with  which  he  made  free,  and  incurred  a  severe 
retaliation.  This  warfare  soon  proved  too  much  for  his 
courage;  and  therefore,  after  having  published  his  third 
journal,  he  turned  the  work  over  to  the  Abb£  Gallois,  who 
dropped  all  criticism,  and  merely  gave  titles  and  extracts. 
The  plan^  however,  in  one  shape  or  other,  was  soon  adopt- 
ed iti  most  parts  of  Europe,  and  continues  until  this  day, 
whether  with  real  advantage  to  literature,  has  never  been 

A  Niceron^  volt.  !•  and  ;S.— Moifri* 


70  S  A  L  t  O. 

folly  discussed.  Voltiaire,  after  mentioning  Sallo  as  the  in- 
ventor of  this  kind  of  writing,  says,  with  a  justice  appl^ 
cable  in  our"  own  days,  that  Sallows  attempt  "  was  after* 
wat'ds  dishonoured  by  other  journals,  which  were  published 
at  the  desire  of  avaricious  booksellers,  and  written  by  ob- 
scure men,  who  filled  them  with  erroneous  extracts,  f6Hies, 
and  lies.  Things,**  he  adds,  "  are  come  to  that  pass,  that 
praise.and  censure  are  all  made  a  public  traffic,  especfatly 
in  periodical  papers  ;  and  letters  have  fallen  into  disgrace 
by  the  management  and  conduct  of  these  infamous  scrib* 
bliers.**  On  the  pther  hand,  the  advantages  arising  froth 
such  journals,  when  under  the  management  of  men  of  can- 
dour and  independence,  will  scarcely  admit  of  a  doubt. 
Sallo  died  in  1669;  and,  although  be  published  a  piece  or 
two^of  his  own,  yet  is  now  remembered  only  for  his  plan 
of  a  literary  journal,  or  review.' 

SAIXUSTiUS  (Gaius  Grispus),  sfn  eminent  Rotnart 
historian,  was  born  at  Amiternum  in  8^  B.  C.  The  rank 
of  his  ancestors  is  iincertain,  but  from  some  circumstances 
in  his  writings,  it  is  not  improbable  that  his  family  was 
plebeian.  Having  passed  bis  more  early  years  at  bis  native 
town,  he  was  removed  to  Kome,  where  he  bad  the  advan- 
tage of  profiting  by  the  lessons  of  Atticus  Pratextatu^, 
surnamed  Philologus,  a  grammarian  and  rhetoriciai^  of 
great  celebrity.  Under  this  teacher  be  applied  to  learning 
^yith  diligence,  and  made  uncommon  progress.  It  appears 
that  he  had  turned  his  thoughts  in  his  younger  days  to  the 
writing  of  history,  for  which  he  had  unquestionably  great 
talents  ;  but,  as  he  himself  intimates' in  bis  preface  to  the 
history  of  Catiline^s  conspiracy,  he  was  diverted  fr6m  this 
pursuit  by  the  workings  of  ambition.  His  ^arly  life  too, 
appears  to  have  been  stained  by  vice,  which  the  gross  enor- 
mities of  his  more  advanced  years  render  highly  probable. 
In  this  respect  he  has  found  an  able  advocate  in  his  late 
learned  translator  and  commentator;  but  although  Dr. 
Steuart's  researches  have  removed  some  part  of  the  rii- 
proaches  of  ancient  authors^  enough  remains  to  shew  that 
Sallust  partook  largely  of  the  corruption  of  the  age  in 
tvhicb  he  lived,  and  added  to  it  by  bis  own  example.  The 
istory  of  bis  having  been  detected  in  an  adulterous  inter- 
course with  the  wife  of  Milo,  who,  after  a  severe  whipping, 
iliade  him  pay  a  handsome  sum  of  money,  may  rest  upon 

I  NiceroD,  vol.  IX.— Moieri. 


S  A  L  t  U  S  T  I  U  S;  7i 

Httle  aiitbority,  at  may  be  altogether  discarded  as  a  fiction, 
l^ot  the.  general  conduct  of  Sallust  shows  that  the  noble 
sentiments  in  his  works  bad  no  influence  on  bis  conduct. 

He  appears  to  have  been  advanced  to  the  office  of  quaes* 
tor  in  the  year  of  Rome  693,  and  in  701  was  made  tri«. 
bune.of  the  people.     It  was  now  that  he  employed  all  the 
arts  of  Action  to  inflame  the  minds  of  the  people  against 
Milo,  the  murderer  of  Clodi us;  and  those  biographers 'wbd 
admit  the  fact  of  his  being  disgraced  by  Milo,  as  we  bav^ 
above  related,  impute. to  him  motives  of  revenge  only;  and 
he.  was  equally  industrious  in  raising  a  clamour  against 
Cicero,  in  order  to  deter  bim  from  pleading  Milo's  cause. 
In  70S  be  was  expelled  the  senate  by  the  then  censors, 
Appiua  Claiadkis  and  Calphurnius  Piso,  on  account  of  bis 
profligacy,  hnt  restored  in  the  following  year  by'  Julius 
Caesar,  and  was  likewise  made  quaestor,  an  oJBce  wliich 
beemployed  in  aceumulating  riches  by  ievery  corrupt  mea^ 
lure.     During  Cassar^s  second  dictatorship  he  was  made 
praetor,  and  when  Caesar  went  into  Africa^  with  part  of  his 
army,:  be  took  Sallust  with  htm,  who  performed  some  im- 
porxant  services,  in  return  for  which  Caesar  made  him  go- 
vernor of  Numidia.     It  is  here  that  bis  public  character 
appears  most  atrocious  and  indefensible,     fie  seems  to 
have  considered  this  province  as  a  fund  destined  to  the  im- 
provement of  bis  private  fortune,  and  plundered  it  in  the 
most  inboman  manner.     In  vain  did  tbe  oppressed  Numi* 
dians -exclaim  against  his  rapacity,  and  commence  a  prose*^ 
.GUtion  against  him.     His   wealth  was  a  sufficient  guard 
agaia9t  tbe  arm  of  jiistioe,  and  by  sharing  with  Caesar  a 
.part  of  the  i^ils,  he  easily  baiBed  all  inquiry  into  his  pfo* 
viitcial  administration^     On  bis  return,    laden  with   fhis 
wealiSi,  be  purchased  a  country  bouse  at  Tivoli,  and  one 
of  tbe  noblest  dwellings  in  Rome  on  the  Quirinal  mount; 
with  beautiful  gardens,  which  to  this  day  are  called  the 
.gardens  of  Sallust.     In  this  situation  it  is  supposed  that  he 
wrote  his   account  of  ^^  Cat^liue^s  conspiracy,"  and   the 
f*  Jugurthine  war,'*  and  that  larger  history,  the  loss  of 
,wbicb  there  is  so  much  reason  to  deplore.     He  died  at  tbe 
'^9^  of  fifiy-one,  Q.  C.  35.     Having  no  children  of:bis 
<Miif%  bi^  ample  possessions  passed  to  the  grandson  of  his 
jAst^;  and  the  family  flourished,  with  undiminished  splen- 
4oiit*,  to  a  late  aera  of  the  Roman  empre. 

Whatever  objections  may  be  made  to  Sallust's  character 
as  amani  he  has  ever  been  justly  admired  as  a  historian. 


7«  8  A  t  I,  U  S  T  I  V  »• 

He  U  equally  perspicuous  and  instiluctive :  lus  style  is  ^aV 
ah^  nexvousy  bis  descriplion^,  rieflectionsy  speeches,  and 
ch9.racter8y  all  sbevtr  the  hand  of  a  master.  Biiit  bis  paurtia* 
lity  may  be  blamed  with  equal  justice,  and  even  soQ[ia  of 
bis  most  virtuous  sentiments  and  bitter  invectives  agaiiwt 
corruption  in  public,  men  .may  be  traced  rather  to  party 
spirit,  than  to  a  genuine  abhorrence  of  corruption,  wbicb^ 
indeed,  in  one  who  bad  practised  it  so  extensively,  coul4 
not  be  expected,  unless  the  result  of  a  penitence  we  no 
where  read  of.  His  attachment  to  Caasar,  and  bis  di&re« 
spect  for  Cicero,  are  two  glaring  defects  in  bis  merit  as  a 
faithful  historian^ 

.  Of  Sallust  there  are  many  excellent  editions*  His  worka 
were  first  printed  at  Venice,  in  1470,  and  reprinted  thirty, 
times,  before  the  conclusion  of  that  century,  but  tbesd 
editions  are  of  gr^tat  rarity.  The  best  of  the  more  modem 
are  the  Aldus  of  i521,  8vo,  the  Variorum  of  1690,  Svo, 
Wasse's  excellent  edition,  printed. at  Cambridge  in  1710^ 
4to;  Cortius's  edition,.  1724,  4to;  Havercamp's,  J  742, 
2  vols.  4to;  the  prize  edition  of  Edinburgh, .  1753,  12ma; 
the  fiipont,  1779,  bvo^  that  very  accurate  one  by  Mr, 
Homer,  Lond.  1789,  8vo;  and  one  by  Uarles,  J799,  BvQ» 
The  late  Dr.  Rose  of  Chiswick,  published  a  very  eorrect 
translation  of  Salhist  in  1751,  8vo,  with  Cicero's  Four 
Orations  against  Catiline ;  and  more  recently  Sallust  baa 
found  a  translator,  and  an  acute  and  learned  commentator 
and  advocate,  iu  Henry  Steuart,  LL,D.  F.  R.  S.  and  S.  A.EL 
Hvho  published  ini  1806,.  in,  2  vols.  4to,  **  The  Works  of 
£allust.  To  which,  are  prefixed,  two  Essays  on  the  Life» 
literary  character,  and  writings  of  the  historian ;  with 
'  notes  historical,  bjographicaJ,  ,and  critical.'^ ' 

SALMASIUS,  or  SAUMAiSE  (Claude),  one  of  tim 
post  learned  men  of  the  seventeenth  century,  and  wbom 
JBaillet  has  with  great  propriety  classed  among  his  *'  £n£uis 
celebres  par  les  etudes,*'  was  born  at  Semur-en-Auxois,  in 
Burgundy..  His  family .  was  ancient  aud  noble,  and  bis  fa« 
Iber,  an  eminent  lawyer,  and  a  member  of  tl>e  f^rliament 
of  Burgnnd}',  was. a  man  of  worth  and  learning.  Respect*' 
ing  the  time  of  his  birth,  all  his  bio&^raphers  diffen  Peter* 
Burman,.  who  has  compared  their  differences,  justly  thkika 
it  very  strange  that  so  many  persons  who  were  bis  eontani-^ 
poraries  and  knew  him  intimately,  should  not  b»veaseer«« 

>  Life  by  Dr.  Steuart,— and  by  Dr.  Host .— Dibdin't  ClaisiCi. 


S  A  L  M  A  S  I  U  S.  IS 

ibrittted^e  etCBct  dales  either  of  his  birtfa  or  death.  The 
foroier^  boweveri  we  presooae  may  be  fixed  either  in  1 593 
or  4694;  He  was  educated  at  first  solely  by  bis  fatberi 
wfao'taoght  hion  Latin  and  Greek  with  astonishing  saccess. 
Attbe  jage  of  ten  he  wa:>  able  to  trknslate  Pindar  very  cor-^ 
rectly,  and  wrote  Greek  and  Latin  verses.  At  the  age  of 
eleven,  bii  father  wished  to  send  him  for  farther  education' 
tatbeJesotts'*  college  at  EHjon,  not  to  board  there,'  but  to 
attend  tessons  twice  a  day,  and'icDprove  tlieni  at  hit  lodg^ 
ings.  Inthis  scheme^  however,  he  was  disappointed.  His 
Hiotbery  who  w^as  a  procestaiit,  had  not  only  inspired  Claude  ^ 
with  a  hatred  of.  the  Jesnits,  but  encouraged  him  to  write 
satires  against  the  order,  which  he  did  both  in  Greek  abd 
Latin,  and  entertained  indeed  tiiroughont  life  the  same 
aversion  to  them.  Having  refused  therefore  to  comply 
with  bis  father's  request  in  this  respect,  his  mother  proposed 
to. send  him  to  Paris,  where  her  secret  wish  was  that  he 
should  be  confirmed  in  her  religion.  This  being  complied 
with,  he  soon  formed  an  acquaintance  with  Casaubon  and 
some  other  learned  men  in  that  metropolis,  who  were  astor 
nished  to  find  sdeh  talents  and .  erudition  in  a  mere  boy. 
During  his  residence  here  he  conversed  much  with  the 
clergy ^f  the  reformed  cfaurchj  and  being  at  length  deter- 
milled  to  mdie  an  open  aVdwal  of  bis  attachment  to  protes- 
tantism, he  ai^ed  leave  of  his  father  to  go  to  Heideibergi 
partly  that  he:  might  apply  to  the  study  of  the  law,  but 
prilictpaliy  f but  be  might  be  more  at  his  freedom  in  reli- 
{[ious  matters.  Baillet  calls  this  a  trick  of  his  new  precep- 
tors,  who  willed  to  persuade  Salmasiiis^s  fatbier  that  Paris, 
with  respect  to  the  study  of  the  \Mi^  was  not  equal  to  Hei«« 
delberg,  where  was  the  celebrated  Oenis  Godefroi^  and  an 
exeellent  library. 

Salnmsios^s  father  hesitated  long  about  thta  proposition. 
As  yet  be  did  not  know  that  his  son  n^ai  so  far  gone  in  a 
thsmge  of  religion,  but  still  did  not  choose  that  he  ahould 
be  eent  to  a  place  which  swarmed  with  protestants.  He 
therefore  wished  his  son  would  prefer  Tbuloose,  where 
were  at  that  time  aome  eminent  law  professors;  but 
Claude  refused,  and  some  unpleasant  correspondence  took 
plaee  between  the  father  and  the  son,  as  appeatis  by  the 
words  in  ^hich^the  former  at  lait  granted  bis  permission—* 
^  Go  tben^  I  wiih  to  «how  how  much  more  I  am  of  an  in- 
dulgent father  than  you  are  of  aU.  obedient  son.*^  The  son 
indeed  in  this  manifested  a  little  of  that  conceit  and  arro« 


T4  S  A  UM  A  5  1  US. 

gance  which  sppwred  in' many  instances  in  his  fotilre  life, 
and  unmoved  by  the  kindness  be  bad  just  received^  refused  to 
%mfe\  by  the  way  of  Dijon,  as  his  fether  desired,  but  joined 
some  merchants  who  were  going  to  Francfort  fiiir,  and  ar- 
rived at  Heidelberg  in  Oct.  1606,  or  rather  1607,  when 
he  was  only  in  his  .-fourteenth  year.  Whatever  may  be 
thought  of  his  temper,  we  need  no  other  proof  that  he  wa8> 
•ne  of  the  most  extraordinary  youths  of  this  age  that  the 
world  ever  knew,  than  the  letters  addressed  to  him  at  this 
time .  by  Jungerman  and  others  on  topics  of  philology. 
They  afford  an  idea  of  Us  eruditi<Mi,  says  Burman,  wbiefa 
could  only  be  heightened  by  the  production  of  his  answevs. 
To  Heideft>^g  he  brought  letters  of  recommendation 
from  Gasaubon,  which  introduced  him  to  Godefroi,  Gruter, 
and  Lingelsheim,  and. his  uncommon  merit  soon  improved 
this  into  an  intimacy.  Under  Godefroi  he  applied  to  the 
BiuAy  of  civil'law  with  that  intenseness  with  which  he  ap- 
plied to  every  thing,  but  as  he  now  had  an  opportunity  of 
indulging  his  taste  for  the  belles  lettres,  and  was  admitted 
to  make  researches  among  the  treasures  of  the  Palatine  li«» 
brary,  he  spent  much  of  bis  time  here,  abridging'  hims^f 
even  of  sleep.  By  such  extraordinary  diligence,  he  accu- 
SDuli^ted  a  vast  fund  of  general  knowledge,  but  in  some 
measure  injured  his  health,  and  bfooght  on  an  illness  which 
laaled  above  a  year,  and  from  which  he  recovered  with  diU 
ficulty.  '  i 

.  With  an  insatiable  thirst  for  knowledge,  Salma^«ts  had 
an  early  and  strong  passion  for  fame.  He  commenced  au- 
thor when  between  sixteen  and  seventeen  years  of  age,  by 
publishing^  aa  edition  of  ^'  Nili,  archiepiscopi  Tbessaloni-* 
Csensis,  de  primatu  papie  Romani,  libri  duo,  item  Barlaam 
monacbus,  cum  interpretatione  Latina :  CI.  Salmasii  opera 
Qt  studio,  cam'  qusdem  in  utrumque  notis,"  Hanover,  160S, 
and  Heidelberg,  1608  and  16  IS,  8vo.  By  this  publicatioa 
against  the  authority  :of  the  pope,  he  seemed  determined 
to  make  a  more  public  avowal  of  his  sentiments  than  be  had 
yet  done,  and  to  shew  his  zeal  for  the  protestants,  by  coiik 
secrating  bis  first  labours  as  an  author  to  their  service.  In 
1609  appeared  his  edition  of  <<  Floras,''  printed  at  Pari% 
Svo,  and  dedicated  to  Gruter,  whose  notes  are  given  along 
with  those  of  Sahnasius.  This  was  reprinted  in  1636,  and 
in  1638,  to  which  last  be  added  <<  Lucii  Ampelii  libelhis 
memorialis  ad  Macrinum,''  which  bad  never  before  ap* 
peured* 


S  A  L  M  A  ff  I  U  S.  15 

:  In  1^10,  he  returned,  home  and  was  admtHed  ao  adro-* 
eate,  but  bad  no  intention  to  follow:  that  profession,  and* 
preferred  lileratare  and  criticism  as  the  sole  empioynient 
of  his  life,  and  derived  the  highest  reputation  thateradi* 
tion  can  confer.  Such  was  hb  reputation,  that  he  began 
to  be  courted  by  foreign  princes,  and  universities.  The 
Venetians  thought  his  residence  apnong  them  would  be  such* 
an  honour,  .that  they  offered  him  a  prodigious  stipend ;  aad^ 
with  this  condition,  that  he  should  not  be  obliged  to  read 
lectures  above  three  times  a  year.  We  are  tok),  that  our 
university  of  Oxford  made  some .  attempts  to  get  him  over 
into  Engiaod ;  and  it  is  certain,  that  the  pope  made  similar, 
overtures,  though  Salmasius  bad  not  only  .deserted. his  re- 
ligion, and  renounced  his  authority,  but  had  actiiaily  writ* 
ten  against  the  papacy  itself.  He  withstood,. ^  however,  all 
these  solicitations  ;  but  at  last,  in  1632,  complied  .with  an 
inntation  from  Holland,  and  went  with  his  wife^  whom  he 
had  married  in  1621,  to  Leyden.  He  did  not  go  there  to 
be  professor,  or  honorary  professor;  but,  as  Vorstius  in  hisi 
*^  Funeral  Oration^'  expresses  it,,  *<  to  honour  the  university*' 
by  his  name,  his  writings,  and  his  presence.*' 

Upon  the  death  of  bis  fath^,  in.  1640^  he  returned  for 
a  time  into  France ;  and,  on  going  to  Paris,  wasmuchca- 
ressed  by  cardinal  Richelieu,  who.  used  all  possible  means 
to  detain .  him,  and  even  offered  him  his  own  terms ;  but 
could  not  prevail.  The  obligation  he  had  to  the  States  of 
Holland,  the  love  of  freedom  and  independence,  and  the 
necessity  of  a  privileged  plaee,  in  order  to  publish  such 
^ings  as  he  was  then  meditating,  were  the  reasons  .whioh 
enabled  him  to  withstand  the  cardinal.  Salmasius  also  re« 
fused  the  large  pension,  which  the  cardinal  offered  bim^ 
to  write  his  history,  because  in  such  a  work  he  thought  he 
must  either  ^ive  offencoy  or  advance.many,  things  contrary 
to  his  own  principles,  and  to  truth.  Wbiletllewas  in  Bor^ 
gundy.to  settle  family  affiEiirs,  the  cardinal  died,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Maeariu,  who,  upon  our  authpf  a  retora  to 
Paris^  honoured  him  with  the  same  solitcitations  as  his vpro)* 
decessor  haddoiie.  Salmaaius,  however,  declined  this  of* 
fers,  and  after  about  three  years  absence,  returned  to  HoU 
iand :  whence,  though  attempts  were  afterwards  made  to 
drawfhim  back  to  France,  it  does  not  appear;  that  he  ever 
entertained  the  least  thought  of  removing.  In  the  summer 
of  1650^  he  went  to  Sweden,  to  pay  queen.  Cbrislina  a 
y'mt,  with  whom  be  continued,  till  the  summ^  fodlowkig. 


76'  S  A  L  M  A  S  I  U  S. 

Tbe  recepiion  aii^  treatment  he  met  witb^^s  it  is  desdribed 
by  the  writer  of  his  life,  is  very  characteristic  of  that  ex- 
traordinary patroness  of  learned  men.  '*  She  performed 
for  him  all  offices,*'  says  he,  '<  which  conld  have  been  ex- 
pected even  irom  an  equal.  She  ordered  him  to  choose 
apartments  in  her  palace,  for  the  sake  of  having  him  with 
her,  '  ut  lateri  adhsBreret,'  whenever  she  would.  But  Sal- 
masius  was  almost  always  ill  while  he  stayed  in  Sweden, 
the  clioiate  being  more  than  his  constitution  could  bear :  at 
whicb  seasons  tbe  queen  would  come  to  tbe  &ide  of  his  bed, 
hold  long  discourses  with  him  upon  subjects  of  the  highest 
concern,  and,  without  any  soul  present,  but  with  the  doors 
ail  shut,  would  mend  his  fire,  and  do  other  necessary  of-= 
fices  for  Jiim.^  She  soon,  however,  changed  her  mind 
with  regard  to  Salmasius,  and  praised  his  antagonist  MiU 
ion,  with  whom  his  celebrated  controversy  had  now  begun. 
After  tbe  murder  of  Charles  I.,  Charles  II.,  now  in  Hoi- 
land,  employed  Salmasius  to  write  a  defence  of  his  father 
and  of  monarchy.  Salmasius,  says  Johnson,  was  lit  this 
time  a  man  of  skill  in  languages,  knowledge  of  antiquity,' 
and  sagacity  of  emendatory  criticism,  almost  exceeding  ail 
hope  of  human  attainment;  and  having,  by  excessive 
praises,  been  confirmed  in  great  confidence  of  himself, 
though  he  probably  had  not  much  considered  the  priniciples 
erf  society  or  the  rights  of  government,  undertook  the  em- 
ployment without  distrust  of  his  own  qualifications,  and,  as 
his  expedition  in  writing  was  wonderful,  produced  in  1649 
his  ^^  Defensio  Regia  pro  Carolo  I.  ad  Serenissimum  Mag- 
nte  Britannia^  Regem  Carolum  II.  filium  nato  majorem, 
baeredem  et  successorem  legitimom.  Sumptibus  Regiis, 
anno  164^9 .'*  Milton,  as  we  have  noticed  in  his  life,  was 
employed,  by  the  Powers  then  prevailing,  to  answer  this 
book  of  Salmasius,  and  to  obviate  the  prejudices  which 
ibe  reputation'of  his  great  abilities  and  learning  might  raise 
against  their  cause;  and  he  accordingly  published  in  1651^ 
a  Latin  work,  entitled  **  Defensio  pro  Popul6  Anglicano 
co&tra  Claudii  Salmasii  Defensionem  R^iam."  Of  these 
two  works  Hobbes  declared  himself  unable  to  decide  whose 
language  was  best,  or  whose  arguments  were  worst,  he 
might  have  added,  or  who  was  most  to  blame  for  scurrility 
and  personal  abuse.  Dr.  Johnsoli  remarks,  that  Salmasiua 
had  been  so  long  not  only  the  monarch,  but  the  tyrant  of 
literature,  that  almost  all  mankind  were  delighted  to  find 
him  defied  atttf  insulted  by  a  new  name,  not  yet  considered 


S  A  t  M  A  S  I  U  a.  .77 


jtt.any  one^sVivaL  Tbere  is  no  proof,  faoweirer,  that  S 
xsasjus's  geoeml  reputation  suifered  much  from  a  contest  in 
whicb  be  bad  not  employed  the  powers  wbieh  be  was  ac- 
knowledged to  possess.  His  misfortune  wits  to  treat  of 
.subjects  whicb  be  bad  not  much  studied,  and  any  repulse 
to  a  man  so  accustomed  to  admiration,  must  bave  been  very 
galling.  He  therefore  prepared  a  reply  to  Milton,  but  did 
not  live  to  finish  it,  nor  did  it  appear  until,  published  by  his 
,son  in  the  year,  of  the  restoration,  when  the  subject,  in 
.England  at  least,  was  no  longer  fit  for  discussion. .  He 
died  at  the  Spa,  Sept*  3,  .1653,  in  consequence  of  an  im- 
prudent use  of  the  waters;  hut  as  be  had  reproached  Mil- 
.toQ  with  losiug  his  eyes  io  tbeir  contest,  Milton  delighted 
himself  with  the  belief  that  he  had  shortened  Salmasius^;^ 
life.  Nothing,  however,  can  be  more  absurd,  if  any  cre- 
dit is  to  be  given  to  the  account  which  Salmasius's  bipgra- 
pherp  Clement,  gives  of  bis  feeble  constitution^  and  long 
illness. 

Salmasius,  Dr.  Johnson  has  observed,  was  not  only  the 
monarch,  but  the  tyrant  of  litera^ture,  and  it  must  he  alr 
lowed  that  although  he  had  few,  if  any  equals,  in  extent 
of  erudition,  and  therefore  little  cause  of  jealousy,  be  was 
impatient  of  contradiction,  and  arrogaoiit  and  supercilious 
to  those  who  differed  from  him  in  opinion.  But  bet  nvust 
have  h^d  qualities  to  balaace  theae  imperfections,  before  he 
could  have  attained  thie  very  high  clu^acter  given  by  the 
ipcist  learbed  men  of  bis  age,  by  Casaubon,  by  Hueuus^  by^ 
Qronovius,  by  Scioppius,  by  our  Seldeu,  by  Grotius, 
Gruter^i  Balzac,  Menage,  Samvius,  Vor^ius,  &c.  &c.  &e. 
Those  wl^o.  have  ccitically  examined  his  writiqgs  attribute 
the  impexCeotions  occasionally  to  be  found  in  tbem  to  the 
hasty.  j»a«iie|c  in  which  he  wrote,  >aod  a  certain  hurry  and 
inipetuosijty  of  temper  when  be. took  up  any  subject  whicb 
engaged. his  attenAioe*  Gronotius,  seems  to.  think  that  he 
was.sometin^es  overwhelmed  with  the  vastness  of  his  erut- 
dtlion, . wd  knew  not  bow .  to  restrain  his  pen.  Hence, 
Gjronovius  adds,  we  find  so  many  contradictions  in  his 
mirka,  for  he  employed  no  ajoaanueiisis,  ^d  was  averse  to 
the  task  of  revision. 

Of  bis  aume/oua  works*  we  may  notice  as  the  moat  va- 
luable^ 1.  ^^  Amict^  ad.  amicumii  de  suburbicariis  regionib»a 
et  ecclesiis  suburbicariis,  epistola,^'  1619,  8vo,  reprinted 
more  correctly  at  the  end  of  his  epistles  in  1G56.  Tbi^ 
was  written  in  consequence  of  a  dispute  between  Godefroi 


7S  SAL  MA  &tV  9, 

and  fatber  Sirmoodv  2.  ^' Historise  Aiigustfl^'  tfcr^ptofM 
sex/'  Paris^  1620,  fol.  3.  '<  Sept.  Flarentis  TerttiHiain 
bber  de  Pallio/*  ibid*  1622,  Svo,  and  Leyden,  165G,  Sv6. 
This  involved  him  in  a  controversy  with  Denis  Petau,  to 
whom  he  published  two  answers.  4.  ^*  Piinianr  exercita^ 
tiones  in  Caii  Julii  S6lini  Poly  hist''  &c.  ibid.  1629^^  2  vols, 
fol.  and  Utrecht)  1689,  which  last  edition  has  another  work 
edited  by  Saumaise,  *^  De  homonymis  Hiles  iatricse  eser-^ 
citationes  ineditae,"  &c.  5.  **  De  Usuris/'  Leyden,  16S8^ 
8vov  -6.  ^^Notae  in  pervigilium  Veneris/'  ibid.  1638,  12mo. 
7.  <^De  modo  usuranim/'  ibid.  1639,  Svc  8.  '^Disser- 
tatio  de  foenore  trapezitieo,  in  tres  libros  divlsa,*'  ibid.  1640. 
9.  **  SimpHcii  commentarius  in  Enchiridion  Epicteti,''  &e. 
ibid.  1640,  4to,  and  Utrecht,  1711.  10.  <<  Achillis  Tatii 
Alexandrini  Eroticon  de  Clitopbontis  et  Leueippes  amori* 
bus,  iibri  octo,**  ibid.  1640,  12mo.  11.  ^Mnterpretatio 
Hippocratis  apborismi  69,  sect.  iv.  de  calcolo,"  &c.  ibid. 
1640,  8vo.  12.  *' De  Hellenistica :  commentarius  contro- 
versiam  de  tiftgaa  bellenistica  deetdens,  et  plenissime  per- 
tractans  origines  et  dialecticos  Grsstas  linguas,"  Leydcfrf, 
1645.  iSv  **  Obsenratfones  in  jus  Atticum  et  Romanum,'' 
ibid.  1645,  8vo^  &c.  &ci  with  many  others  on  various  sub- 
jects  of  philosophy,  law,  and  criticism.  A  collection  ^ 
bis  letters  was- published  soon  after  his  death  byAutoiij^ 
Clement,  4to,  with  a  life  of  the  author,  but  many  others 
are  to  be  found  in  variotis  collections.^ 

SALMON-(Framgis),  a  learned  doctor  and  librarian  ^ 
the  bouse  and  society  of  the  Sorbonne,  was  born  of  an 
opulent  family  at  Paris,  in  1677.-  He  waswell  acquainted 
wkh  itae  learned  languages,  psrticuhtriy  Heb? ew,  possessed 
great  literary  knowledge^  and  discovered  much  aiiectiotk 
for  young  persons  who  were  fond  of  study,  encMumging 
them  by  his  example  and  advke,'and  taking  pleattofein 
lending  them  his  books.  He  died  suddenly  at  his  country 
bouse,  at  Chaitlot,  near  Pftris,  Sept.  9,  1736,  aged  fifhr- 
nine^  He.  published  a  very  useful  work  illustimcive  or  a 
part  of  ecclesiastical  history,  entitled  ^  Trait6  de  Tetnde 
des  Conciles,*'  with  an  account  of  the  principal- authors  and 
works,  ^best  editions,  &c.  upon  the  subject  of  coonoils^ 
Paris,  1724,  4to.     This  has  been  translated  into  German, 

•and  printed  at  Leipsic,  in  1729.     He  intendedalioto  have 

.  '•  *.'.'■♦ 

>  Life  by  Cleiaent.— Baillet  Jagemens.*— Bloaat's  Censuis**— MorerU— Bur* 
mao's  *'Syllo5e."<^Sasii  Onomaiticon. 


SALMON.  3f 

given 'a  supplement  to  <^  Father  Labbe*s  CoUeotioti  of  Conn  <* 
cils^^' :  and  an  ^*  Index  Sorbonicus,^'  or  alphabetical  library^ 
in  which  was^  tobegiv^i,  under  the  namcfs  of  the  respective 
authors^  their  acts,  lives,  chronicles,  bistones,  books,  trea« 
tiaes,  bnlls^  &c.  but  did  not  live  to  oomplete  either.* .  • 

SALMON  (Nathaniel),  anEoglish  antiquary,,  was  the 
aen  of  the  rev.  Thomaa  Salmon^)  M.  A.  rectpr  of  Mepsali  in 
Bedfordahire,  by  a  daughter  of  the  notorious  serjeant  Brad<^ 
sha:w.  He  was  admitted  of  BeoeH  college,  Cambridigey 
June  i  1,  1'690,  where  his  tutors  were  dean  Moss  and  arch* 
deacpo  Lunn,  and  took  the  degree  of  LL.  B.  in  1695.  Soon 
aiievrhe  went  intO:  orders,  and ,  was  for  scune  time  curate  of 
Westmill  in.  Hertfordshire;  but^  although  he  liad  taken 
the  oaths  to  king  William,  be  had  so  many  scruples  against 
taking:«them  to  his  successor,  queen  Anne^,  that  he  became 
e^litatnted  to  resign  the. clerical  profession,  and  with  it  a 
living  of.  IWL  per  annum,  offered  bim  in  Suffolk.  He  thea 
applied  himself  to.  the  study. of  -physic,  which  he  practised 
first  at  St.  Ives  in  Huntingdonshire,  and  afterwards  at  Bi* 
sbq^.  Stortfiord^  in  the  county  of  Hertford*,  His  leisure 
tioie  aqppears  to  have  been  employed  in  studying  the  hbtoiy 
and  ajitiquitiesof  his  country,  on  which,  subjects  he  pub* 
liidiedy  1.  ^<  A  Survey  of  the  Roman  Antiquities  in  the  Mid* 
land  Coualies  in  England,'^  1786,  8va  2.  i%A  Survey  of 
the  Rpmanv  Stations  in  Britain,  aocordtng  to  the  Roman 
Itinerary 2"  1721,  8vo.  3.  ^<The  Histoiyof.Hertfordshii^^ 
descvibing .the  county  and  its.ancient  monuments,  particu* 
lady  tbier  Roman,  with  tbe  characters  of  those  that  have 
hMn  tknet  chief  ppssesscMs  of  the  lands,  and  an  account  of 
llw  XQoat  imemorable  occ»irreAoes/'  I728»  folio.  This  was 
dfmigned  as  a. continuation  of  Gbauncey's  History,  and  was 
d^tf3saledL>tQ  tbe  earl  pf  Hertford.  4.  ^*  The  Lives  of -the 
liii^UtthBishops  from  the  Restoration  to  \he  Revolution,  fit 
t^i^be  .opposed  to  tbe.  Aspersions  of  some  late  Writers  of 
SJeeret  jUi^tory,"  17$3,  a  work  which  we  have  occasionally 
found,  very  useful,  although  the  author^s  prejudices,  in 
Sfsme  induces,. appear  rather  strong.  5.  ^<A  Survey  of 
the/Roman  Stations  in  England,"  173i,  (an  improved  edi<>* 
tion.  probably  of  the  first  two  works  above  mentioned)  2 
Yeb«vd  ve*  ^  ^.  ^  The  Antiquities  of  Surrey^  collected  from 
tbe:  0iost  micient  records,  add  dedicated  to  Sir  John  Eve* 
lyni  bart»  with  some .  Account .  of  the  Present  State  and 

.      .  •  •  • 

*  Moreri.— Pict  Hi>t. 


•O  SALMON: 

Natural  History  of  the  County/*  1 736,  8tq.  7*  ^  The  His** 
(ory  and  Antiquities  of  Essex,  from  the  Collections  of  Mr« 
Strangeman,*^  in  folio,  with  soone  notes  and  luiditions  of 
hb  own ;  but  death  put  a  stop  to  thitf  work,  when  he  bad 
gone  through  about  two  thirds  of  the  county;  so  that  the 
hundreds  of  Chelmsford,  Hinkford,  Lexden,  Tendrlng, 
and  Tburstable,  were  left  unfinished. 

Mr.  Salmon  died  April  2,  1742,  leaving  three  daughters. 
His  elder  brother,  Thomas,  honoured  with  the  name  of 
the  historiographer,  is  said  to  have  died  in  1743,  but  most 
have  b6en  livlncr  some  years  after  this,  when  he  published 
bis  account  of  Cambridge,  &c.     Mr.  Cole  says,  <^  he  ivas 
brought  up  to  no  learued  profession,  yet  had  no  small  turn 
for  writing,  as  his  many  productions  shew,  most  of  whtdi 
w^e  written  when  be  resided  at  Cambridge,  where  at  last 
he  kept  a  coffee-house,  but^  not  having  sufficient  custom, 
removed  to  London.^^     He  told  Mr.  Cole  tbat  h^  had  been 
much  at  sea,  and  had  resided  in  both  Indies  for  some,  tiipe. 
His  best  known  publication,  and  that  is  not  much  known 
now,  is  hia  ^^  Modern  History,  or  Present  State  of  all  |>fa« 
Ijons,^  published  in  many  volumes,  8vo,  about  1731,  &c« 
and  re^ published,  if  we  mistake  not,  in  3  vols,  folio,  from 
which  it  was  afterwards  abridged  in  2  vols,  and  long  conti- 
nued to  be  published  under  various  fictitious  names*     Ha 
wrote  also  *^  Considerations  on  the  k\\\  for  a  general  natu** 
ralization,as  it  may  conduce  to  the.  imiprovement  ^f  oar 
manufactures  and  traffic,  and  to  the  stnengthening  or  eri* 
dangering  of  the  constitution,  eKemplified  in  the  revolu- 
tions that  have  happened  in  this  kingdom,  by  inviting  over 
foreigners  to  settle  among  us.     With  an  (nquiiy  into  the 
nature  of  the  British  constitution,  atid  die  freedom  orser- 
^tude  of  the  lower  class  of  people,  in  the  several' changes 
it  has  undergone^"  Lend.  1748,  8va     '<  I'he  Foreigner's 
Companion  through  the  universities  of  Oxford  and  Canoi'* 
bridge,  and  the  adjacent  counties,  describing  the  several 
colleges  aiid  other  public  buildings,  with  an  account  of  their 
respective  founders,  benefactors,  bishops,  and  other  emi* 
neiit  men  educated  in  then),'*  ibid.  1748,  8vo.    This  title 
ttre(  give  from  Cole,  as  we  have  not  seen  the  work»    Pievt«* 
ousiy.  to  this,  Mr.  Salmon  intended  to  write  ^'  The  present 
state  of  the  Universides,  and  of  the  five  adjacctfit:  ooundes 
of  Cambridge,  Huntingdon,  Bedford,  Bocks^  and  Oxibid/* 
but  published  only  the  first  volume,  1744,  8vo,  which  con- 
tains the  history  of  Oxford,  county  and  university.    To 


is  X  t  Al  0  JJ;  »i 

tHts  afe  added  some  shrewd  remarks  on  universrty  ddlica-* 
tion,  and  a  college  life,  with  the  cxpences  attending  it* 
In  the  preface  he  speaks  of  a  "  Greneral  Description  of  En-* 
giand,  and  particularly  of  London  the  metropolis,"  in  2 
Vbls.  which  he  had  published.  His  name  is  also,  to  a  **  Geo- 
graphical Grammar,^'  an  **  Examination  of  Burnet's  History 
of  his  own  Tinies,**  and  other  works.     The  "  New  Histori- 
cal account  of  St.  George  for  England,  and  the  original  of 
this  order,**  Lond.  J  704,  is  ascribed  by   Mr.   Gough  to 
Mr.  Tfabmas  Salmon,  the  father,  who,  it  may  noiv  be  meifl-  • 
tioned,  was  distinguished  as  a  musical  theorist^  and  wrota ' 
**  An  Essay  to  the  Advancement  of  Music,  by  casting  away 
the  Perplexity  of  different  Cliffs ;  and  uniting  all  sorts  of- 
Music,  Lute,  Viols,  Violins,  Organ,  Harpsichord,  Voices ' 
^c.  in  one  universal  Character,  by  Thomas  Salmon,*  ArM. ' 
of  Tfinity  College,  Oxford,*'  London,   167J^.     This  book, 
bays  Dr.  Burney,  "is  well  written,  and/  though  very  illl-  • 
berally  treated  by  Lock,  Play  ford,'  and  some  oiher  profes-^ 
sors,  contains  nothing  that  is  either  absurd  or  impracticable; 
tior  could  we  discover  any  solid  objection  to  its  doctrines 
bieing  adopted,  besides  the  effect  it  would  have  upon  old 
music,  by  soon  renderiiig  it  unintelligible.     At  present  the 
tenor  def  alone  is  thought  an  insuperable  difficulty  in  out 
country,  by  dilettanti  performers  on  the  harpsichord ;  but  * 
if  Salmon's  simple  and  easy  musical  alphabet  were  chiefly 
in  use,  the  bass  clef  would  likewise  be  soon  rendered  as 
obsolete  and  difficult  as  the  tenof ;  so  that  two  parts  of 
clefs  out  of  three,  in  present  use,  wpuld  become  unintel^ 
ligible.*'**^  - 

-SALTER  (Samuel),  a  learned  English  divine,  was  th« 
eldest  son  of  Dr.  Samuiel  Salter,  prebendary  of  Norwidh, 
and  archdeacon  of  Norfolk,  by  x\nne-Penelope,  the  daugh- 
tap  of  Dr.  Johrt  Jeffery,  archdeacon  of  Norwich.  '  He  was 
educate^d  fof  some  time  in  the  free-school  of  that  city, 
whence  he  removed  to  that  of  the  Charter-house,  and  was 

*  There  iras  m  WitiUM  Salmon,  larg^  Herbal,''  folt  which  Dr.  Pol^nejr 
Whether  related  to  the  above  family  is  mentions  wiih  some  degree  of  resf>eet. 
uncertain,  a  noted  empirii:,  who  prac-  His  *•  Polygraph  ice*'  has  sold  better 
tiaed  phj^ic  with  various  success  for  a  than  all  the  rest  of  his  ^orJu ;  the 
long  oaatie  of  years.  He  published  a  tenth  edition  of  it  is  dated  Lond.  17Q1,  , 
oohsideraDle  nupber  of  medical  boolcs,  He  lived  about  the  latter  end  of  the 
the  cAiief  of  wtiidiis  his  '*  Complete  aeventeenth  ceatury  aiid  beginning  of  * 
Pt^ieian,  otfDcoKgist'iSbopopetied^'^  the  eighteeiitb.   ,        '. 

a  thick  octavo  of  1207  pages;   "  A      .,  '  >      , 

*  'Ma8ters*8  WisU  of  C.  C.  C,  C— Cole's  MS  Athenas  Cantab,  in  Brit  i^fus.^ 
^iotogh't  Topograph V,  &c,—G«Dt»  Mag.  vol.  LXVf.* - 

Vol.  XXVII.  G 


I 
\ 


ag;  SALTER. 

a4niitted  oC  BeneUi-cpHe^e,  Cambridge,  June  30,  1730#» 
.  under  the  tuition  of  Mr.  Cherries  Skottqwe.     Sooo  aft^r  bi^ 
taking  tl^e  degree  of  B.  A*  in  17^3,  he  was  c^i^sen  iuto  a. 
fi^lQwsbip,  ai^d  topk  bis  masffr's  d^gre^  in  1737.     His  na« 
taraV  aD4  a^cqtiired  abilities  rfscoo^ipend^d  bim  to  sir  Pbjlip. 
Xorke>  tb^p  lord-qluef-justipe  of  ^be  Kiog^s^hc^nch,  and 
afterwards  ^rL  of  Hardwicke,  for  the  instructipn.  of  his . 
e|4e|^tsoD  the  second  ^arl,  whq,  with,  three  of  his  brothei7»y 
ip  eqmpU^ent  toabp.  H^rrii^^g,  was  educated  at  that  col-, 
lege.    As  soon  as  that  eminent  lawyer  was  i^ade  lord^ 
chanCiel)or,  he  appointed.  Mi;.  Salter  his  don^e^iq  chaplain, 
and  gave  him  a  prebend  in,thje  church, of  Glojuf^est^r,  wbicb 
bfs  .afterwards  exchanged  for  one  in  that  of  N(orwich.    Ai^out 
the  tiiK\e  of  bis  quitting  Cambridge^  he  was  on^  of  the^writeVs 
in  th§  "  Atb^niat^  Letters.'*     Soon  after  the  chancellor  gave  . 
Mr.  Si^Uer  the  reptpry  of  B,urton  Coggles,  in  the  county  of 
I^ncoint  in  1740^  where  be  went  to  r^tde  soon  after^  and, 
niarryipg  Miss  Seeker,  a  relation  of  the  then  bishop,  of . 
Oxford,  continued  there  till  17]5,0,  when  he  wa$  noininated  , 
nqiinister  of  Qr^  Yarmouth  by  the  de^n  and  <:hapter  of' 
Norwich.     Hj^re.  be  performed  tl^  duties  of  tb^t  large, 
parish   with  great,  diligence,    till   his   prp^np.tiph   to  the 
preacbership  at  the  Cbarter^bpuse  in  Japuary  1754,  som^ 
time  before  which  (in  Jpiy,  175J),  abp.  Herring  had   ho- 
noured him  with  tbe|  degree;  of  D.  D.  at  Lambetb*     In  1756, . 
h^'  was. presented  by  the  iprd-chaDcelio^  to  th^.  rectory  of 
St,  E|artholomew  near  the  I^yal  Exchange>  wbicb  was  tbe 
laj;t  ecclesiastical  pref^r^^ent  he  obtained  j;  but  id  Nov. 
1761,  he  succeeded  Dr.  Bearcroft  as  master  of  the  Cbgr^  , 
ter-'kou^e,  who  had  been  bispreil^ecessor  in  the  preiacher-  ' 
ship.     While  he  was-  a   member,  of  Bene't  eollege,  Ire \ 
printed  Greek  Pindaric  odes  on  the  nuptials  pf  the  princes  , 
of  Orange  and  Wales,  and  a  copy  of  Latin  verses  on  the 
death  of  queei)  Caroline.     Besides  a  sermon. preached  on  . 
occasion  of  a  nvusic- meeting  at  Gloucester,  anojjifr  before 
ihe  lord-mayor,  Sept.  2,  1740,  on  the  anniversary  of  the  * 
fire  of  London,  a  third  before  tbe  sons  of  the  clergy,  1755, 
which  was  much  noticed  at  tbe  time,  and  underwent  seve^  ' 
ral  alteratidns  before  it  was  printed ;  and  one  before  the 
House  of  Commons,  Jan.  30,  1762;  he  published' "A  ' 
complete  CQUection  of  Sermons  and  Tracts''  of  his. grand- 
father Dr.  Jeffery,  1751,  in  2  vols.  8vo,  with  bis  life  pre-*^^ 
fixed,  and  a  new  edition  of  '^  Moral  add.  Religious  Apho«f  > 
fisms,'^  by  Dr.  WhicbcQte,  with  large  additions  of  some  > 


S  A  L  TE  ft.  83 

letters  that  passed  between  him  and  Dr.  Tucktiey,  ^'  con- 
cerning the  Use  of  Reason  in  Religion/'  &c.  and  a  bio* 
gfapfaic^l  preface,  1751,  8v6.  To  these  may  be  added, 
^*  Some  Queries  relative  to  the  Jevirs,  odcasidned  by  a  lat0 
sermon,'*  with  some  other  papers  occasioned  by,  the 
'^Queries,'*  published  the  same  yeac  In  1 773  and  1774, 
he  revised  through  the  press  seven  of  the  celebrated  . 
"  Letter^  of  Ben  Mordec^i  ;*'  written  by  .the  rev.  Henry 
l^aylor,  of  Crawley  in  Hants:  In  .1776,  Dr.  Salterprinted 
for  private  use,  *^  The  first  106  lines  of  the  First  Cfook  of 
the  Itiad  *  ;  nearly  as  written  in  Homer^s  Time  and  Coun- 
try;** and  printed  also  in  that  year,  **  Extract  from,  the 
Statutes  of  the  House^  and  Orders  of  the  Governors,  re- 
specting the  Pensioners  or  poor  Brethren"  (of  the  Charter-^ 
house),  a  large  single  sheet  in  folio ;  in  1777,  he  corrected 
the  proof-sheets  of  Bentley*s  *^  Dissertation  on  Pbalaris;** 
and  ndt  long  before  bis  death,  which  happened  May  2, 
177S,  he  printed  also  an  inscription  to  the  memory  of  his  . 
parents,  an  account  of  all  which  may  be  seen  in  the 
*VAnecdote8  of  Bowyer.**  Dr.  Salter  was  buried,  by  his 
own  express  direption,  in  the  most  private  manner,  in  the 
commbn  buriaUground  belohgfing  to  the  brethren  of  the 
Charter-house. 

In'  the  discussion  of  philological  subjects.  Dr.  Salter 
proved  himself  a  very  accurate.  Greek  scholar;  his  reading, 
was  universal,  and  extended  through  the  whole  circle  of 
ancient  literature ;  he  Was  acquainted  with  the  poets,  bis- 
toriansy  orators,  philosophers,  and  critics,  of  Greece  and 
Rdme ;  his  memory  was  naturally  tenacious,  and  it  bad 
aciouiredfreat  artificial  powers,  if  such  an  expression  be 
allowable,  by  using  no  notes  when  he  delivered  his  sermons. 
t\>  extempore  preaching  he  had  accustomed  hiniself  for  a 
lon^  course  of  years.  So  retentiveindeed  were  his  faculties, 
that,  .till  a  few  years  before  bis  deatb^  he  could  quote  long 
pasfages  from  almost  every  author  whose  works  he  had 
periised,  even  with  a  critical  exactness.  Nor  were  his 
studies  cpn6n.ed.to  the  writesrs  of. antiquity;  be  was  eijually 
coij^ersiht  with  English  liters ture^^  and  with  the  languages*^ 
and  productions  of  the  learned  and  v  ingenious  in  variou3\ 
parts  of  Europe.     In  his  earlier  Ufe  he  had  be^en  acquainted 

*  Theie  (with   Dr.    Salter's  lenti-     '*  Daw.e9'i  Miscellanea   Critica/*  0%9 
me»t«  on  the  JDigamnHt)  baVe  hetti    ford/l'tSl,  8to;  p.  404~r4^, 
tiDM  copied  is  iD  imjpnrai  edltiQiii  of 

Q  3 


ti  SALTER. 

I 

'ivith  Bentleyvand  cherished  his  memory  with  profound 
respect.  He  preserved  many  anecdotes  of  this  great  critic, 
which  were  published  from  his  papers  by  our  learned 
English  printer,  Bowyer.  *    - 

SALUTATO.     See  COLUCCIO. 

SALVATOR  ROSA.     See  ROSA. 

SALVIAN,  orSALVIANUS,  an  elegant  and  beautiful 
writer,,  was  one  of  those  who  are  usually  calledfathers  of  the 
^  church,  and  began   to  be  distinguished  about  440.     The 
time  and  place  of  his  birth  cannot  be  settled  with  any  ex- 
actness.    Some  have  supposed  him  to  have  been  an  Afri-  . 
can,  but  without  any  reasonable  foundation :  while  others 
have  concluded,  with  more  probability,  that  be  was  a  Gaul^ 
frbm  his  calling  Gallia  his  "  solum  patrium  f  though  per- 
haps this  may  prove  no  more  than  that  his  family  came 
frpm  that  country.     His  editor  Baluzius  infers  from   his 
first  epistle,  that  be  was  born  at  Cologne  in  Germany  ;  and 
it  is  known,  that  he  lived  a  long  time  at  Triers,  where  he  . 
inarried  a  wife  who  was  an  heathen,  but  whom  he  easily 
brought  over  to  the  faith.     He  removed  from  Trier?  into  , 
the  province  of  Vienne,  and  afterwards  became  a  priest  of 
Marseilles.     Some  have  said,  that  he  was'  a  bishop ;  but 
this  is  a  mistake,  which  arose,  as  Baluzius  very  well  con- 
jectures, from  this  corrupt  passage  in  Gennadius,  **  Ho- 
milias  scripsit  Episcopus  multas ;"  whereas  it  should  be 
tead  "  Episcopis"  instead  of  **  EpiscopiTs,"  it  being  known  ; 
that  he  did  actually  compose  many  homilies  or  sermons 
for  th6  use  of  some  bishops.     He  died  very  old  towardi  ' 
the  end  of  the  fifth  century,  after  writing  and  publishing  a 
grefit  many  works;  of  which,  however,  nothing  remairis  but/ 
efght  books   "  De  Providentia  Dei  ;'^  four  books  •*  Adver- 
8US  avaritiam,  prsesertim  Clericorum  et  Sacerdotum  ;"  and 
nfne  epistles.     The  best  edition  of  these  pieces  is  that  of 
Paris  1663,  in  8vo,  with  the  notes  of  Baluzius;  re-printed 
elegantly  in  166.9,  8v6.     The  "  Commonitoriiim"'of  Vin* 
^entius  Lirinensis  is  published  with  it,^  with  notes  also  bj 
Baluzius.* 

SA  LVIATI  (Francisco  Rossi),  called  II  Salviati,  front 
the  favour  and  patronage  of  the  cardinal  Salviati,  was  the 
son  of  Michelangiolo  Rossi,  and  was  born  at  Florence  in 

1510.     He  was  first  placed  as  a  pupil  under  Andrea  d^^H 

•  •  •      '  ■    • 

>  Nichols'*  Bow?er.^Matter8'  Hist,  of  C,  C.  C.  q. 

*  C%fMt  v«L  L-«Wofkt  by  B»lu3itts.r-^Larda«r's  Works^— Dupin. 


S  A  L  V  I  A  T  I.  85 

• 

Sanpi  ^nd  afterwards,  with  far  more'  advantage,  with  Bac- 
cio  Baiidinelii.  Here  he  had  for  his  fellow  pupil,  Vasar^, 
who  afterwards  pronounced  him  the  greatest  painter  thep 
in  Rothe.  His  employment  kept  pace  with  his  reputation, 
-and,' among  other  beneficial  orders,  he  was  engaged  by 
'bis  patron,  the  cardinal,  to  adorn  his  chapel  with  a  series 
of  frescoes,  the  subjects  being  taken  from  the  life  of  Sw 
John  Baptist.  He  produced  a  set  of  cartoons  of  the  historjr 
of  Alexander,  as  patterns  for  tapestries ;  and,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Vasari,  ornamented  the  apartments  of  the  Can- 
celtaria  with  paintings  in  fresco.  From  Rome  he  went  to 
Venice^  where  he  painted  many  pictures,  both  for  public 
edifices  and  private  collections,  particularly  the  history  of 
•Psyche  for  the  Palazzo  Grimaldi.  He  afterwards  travelleii 
through  Lombardy,  and  made  some  stay  at  Mantua,  studyr 
ing  with  much  delight  the  works  of  Julio  Romano.  At 
Florence,  he  was  employed  by  the  grand-duke  to  adorn  the 
Palazzo  Vecchio :  in  one  of  the  saloons  he  represented  the 
victory  and  triumph  of  Furius  Camillus,  a  work  greatly  ad- 
mired for  the  truth  and  taste  of  the  imitation,  and  the  vi- 
<gour  and  spirit  df  the  composition. 

A  restless  habit,  and  a  disposition  to  rove,  led  Salviati 
to  accept  an  invitation  to  France,  from  the  cardinal  d^ 
Lorraine  in  the  name  of  Francis  I.,  then  engaged  in  con- 
structing and  adorning  his  palace  at  Fontainebleau ;  ancl 
during  his  «tay  here,  he  painted  a  fine  picture  for  th« 
church  of  the  Ceiestioes  at  Paris,  of  the  taking  down  from 
the  Cross.  He  soon  after  returned  to  Italy,  where  tha 
iarbulence  of  his  temper  and  his  continual  disputes  wiia 
his  brethren  shortened  tiis  days.  Such  continual  agitatiQii 
of  mifid  brou^t  on  a  fever,  of  which  he  died  in  1^63,  at 
the  age  of  fifty-three.* 

•  SALVINI  (Antonio  Maria),  a  learned  Italian,  was  born 
at  Florence  in  1654,  where  he  afterwards  became  professor 
of  Greek,  which  he  understood  critically.  He  has  the 
leredit  of  having  contributed  much  to  the  promotion  of 
good,  taste  in  Italy,  chiefly  by  his  translations,  which  com- 
prize the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  of  Homer;  Hesiod  ;  Theocri- 
tus ;  Anacreon  ;  and  many  of  liie  minor  poets  and  epi* 
grammatfsts:  the  Clouds  and  Plutus  of  Aristophanes;  parts 
of  Horace ^and  Ovid;  Persius;  part  of  the  Book  of  Job 
Atidthe  Lamentations;  Boileau's^^Art  Poetique;"  Addison's 

}  Argeuville^  vpL  L— Pilkiogtoii.— ^Reel's  Cyclopedia*  .,    .; 


.86  S  A  I,  V  I  N  I. 

"  CatoV  and  "Letters  from  Italy/*  and  other  piieces.AU 
these  are  literally  translated,  which  obliged  him  to  in^ro* 
duce  into  the  Tuscan  language  a  .multitiide  of  new  coa|« 
pound  tern^s.  He  wrote, also  '^  Spnnet9  and  other.origiml 
Toems/*  4to,;  «  Tuscan  pro^e,*'  1715,  2iroU..  4to;  *VA 
hundred  Academical  Discpurses  f  *  ^^  A  funeral  Oration  fqr 
Antonio  Magliabecchi,'^  apd  pth.^r  works,  fie  died  in  I72£f. 
'The  Salvinia,  in  bptaqy,  wa^  so  ,naa^pd  in  complimoat  %p 
faim,  but  of  his  bptapical  talents  we  have  no  informatipo* 
Salvini  also  belonged  to  the  academy  i>f  De  la  Crusca,fand 
\iras  particularly  iustruqDenta,l  in  the  cpmpletipa  of  that  ce« 
lebrated  Dictionary,  tleh^d  aypunger  brother^  a.c^non 
of  Florence,  who  died  at  an  adviinaedage  in  .1751.  H^a 
yas  also  a  distinguished  ,inan  of  letters,  and  published  |i 
'  work,  entitled  '^  Fasti  consplari  delle^  Acadf^mia  F^pren* 
jtina,*'  and  the  Lives  of  Magalptti  apd  Migliocucci/ 

SAMBUCUS  (JohnJ,  ap'^minept  physician,  and  one  qf 
the  most  learned  writefrs  in  the  sixteenth  century,  vfMs  born 
in  1531,  at  Tirnau  in  Hungary.  Qe  v^ited  t^e  universities 
of  Germany,  Italy,  and  Fran.ce,  ^iid  applied  with  alau>&t 
equal  success  to  the  stu4y  of  ^ledicine,  the  beUea  lettrea^ 
poetry,  history,  and  .antiquities,  flis  learning  ai^d  r^pu- 
tatipn  introduced  him  with  great  a^antage  at  tb^  courts .<]^ 
the  emperprs  Maximilian  IL  and  ^qdolphus  IJ.  to  w^oi^ 
he  bjecame  counsellor  ai)d  historiographer*  l^ambucus  died 
of  an  apoplexy  at  Vienna  in  Austria,  June  13^  ^584,  .#g^d 
fifty-three,  leaving  an  excellent  **  History  of  Hungary,'* 
in  the  German  histories  publishjed  by  Schardius.;  "  Livejs 
of  the  Roman  Emperors  f '  l4tjtui  translations  of  f'  liiesiQ/d, 
'Theophylact,  and  part  of  Plato,  Ovid,,  and  Thupydide^  ;'* 
^*  Commentaries  on  Horace's  Art  of  Poetry  ;'\  nptes  op  s^ 
veral  Greek  and  Latin  authors;  .'Mcones  D^edicprum,'' 
Antwerp,  1603,  fol.;  '^EmbleinaW  A^^twerp,  l^TC,  l^to, 
and  several  other  works  in  verse  and  prose«5 

SAMPSON  (Thomas),  an  eminpnjt  puritan  diyipte,  W3|^ 
according  to  Strype,  born  a(  Play  ford  in  Suffolk,  ai^]^;^ 
.a  fellow  pf  Pembroke- hall>  Cambridge.  Woofl  s^yi(  be 
Was  bom,  in  1517,  without  specifying  where;  bp|  a^ds, 
that  he  was  educated  ac,  Oxford,  .which  seeqas  mpst  probar 
1>le,  as  tha^  university  was  the.  scene  of  much  of  his  future 
life.     He.  appears  to  have,  imbibed  the  principles  of  thf 

>  VabroBi  Viie  1t|iloniin,-.*Moreri.-*-Saxii  Onomasdcon. 
s  BuUait't  Academic  des  Scieaces.i^BlouQi*ii  C«ii»ura.-«'Moreri«— *SflX]i  0«mi- 
msftioon. 


k  ■ 


\ 


S  A  M  P  S  O  N.  si 

irfffolrmtitlon  ftt  a  very  early  period^  aiid  becamb  sueli  an 
Adtit^  rea^oner  thlit  Wood  informs  us  he  was  the  means  of 
cbbvertiiig  Jobh  Bradford,  the  famous  martyr.  He  began 
Kfce^ii^e  very  earty  to  entertain  those  prejudfces  agarnst 
die  habits  wbioh  occasioned  so  much  mischief  in  tlie  diarcb, 
zhd  which  were  confirmed  in  him,  and  many  others,  by 
aiisocia^ing  with  the  Geneva  reformers  during  their  exile 
m  the  time  bf  queen  Mary.  He  was  ordained  by  arch- 
bishop .Cranmer  and  bishop  Ridley,  who,  at  liis  request, 
dbpensed  with  the  habits,  to  which  now,  and  eVer  after, 
be  a^tacbed  the  idea  of  idolatry.  He  wks  chaplain  in^  tbe 
alrtify  of  lord  Rustel  in  bits  exjpedition  against  tbef  Scots. 
In  1551,  be  was  prisfer'red  to  the  rectory  of  Allhaflow^', 
Breadvstre^9  Loi^on,  which  he  resigned  in  1553,  ahd  the 
year  following  to  the  deanery  of  ChicKestler.  Odring  the 
reign  of  EdwaH  VI.  lie  was  accounted  one  of  the  ablest 
and  most  tiaeful  preachers  in  confirming  the  peopte  in  the 
d^btrims  of  tbe  reformation.  On  the  accession  of  queeh 
Maiy  he  cobbeiled  biinserlf  for  some  time ;  but  having  been 
active  in  collecting  money  forthe  Support  df  poor  ^cholar^ 
in  tb^  two  universities,  harrbwiy  escarped  being  apprehended, 
and  was  obliged  to  go  -abroad,  where  he  resided  chiefly  at 
Strasburgh^  wfth  tbe  other  JEngKsb  eiiles,  and  bad  s6md 
band  in  the  Geneva  translation  of  the  Bible. 

On  the  accession  of  queen- Elizabeth  he' returhedi  hbme^ 
liotdnly  confirmed' in  his  aversion  to  the  Habits,  but  wrth  a 
dislike^  it  would  iappear,  to  the  wholeofthe'hierarchy,  and 
refused  tbe  bishopric  of  Norwich  because  disisatislied  with 
the  fiatur6  of  tbi^  dfBce.  He  continued,  however,  to  |)reacfa«. 
particularly  at  Paul's  cross,  wher^  his  wohderfiil  m^inpiy 
and  feloquenice  ^tre  very  much  admired ;  and  in  September 
t5B6  he  was  mkde  a  prebendary  of  Durham'.  In  Micbief* 
toi»'4erm  1561^  be  Was  installed  deaii  of  Christ- church, 
Oxford.  On  this  occa^ioti  sonfe  members  of  that  society, 
wbb'  ribfcommended  bini  fdr  the  situation,  said,  that  ^"^  it 
Wkk  veiry  doubtful,  whether  there  was  a  better  niah,  a 
||^feati§r*lingbist,  a  ibofe  complete  scholar,  or  a  ibore  pro- 
Uiisttid  (tlvineV  and  it  is  certai^i  that  for  some  years  Be  and 
Dr.  Eawrence  Humphrey  were  the  only  protestant  preacher^ 
Kt  Oxford  of  any  celebrity.  In  1 562,  he  resigned  bis  pre- 
l^^d'bf  Dttrham,  and  became  so  open  and  zealous  in  his 
invectives  against  the.  babits^^  that  gf^er  considerably  fpr- 
fiearance,  be  was  cite£f,  with  Dr.  Hurophreyy  before  the 
bigb  commission  court  at  Lambeth,  and    Sampson   was 


^     M  SAM  P  S  O  N. 

deprived  of  his  deanery,  and  for  some  time  imprisonlKl^ 
Notwithstanding  bis  nonconformity,  however,  he  was  pre-r 
sented,  in  1568,  to  th^  mastership  of  Wigston^ho^pital, 
at  Leicester,  and  had  likewise,  according  to  Wood,  a  pre- 
bend in  St.  Paul's.  He  went  to  ^reside  at  Leicester,  and 
continued  ther^  until  his  death,  April  9,  1589.  He  mar,-*- 
ried  bishop  Lattmer*s  niece,  by  whom  h«  had  two  son^y 
John. and  Nathaniel,  who  erected  a  monument  to  his  m^^ 
mory,  with  a  Latin  inscription,  in  the  chapel  of  the  hos^ 
pital  at  Leicester,  where  he  was  buried.  His  works  are 
lew  :  1.  "Letter  to  the  professors  of  Christ's  Gospel,  in  tb^ 
parish  of  AUhallows  in  Breadstreet,''  Strasburgb,1554,  8vo^ 
which  is  reprinted  in  the  appendix  to  StrypeV^' £(;cles4- 
astical  Memorials,"  vol.  III.  2.  ^^  A  Warning  to  take  heed 
of  « Fowler's  Ps^lterV'  Lond,  1576  and  1578,  8vo.  .ThU 
was  a  popish  psalter  published  by  John  Fowler,  on^ce  a 
Fellow  of  New-qoUege,  Oxford,  but  who  went  abroad, 
turned  printer,  and  printed  the  popish  controversial  works 
for  some  years.  .  3^  *^  3rief  Collection  of  th^  Church  and 
Ceremonies  thereof,"  LQnd,.l58l,  8vo,  4.  "  Prayer^  and 
Meditations  Apostolike ;  gathered  and  frained  out  of  the 
Epistles  of  the  Apostles,"  kc  ibid.  159^,  16mo,  He  was 
also  editor  of  two  sermons  of  his  friend  ^ohn  Bradford,  on 
Tepentance  and  the  Lord's-supper,  Lond,  1574,  1581,  and 
1589,  8vo.  Baker  ascribes  to  him,  a  translation  of '^aSjsr- 
mon^  of  John  Chrysostpmey  of  P^cienc^»  of  the  end  of  the 
world,  and  the- last  judgment,'' ,1550,  8 vo;  and  of  "  Arx 
Homelye  of  the.  Resurrection  of  Christ,"  by  John  Brenuus, 
.1550,  8vo.  Other  works,  or  papers  in  which  be  was  con-r 
cerned,  may  be  seen  in  our  authorities^' 
.  S  ANADON  (NoEi^-  Stepren),  a  learned  Jesuit  of  France, 
was  born  f^t  lioueit  in  1^76.  He  taught  polite  literature 
witk  distinguished  reputation  at  Caen,  where  he  contracted 
an  intimate  friendship  with  Huet,  bishop  of  Avranche.;  A 
taste  for  poetry  is  said  to  have  been  the  principal  bond  of 
their  union.  He  afterwards  professed  rhetoric  at  Paris..;  and 
^as  for  some  time  charged  with  the  education  of  the. prince 
of  Conti.  He  was  librarian  to  the  king  when  he  died,  Sepr 
tember  21,  173$,  He  published  separately  various  Latin 
poems,  whicli  are  reckoned  anriong  the  purest  of  modern 
times ;  and  also  published  them  in  a  collected  form,  f^  ,Cajr-^ 

I  Ath.  Ox.  new  edit  vol.  I.  —  Strype*i  AddaI'v -^  Slryoe's  ^iife  Qf  Parker. 
fp.l69,  184,  186,  243,  [448],  468, 


S  A  N  A  D  O  N.  S» 

mintiin  Rbri  quatuor,''  Paris,  1715,  \2tnOy  and  various  tbesea 
and  philological  dissertations ;  but  is  best  known  by  bis 
translation  of  tbe  works  of  Horace  with  notes;  a  work 
which  has  been  very  well  received.  Tbe  satires  and 
epistles  are  -ably  translated ;  but  the  odes  are  rather 
weakened  by  a  languid  paraphrase  than  a  version  answerable 
to  the  original.  His  notes  are  learned,  and  many  of  them 
very  useful  for  understanding  his  author ;  but  there  are  also 
marks  of  a  falsely  delicate  and  fastidious  taste,  not  unconi-p 
mon  among  French  critics.  The  best  editions  of  his  Ho« 
race  are  those  of  Paris,  1728,  2  vols.  4tQ,  aild  1756,  8 
vols,  12mo. '      • 

SANCHES  (Antonio  Nunes  Ribeiro),  a  learned  phy« 

sician,  was  born  March  7,  1766,  at  Penna-Macor,  in  Por<r 

tugaL     His  father,  who  was  an  opulent  merchant,  and  in« 

tended  him  for  tbe  bar,  gave  him  a  liberal  education ; 

but,  bein^  displeased  at  finding  him,  at  the  age  of  eighteen^ 

obstinately  bent  on  the  profession  of  physic,  withdrew  his 

protection,  and  he  was  indebted  to  Dr.  .Nun^s  Hibeiro^ 

his  motber^s  brother,  who  was  sr  physician  of  considerable 

repute  at  Lisbon,  for  tbe  means  of  prosecuting  his  medical 

studies,  which  he  did,  first  at  Coimbra,  and  afterwards  at 

Salamanca, :  where  he  took  the  degree  of  'M.  D.  in  1724; 

and  the  year  following  procured  the  appointment  of  phy-«' 

sician  to  the  town  of  Benevente  in  Portugal ;  for  which, 

as  is  the  Custom  of  that  country,  be  had  a  small  pension. 

His  stay  at  this  place,  however,  was  but  short.     He  was 

desirous  of  seeing  more  of  the  world,  and  of  improving 

himself  in  his  profession.     With  this  view  he  came  and 

passed  two  years  in  London,  and  had  even  {in  intention 

of  fixing  there ;  but  a  bad  state  of  health,  which  he  attri<^ 

"buted  to  the  climate,  induced  him  to  return  to  the  conti^ 

nent     Soon  after,  we  find  him  prosecuting,  his  medical 

studies  at  Leyden,  under  the  celebrated  Boerhaave^  and 

it  will  be  a  sufficient  proof  of  his  diligence:and  merit  .ta 

observe,  that  in  1731,  when  the  Empress,  of  Russia  (Anne) 

requested  Boerhaave  to  recommend  -to  her  three  physt^^ 

cians,  the  f^rofessor  immediately  fixed  upon  Dr.  Sanch^s 

to  be  one  of  the  number.     Just  as  he  was  setting  out  for 

llussia,  be  was  informed  that  his  father  was  lately  dead ; 

and  that  his  mother,  in  an  unsucce^isful  law*auit  with  the 

1  Haries  (who  has  a  high  opiaion  of  jSaoailon)  De  v\iis  ^hj)ofQ^tuof^  ▼^f <iyV 
vrMorerJ.^iFsiDict.  ni»t. 


W  RANCHES. 


i€«e  admiraltjr,  had-lbtit  the  gfeater.psrt  'of  ^ber  for^ 
tiine<  He  iminediiitely  ^assigned  orerbb  bwn  little'ctaitns 
find  expectations  in  Portugal  fdr  her  stipporu  Soon  aftfr 
bb  arrival  al8t.  PeiJerfbuiig,  Dr.  Bidloo '(son  ef'ttevfa-* 
moaS'pbjtioian  of  tliat  name),  Who  wtis  at  that  timt  first 
pbyaician  to  the  empress,  gave  bioi  an  appbintdfient  in  the 
hospital  at  Moacow^,  where  be  refii^iined  fill  1734,  when  htf 
«?ia  employed  as  physician  to  the  arnty,  in  which  capacity 
be  was  preseiit  «t  the  siege  ofAsoph,  wherb  be  was  at-> 
tacked  with. a  dangerous  fev^r,  and,  when  be  begMto  re^ 
tover,  Cmhh)  himself  in  a  Vent,  abandoned  by  bis  atten^ 
dants,  and  plundered  of  bis  papers  and  effects.  In  1740^ 
be  was  appointed  one  of  the  physicians  to  the  donrt,  and 
consulted  by  tbeein][)^ess,  iivho  bad  for  eight  years  beeit 
labouring  under  a  disease,  the  cauiTe  of  which  l^d  bevef' 
been  .satisfactorily  ascertained.  Dr.  Sancb^s,  in  a  cbnVer-^ 
sation  with  the  pritfie  minister,  gave  it  as  bis  opinion/ tluct 
the  complaint  originated  from  a  stone  in  ^le  of  the  Ifid- 
fieys,  and  admitted  only  of  paliiatiM.  At  the  end  <H^  six 
months  the  ebpress  died,  and  the  truib  of  his  opinion  waa 
confirmed  by  dissection.  Soon  afteir  the  death  hf  the  ettk* 
press,  Dn  S«incb^s  Wilis  advanced  by  the  I'ej^eht  to  the  of& 
fico  of  first  physician  ;  but  the  revolution  of  1742^  wbteli 
placed  Elizabeth  Peurownid  on  the  throne,  deprived  birt  of 
all  his  appointments.  Hardly  a  day  passed  that  he  did  ti^t 
bear  of  someof  bis  friends  perishing  on*tbe  s^caffold;  iLnd 
it  was  not  without  much  difficulty  that  he  obtained  leave 
to  retire  from  Russia.  His  library,  which  had  cost  bilh 
1.200  pounds  sterling,  he  disposed  of  to  the  adLdetny  of  St* 
Petersburg,  of  which  he  was  ah  honorary  membi^r ;  and} 
in  return,  tikey  agreed  to  give  him  a  pensioh  of  fort^ 
pounds  per  anoom.  During  his  residence  in  Russia,  hi^  - 
iiad  availed  himself  of  bis  situation  ^t  court,  to  establilb  A 
eorrespoudence  with  the  Jesoits  in  China,  wfad,  ih  returfi 
for  books  of  astronomy  and  other  pfie^ents,  sent  biin  seed^ 
br  platits,  together  with  other  articles  of  n^toral  history.  It 
was  from  Dr*  8aiicbi6s  that  the  late  Mr.  Peter  Coilitisim  first 
received  the  seeds  of  the  true  rhubarb,  but  the  plants\4rere 
destroyed  by  some  accident;  and  it  was  not  till  several 
years  afterwai^s  that  rhubarb  was  cultivated  with  soccesk ' 
m  this  cbimtry,  tvom  seeds  sent  over*  by  the  Ifttb  fM 
Mounsey.  In  1747,  he  went  to  reside  at  Paris,  where  he 
remained  till  bis  death.  He  enjoyed  the  friendship  df  the 
most  celebrated  physicians  and  pbilosopbeirs  of  that  capi 


«  A  N  €  H  £  «.  »l 

tB^j  at  the^innkiHtonof  aRoyidMedicfKl  Societjry'lie  was 
choseo  a  foreign  associate*  He  was  likewise  a  ineinber  0f 
,tbe  royal  »cadeiqy  of  Lisbon,  lo  the  establishment  €»f  whioh 
bXs  advice  had  .probably  contributed,  as  be  drew  up,  at 
the  deiiire  of  the  court  of  Portugal,  aeveral  memorials  on 
tbp  plans  nex^e&sary  to  be  adopted  forr  the  eocout^agemeat 
of  science.  Some  of  these  papers,  relative  to  the  esm- 
.blis)in)ent  of  an  university,  were  printed  during  his  life- 
time in,  Portuguese,  find  the  rest  have  been  foand  among 
'his  manuscripts^  .His  services  in  Russia  remained  for  aia* 
teen  years  unnotified;  hilt,  when  the  hite  empress  Catbe« 
rine  ascended  .the  thrpoe,  Or.  Sanch6s  was  net  foi^oitea. 
..He  bad  attended  h^r  in  a  ds^i^rous  illness  wbeu  sfa«was 
very  ypung  ;  and  ^he  now  rewardeid  him  with  a 'pension  ef 
a  thou^nd  roubles,  which  was  punctually  paid  tifU  bis  deatb« 
He  likewise  received  a  pension  from  the  court  of 'Porlugal, 
and  aooU^r  from  prince  GaUitzin.  A  great  part  of  bhts 
income  be  employed  in  acts  of  benevolence.  Of  jthe  libe- 
rality with  w;ith  he  a4ministeced  to  the  wants  of  bis  rela- 
lions  and  friends,  several  striking  instances,  which  our 
limits  vvili  not  permit  us  to  insert,  have  been  relatetl  fay 
lyir.  de  Mag.dlan.  He  was  naturally  of  an  infirm  habit  of 
body,  and,  during  the  sbst  thirty  years  of  his  life,  ire* 
gueo^tly  voided  small  stones  with  his  urine.  The  disposi- 
lion  CO  this  disease  increased  as  he  advanced  in  years,  i^nd 
for  a  considerable  time  before  his  death,  he  was  confined 
to  jtiis  aparUnepts.  The  last  visit  he  made  was,  in  17Sd,  to 
ith^,  grand  duke  of  Russia^  whp  was  then  at  Paris.  In  Sep* 
tember  1733,  he  perceived  that  his  end  was  appvoaebtng, 
an4  be  4ie4  on  the  14th  of  October  following*  His  library, 
.which  was  A:pnsiderable,  he  bequeathed  to  his  brother.  Dr. 
Marcello  Sanch^s,  who  was  likewise  a  pupil  of  Boerbaave, 
apd.wlfo  resided  at  Naples.  His  manuscripts  (among  which, 
,biesid^  a  cQqstderabl^  number  of  papers  on  medical  sub- 
jects^ are  letters  written  by  him  to  Boerbaa%'e,  Van  8wie- 
ten,  Gaubius,  Haller,  Werlbof,  Pringle,  Foihergill^  and 
other  learned  naen).  are  in  the  possession  of  Dr.  Andry, 
His  printed  wprks,  on  the  origin  of  the  venereii  dises^s^ 
and  other  subjects,  are  well  known  to  medical  readers; 
bjit  his  knowledge,  it  seeip^f  was  not  confined  to  his  own 
,pcp£assion ;  be  possessed  a  fund  of  general  learning,  and 
is  said  to  haye  been  profoundly  versed  io  politica.' 


Sop^l^weiit  to  the  edit,  of  Uiis  Diet.  178>,  Uqv^  the  LQadon  M^^icftl  Jouraal. 


ti 


«  A  N  CHE  Z. 


SANCHEZ  (Francis),  or  SANCTIUS  BROCENSIS; 
an  eminent  classical  scholar  of  the  sixteenth  centurv,  was 
born  at  Las  Brocas^  in  the'  province  of  Cstremaduras  in 
iSpain,  in  1523.  His  principal  residence  appears  to  have 
been  at  Salamanca,  where  he  was  professor  of  rhetoric,  and 
taught  Greet  and  Latin  with  the  highest  reputation,  de- 
rived from  the  originality  of  his  criticisms  and  remarks  oh 

-the  classics.  Justus  Lipisius;  Scioppius,  and  others,  seem 
at  a  loss  for  language  to  express  their  admiration  of  bis  ta- 

•lents  and  learning.  Lipsius  bestows  the  epithets  **  divine** 
and  "  admirable  ;'*^  and  Scioppius  says  he  ought  to  be  con^^* 
eidered  as  ^'communis  literatorum  oninium  pater  et  doc-^ 
tor.*'  Sanchez  died  in  1600,  in  the  seventy-seventh  year 
of  his  age.  He  publisfied  a  great  many  works  on  subjects 
of  classical  criticism,  and  was  the  editor  of  Persius,  Pon)- 
poi^ius  Mela,  Politian's  **  Sylvae,"  Alciat's  emblems,  Vir- 
gil's  Bucolics,  and  Horace's  Art  of  Poetry,  He  published 
also  two  Greek  grammars,  and  some  other  pieces  on  grant- 
mar  and  rhetoric ;  but  the  work  which  has  perpetuated  his 
reputation  is  bis  "  Minerva,  de  causis  linguae  Latinse,"  Sa- 
lamanca, 1587,  8vo,  which  was  often  reprinted.  In  more 
i^odern  times,  an  edition  was  published  at  Amsterdam,  in 

.  1754,  or  1761,  8vo,  with  a  supplement  by  Scioppius,  and 
notes  by  Perizonius.  This  was  reprinted  with  farther  inr^- 
provements  by  Scheidius,  at  Utrecht,  in  1795,  8vo ;  and 

.again  by  Bauer,  at  Leipsic,  in  1804,  2  vols.  8vo.* 

SANCHEZ   (Gaspaji),    a  learned  Jesuit,  was  born  dt 

-Cifuentes,  in  New  Castile,  about  [553.  According  to  tbe 
practice  of  the  society,  with  such  young  men  as  have  distin* 
guished  themselves  in  their  studies,  he  was  appointed  tb 
teach  the  learned  languages  and  the  belles  lettres  in  the 
Jesuits*  colleges  at  Oropesa,  Madrid,  and  other  places,  and 
was  at  last  chosen  professor  of  divinity  at  Alcala.  Here  he 
spent  thirteen  years  in  commenting  on  the  Scriptures,  tba 
result  of  which  h&  published  in  various  volumes  in  folio,  at 
different  times.  It  is  perhaps  no  inconsiderable  proof  df 
their  merit  that  Poole  has  made  frequent  references  to  theih 
in  his  "  Synopsis  Criticorum.'*     He  died  in  1628." 

SANCHEZ  (Peter  Anthony),  a  learned  Spanish  ec- 
clesiastic, was  born  at  Vigo  in  Gallicia  in  1740.  Aft€lr 
the  preparatory  studies  of  divinity,  &c.  he  entered  into  the 
church,  and  obtained  a  tanonry   in  the  cathedral  of  St. 

I  AnL  l^ihl  Hisp.^Siuii  Onomast.  '  Antonio  Btbl.  Hisp.-^Dict.  Hist! 


\ 


\ 


SANCHEZ.  as 

3^eSy  and  ^aa  likewise  appointed  professor  of  divinity  in 
that  city.  His  fame  procured  him  admission  into  many 
learned  societies,  and  he  became  one  of.  the  most  cele- 
brated preachers  of  the  last  century,  nor  was  he  less  ad-> 
mired  for  his  benevolence.  He  obtained  the  honourable 
title  of  the  father  of  the  unfortunate,  among  whom  he  spent 
the  whole  profits  of  his  c^nonry,  and  at  bis  death  in  1 806, 
left  no  more  than  was  barely  sufficient  to  defray. the  ex- 
pences  of  his  funeral.  The  leisure  be  could  sfpare  from.hi^ 
professional  duties  was  employed  in  the  study  of  the  eccle- 
siastical history  of  his  country,  which  produced  several 
wprks  that  are  highly  esteemed  in  Spain.  Some  of  them 
were  written  in  Latin,  and  some  probably  in  Spanish,  but 
our  authority  does  not  specify  which.     Among  them.are^ 

1.  '^  Summa  theologiae  sacrae/'  Madrid^  1789,  4  vols.  4to. 

2,  «  Annales  sacri,"  ibid.  1784,  2  vols.  8vo.  3,  "  History 
of  the  church  of  Africa/'  ibid.  1784,  Svo,  a  work  aboundr 
ing  in  learned  research.  4.  "  A  treatise  on  Toleration  in 
matters  of  I{ejigion,**  ibid.  1785,  3  vols.  4to,  rather  a  sin* 
gular  subject  for  a  Spanish  divine.  5.  *^  An  essay  on  the 
eloquence  of  the  pulpit  in  Spain,*'  ibid.  1778,  8vo.  7*his 
is.  a  history  of  sacred  oratory  in  that  country  in  various  ages^ 
with  the  names  of  those  who  yvere  th^  best  models  of  iL 
The  restoration  of  a  true  taste  in  thi^  species  of  eloquence 
be  attributes  to  his  countrymen  becoming  acquainted  with 
the  works  of  those  eminent  French  preachers  Bossuet,  Mas- 
sillon^  fioordaloue,  &c.  6.  *^  A  collection  of  )iis  Sermons,'* 
ibid.  3  vols.  4to.  These  were  much  admired  in  Spain,  and 
w^re  the  same  year  translated  into  Italian,  and  printed  at 
Venice  in  4  vols.  4to.  7.  '*  A  paper  read  in  the  Patriotia 
Society  .of  Madrid  in  1782,  on  the  means  of  encouraging 
industry  in  Gal licia,*'  ibid.  1782,  Hvo.  This  being  his  na- 
tive country.  Dr.  Sanchez  had  Iqng  laboured  to  introduce 
kabits  of  industry,  and  had  influence  enough  to  procure  a 
repeal  of  some  oppressive  laws  which  retarded  an  object  of 
iQ  o^ucfa  importance^ 

.SANCHEZ,  SANCTIUS,  or  SANCIO  (Roderigo),  a 
Spanish  prelate,  admired  for  his  writings  in  the  fifteenth 
c<;ntury,  was  born  atJSanta  Maria  de  Nieva,  in  the  diocese 
of  Segovia,  in  1.404..  After  being  instructed  in  classical 
learning,  and  having  studied. the.canon  law  for  ten  years  at 
Silamancf,  be  was  honoured  with  the  degree  oT  doctos  in 

*'       •      •  '        •»  Diet.  Wst:  Supptem^nt.     •         •     ' 


94  V        S>ANCttE2. 

that  factiUy;    but  afterwards  embraced  the  ecct^sia^leral  * 
profession,  recmed  priest's  orders^  and  was  mAde  sncces-^  ' 
stveiy  archdeacon  of  Trevino  in  tbediocese  of  Btirgos;  dean 
of  Leon  and  d^an  of  Seville.    Tbe  fir^t  preferment  b4  held  ' 
twetHy  yelkrsi  the  second  seveni'  and  the  third  two  years.  ' 
Abont  1440^  John  II.  king  of  Castille,  appointed  him  en-^ 
Toy  to  the  emperor  Frederick  III.  and  he  was  also  after-  ' 
war<is  employed  in  aimilar  commissions  or  embassies  to  - 
other <rrowned  beads^    When  Caliittus*  III.  became  pope;  * 
Henry  lY.  king  of  Castitle^  sent  him  td  congratoliate  bis  ' 
hirfiness^  which  occasioned  bim  to  take  tip  bis  residence  at' 
Rt>Q)e.     In  all-  his  embassies,  be  ixiade  harangues  to  the  ' 
difleirdfit  princes  ta. whom  be  was  senty  wbicb  areiitiH  pre^ 
served  in  MS.  in  tbe  Vaticati  library;    On  tbe  accession  of  ' 
pope  Patil  IL  be  made  Sanchez  governor  6f  tbe-  castle  of  ^ 
St  Angelo,  and  keeper  of  the  jewels  and  treasures  of  tbe  ^ 
Roman    cfanrchi    and  afterwards^  promoted    him*  to    the 
bisboprics  of  Zamora,  Calaborra^  and  Pdlencia^     Tbeselast 
appointments,  however,  were  little  more  than  aineipures,  a^  " 
he  n^ever  quilted  Rome,  and  employed  what  time  be 'could*' 
spare  from  bis  official  duties  in  that  city.in  cortiposing  h 
great  many  works,  of  which  a  list  of  iv^enty-niiie.  may  be^ 
seen  in  oar-aotboritios.     He  died  at  Rome  Oct.  4j'147D'^  ' 
and  was  interred  in  the  church  of  St;  JAmes  of  Sptiin.     AU  . 
though  so  voluminous  a  writer^  by  far  the  greater  part  of ' 
his  works  remain  in  MS.  in  the  VaticaTi  and  other  libraries  ; 
wetknow  of  three  only  which  were  published/  1.  bis  bistory  ' 
of  Spain,  **  Historise  Hispauiie  partes  quatuor."    This  Mar-  * 
chand  seems  to  think  was  published  separately;  but  it  waa ' 
added  to  tbe  *'  Hispania  Illu8trata'*of  Bel  and  Scbott,  pub- 
lished at'Francfort  in  1579,  and  again  in  J  603.     2.  "  Spe- 
culum vita?  butnanae,  in  quo  de  omnibus  omnium  vitsD  or- 
dinom  ae conditionumcommodis ac incommodis  tr^ctatur,^^ 
Rome,  l^SHj  folioj  which,  with  three  subsequent  editions, 
is  accumtely  described  in  tbe'**'Bibliotheca  Spenceriana.**  * 
This  work  contains  so  many  severe  reflections  on  the  clergy  ' 
of  the  autfabr^s  timej  that  some  protestant  writers  have  been 
disposed  to  consider  bim  as  a  brother  in"  disguise*     It  is  ^ 
certainly  singular  that  he  could- hazard  ^^o  much '  poitit^d  ^ ' 
censure  in  such  an  ag^.     3.  ^*  Epistola- de^  expugnatione  ^ 
Nigropontis,"  folio,  without  date,  but  probably  beford'the  * 
attihor'a  lieatb.     A- copy  of  this  likewi^  occurs  in  ttaer"^ 
'^  Bibl.  Spenceriana."     Those  who  are  desirous  of  farther 
information  respecting  Sanchez  or  his  wotks  may  be  amply 


S  A  N  C  R  £  Z.  98' 

grstifted  in  liiarehand,  who  ha*  a  ppolix  article  on  the  sob« 

SANCHEZ  (Thomas  Anthomv),  a  learned  Spaniard, 
and  librarian  ta  the  Iiing^  was  born  in  17^0,  and  dtstin-* 
guished  himself  by  bi$  researcbea  into  the  literary  history 
of  his  country,  aqd^  bysome  editions  of  its  ablest  authors, 
which  be  illustrated  with  very  valuable  notes.    Our  autho- 
rity, however,  conveys  ve^y  little  informauon  respecting  ^ 
bis  personal  history  or  his  works,  and  does  not  even  men- 
tion the.  concern  be  had  in  the  new  and  much  improved ' 
edition,  of^  Antonio^s  <^Bibl.  HispaiMu''     He  died  at  Ma- 
drid ia  1 793^.   Has  most  celebrated  work  'is  bis  ^*  Collection  ' 
of  Castii Han- poetry  anterior  to  the  fifteenth  century,  to 
wfaicb  are  prefixed  menioifs  of  the  first  nisrquis^  off  SaiitiU 
lane,  and. a  letter  addressed  to  the.constable  of  Portugal, 
oO'tfaeorigjn  of  Spanish  poetry/'  Madrid,  1779«-^1 782, 
5-voIsi  8vo.    This  history  is  now.  preferred  to  that  of  father 
San»ie^oto,i   wlucb    formerly    eojoyed  <  such    reputatio.^i. 
Sanchez  also  wrote  ^^  An  Apology  for  Cervantes/*  te  ans- 
wer to  a  letter  published  in  the  Madrid  Courier;  and  *' A  ' 
Letter  to  Don  Joseph  Berni,  oq  his  defence  of  Peter  the 
C^4i«I,"  ibid.  17 7 8,  8to.« 

SANCHO' (Ignatius),   an  ^ctraordinary '  Negro,    was  ^ 
bora,  in  fl^9f  on  board  a  ship  in  tbe  skve^trade,  a  few 
days  after  it  bad  quitted  the  coasts  of  Gkiinea  for  the  Spa«» 
nish  West  Indies  i  and  at  Car^hagena,  received  baptism 
from  tbe<haiid  of  the  bishop,  and  tlie  name  of  Ignatius.  He 
lost, his  parents  in  his  infancy,  a  diseaseof  the  new  climate 
havingiputaffveariy  period  to  his  mother's  esistence;  while 
his  father -defeated  tbe  miseries  of  slavery  by  aa  act  of  * 
suicide*    At  little  rmore  than  two  years  old,  his  master 
broiight  him  to  England^  and  gave  him  to  three  maiden  - 
sisters,  resident  at  Greenwich ;  who  thought^  agceeabJetd 
prejudices  not  uncommon  at  that  time,  that  ignorance  was 
the^nly  security  for  his  obedienee,  and  that  to  enlarge  his 
mind  wodld  go  near  to^mancipate  bis  person;.     By  them 
he  was  sumuned  Sancho,  from  a  fancied  resemblance  to 
th^'lS4|iHre  of  Don  Quixote.     While  in  tbb  aituatiou,  the 
duke  of  Montagu,  who  lived^dn  Blackbeatb,  accidentally  * 
saW9^9>o4  adfuired  in  hiip  a  native  frankness  of  manner,  as 
yet  .untoftykeft  in  servitude,  and  unrefined  by  education  ; 
broughtbimfrei^ently  bom,e  to  the  duchess;  indulged  bis 


•     ,     V.  •  > 


»  Karchaod's  Diet.  Hist.~;^fit<wio  Bibl.  Hf^-  V^^jSj,  new^cjjit. 


»6  S  A  N  C  H  0. 

turn  (or  readiitg'Witb  presents  of  booksi  and  strongly  rcl> 
commended  to  his  mistresses  the  duty  of  cultivating  a  gc* 
nhis  of  such' apparent  fertility.     His  mistresses,  however^ 
i^ere  inflexible^  and  even  threatened  on  angry  occasions 
to  return  Sancho  to  his  African  slavery.     The  love  of  free- 
dom bad  increased  with  years^  and  began  to  beat  hi^h  in  > 
his  bosom«     Indignation^  ami  the   dread  of  constant  re- ' 
proach  arising  from  the  detection  of  an  amour,  finally  de- 
termmed  him  to  abandon  the  family,  and  as  his  noble  pa-> 
tron  was  recently  dead,  he  flew  to  the.  duchess  for  protec- ' 
tion,  who  dismissed  him  with  reproof.-   She  at  length,  bow,-*' 
ever,  consented  to  admit  him  into  her  household,  where  he. 
remained  as  butler  till  her  death,  when  he  found  hioiserf^ 
by  her  grace^s  bequest  and  his  own  ceconomy,  possessed  of 
seventy  pounds  in  money,  and  an  annuity  of  thirty.    Free- 
dom,  riches,    and  leisure^   naturally  led   a  disposition  of « 
African  texture  into  indulgences;  and  that  %vhtch  dissi- . 
pated  the  mind  of  Ignatius  completely  drained  the  purse. 
C^rds  had  formerly  seduced  him ;  but  an  unsuccessful  corv> 
test  at  cribbage  with  a  Jew,  who  won  his  clothes,  had  der' 
termined  him  to  abjure  the  propensity  which  appears  to  be 
innate  among  his  countrymen.     Ignatius  loved  the  theatre^ 
and  had  been  even  induced  to  consider  it  as  a  resource  in 
the  hour  of  adversity^  and  his  complexion  sugg^^ted  an ^ 
offer  to  the  manager  of  attempting  Othello  and  Oroonoko^  > 
but  a  defective  and  incorrigible  articula^on  rendered  this  > 
abortive.     He  turned  his  mind  once  more  to  service^  and 
was  retained  a  few  months  by  the  chaplain  at  Montagu-^ 
house.     That  roof  had  been  ever  auspicious  to  him  ;  and 
the  last  d\ike  soon  placed  him  about  bis  person,  where  ha-^ 
biiual  regularity  of  life  led  him  to  think  of  a  matrimonial 
connexion,  and  he  formed  one  accordingly  with  a  v!ery  de-« 
sQrviog  young  woman  of  West  India  origin.     Towards  the 
cipse  of  1773,  repeated  attacks  of  the  gout  and  a  coostitu^ 
tional  corpulence  rendered  him  incapable  of  farther. attend-' 
ance  in  the  dpke^s  family.     At  this  crisis,  the  wonificence  • 
which  had  protected  him  through  various  yicissitudes  did 
not  Tail  to  e?cert  itself;  with  the.result  of  bis  own  frOgality^ 
it  enabled  him  and  his  wife  to  settle  themselves  in  a  shop 
of  grocery,    where   mutual  and   rigid    jirndustry  dc>;enUy. 
maintained  a  numerous  family  of  childrefi,  and  yvh^ithii  life, 
of  domestic  virtue  engaged  private  patronage,  ?nd  merited 
public  imitation.     He  died  Dec.  15,  1780,'  of  a  series  of 
complicated  disorders. 


S  A  N  C  B  O.  ^t 

Mr  J^^U  remarks  diat,  of  a  negro,  a  batter^  and  a 
grocer,  there  are  but  slender  anecdotes  to  animate' the  page 
of  the  biographeri  yet  it  has  been  held  necessary  to  give 
vome  sketch  of  the  very  singular  man,  whose  letters,  with 
all  their  imperfections  on  their  head,  have  given  such  ge- 
neral satisfaction  to  the  public^.  *  The  display  which  those 
writings  exhibit  of  epistolary  talent,  rapid -and  just  con« 
'ception,  of  mild  patriotism,  and  of  universal  philanthropy, 
attracted'  the  protection  of  the  great,  and  the  friendship  of 
the  learned.  A  commerce  with  the  Muses  was  supported 
amid  the  trivial  and  momentary  interruptions  of  a  shop ; 
the  poets  were  studied,  and  even  imitated  with  some  suc- 
cess ;  two  pieces  were  constructed  for  the  stage ;  the  theory 
bf  music  was  discussed,  published,  and  dedicated  to  the 
Princess  royal';  and  painting  was  so  much  within  the  circle 
of  Ignatius  Sanch'o's  judgment  and  criticism,  that  several 
artists  paid  great  deference  to  his  opihion. 
'  Such  was  the  man  whose  species  philosophers  and  ana- 
t6mist8  have  endeavoiired  to  degrade  as  a  deterioration  of 
the  human ;  and  such  was  the  man  whom  Fuller,  with  a 
benevolence  and  quaintness  of  phrase  peculiarly  his  own^ 
accounted  ^'  God's  image,  though  cut  in  ebqny.'*  To  the 
harsh  definition  of  the  naturalist,  oppressions  political  and 
legislative  were  once  added,  but  the  abolition  of  the  slave 
trade  has  now  swept  away  every  engine  of  that  tyranny. 
Sancho'left  a  widow,  who  is,  we  believe,  since  dead ;  and 
a  son,  who  carried  on  the  business  of  a  bookseller  for  some 
years,  and  died  very  lately.^ 

SANCHONIATHON,  is  the  name  of  a  reputed  Phoe- 
nician author,  as  old  as  the  Trojan  war,  about  1274  B.  C. 

*  Th«  fint  «ditioft  wat  patipnized  ori^iDally  written  with  m  Tiew  to  pabli- 
hj  a  BubtcripUoo  not  known  since  the  cation.  She  declared,  therefore,  *'  that 
days  of  the  Spectator.  T^e  work  was  no  such  id^a  was  ever  expressed  by 
pabiished  Ibr  tbe  benefit  of  the  author*!  Mr.  Sancho ;  and  that  not  a  iiii^e  let^ 
family,  bf  Miss  Crewe,  an  amiable  ter  was. printed  from  any  duplioat* 
young  lady,  to  whom  many  of  the  let-  preserved  by  himself,  but  all  were  col- 
ters are  addressed,  and  who  is  since  lected  from  the  various  friends  to  whom 
married  to  John  Phillipa,  esq.  surgeon  they  were  addressed.*'  Her  reasons 
of  the  household  to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  for  publishing  them  were  •*  the  desire 
Prom  the  profits  of  the  first  edition,  and  of  shewing  that  an  untutored  African 
A  sum  paid  by  the  booksellers  for  li*  may  possess  abilities  equal  to  an  Eu« 
lierty  to. print  a. second  edition,  Mrs,  ropean.;  and  the  still  superior- motive 
Sancho,  we  are  well  assured,  received  of  wishing  to  serve  his  worthy  family . 
more  thaA  500/.  The  editor  did-  not  And  she  was  happy,'*  she  declared; 
featitrsrtd  gire'them  to  the  pobUo  till  **  in  pubUd^  acknowledgiag  she  had 
she  bad  obviated  an  objection  which  not  found  the  world  inattentive  to  the 
kad  been  tnggested,  that  they  were  voice  of  obscure  merit.*' 

'.*       '    1  Letters;  \1Hi  2  vob.  Sto,  with  a  life  by  Joseph  Jekyll,  esq. 

Vol,  XXVIL  H 


98  S  A  N  C  P  O  N  I  A  T  H  O  N. 

and  of  great  reputation  for  diligence  and  faithfulness.  'He 
is  said  to  have  collected  out  of  the  most  authentic  records 
be  could  procure,  the  ^'  Antiquities  o(  Phcenicia^'^  with  the 
help  of  some  memoirs  which  came  from  Hierombaaly  [Hief 
jrobaaly  or  Gideon,]  a  priest  of  the  God  Jeuo  or  Jao.  He 
wrote  several  things  also  relating  to  the  Jews.  Thes^ 
*J  Antiquities  of  the  Phcenicians/'  Philo-Bjblius,  in  the 
same  Phoenicia,  in  the  days  of  Adrian,  translated  inta 
Greek ;  and  Athenseus  soon  afterward  reckoned  him  among 
the  Phoenician  writers.  A  large  and  noble  fragment  of 
this  work,  Eusebius  has  given  us,  verbatim,  in  his  firs); 
book  of  '^  Evangelical  Preparation,^'  cap.  ix.  x.  and  has 
produced  the  strong  attestation  of  Porphjry,  the  most 
learned  heathen  of  that  age,  to  its  authenticity.  Upon 
these  authorities,  many  learned  men  have  concluded  that 
the  genuine  writings  of  Sanchoniathon  were  translated  by 
Pbilo-Byblius,  and  that  Sanchoniathon  derived  a  great 
part  of  his  information  from  the  books  of  Moses,  nay,  some 
have  supposed  that  Thoth^  called  by  the  Greeks,  Hermes^ 
and  by  the  Romans^  Mercury,  was  only  another  name. for 
Moses ;  but  the  inconsistencies,  chiefly  Chronological,  which 
the  learned  have  detected  in  these  accounts,  and  especially 
the  silence  of  the  ancients  concerning  this  historian,  who, 
if  he  bad  deserved  the  character  given  him  by  Porphyry, 
could  not  have  been  entirely  Over«looked,  create  a  just 
ground  of  suspicion,  either  against  Porphyry  or  Pbilor 
Byblius.  It  seems  most  probable,  that  Philo-Byblius  fa« 
bricated  the  work  from  the  ancient  cosmogonies,  pretend* 
ing  to  have  translated  it  from  the  Phcenicianj  in  order  to 
provide  the  Gentiles  with  an  account  of  the  origin  of  th^ 
world,  which  might  be  set  in  opposition  to  that  of  Moses^ 
Eusebius  and  Theodoret,  indeed,  who,  like  the  rest  of  the 
fathers,  were  too  credulous  in  matters  of  this  kind^  and 
after  them  some  eminent  modern  writers,  have  ima-» 
gined,  that  they  have  discovered  a  resemblance  between 
Sanchoniathon^s  account  of  the  formation  of  the  world  and 
that  of  Moses.  But  an  accurate  examination  of  the  doc<* 
trine  of  Sanchoniathon,  as  it  appears  in  the  fragment  pre« 
served  by  Eusebius,  will  convince  the  unprejudiced  reader, 
that  the  Phoenician  philosophy,  if  indeed  it  be  Phoenician, 
is  directly  opposite  to  the  Mosaic.  Sanchoniathon  teaches^ 
that,  from  the  necessary  energy  of  an  eternal  principle, 
active  but  without  intelligence,  upon  an  eternal  passive 
chaotic  masSy  or  Mot^  arose  the  visible  world  -,  a  doctrine, 


t 

9  A  i^.C  H  O  N;I  A  T  H  O  N.  9> 

^f  which  there  are .  sopad' ajipearatices  in 'the  aiKsieilt  ^os* 
mogonieS)  and  which  was  not  without  its  patrons  among 
the  Greeks. .  It  is  therefore  not  unreasonable  to  conjec-» 
tare,  that  tbd  work  wds  forged  iil  opposition  to  the  Jewish 
Cosmogony^  and  that  tbiswas  the  circumstance  which' ren-* 
dered  it  so  acceptable  to  Porphyry.  Such  is  the  opiaioii 
ofBrucker  on  this  history;  and  Bod  well  and  Dupin,  th6 
former. in  an  express  treatisci  have  also  endeavoured  to 
invalidate  its  authenticity.^ 

SANCROFT  (Dr.  Willum)>  an  eminent  English  pre- 
late, was  borii  at  Fresingfield^  in  Suffolk,  Jan.  30,  1616, 
tad  educated  in.grammar^learningat  St.  Edmund's  Bury^ 
where  he  was  equally  remarkable  for  diligent  application 
to  bis  studies,  and  a  piou»  disposition  ^.  In  July  1634,  he 
was  sent  to  EmanUel  college  in  Cambridge,^  where  he  be- 
came very  accomplished  in  all  branches  of  literature,  took 
his  degree  of  B.  A.  in  1637,  and  that  of  M.  A.  in  1641,  and 
was  in  1642  chosen  fellow  of  his  college.  His  favourite 
studies  were  theology,  criticism,  history,  and  poetry  ft  but 
in  all  hi&  acquirements  he  was  bumble  and  unostentatious. 
In  I64d  he  took  the  degree  of  B.  D.  It  is  supposed  he  neyec 
sabscribed  the  covenant^  and  that  this  was  connived  at,  he^^ 
cause  be  continued  unmolested  in  his  fellowship  till  1649  i> 
at  which  time,  refusing  the  engagement^  be  was  ejected. 
Upon  this  he  went  abroad,  and  became  acquainted  with  the 
most  considerable  of  the  loyal  English  exiles;  and^  it  i» 

*  Among  bishop  l^aoner^s  MSSi  in  bnt  chiefly  retigions,  exactly  and  e1«t 

the  Bodlieian  library  id  the  following:  gantly  transcribed  with  his  own  hand, 

letter  from  him  to  his  father,  dated  while  a  fellow  of  Emanuel.    Some  ot 

Sept.  10,  1^1.     **  T  have  lately  of-  these  are  from  the  first  edition  of  MiU 

fered  up  to  God  the  first  fruits  of  that  tbn^s  lesser  poems,  which  Mr.  Warton 

csllingr  which  t  intend,  baring  com-  ebserres  is  perhaps  the  only  instance 

moD-placed  twice  in  the  chapel  ;  and  on  record  of  their  having  received  for 

if  through    your  prayers  and   God's  almost  seventy  years,  any  slight  mark 

blessing  upon  my  endeavours,  1  may  of  attention  or  notice.     Sancroft,  adds 

become  an  inittrament  in  any  measure  Mr.  Warton,  even  to  his  matureryean, 

fitted  to  bear  his  name  before  his  peo-  retained  his  strong  early  predilection 

pie,  it  shall  be  my  joy,  and  the  crown  to  poUte  literature,  which  he  still  con- 

of  my  rejoicing  in  the  Lord.     I  am  tinued   to  cultivate ;  and  from  these ' 

persuaded  that  for  tl^i»  end  I  was  sent  and  other  remains  of  his  studies  in  that, 

into  the  world,  and  therefore,  if  God  pursuit,  now  preserved  in  the  Bodleian 

lends  me  life  and  abilities,'!  shall  be  library,  it  appears  that  he  was  a  dili** 

villing  to  spend  myself  and  to  be  spent  gent  reader  of  the  poetry  of  his  timea^' 

upon  the  work."  both  in  English  and  Latin.—- Warton't 

f  Among  his  papers  at  Oxford  is  a  edftion  of  Milton  s  Poems,  1785,  pre» . 

ttry  coasiflerable  collection  of  poetry,  face,  p.  v.  ,  .    •        / 

>  Vosstus  de  Hist.  Grsec.— Moreri. — Brucker.-*Dod well's  ^*  Disoonrse  eoflh* ' 
eeraing  the  Phoniciaa  History  of  Sant'honiathon/*,  add<:d  to  the  second  edition > 
of  bis  «'Two  Letters  of  Advice,*' 1681. —Gebelin'i  «*  AUegori^i  OnenUlfa^"' 
Fftria,  1779,  4to»-^omberlaiid't  *<  Sanchoniatl|0B.»  .        ^ 

H8 


100  BANCROFT. 

said,  be  was  at  Rome  when  Charles  II.  was  restored.     Ht 
immediately  returned  to  England,  and  was  made  chaplain 
to  Cosin,  bishop  of  Durham,  who  collated  him  to  the  rec<* 
tory  of  Houghton-ie-Spring,   and  to  the  ninth  prebeiid 
of  Durham  in  March  1661.     In  the  same  year  he  assisted 
in  reviewing  the 'Liturgy,  particularly  in  rectifying  the 
Kalendar  and  Rubric.    In  1662  he  was  created,  by  mafi« 
damus,  D.  D.  at  Cambridge,  and  elected  master  of  Ema« 
nuel  college,  which  he  governed  with  great  prudence.     Iii 
1^64  he  was  promoted  to  the  deanery  of  York,  which  aU 
thdugh  he  held  but  a  few  months,  he  expended  on  the 
buildings,  about  200/.  more  than  he  had  received.     Upon 
the  ddath  of  Dr.  John  Barwick  he  was  removed  to  the 
deanery  of  St*  Paul-s ;  soon  after  which,  he  resigned  the 
mastership  of  Emanuel  college,  and  the  rectory  of  Hough- 
ton.    On' his  coming  to  St.  PauPs  he  set  himself  most  di* 
ligently  to  repair  that  cathedral,  which  had  suffered  greatly 
from  the  savage  zeal  of  the  republican  fanatics  in  the  civil 
wars,  till  the  dreadful  fire  in  1666  suggested  the  more  noble 
undertaking  of  rebuilding  it.     Towards  this  he  gave  1400if. 
besides  what  he  procured  by  his  interest  and  solicitations 
Among  his  private  friends,   and   in  parliament,  where  he 
obtained  the  act  for  laying  a  duty  on  coals  for  the  rebuild- 
ing of  the  cathedral.     He  also  rebuilt  the  ^eanery,  and 
improved  the  revenues  of  it.     In  Oct.  1668,  he  was  ad- 
Kiitted  archdeacon  of  Canterbury,  on  the  king's  presenta* 
tion,  which  be  resigned  in  1670.     He  was  also  prolocutor 
of  the  lower  house  of  convocation  ;  and  was  in  t,hat  station 
when  Charles  II.  in  1677,  advanced   him,  contrary  to  his 
knowledge  or  inclination,  to  the  arcKiepiscopal  see  of  Can- 
terbury,   In  1678  he  p^ibtisbed  some  useful  directions  con- 
cerning letters  testimonial  to  candidates  for  holy  orders. 
He  was  himself  very  conscientious  in  the  admission  ta  or- 
ders or  the  disposal  of  livings,  always  preferring  men  of 
approved  abilities,  great  learning,  and  exemplary  life.    He 
attended  king  Charles  upon  his  death-bed,  and  made  a  very 
weighty  exhortation  to  him,  in  which  he  is  said  to  hav^ 
used  a  good  deal  of  freedom.     In  1686  he  was  named  the 
first  in  JaimesII.^s  commission  for  ecclesiastical  affairs;  but 
he  refused  to  act  in  it.    About  the  same  time  he  suspended 
Wood,  bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry,  for  residing  out 
of  and  neglecting  his  diocese.     As  one  of  the  governors  of 
the  Charter-house,  he  refused  to  admit  as  pensioner  in 
'tkat  hospital  Andrew  Popham,  a  papist,  althougli  he  came . 


S  A  N  C  R  O.  F  T;  101 

^itfaa  nomination  Ironi  th^  court.  In  Jagie  1 6&8|  be  joineil^ 
with  sisc  of  his  brethren  the  bishops  in  the  famous  petition 
lo  king  James,  in  which  they  gave  their  reasons  why  they 
could  not  cause  his  declaration  for  liberty  of  conscience  to 
be  read  in  churches.     For  this  petition,  which  the  court 
called  a  libel,  they  were  committed  to  the  Tower ;  and, 
bejng  tried  for  a  misdemeanor  on  the  29th,  were  acquitted, 
to  the  great  joy  of  the  nation.     This  year  the  archbishop 
projected,  the  vain  expedient  of  a  comprehension  with  the 
protestant  dissenters.     We  have  the  following  account  of 
this  in  the  speech  of  Dr.  W,  Wake,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  in 
the  house  of  lords,  March  17, 1710,  at  the  opening  of  the 
tkcond  article  of  the  impeachment  against  Dr.  Sacheverell: 
'*  The  person,^'  says  he,  *'  who  first  concerted  this  design 
was  the  late  most  reverend  Dr.  Sancroft,  then  archbishop 
of  Canterbtu*y.     The  time  was  towards  the  end  of  that  un*^ 
happy  reign  /of  king  James  II.     Then,  when  we  were  in 
the  height  of  our  labours,  defending  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land against  the  assaults  of  popery,  and  thought  of  nothing 
else,  that  wise  prelate  foreseeing  some  such  revolution  as 
soon  after  was  happily  brought  about,  began  to  consider 
how  utterly  unprepared  they  had  been  at  the  restoration  of 
king  Charles  II.  to  settle  many  things  to  the  advantage  of 
the  Church,  and  what  happy  opportunity  had  been  lost  for 
want  of  such  a  previous  care,  as  he  was  therefore  desirous 
should  now  be  taken,  for  the  better  and  itiore  perfect  esta« 
blishment  of  it.     It  was  visible  to  all  the  ilation,  that  the 
more  moderate  dissenters  were  generally,  so  well  satisfied 
with  that  stand  which  our  divines  h&d  made  against  popery, 
and  the  many  unanswerable  treatises  they  had  published  iu 
eonfutation  of  it,  as  to  express  an  unuisual  readinessto 
come  in  to  us.     And  it  was  therefore  thought  worth  the 
while,  when  they  were  deliberating  about  those  other  mat-/ 
ters,  to  consider  at  the  saqie  tioke  what  might  be  done  to 
gain,  them  without  doing  any  prejudice  to' ourselves.     Tho 
scheme. was  laid  oqt,  ^nd  the  several  pans  of  it  were  com- 
giittfid,  .not  only  with  the  approbation,  but  by  the   direc- 
tion  of  that  great  prelate,  to  such  of  our  divines,  as  were 
thought  the  most  proper  to  be  intrusted  with  it.     His  grace 
tcK^  one  part  to  himself ;  another  was  committed  to  a  then 
pious  and  reverend  dean  (Dr.  Patrick),  afterwards  a  bishop 
of  oiy  church.     The  reviewing  of  the  daily  service  of  our 
Liturgy,  and  the  Communion  Book,  was  referred  to  a  select 
number  of  excellent  persons,  two  of  which  (archbishop^ 


101 


S  A  N  C  K  O  E  T. 


Sbarp;  and  Dr.  Moore)  are  at  this  time  upon  oar  beneb  f 
and  I  am  sure  will  bear  witness  to  the  truth  of  my  relatiQUi. 
The  design  was  in  short  this:  to  improve,  and,  if  possible^ 
to  inforce  our  discipline ;  to  review  and  enlarge  our  Li^ 
turgy,  by  correcting  of  some  things,  by  adding  of  others  ; 
s^nd  if  it  shodid  be  thought  adviseable  by  authority,  when 
this  matter  should  come  to  be  legally  considered,  first  in 
convocation,  then  in  parliament,  by  leaving  some  few  cere-r 
monies,  confessed  to  be  indifferent  in  their  natures  as  in.<<^ 
different  in  their  usage,  so  as  not  to  be  nece8sarily>ob8erve4 
by  those  who  made  a  scruple  of  them,  till  they  should  be 
able  to  overcome  either  their  weaknesses  or  prejudices 
and  be  willing  to  comply  with  them/*     In  October,  ac« 
companiied  with  eight  of  his, brethren  the  bishops,  Sancroft 
waited  ^pon  the  king,  who.  Lad  desired'  the  assistance  of 
their  counsels ;  and  advised  him,  among  other  things,  to 
annul  the  ecclesiastical  commission,  to  desist  from  the  ex<fr 
ercise  of  a  dispensing  power,  and  to  call  a  free  and  regular 
parlian^ent.     A  few  days  after,  though  earnestly  pressed 
by  his  majesty,  he  refused  to  sign  a  (kclaration  of  abhor «» 
rence  of  the  prince  of  Grangers  invasion.     In  December, 
on  king  James's  withdrawing  himself,  he  is  said  to  hava 
signed,  and  concurred  with  the  lords  spiritual  and  temporal, 
in  a  declaration  to  the  prince  of  Orange,  for  a  free  par* 
liamenty  security  of  our  laws,  liberties,  properties,  and  of 
tjie  church  of  England  in  particular,  with  a  due  indulgence 
to  protestant  dissenters.     Bui  in  a  declaration  signed  by 
him  Nov.  3, 1688,  he  says  that  "he  never  gave  the  prince 
any  invitation  by  word,  writing,  or  otherwise;"   it  mus| 
therefore  have  been  in  consequence  of  the  abdication  that 
be  joined  with  the  lords  in  the  above  declaration.    Yet 
when  the  prince  came  to  St.  James's,  the  archbishop  n^her 
went  to  wait  on  him,  though  he  had  once  agreed  to  it,  nof 
did  he  even  send  any  message^.    He  absented  himself 
likewise  from  the  convention,  for  which  he  is  severely  cen« 
sured  by  Burnet,  who  calls  him  ^^  a  poor-spirited  and  fear* 
f  ul  man,  that  acted  a  very  mean  part  in  all  this  great  trans* 


*  Bishop  NicolsoD,  in  one  of  his 
letters  lately  published,  seems  to  hint 
that  Sancroft  ^as  more  active  in  pro- 
moting the  revolution  than  has  been 
supposed.  After  ceosuring  him  for  not 
paying  his'  respects  to  the  new  king, 
Iilicolson  says,  **  I  should  rather  choose 
to  follow  him  in  the  more  frank  and 
•pen  passages  of  his  life>  than  in  this 


unaccountably  dark  and  mysterious 
instance ;  especially,  since  I  had  ta- 
citly consented  to  his  seizing  the  Tower 
tif  Londom,  and  his  address  to  the  prioM 
of  Orange  to  accept  the  government.*^ 
— NicoUon*s  Epistolary  Corr^pond* 
ence,  by  Mr.  NichoUyS  vols.  8yo»  1809* 
vol,  I.  p.  U. 


BANCROFT;  Voi 

attioir.    'H«*nesolved,"  says  he,  ^'neidier  to  ECtfbr/nor 
against,  the  king's  interest;  which,  considering  his  high- 
post,  was  thought  very  unbecoming.     For,  if  be  tbocight, 
sffi  by  his  behavionr  afterwards  it  seems  he  did,  that  the^ 
nation  was  running  into  treason,  rebellion,  and  perjury,  it 
was  a  strange  thing  to  see  one  who.  was  at  the  head  of  the* 
ohttrch  to  sit  silent  all  the  while  that  this  was  in  debate, 
and  not  once  so  much  as  declare  his  opinion,  by  speaking, 
noting,  or  protesting,  not  to  mention  the  other  ecclesiastic*- 
cal  methods  that  certainly  became  his  character.^' 

After  William  and  Mary  were  settled  on  the  throne,  he 
and  seven  other  bishops  refused  to  own  the  established  go«< 
vemmept,  from  a  conscientious  regard  to  the  allegiance 
they  Had  sworn  to  king  James.  Refusing  likewise  to  take 
the  oaths  appointed  by  act  of  paiiiament,  he  and  they 
were  suspended  Aug.  1,  1689,  and  deprived  the  1st  of 
l^eb.  following.  On  the  nomination  of  Dr.  Tillotson  to^ 
this  see,  April  23,  1691,  our  archbishop  received  an  order 
from  the  then  queen  Mary,  May  20,  to  leave  Lambeth* 
bouse  within  ten  days.  But  he,  resolving  not  to  stir  till 
ejected  by  law,  was  cited  to  appear  before  the  barons  of 
the  exchequer  on  the  first  day  of  Trinity-term,  June  12,, 
1691,  to  answer  a  writ  of  intrusion ;  when  he  appeared  by 
his  attorney;  but,  avoiding  to  put  in  any  plea,  as  the  case 
stood,  judgment  passed  a^inst  him,  in  the  form  of  law, 
Jane  23,  and  the  same  evening  he  took  boat  in  Lambeth- 
bridge,  and  went  to  a  private  house  in  Palsgrave-head* 
court,  near  the  Temple.  Thence,  on  Aug.  5,  1691,  he 
letired  to  Fresingfield  (the  place  of  his  birth,  and  the  estate 
[50/.  a  year]  and  residence  of  his  ancestors  above  tbre^ 
hundred  years),  where  he  lived  in  a  very  private  manner^ 
^ill,  being  seized  with  an  intermitting  fever,  Aug.  26, 1693, 
be  died  on  Friday  morning,  Nov.  24,  and  was  buried  very 
privately,  as  he  himself  bad  ordered,  in  Fresingfield  cburch-*> 
yard.  '  Soon  after,  a  tomb  was  erected  over  his  grave,  with 
an  inscription  composed  by  himself;  on  the  right  side  of 
which  there  is  an  account  of  his  age  and  dying-day  in  La* 
tin;  on  the  left,  the  following  E-nglish  :  <*' William  San- 
croft,  born  in  this  parish,  afterwards  by  the  providence  of 
God  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  at  last  deprived  of  all, 
which  he  could  not  keep  with  a  good  conscience,  returned 
hither  to  end  his  life,  and  professeth  here  at  the  foot  of  his 
tomb,  that,  as  naked  he  came  forth,  so  naked  he  must  re- 
ti^Hi :  the  Lord  gave>  and  the  Lord  bath  f^al^en  away  (as  the 


IW 


SAN  CT  O  R  I  U  S. 


sensible  secretions  and  discharges^  he  was  enabled  to  de^' 
termine  with  wonderful  exactness  the  weight  or  quantity 
of  insensible  perspiration,  as  well  as  what  kind  of  food  or* 
drink  increased  and  diminished  it.  On  these  experiments^ 
he  erected  a  curious  system,  which  was  long  admired  by 
the  faculty.  It  was  divulged  first  at  Venice-in  1614,  under* 
the  title  of  ^^  Ars  de  Statica  Medicina/*  comprehended  in 
seven  sections  of  aphorisms ;  .and  was  often  reprinted  at  dif^- 
ferent  places,  with  corrections  and  additions  by  th^  author. 
It  was  translated  into  French,  and  published  at  Paris  1722  ; 
and  we  had  next  an  English  version  of  it,  with  large  ex- 
planations, by  Dr.  Quincy;  to  the  third  edition  of  which' 
in  1723,  and  perhaps  to  the  former,  is  added,  ^*  Dr.  James^- 
Keil's  Medicina  Statica  Britannica,  with  comparative  re- 
'  marks  and  explanations ;  as  also  physico-medical  essays  on 
agues,  fevers,  on  elastic  fibre,  the  gout,  the  leprosy,  king^s-> 
evil,  venereal  diseases,  by  Dr.  Qumcy.'* 

Sanctorius  published  other  works ;  as,  **  Method!  vitan« 
dorum  errorum  omnium,  qui  in  Arte  Medica  contingunt, 
libri  quindecim,*'  1602  ;  **  Commentaria  in  primam  sectio* 
Item  Aphorismorum  Hippocratis,'*  1609  ;  ^^  Commentaria 
in  Artem  Medicinalem  Galeni,"  1612  ;  ^^  Commentaria  in- 
primam  partem  primi  libri  Canonis  Avicenne,''  1625; 
*f  De  Lithotomia,  seu  Calculi  vesicae  sectione,  Consulta- 
tio,*'  1638.  All  these,  which  raised  his  character  very 
greatly  among  his  own  {Profession,  were  in  1660  printed 
there  together  in  4  vols.  4to. 

Sanctorius  unquestionably  conferred  a  benefit  on  medical 
science,  by  directing  the  observation  6f  medical  men  to 
the  functions  of  the  skin ;  but  unfortunately,  the  doctrines 
were  extended  much  too  far ;  and,  coinciding  with  the  me^ 
^Aaniitrii/ principles,  which  were  coming  into  vogue  after 
the  discovery  of  the  circulation,  as  well  as  with  the  cA^mt* 
eal  notions,*which  were  not  yet  exploded,  they  contributed 
to  complete  the  establishment  of  the  humoral  pathology^ 
under  the  shackles  of  which  the  practice  of  medicine  con- 
tinued almost  to  our  own  times.  Sanctorius  was  also  the 
author  of  severd  inventions.  Besides  bis  statical  chair,  he 
invented  an  instrument  for  measuring  the  force  of  the 
pulse ;  and  several  new  instruments  of  surgery.  He  was 
the  first  physician  who  attempted  to  measure  the  heat  of 
the  skin  by  a  thermometer,  in  different  diseases,  and  at 
different  periods  of  the  .same  disease;  and  it  is  to  his  credit 


S  A  N  C  T  O  R  I  U  S,  107 

diat  he  was  an  airowed  enenj  to  empiridft  and  empirical 
postrums^  as  well  as  to  all  occult  remedies.  ^ 

SANDBY  (Paul),  an  ingenious  artist,  descended  from 
ar  branch  of  the  family  of  Saunby,  of  Bab  worth  in  Notting*- 
hamsbire,  was  born  at  Nottingham  in  17S2.     In  1746  he 
jcame  to  London,  and  having  an  early  predilection;  for  the 
mrts,  .procured  admission  to  the  drawing  room  in  thie  Towef^ 
where  be  first  studied.     In  17.4$,  William  dukeof  Cum^ 
berland,  wishing  to  have  a  survey  of  the  Highlands  of  Scot- 
land, which  Was  the  scene  of  his  memorable' campaign  in 
1745-6,  Mr.  Sandby  was  appointed  draugbuman,   undet 
jthe  inspection  of  general  David  Watson,  with  whom  h6 
travelled  through  the  North  and  Western  parts  of  that 
most  romantic  country,  and  made  many  sketches.     During 
bis  ^ay  at  Edinburgh  he  made  a  number  of  small  etchings 
from  these  designs ;  which  on  his  return  to  London  wer6 
published  in  a  folio  volume.     But  drawing  of  plans  abound- 
ing ia  straight  lines  being  neither  congenial  to  his  taste  nor 
worthy  of  his  talents,  be  in  1752  quitted  the  service  of  the 
survey,  afid  resided  with  bis  brother,  Mr.  Thomas  Saadby, 
at  Windsor,  and  during  bis  continuance  there  took  more 
iban  seventy  views  of  Windsor  and  Eton.    The  accuracy; 
taste,  and  spirit  with  which  they  were  in  an  eminent  degree 
marked,  so  forcibly  struck  sir  Joseph  Banks,  that  he  pur- 
chased them  all,  and  at  a  very  liberal  price.     Mr<  Sandby 
liad  soon,  afterwards  the  honour  ef  being  one  of  this  gen- 
tleman's party  in  a  tour  through  North  and  South  Wales^ 
and  made  a  great  number  of  sketches  from  remarkable 
scenes,  castles,  seats,  &c.     Under  the  patronage  of  the  late 
sir  Watkin  Williams  Wynne,  he  afterwards  took  many  more 
views  from  scenes  in  the  same  country,  which  with  those 
before  mentioned  he  transferred  to  copper^plales,  and  madil 
several  sets  of  prints  in  imitation  of  drawings^  in  bister  or 
Indian  ink.     The  first  hint  of  the  process  by  which  thii 
effect  is  given  to  an  engraving,  Mr.  Sandby  is  said  to  have 
received  from  the  hon.  Charles  Greville,  a  gentleman  •  of 
acknowledged  taste  and  judgment  in  every  branch  of  polite 
art.     Profiting  by  this  hint,  Mr.  Sandby  so  far  improved 
upon  it  as  to  bring  the  captivating  art  of  Aquatinta  to  a 
degree  of  perfection  never  before  known  in  this  country. 

About  1753  Mr.  Sandby,  and  several  members  of  aii 
acaidemy  who  met  at  what  had  previously  been  RoubiUiac*]i 


1  Elojy  Diet.  Hut  de  Medicint.— Btes'a  Cyclopsdii 


•  ( 


lOS  8. A  N  D  BT.      > 

ivorksfaoqp,:  in  St  Ma^in^s^lftiie,  i^khiog-  lo:  ejet^pd.  tbeir 
plan^  and  establish  a  society  on  a  brqader  basis^  held  sever 
jral  tastings  for  the ,  purpose  of  makhig  new .  regulations, 
^c.    .Concerning  these .  r^ulations  it  may  naturally  be 
suppojsed  there  were  variety,  of  opinionsy  but  Hogarth,  who 
waspoe.of  ^he  members,  aqd  who  dasenredly  held  a^ery 
high  rank  in  the  arts,  disapproved  of  the  jwhole  scheme,  and 
wished  the  society  to  j^main  as  it  then  was.     He  tbpugbt 
that  enlarging  the  number  of  $tudents  would  induce  a^rowd 
of  young  men  to  quit  more  profitable  .  pursuits,  neglei^t 
what  might  be.  more,  suitable  tO;  their  talents^  and.intrc^.upe 
to  the  practice , of  the.  arts  more  professors  than  the  arts 
would  support.'    This  na^turally  involved. him  in  many  dis** 
putes, with. his  brother  artists,  and  as  these  disputes  were 
not  always  conducted  with,  philosophic  calmness,  the  sa» 
tirist  sometimes  said  things  that,  his  opponents  deemed,  ra-* 
ther  too  severe  for  the  occasipn.    On. the  publication.. of 
bis  ^^Analysis  of  Beauty V  tbey  recriminated^  ^  with  interest, 
Among  the  prints  which  were  then  published  to  ridicule 
his, system,    Ijne.  of  beauty,  ,&c.    are  six  or. eight,. that 
from,  the  manner  in  which  they  are  conceived,  and  the  no- 
con^mon  .  spirit  ,^ith  which  they  are  etched,,  carry.,  more 
than  probable  marks  of  the  burin  of  Mr*  .Sandby,  jvvbo  was 
then  a  very  young  man,  but  afterwards  declared,  that  if, be 
had  been  more  intimatjeiy  acquainted  with  Mr.  Hogvtb!s 
merit,  he  would  on  no  account  have  drawti  a  hue  which 
plight  tend  to  his  dispr^ise^  .       j 

.  On  the  institution  of  the  Royal  Academy^  Mr.  Sandby 
was  elated ja  royal  academician.  By  the  recommendation 
of  the  duke  of  Grafton,  the, marquis  of  Granby  in  176S 
apppint^d  bim  chief  drawing-master  of  the  Royal  Academy 
atWoolwicbf  which  office  be  held  with. gres^t.  honour. |q 
himself  and ,  advantage,  to.  the  institutiojn ;  and  saw.  many 
able  and  distinguished  dra^jghtsmen  among  the. ofQcefs  of 
artillery^  and  corps  of  Engineers,  formed  under  bis  instruc? 
^ions,.       .   ,   •    ;  ,  ,.^      •  .  .    .i.  .   I 

Mr.  .Sapdby  died  at  his  house  at  Paddiugton  Nov.  7» 
1 809,  in  .the  seventy rseventh  year  of  his  age.  .  He.  contrir. 
buted.niucb  to  the.  reputation  of  the  Eqgliah  school  ,ol 
landi|icape  p^iiHing,  and.  in  many  of  his  exquisite  ydj&hne:^ 
ations,  uniting  .fidelity  with,  taste,  the.  bpautif ill. scenery 
for  which  thi^  .island  is  so.  eminently  distinguished,  is.  <li§£ 
played  as  in  a  mirror.  For  force,  clearness,  and  transpa- 
rency, it  may  very  truly  be  said  that  his  paintings  in  water 


S  A  N  D  B  Yi  100 

^ouf^  httre  not  yet  been  equalled ;  the  views  of  castle^^ 
-ruins,  bridges,  &c.  which  are  frequently  introduced,  will 
^remain  monuments  tathe  honour  of  the  arts,  the  artists, 
and  the  country,  when  the  originals  from  which  they  are 
designed  are  mouldered  into  dust^  *    - 

:    SANDEMAN  (Robert),  from  whom  a  reHgious  sect  is 
generally  named,  was  born  at  Perth  in  Scotland  in  i  723. 
Being  intended  for  one  of  .the  learned  professions,  he 
atndied  for  two  years  at  the  university  of  Edinburgh,  but 
at  the  expiration  of  that  time  manned,  and  his  fortune 
being  sdiall,  entered  into  the  linen  trade  at  Perth,  lyhehce 
he  removed  to  Dundee,  and  afterwards  to  Edinburgh.  *  The 
lady  he  inarried  was  the  daughter  of  the  rev.  John  Olaiss 
(See  Glass),   who  founded  the  sect,  at -that  time  called 
from  him  Glassitts ;  and  Mr.  Sandeman,  who  was'  now  an 
elder  in  one  of  Glass's  churches,  or  congregations,  and 
bad  imbibed  all  his  opinions,  published  a  series  of  letters 
addressed   to   Mr.  Hervey,    occasioned  by  that  author's 
^  Tberon  and  Aspasio,"  in  which  he  endeavours  to  shew, 
that  his  notion  of  faith  is' contradictory  to  the  scripture  ac** 
count  of  it,  aiid  could  only  serve  to  lead  men,  professedly 
holding  the  doctrines   commonly  called   Calvinisticj    to 
establish  their  own  righteousness  upon  their  frames,  in«- 
ward  feelings,  and  various  acts  of  faith.     In  these  letters 
Mr.  Sandeman  attempts  to  prove,  that  faith  is  neither  more 
nor  less  than  a  simple  assent  to  the  divine  testimony  con* 
cerning  Jesus  Christ,  recorded  in  the  New  Testament ;  and 
he  maintains^  that  the  word  faith,  or  belief,  is  constaritly 
used  by  the  apostles  to  signify)  what  is  denoted  by  it  in 
common  discourse,  \xt,  a  persuasion  of  the  truth  of  any 
proposition,  and  that  there  is>no  differenc^e  between  be* 
Keving  any  common  testimony,  and  believing  the  apostolic 
testimony,  except  that  which  results  itom,  the  nature  of 
the  testimony  itself.     This  led  the  way  to  a  controversyy 
among  Calvinists  in  Scotland,^  concerning  the  nature  of 
justifying  faith ;  and  those  who  adopted  Mr.  Sandemah's 
notion  of  it,  and  who  took  the  denomination  of  Sandemani'* 
anSf  formed  themselves  into  church  order,  in  strict  fellow- 
ship wtthithie  church  of  Scotland,*  but  holding  no  kind  of 
communion  with  other  churches.     The  chief  opinions  and 
practices  in  which  this  sect  differs  from  others,  are,  their 
fleekly  administration  of  the  Lord's  Supper ;  their  lovev 

^  £ai«]).  Mag.  for  1796.— Gent.  Mag.  tcI.  UCXII^* 


110  j^ANDKMAk 

ft 

feasts,  of  wbicb  every  metnber  is  not  oirly  tillowed  but  re^^ 
quired  to  partake,  and  wfaioh  eonsist  of  their  dining  togetf 
tber  «t  each  other^s  booses  in  the  interval  between  the 
SQoming  and  afternoon  service :  their  kiss  of  cbarity  nsedoR 
this  occasion,  at  the  admission  of  a  new  member^  and  at 
other  times^  when  they  deem  it  to  be  tietessary  or  prdper ; 
theiR  weekly  collection  before  the  LcMrd's  Snpper  for  tbtl 
support  of  the  poor,  a;nd  defraying  other  expenoes;  mu« 
tual  exhortation ;  abstinence  from  blood  and  thmgs  strange 
led;  wasfaiiig  each  other's  feet,  the  preeept  concerning 
which,  as  well  as  other  precepts,  they  understand  literally  ^ 
community  of  goods  so  far  as  that  every  one  is  to  consider 
all  that  lie- has  in  his  possession  and  power  as  liable  to  tbe 
calls  of  tbe  poor  and  church,  and  the  unlawfulness  of  lay* 
ing  up  treasures  on  earth,  by  setting  tbem  apart  for  any 
distant,  future,  and  uncertain  use.  They  allow  of  public 
andv private  diversions  so  far  as  they  are  not  connected  with 
circumstances  really  sinful ;  but  apprehending  a  lot  to  be 
sacred>  disapprove  of  playing  at  Cards,  dice,  &c«  They 
maintain  a  plurality  of  elders,  pastors,  or  bishops,  in  each 
church,  and  the  necessity  of  the  presence  of  two  elders  in 
every  act  of  discipline,  and  at  the  administration  of  the 
Lord's  Supper.  In  the  choice  of  these  elders,  want  of 
learning,  and  engagements  in  trade,  &£.  are  no  sufficient 
objection ;  but  second  marriages  disqualify  for  the  office  ; 
and  they  are  ordained  by  prayer  and  fasting,  imposition  of 
hands,  and  giving  the  right  hand  of  fellowship.  In  their 
discipline  they  are  strict  and  severe,  and  think  themselves 
obliged  to  separate  from  the  communion  and*  worship  of 
all  such  .religious  societies  as  appear  to  them  not  to  profess 
the  simple  troth  for  their  only  ground  of  hope,,  and  who 
do  not  walk  in  obedience  to  it.  We  shall  otily  add,  that 
in  every  church  transaction,  they  esteem  unanimity  to  be 
absolutely  necessary. 

In  nss  -Mr.  San deman  commenced  a  correspondence 
with  Mr.  Samuel  Pike  of  London,  an  independent  minis-^ 
ter;  and  in  1760  cameiiimself  to  London,  and  preached 
in  various  places,,  attracting  the  crowds  that  usually  follow* 
novelties.  While  here  be  received  an  invitation  to  go  tot^ 
America,  with  which  he  complied  in  1764,  and  continued 
there  propagating  bis  doctrines  and  discipline  in  various 
places,  particularly  in  New-England,  until  the  politici^l 
disputes  arose  between  Great  Britain  and  the  colonies, 
when  he  became  very  obnoxious  by  taking  the  part  of  th^ 


'  S.A.N  D  E\M  A  N.  Ul 

fbrmer;  He  did  not  livei  howlsreri  to  witness  the  unluippy 
cooaequences  of  that  coutent,'  but  died  at  Danbury^  April 
2|  177  i 9  aged  fifty-* three.  His  sect^  altbougb^  not  Diiinet* 
rou8»  s$ill  exists,  batundeiTarious  modidcations,  in  Scot- 
land; and  there  are  a  few  branches  of  it  in  i^^ngland,  and 
one  in  PauPs  Ailey»  Barbican,  London,  Mr.  Sandeman^ 
besides  bis  ^^  Letters  on  Theron  and  Aspasio,''  published 
his  correspondence  with'  Mr.  Pike;  ^'  Thoughts  on  Chris* 
tianity  ;*'  <*  The  sign  of  the  prophet  Jonah ;''  "  The  honour 
of  marriage,  opposed  to  all  Impurities;"  and  ^<  On  So1q« 
snon's  Song.'*  * 

6ANDEKS  (Nicholas),  a  Roman  catholic  writer  of  con- 
siderable fame,  and  one  of  the  principal  championa  of 
popery  in  the  sixteenth  century,  was  born  about  1527,  at 
Charlewood  in  Surrey,  and  educated  at  Winchester  school, 
whence  he  removed  to  New  college,  Oxford.  Here  he 
studied  chiefly  canon  law,  and  was  made  fellow  of  hiseoi- 
lege  in  1548,  and.  in  1550,  or  1551,  took  the  degree  of 
bachelor  of  laws.  When  queen  Mary  came  to  the  throne, 
be  had  the  offer  of  being  Latin  secretary  to  her  majesty^ 
which  he  declined  for  the  sake  of  a  studious,  academical 
life,  and  remained  at  Oxford  during  the  whole  of  her  reign. 
In  15 57. he  was  one  of  the  professons  of  canon  law,  .and 
I'ead  what  were  called  the  "  shaggling  lectures,"  i*  e.  lee** 
tures  not  endowed,  until  the  accession  of  queen  Elizabeth, 
when  his  principles  induced  hifti  to  quit  England.  He  ar- 
rived at  Rome  about  the  latter  end  of  1560,  and  studying 
divinity,  became  doctor  in  that  faculty,  and  was  ordained 
priest  by  Dr.  Thomas  Goldwell,  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  who 
at  that  time  resided  in  the  English  hospital  at  Rome.  Soon 
after,  cardinal  Hosius,  president  of  the  council  of  Trent, 
hearing  of  his  abilities,  took  him  into  his  family^  andmade 
Use  of  him,  as  his  theologal,  in  the  council.  When  the 
couficil  broke  up.  Dr.  Sanders  accompanied  the  cardinal 
to  Poland,  Prussia,  and  Lithuania,  where  he  was  instru* 
mental  in  settling  the  discipline  of  the. Romish  church;  but 
his  zeal  disposing  him  to  think  most  of  his  native  country, 
he  returned  to  Flanders,  and  was  kindly  entertained  by  siif 
Francis  Englefield,  formf>rly  privy.-counsellor  to  queen 
Mury,  and  then  in  great  favour  with  the  court  of  Spain; 

*  Wil»on'«  His*,  of  Dissenting  Chnrhes— Encyclop.  Brit9nutca«— 'The  teoeti 
•f  the  »ect  were  first  pablnhed  by  thf^m*  Ives  in  a  tracs  :•  \h  f  •'  An  account  tf 
UejCtvaman  practices  obsi'rVtd  bf  Um  CoUrch  in  St.  M^rtiA's-le-Ckaii^/'  HStSy 
^here  ihev  Ihcii  atiembled. 


\ 


Ua  .  SAND  E  R  a 

through  whose  hands  a  great  part  of  those  chitAtabieoof^ 
JectioDs  passed,  which  his  catholic  majesty-ordered  for  the 
-subsistence  of  the  EogUsh  popish  exiles.  Sanders  was<ap-* 
.pointed  bis  assistant,  and  .being  settled  at  Louvaine,  toge^. 
;ther,with  bis  motfaeJr  and  sister^  be  ii^  there  twelve  yeais^ 
juid  perfofmed  many  charitable  offices  to  bis  indigent  coun^ 
:tryjnen.  Much'of  this  ;tiine  lie  eiripleyed  in-  writing  in 
•defence  of  popery  against  Jewdl^  Nowell,  and  other  emi* 
iient  pro testant  divines. 

* .  Some  year^after^  having  nscetved  an  iitvitatioii  froortbe 
pope,  betook  ajourney  to  Rome,  whence  he  was  sent  as 
nuncio  'to  the  popish  ^bisfaops^ abd  clergy  in  Ireland,  and 
landed  there  in  1579.    At  this  ttmeOerald-Fit^geraid^^earl 
j^  DesaiondyNwas  in  arms,  as  be:  pretended,  in  defence  of 
j:be  irberties  and  religion  of  his  coumr}^ ;.  bat  in  13U  bis 
fyarty  wsas  routed  and  himself  killed.     The  part  Sanders 
took  in  this  rebellion  is  variousiy  represeiTted.     Camden 
says  that  be; was  sent  over  purpo^ly  to  encourage*  Des* 
jmond,  and  that  several  companies  of  Spanisb  soldiers  went 
over  wttll  liim,  and  that  when  their  army  wassrouted^  be 
fled  to  the  woods,  and  died  of  hunger.     All  that  the  ca- 
tholics deny*  in   this  account,    is,  that  Sanders  was-  sent 
purposely  i  but  this  they  deny  very  feebly.     With,  regard 
to  the  manner  of  Sanders's  death,  Dodd  seems  inclined  to 
prefer  Wood^s  account,  who  says  that  be  died  of  a  dysen«> 
tery,  and  Dodd  likewise  adopts  tbe  report  of  Rushton  and 
Pits,  who  say  that  he  died  at  the  latter  end  of  1580,  or  the 
beginning  of  1581,  because  this  was  long  before  Desmond*s 
defeat,  and  consequently  dissolves  in  *some  measure  the 
supposed  connection  between  him  and  Sanders.  '  Dodd^ 
bowever,  who  is  generally  impartial,  allows  that  several 
catholics,  his  contemporaries,  were  pf^ opinion  that  be  was 
engaged  in  the  Spanish  interest  against  queen  Elizabeth  ; 
knd  his  writings  prove  that  he  maintained  a  deposing  power 
both  in  tbe  church  and  people,  where  religion  was  in  dan- 
ger.    He  was,  according  to  all  accounts,  a  man  of  abilities, 
and  was  -considered  as  the  most  acute  adversary  for  tbe 
re^establbhment  of  popery  in   England,^  which  his  party 
CQuid  boast  of.     He  bad,  however,  to  contend  with  men  of 
equal  ability,  who  exposed  his  want  of  veracity  as  well  as 
of  argument,  and  few  of  his  works  have  survived  the  times 
in  which  they  were  written.     Among  them  are,  1.  "The. 
3ufip^r,of  our  Lord,'  &c."  a. defence. of  tbe  real  presence, 
being  what  he  calls  ^' A  confutation  of  Jewers  Apoldgy,  a^' 


Sanders.  ns 

i>st)of  Alexander  Nowel's  challenge,'*  Louvain,  in  1566, 
1567,  4to.  f2.  «  Treatise  of  the  Images  of  Christ  and  bis 
Saints ;  being  a  confutation  of  Mr.  JewePs  reply  upon  that 
subject,"  ibid.  1 567,  8vo.  3.  «  Tlje  Rock  of  the  Church," 
concerning  the  pritnacy  of  St.  Peter,  ibid:  1566,  1567,  St 
'  Omer's,  1 624,  8vo.  4.  "  A  brief  treatise  on  Usury,**  ibid. 
i566.  5.  "De  Visibili  nionarchia  Ecclesiw,*'  ibid.  1571, 
folio,  Antwerp,  1581,  Wiceburg,  1592.  6.  "  De  origitie 
etpYogressu  Schismatis  Anglicani,"  Colon.  1585,  Svoj  fe- 
ptinted  at  other  places  in  1586,  1588,  and  1590,  andtrans^ 
laced  into.  French  in  1673,  with  some  tracts  on  the  tentts 
bf  his  church,  which  seem  not  of  the  controversial  kind. 
Mo^  of  the  former  were  answered  by  English  divines  of 
^^:..A^i^    :j  -i^j.jy  jjjg  large  volume  "  ^      '  *'  "* 

)y  Bering,  Clerk,  anc 
may  be  seen  in  Stryp< 
That  on  the  English  schism  is  refuted,  as  to  bis  more  im- 
portant assertions,  in  the  appendix  to  Burnet's  History  of 
the  BMbrmatibn,  vol.  IL* 

SANDERS  (RpBERTJ,  an  English  writer^  wH^se  ^istory 
maj^  liot  be  unuseful,  was  a  native  of  Scotlandf,  and  born  in, 
or  neafy  Breadalbane,  about  1727.  He  was  by  business  a 
comb-maker;  but  not  hewing  successful  in  trader  and- hav- 
ing some  taletits,  some  education,  and  a  good  memory,  he 
commencisd  a  hackney  writer^  and  in  that  capacity  pro- 
duced some  works  which  have  been  relished  by  the  lower 
"blass  of  readers.  When  he  came  to  London  is  uncertain  ; 
but,  having  travelled  over  most  of  the  northern  parts  of 
these  kingdoms,  he  compiled,  from  his  own  survey  and  the 
information  of  books,  an  itinerary,  entitled  ''  The  Com- 
plete English  Traveller,**  folio.  It  was  published  in  num- 
bers, with  th^  fictitious  naihe  of  Spencer,  professedly  on 
the  plan  oif  Fuller*s  Worthies^  with  biographical  notices  of 
the  most  eminent  men  of  each  county.  As  the  dealers  in 
this  kind  of  publications  thought  it  too  good  a  thing  to  be 
lost,  it  has  been  republished,  depriving  Mr.  Speticer  of  his 
rights,  and  giving  them  to  three  fictitious  gentlemen,  Mr. 
JSurlingion  for  England,  Mr.  Murray  for  Scotland,  and 
Mr.  Llewellyn  for  Wales.  He  also  compiled,  about,  1764, 
a  work  in  5  or  6  voU.  8vo,  with  cuts,  entitled  ^'  The  New- 
gate Calendar,  or  Memoirs  of  those  unfortunate  cttlpritt 

1  AUi.  Ok.  vol.  L^lMd^  €h.  Hitt.— Strype's  Parker,  p.  377  and  911—* 
feumefs  tteforinttion.^^'-CoUier'i  ficcleiiaiticai  l2tfiory« 

VouXXVIL  I 


114  SANDERS. 

who  fall  a  sacrifice  to  the  injured  laws  of  their  cQuntry,  and 
thereby  make  their  exit  at  Tyburn."     He  was  some  time 
engaged  with  lord   Lyttelton,  in  assisting  his  lordship  to 
compile  his  **  History  of  Henry  H. ;"  and  Dr.  Johnson,  in 
his  life  of  that -poetical  nobleman,  introduces  this  circum- 
stance in  no  very  honourable  manner.    "When  time,"  says 
he,  "brought  the  history  to  a  third  edition,  Reid  (the  for- 
mer ct)rret;tor)  was  either  dead  or  discharged  ;  and  the  su- 
per'mtendence  of  typography  and  punctuation  was  com- 
mitted tTt  a  man  originally  a  comb-maker,  but  then  known 
by  the  style  6i  Doctor  Sanders,     Something  uncommon  was 
probably  expected,  and  something  uncommon  was  at  last 
done ;  for  to  the  doctor'* s  edition   is  appended,  what  the 
world  had  hardly  seen  b'efore,  a  list  of  errors  of  nineteen 
pages.*'      His  most   considerable  work   was   his  "  Gaffer 
Greybeard,"  an  illiberal  piece,  in  4  vols.  l2mo,  in  which 
the  characters  of  the  most  eminent  dissenting  divines,  his 
contemporaries,  are  very  freely  handled.    *He  had,  perhaps 
suffered  either  by  the  contempt  or  the  refproof  of  some  of 
that  persuasion,    and  therefore  endeavoured  to    revenge 
himself  on  the    whole,  ridiculing,  in  particular,  Dr.  Gill 
under  the  name  of  Dr.  Half-pint,  and  Dr.  Gibbons  under 
that  of  Dr.  Hyitin-maktr,     He  was  also  the  author  of  the 
notes  to  a  Bible  published  weekly  under  the  name  of  the 
rev.  Henry  Southwell :  for  this  he  received  about  twenty- 
five  or  twenty -six  shillings  per  Week,  while  Dr.  Southwell, 
the  pseudo-commentator,    received  one  htindred  guineas 
for  the  use  of  his  name,  he  having  no  other  recommenda- 
tion to  the  public,  b)  which  he  might  merit  a  posthumous 
memory,    than    his  livings*.      Dr.  Sanders  also  compiled 
'*  Letter- writers,"  "  Histories  of  England,"  and  other  works 
of  the  paste  and  scissors  kind ;  but  his  "  Roman  History," 
written  in  a  series  of  letters  from  a  nobleman  to  his  son,  in 
2  vols.  12mo,  has  some  merit.     Towards  the  latter  end  of 
his  days  he  projected  a  general  chronology  of  all  nations, 
and  had  already  printed  some  sheets  of  the  work,  under 
the  patronage  of  lord  Hawke,  when  a  disorder  upon  his 
longs  put  a  period  to  his  existence,  March  19, 1783.     He 
'  was  much  indebted  to  the  munificence  of  Mr.  Granville 

*  Dr.  Henry  Southwell,  who  died  in  rectory  of  Asterby  in  Lincolnshire,  bnt 

3779,  was  of  a  good  family  in  Cam-  no  one  that  knew  him  ever  suspected 

bri(fgc6hire,  was  eduQjited  at  Magda-  hifflof  writing  a  book. 
7en  college,  Cambridge,  and  had  the 


SANDERS.  115 

■ 

Sh&rpk  More  piartictilars  of  this  man^s  history  and  of  the 
secrets  of  Bibk-niaking  may  be  seen  in  our  authority.' 

SANDERS.     See  SAUNDERS. 

SANDERSON  (Dr.  Robert),  an  eminent  English 
bishop,  was  descended  from  an  ancient  family,  and  was 
the  yoiuigeftt  son  of  Robert  Sanderson,  of  Gilthwaite-hall, 
Yorkshire,  by  Elizabeth,  one  of  the  daughters  of  Richard 
Carr,  of  Batterthwaite-hali,  in  the  parish  of  Ecclesfield. 
He  was  born  at  Rotherham,  in  Yorkshire,  Sept.  19,  1587, 
and  educated  in  the  grammar-school  there,  where  he  made 
so  uncommon  a  progress  in  the  languages,  that,  at  thirteen, 
he  was  sent  to  Lincoln  college  in  Oxford.  Soon  after 
taking  iAi  degree  of  B.  A.  his  tutor  told  Dr.  Kiibie,  the 
rector,  that  his  **  pupil  Sanderson  had  a  metaphysical 
brain,  and  a  matchless  memory,  and  that  he  thought  he 
had  improved  or  made  the  last  so  by  an  art  of  his  own  in- 
vention." While  at  college,  he  generally  spent  eleven 
hours  a  day  in  study,  chiefly  of^  philosophy  and  the  clas- 
sics. In  1606  he  was  chosen  fellow,  and  in  July  1608, 
completed  his  degree  of  M.  A.  In  November  of  the  same 
year,  he  was  elected  logic  reader,  and  re-elected  in  Nov. 
1609.  His  lectures  on  this  subject  were  published  in  161 5^ 
and  ran  through  several  editions.  In  1613,  1614,  and 
1616,  he  served  the  office  of  sub-rector,  and  in  the  latter 
of  those  years,  that  of  proctor.  In  1611,  he  was  ordained 
deacon  and  priest  by  Dr.  King,  bishop  of  London,  and  took 
the  degree  of  bachelor  of  divinity  in  1617.  In  1618,  he 
was  presented  by  his  cousin  sir  Nicolas  Sanderson,  lord 
viscount  Castleton,  to  the  rectory  of  Wybberton,  near 
Boston,  in  Lincolnshire,  but  resigned  it  the  year  following 
on  account  of  the  unhealtbiness  of  its  situation  }  and  about 
the  same  time  was  collated  to  the  rectory  of  Boothby-Pan- 
nell,  or  Paynel,  in  the  same  county,  which  he  enjoyed 
above  forty  years.  Having  now  quitted  his  fellowship,  h^ 
married  Anne,  the  daughter  of  Henry  Nelson,  B.  D.  rec- 
tor of  Haugham  in  the  county  of  Lincoln  ;  and  soon  after 
was  made  a  prebendary  of  Southwell,  as  he  was  also  of 
Lincoln  in  1629.  He  continued  to  attend  to  his  parochial 
duties  in  a  very  exemplary  manner,  and  particularly  la- 
boured much  to  reconcile  differences,  and  prevent  law-suits 
both  in  his  parish,  and  in  the  neighbourhood.  He  also 
often  visited  sick  and  disconsolate  families,  giving  advice 

1  Gent.  M»g.  vol.  LIIL  p.  400,  482. 

I   2 


ll§  SANDERSON. 

and  often  pecuniary  assistance^  or  obtaSning  tbe  latter  by 
applications  to  persons  of  opulence.  He  was  often  called 
upon  to  preach  at  assizes  and  visitations  ;  but  bis  practice 
of  reading  his  sermons^  as  it  Was  then  not  very  comnion» 
raised  some  prejudice  against  him.  Walton  observes,  that 
notwithstanding  he  had  an  extraordinary  memory,  he  had 
such  an  innate  bashfulness  and  sense  of  fear,  as  to  render 
it  of  little  use  in  the  delivery  of  his  sermons.  It  was  re* 
marked,  when  his  sermons  were  printed  in  1632,  that  ^^  the 
best  sermons  that  were  ever  read,  were  never  preached.** 
At  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  he  was  chosen 
otie  of  the  clerks  in  convocation  for  the  diocese  of  Lincoln  ; 
and  Laud,  then  bishop. of  London,  having  recommended 
him  to  that  king  as  a  man  excellently  skilled  in  casuistical 
learnings  he  was  appointed  chaplain  to  his  majesty  in  1631* 
When  he  became  known  to  the  king,  his  majesty  put  many 
cases  of  conscience  tb^him^  and  received  from  him  solutions 
which  gave  him  so  great  satisfaction)  that  at  the  end  of  bis 
month's  attendance,  which  was  in  November,  the  king  told 
him,  that  "  he  should  long  for  next  November ;  for  he  re- 
solved to  have  more  inward  acquaintance  with  him,  when 
the  month  and  he  returned."  The  king  indeed  was  never 
absent  from  his  sermons,  and  used  to  say,  that  *'  be  carried 
his  ears  to  hear  pther  preachers,  but  bis  conscience  to  hear 
Mr.  Sanderson^''  In  1633  he  obtained,  through  the  earl 
of  Rutland's  interest,  the  rectory  of  Muston,  in  Leicester- 
shire, which  he  held  eight  years.  In  Aug.  1636,  when  the 
court  was  entertained  at  Oxford^  he  was,  among  others,^ 
created  D.  D.  In  1642,  he  was  proposed  by  both  Houses 
of  parliament  to  king  Charles,  who  was  then  at  Oxford,  tD 
be  one  of  their  trustees  for  the  settling  of  church  affairs^ 
and  approved  by  the  king:  but  that  treaty  came  to  no- 
thing. The  same  yean  his  majesty  appointed  him  regius 
professor  of  divinity  at  Oxford,  with  the  canonry  of  Christ 
church  annexed  :  but  the  national  calamities  hindered  him 
from  entering  on  it  till  1646,  and  then  he  did  not  hold  it 
undisturbed  much  more  than  a  year.  In  1643,  he  was  no«* 
minated  by  the  parliament  one  of  the  assembly  of  divines, 
but  never  sat  among  them  :  neither  did  he  take  the  cavenani 
or  engage^venty  so  that  his  living  was  sequestered  ;  but,  so 
great  was  his  reputation  for  piety  and  learning,  that  he  was 
not  deprived  of  it.  He  had  the  chief  hand  in  drawing  up 
^*  The  Reasons  of  the  university  of  Oxford  against  the  so- 
lemn League  and  Covenant^  the  Negative  Oath>  and  lh# 


SANDERSON.  117 

Ordinances  concerning  Discipline  and  Worship  :**  and, 
when  the  parliament  had  sent  proposals  to  the  king  for  a 
peace  in  church  and  state,  his  majesty  desired,  that  Dr. 
Sanderson,  with  the  doctors  Hammond,  Sheldon,  and  Mor- 
ley^  should  attend  him,  and  advise  him  how  far  he  might 
with  A  good  conscience  eomply  with  those  proposals.  This 
request  was  rejected  by  the  presbyterian  party ;  but,  it  be* 
log  complied  with  afterwards  by  the  independents,  when 
his  majesty  was  at  Hampton-court,  and  in-the  isle  of  Wight, 
in  .1647  and  1648,  those  divines  attended  him  there.  Dr. 
Sanderson  often  preached  before  him,  and  had  many  public 
and  private  conferences  with  him,  to  his  majesty's  great 
satisfaction.  The  king  also  desired  him,  at  Hampton-court, 
since  the  parliament  had  proposed  the  abolishing  of  episi- 
copal  government  as  inconsistent  with  monarchy,  that  he 
would  consider  of  it,  and  declare  his  judgment;  and  what 
be  wrote  upon  that  subject  was  afterwards  printed  in  1661, 
§vo,  under  this  title,  '^  Episcopacy,  as  established  by  law 
in  England,  not  prejudicial  to  Regal  power."  At  Sander^ 
son's  taking  leave  of  his  majesty  in  this  his  last  attendance 
on  him,  the  king  requested  him  to  apply  himself  to  the 
writing  of  *^  Cases  of  Conscience ;"  to  which  his  answer 
was,  that  ^'  he  was  now  grown  old,  and  unfit  to  write  cases 
of  conscience."  But  the  king  told  him  plainly,  *^  it  was 
the  simplest  thing  he  ever  heard  from  him  ;  for,  no  young 
man  was  fit  to  be  a  judge,  or  write  cases  of  conscience."-^ 
Upon  this  occasion,  Walton  relates  the  following  anecdote  : 
that  in  one  of  these  conferences  the  king  told  Sanderson, 
or  one  of  them  that  then  waited  with  him,  that  '^  the  re- 
membrance of  two  errors  did  much  afflict  him,  which  were, 
bis  assent  to  the  earl  of  Strafford's  death,  and  the  abolish-- 
ing  of  episcopacy  in  Scotland ;  and  that,  if  God  ever  re- 
stored him  to  the  peaceable  possession  of  his  crown,  he 
would  demonstrate  his  repentance  by  a  public  confession 
and  a  voluntary  penance,  by  walking  barefoot  from  the 
Tower  of  London,  or  Whitehall,  to  St.  Paul's  church,  and 
would  desire  the  people  to  intercede  with  God  for  his  par- 
don." In  1643,  Dr.  Sanderson  was  ejected  from  his  pro- 
fessorship and  canonry  in  Oxford  by  the  parliamentary  vi- 
sitors, and  retired  to  his  living  of  Boochby-Pannel.  Soon 
.after>  he.  was  taken  prisoner,  and  carried  to  Lincoln,  to  be 
exchanged  for  one  Clarkes  a  puritan  divine,  and  minister 
of  Alington,  who  had  been  made  prisoner  by  the  king'^ 
D^rty.     He  was,  however^  soon  released  upon  articles,  one 


118 


SANDERSON. 


of  which  was,  that  the  sequestradon  of  bis  living  shoiild  be 
recalled  ;  by  which  means  he  enjoyed  a  moderate  subsist*' 
ence  for  himself,  wife,  and  children,  till  the  restoration. 
But,  though  the  articles  imported  also,  that  he  should  Vive 
undisturbed,  yet  he  was  far  from  being  either  qdiet  or  safe^ 
being  once  wounded,  and  several  times  plundered ;  and 
the  outrage  of  the  soldiers  was  ^ucb,  that  they  not  only 
came  into  his  church,  and  disturbed  him  when  reading 
prayers,  but  even  forced  the  common  prayer  book  froiii 
bim,  and  tore  it  to  pieces.  During  this  retirement,  be  re- 
ceived a  visit  from  Dr.  Hammond,  who  wanted  to  discourse 
with  him  upon  some  points  disputed  between  the  Calvinists 
and  Arminians  ;  and  he  was  often  applied  to  for  resolution 
in  cases  of  conscience,  several  letters  upon  which  subjects 
were  afterwards  printed*.  In  1658,  the  hon.  Robert  Boyle 
sent  him  a  present  of  50/. ;  his  circumstances,  as  of  most  of 
the  royalists  at  that  time,  being  very  low.  Boyle  had  read 
bis  lectures  "  De  juramenti  obligatione,'*  published  the 
preceding  year,  with  great  satisfaction  ;  and  asked  Barlow, 
afterwards  bishop  of  Lincoln,  if  he  thought  Sanderson 
could  be  induced  to  write  cases  of  conscience,  provided  he 
had  an  honornry  pension  all6wed,  to  supply  him  with  books 
and  an,  amanuensis  ?  But  Sanderson  told  Barlow,  ^<  that,  if 
any  future  tract  of  his  could  bring  any  benefit  to  mankiitd, 
be  would  readily  set  about  it  without  a  peinsion.*'  Upon 
this,  Boyle  sent  the  above  present  by  the  hands  of  Barlow ; 
and  Sanderson  presently  revised,  finished,  and  published, 
bis  book  ^^  De  obligatione  conscientis,"  which,  as  well  as 


'  *  While  Dr,  Hammond  was  at  San- 
dersiOD's  house,  he  laboured  to  per- 
suade him  to  trust  to  bis  excellent 
memory,  and  not  to  read  his  sermons. 
Dr.  Sanderson  promised  to  try  the  ex- 
periment, and  having  on  the  Sunday 
following,  exchanged  pulpits  with  a 
neighbouriog  clergyman,  be  gave  Dr. 
Hammond  his  sermon,  which  was  a 
very  short  one,  intending  to  preach  it 
as  it  was  written,  but  before  he  bad 
gone  through  a  third  part,  he  became 
disordered,  incoherent,  and  almost 
incapable  of  finishing.     Ou  ^heir  re- 


iocn  Dr.  Sanderson  s^id  with  much 
earnestness,  '*  Good  doctor,  give  nie 
jhy  sermon,  and  know,  tiiat  neither 
you,  nor  any  man  liTing,  shall  ever 
persuade  me  to  preach  again  without 
book.*^  Ha'mmond  replied,  '*  6ood 
doctor,  be  not  angry ;  for  if  I  ev«r 
persuade  you  to  preach  again  without 
book,  I  will  give  you  leave  to  tiutu  all 
those  that  1  am  master  off.*'  Dr. 
Sanderson  on  some  occasions  expresfsed 
his  sense  of  the  great  timidity  and 
bashfnieess  of  his  temper,  and  thought 
it  bad  been  injurious  to  him. 


■*T^ 


f  Aubrey  says,  <*  When  I  was  a  fresh- 
man and  heard  him  read  his  first  lec- 
ture, he  was  out  in  the  Lord's  prayer.'^ 
Letters  written  by  Eminent  Persons, 
|8i3,  3  Tols.  Svo.  £vcn  when  *<  Pr. 
Sanderson  was  preparing  his  lectures^ 


he  hesitated  so  nnch,  and  repeated  00 
often,  that  at  the  time  of  reading,  h« 
was  often  forced  to  produce,  not  what 
was  best,  but  what  happened  tpt  be 
at  hand."    RM&bler,  No.  19. 


SANDERSON.  119 

« 

that  '*  De  jurajpa^nti  obligatione/'  were  the  substaace  of 
part  of  his  divinity  lectures. 

lu  Aug.  1660,  upon  the  restoration^  he  was  restored  to 
bis  profei>sorship  and  canonry  ;  and  soon  after,  at  the  re- 
commendation of  Sheldon,  raised  to  the  bishopric  of  Lin* 
coin,  and  consecrated  Oct,  28.  He  enjoyed  his  new  dig- 
nity but  about  two  years  and  a  quarter  :  during  which  time 
he  did  all  the  good  in  his  power,  by  repairing  tbexpalace  at 
Bugden,  augmenting  poor  vicarages,  &c.  notwithstanding 
he  was  old,  and  had  a  family ;  and  when  hjs  friends  sug- 
gested a  little  more  attention  to  them,  he  replied,  tha^  he 
Wft  them  to  God,  yet  hoped  he  should  be  able  at  l\\$  d^atb 
tp  give  them  a  competency.  He  died  Jan.  29,  1662-3,  in 
bis  seventy-sixth  year ;  and  was  buried  in  the  chancel  at 
Bugden,  in  the  plainest  and  least  expensive  manner,  ac- 
cording to  his  own  directions.  Dr.  Sanderson  was  in  his 
person  moderately  tall,  of  a  healthy  constitution,  of  a 
mild,  cheerful,  and  even  temper,  and  very  abstemious.  In 
his  behaviour,  he  was  affable,  civil,  and  obliging,  but  not 
ceremonious.  He  was  a  man  of  great  piety,  modest}^  learn- 
ing and  abilities,  but  not  of  such  universal  reading^s  might 
be  supposed.  Being  asked  by  a  friend,  what  boo^he  stu- 
died most,  when  he  laid  the  fouiidatiou  of  his  great  learn- 
ing, he  answered,  that  *^  he  declined  to  read  many  books, 
but  what  be  did  read  were  well  chosen,  and  read  often ; 
and  added,  that  they  were  chiefly  three,  Aristotle's  ^  Rhe- 
toric,' Aquinas's  *  Secunda  Secundae,"  and  TuUy,  but  espe- 
cially his  f  Offices,'  which  he  had  not  fead  over  less  than 
twenty  times,  and  could  even  in  his  old  age  recite  without  ^ 

book." .    He  ^old  him  also,  the  learned  civilian  Dr.  Zouch  ^^ 

had  written  ^^Elementa  JurisprudentisB,"  which  he  thought 
he  could  also  say  w^thqut  book,  and  that  no  vyise  man  could 
read  it  too  often^gpfeides  his  great  knowledge  in  the  fa- 
thers, schoiikliK^iKi  casuistical  and  controversial  divi- 
nity,  JJi^Rs  eK^Ctlj^  vefsed  in  ancient  and  modem  history, 
was  a  good  9<tvtiquary,  and  indefipLtig^ble  searcher  into  re- 
.cprds,  and  well  acquainted  with  heraldry  and  gen/ealogies;  ,  ■., 

of  which  last  subject  be  left  20  vols,  in  MS.  now  in  the 
library  of  '^ir  Joseph  Banks.  The  vorthiest<''and  most 
learned  of  l]is  contefpporaries  speak  of  him  in  the  most  re- 
spectful terms :  "  That  stai/J  and  well-weighed  noan  Dr. 
Sanderson," .  says  tfamm.Qnd,  ^^  .conceives  all  things  deli- 
berately, dwells  upon  them  discretely,  discerns  things  that 
differ  exactly,  passeth  bis  judgment  rationally,  and  ex- 
presses it  aptly,  clearly,  and  honestly." 


129  SANDERSON. 

The  morial  character  of  this  great  and  good  man^  Mc, 
Granger  observes,  has  lately  been,  rashly  aod  feebly  at- 
tacked by  the  author  of  the  '*  Confes^ionaJ,"  and  as  ably 
defended  by  the  author  of  "A  Dialogue  between  *  Isaac 
Walton  and  Homologistes,"  1768.  Cyery  enemy  to  church 
government  has  been,  for  the  same  reason^  an  enemy  to 
bishop  Sanderson  and  every  other  prelate ;  but  the  upright- 
ness and  integrity  of  his  heart,  as  a  casuist,  was  never  be- 
fore called  in  question  by  any  man  who  was  not  an  entir^i 
stranger  to  his  character.  He  saw  and  deplored,  and  did 
bis  utmost,  honestly  and  rationally,  to  remedy  the  com^ 
plicated  ills  of  anarchy  in  church  and  state ;  when  *'  every 
man  projected  and  reformed,  and  did  what  was  right  in  his, 
own  eyes.  No  image  can  better  express  such  a  condition, 
thau  that  of  a  dead  animal  in  a  state  of  putrefaction,  when, 
instead  of  one  noble  creature,  as  it  was,  when  life  held  it 
together,  there  are  ten  thousand  little  nauseous  reptiles 
growing  out  of  it,  eyery  one  crawling  in  a  path  of  its  own.'** 

We  shall  now  give  some  account  of  his  writings,  which, 
for  good  sense,  clear  reasoning,  and  manly  style,  have 
always  been  much  esteemed.  In  1615,  he  published,  i. 
*'  Logicae  Artis  Compendium,''  ^s  we  have  already  men- 
tioned. In  1671  appeared,  as  a  posthumous  work,  hi$ 
'^  PhysicsB  scienties  compendium,"  printed  at  Oxford.  2. 
'^  Sermons,'*  preached  and  printed  at  different  times, 
amounting  to  the  number  of  thirty-six,  1681,  folio;  with 
the  author's  life  by  Walton  prefixed.  3.  ^<  Nine  Cases  of 
Conscience  resolved;"  published  at  different  times,  but 
first  collected  in  1678,  8vo.  The  last  of  these  nine  cases 
is  "  Of  the  use  of  the  Liturgy,"  the  very  same  tract  which 
was  published  by  Walton  in  his  Life  of  Sanderson,  167S, 
under  the  title  of  ^'Bishop  Sanderson's  judgment  concern- 
ing submission  to  Usurpers."  In  this  tract  is  given  a  full 
account  of  the  manner  in  which  Dr.  Sanderson  conducted 
himself,  in  performing  the  service  of  the  church,  in  the 
times  of  the  usurpation.  4.  ^'  De  Juramenti  Obligatione," 
1647,  8vo;  reprinted  several  times  since,  with,  5.  **  De 
Obligatione  Conscientiae."  This  last  was  f^rst  printed,  as 
we  have  said,'  at  the  request  of  Mr.  Boyle,  and  dedicated 
to  him;  the  former,  viz.  <' De  Juramenti  Obligatione,'^' 
was  translated  into  English  by  Charles  L,  during  his  con- 
finement in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  printed  at  London  \i\ 

^  Madia's  Sermons,  ScmiOD  on  the  evils  of  Anarchy,  p.  8^ 

».     .  .1  ■  • 


SANDERSON.  121 

l!SBS,  8to;  and  of  both  there  is  an  English  translation 
entitled  <<  ^Prelections  on  the  Nature  and  Obligation  of  pro- 
missory oaths  and  of  conscience/'  London^  1722^  3  vols. 
Sro.     6.  *<  Censure  of  Mr.  Antony  Ascham  bis  book  of  the 
Confusions  and  Revolution?  of  Government,'*   1649,  8vo, 
This  Ascbam  was  the  rump  parliament's  agent  at  Madrid^ 
and  was  murdered  there  by  some  English  royalists.    7. 
^  Episcopacy,  as  established  by  Law  in  England,  not  pre- 
judicial to  the  Regal  Power,"  1661,  mentioned  before.     8. 
"Pax  Ecclesifie ;  about  Predestination,  or  the  Five  Points;** 
printed  at  the  end  of  his  Life  by  Walton,  8vo.     Our  bishop 
iseems  at  first  to  have  been  a  strict  Cal/mist  in  those  points: 
for  in  1632,  when  twelve  of  his  sermons  were  printed  tOr 
gether,  the  reader  may  observe  in  the  margin  scrme  accu<« 
sationd  of  Arminius  for  false  doctrine;  but  in  consequence 
of  his  conferences  with  Dr.  Hammond,  he  relaxed  ffom  the 
rigid  sense,  as  appears  by  some  letters  that  passed  between 
them,  and   which   are  printed  in  Hammond^s   works.     d« 
**  Discourse  concerning  the  Church  in  these  particulars : 
first,  concerning  the  visibility  of  the  true  Church;  second- 
ly, concerning  the  Church  of  Rome,*'  &c.  1688  ;  published 
by  Dr.  William  Ashetoo,  from  a  MS  copy,  which  he  had 
from  Mr.  Pullen,  the  bishop*8  domestic  chaplain.     10.  A 
large   preface  to  a  book  of  Usher's,  written  at  the  special 
fcommand  of  Charles  L  and  entitled,  '^The  Power  commu- 
nicated by  God  to  the  Prince,  and  the  Obedience  required 
of  the  Subject,*^  &c.  1661,  4to,  and  1683,  8vo.     11.  A 
prefatory  Discourse,  in  defence  of  Usher  and  his  writings^ 
prefixed  to  a  collection  of  learned  treatises,  Entitled,  '*  Clavi 
Trabales ;  or,  nails  fastened  by  some  great  masters  of  at- 
Ijemblies,  confirming  the  king's  supremacy,  the  subjects* 
duty,  and  church  government  by  bishops,"  1661,  4to.     12. 
f*  Prophecies  concerning  the  return  of  Popery,'*  inserted 
111  a  book  entitled  *'  F^ir  Warning,  the  second  pietrt,"  Lon- 
don,   1663.     This  volume  contains  also  several  extracts 
from  the  writings  of  Whitgift  and  Hooker,  and  was  publish- 
ed with  a  view  to  oppose  the  sectaries,  who  were  said  to  be 
opening  a  door  at  which  popery  would  certainly  enter.    13. 
**  The  preface  to  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer,*'  beginning 
with  these  words,  **  It  hath  been  the  wisdom  of  the  church.** 
14.  ^^  BrtK>/hu;,  sen  Explanatio  Juramenti,"  &c.  inserted  in 
the  *^  Excerpta  e  corpore  statutorum  Univ.  Oxon.'*  p.  194. 
It  was  written  to  explain  the  oath  of  obligation  to  observe 
^tke  penal  statute^.     15,  f^  Articles  of  Visitation  and  In* 


123 


SANDERSON. 


qairy  concerning  matters  ecclesiastical/^  &a  Lond.  1662^ 
4to.  Dr.  Sanderson  and  Dr.  Haniaiond  were  jointly  con- 
cerned in  a  work  entitled  ^^  A  pacific  discourse  of  God^s 
frace  and  decrees/'  and  published  by  the  latter  in  1660. 
n  the  preface  to  the  Polyglott,  Dr.  Bryan  Walton  has 
classed  Dr.  Sanderson  among  those  of  his  much  honoured 
friends  who  assisted  him  in  that  noble  work.  Peck,  io  the 
second  volume  of  his  ^^  Desiderata  Curiosa/'  has  published 
the  *'  History  and  Antiquities  of  the  Cathedral  Church  of 
the  Blessed  Virgin  St.  Mary  at  Lincoln  :  containing  au  ex*- 
act  copy  of  all  the  ancient  monumental  inscriptions  there, 
in  number  163,  as  they  stood  in  1641,  most  of  which  were 
soon  after  torn  up,  or  otherways  defaced.  Collected  by 
Robert  Sanderson,  S.T.  P.  afterwards  lord  bishop  of  that 
church,  and  compared  with  and  corrected  by  sir  Willtam 
Dugdale's  MS  survey."* 

SANDERSON  (Robert),  an  antiquary  of  considerable 
]iote>  was  a  younger  son  of  Christopher  Sanderson,  ^jus-» 
tice  of  the  peace  for  the  county  palatine  of  Durham,  who 
had  suffered  for  his  attachment  to  the  Stuart  family  during 
the  civil  war.  He  was  born  July  27,  1660,  at  Eggleston- 
ball,  in  that  county,  and  entered  a  student  of  St.  Jpbn^$ 
college,  Cambridge,  under  the  tuition  of  Dr.  Baker,  April 
7,  1683.  He  remained  in  the  university  several  years,  aq4 
'  was  contemporary  with  the  celebrated  Matthew  Prior.  Re- 
moving to  London,  lie  afterwards  turned  his  attention  to 
the  law,  and  was  appointed  clerk  of  the  rolls,  in  the  Rolls 
chapel.  He  contributed  largely  to  the  compilation  of  Ry* 
mer^s  Foedera,  ^nd  was  exclusively  concerned  in  arranging 
thQ  three  concluding  volume^,  from  IB  to  20,  whiph  he 
successively  dedicated  to  kings  George  I.^nd  II.  (See 
Rymer.) 

In  1704  he  published  a  translation  of  ^^  Original  Letj^ers 
frgm  William  III.  whilst  Prince  of  Orange,  to  Charles  II., 
!|Lord  Arlington,  and  otb^ers,  with  an  Accoiupt  of  the  Prince's 
Reception  at  Middleburgh,  and  his  Spepcb  on  tfoat  ppca* 
sionV  dedicating  the  book  to  lord  WoqctsjtQpk.  Ha  9I10 
wrote  "  A  History  of  Henry  V."  in  the  vf^y  of  anuaU,  it| 
nip^  volumes,  of  which  tbp  first  four  have  been  Ipst,  and 
the  others  still  remain  in  ipanijfscript  amongst  his  p^p(erv 
Ip  1714  be  became  ac^ndidat^  for  the  plaqe  of  hi«toriQ-» 

'  Life  by  Wa^Uon,  with  tracts,  1678,  Svo.— Walton's  Lives  by  Zouch.— nio». 
.  Brit. — Atb.  Ox.  vol.  n.-~Bishop  Barlow's  Remains,  p.  333  and  634.— Words- 
wprtl^'s  l^GpL  BiQ|;r^p^y.-^Gen{.  Mag.  vol.  LXXl. . 


SANDERSON.  123 

grapber  to  queen  Anne,  and  received  a  very  handsome  offer 
of  assistance  from  Matthew  Prior,  at  that  time  ambassador 
to  the  court  of  France.  His  success,  however,  was  pre-* 
vented  by  the  change  of  ministry  which  succeeded  on  the 
queen's  death.  On  the  2dth  of  November,  1726,  he  was 
appointed  usher  of  the  high  court  of  chancery,  by  sir  Jo^ 
seph  Jekyll,  the  master  of  the  rolls.  He  succeeded,  in 
1727,  by  the  death  of  an  elder  brother,  to  a  considerable 
landed  property  in  Cumberland,  the  north  riding  of  Yorlc- 
shire,  and  Durham.  After  this^  though  he  continued 
chiefly  to  reside  in  London,  he  occasionally  visited  his 
country  seat  at  Armatbwaite  castle,  a  mansion  pleasantly 
situated  on  the  bank^  of  the  Eden,  about  ten  miles  from 
Carlisle.  He  was  married  four  times ;  for  the  last  time  to 
Elizabeth  Hickes  of  London,  when  he  had  completed  bis 
70th  year.  He  died  Dec.  25,  1741,  at  his  house  in  Chan^ 
eery-lane,  in  the  79th  year  of  his  age,  and  was  buried  in 
Red- Lion- Fields.  He  was  a  devout  man,  well  read  in  di« 
vinity,  attached  to  the  forms  of  the  church  of  England,  and 
very  regular  in  his  attention  to  public  and  private  worship. 
He  was  slightly  acquainted  with  the  Hebrew  language,  and 
conversant  in  the  Greek,  Latin,*  Spanish,  Italian,  and 
French.  He  made  a  choice  collection  of  books  in  various 
languages,  and  left  behind  him  several  volumes  of  MSS, 
relating  chiefly  to  history,  and  the  court  of  chancery,  and 
including  a  transcript  of  Thurloe^s  State  Papers.  He  kept 
a  diary,  in  which  be  noted  down,  with  minute  attention* 
the*  slightest  occurrences  of  his  life.  As  be  left  no  issue, 
his  estates  descen.ded,  on  the  death  of  his  last  wife,  in 
175-3,  to  the  family  of  Margaret,  his  eldest  sister,  oiarried 
to  Henry  Milboiu*ne,  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne ;  whose 
great  grandson,  William  Henry  Milbourne,  was  high  she- 
riff of  Cumberland  in  1794.^ 

SANDERSON.     See  SAUNDERSON.  ^ 

SANDERUS  (Anthony),  an  eminent  topographer  and 
antiquary,  was  born  at  Antwerp,  in  Sept.  15S6.  He  was 
first  taught  Latin  at  Oudenarde,  and  pursued  his  cl  issical 
studies  at  the  Jesuits'  college  in  Ghent.  He  then  studied 
philosophy  at  Doua^,  and  in  1609  obtained  the  degree  of 
master  of  arts.  A^ter  pome  stay  in  his  native  country,  he 
entered  on  a  course  of  theology  at  Louvain,  which  be 
eompleted  at  Douay,   and  in  1619,    or    1621,    took   th^ 

'  Ni\hols*8  Buwyer.-^Rees's  Cyclop^dui, 


124  S  A  N  D  E  R  U  S. 

degree  of  docror  in  that  faculty.  Being  ordained  priest, 
officiated  for  several  years  in  various  churches  in  the  diocesar 
of  Ghent,  was  remarkably  zealous  in  the  conversion  of  A^- 
reticSf  i.  e.  protestants,  and  particularly  contended  much 
with  the  anabaptists,  who  were  numerous  in  that  quarter. 
Having,  however,  rendered  himself  obnoxious  to^  the  Hol^ 
landers,  by  some  services  in  which  he  was  employed  by  the 
king  of  Spain,  their  resentment  made  him  glad  to  enter  into 
the  service  of  cardinal  Alphonso  de  la  Cueva,  who  was  then 
in  the  Netherlands,  and  made  him  his  almoner  and  secre-^ 
tary.  Some  time  after,  by  the  cardinal's  interest,  he  was 
made  canon  of  Ipres  (not  of  Tournay,  as  father  Labbe  as* 
»erts)  and  finally  theologal  of  Terouanne.  He  died  in  1664, 
in  the  seventy-eighth  year  of  his  age,  at  AfHingham,  an 
abbey  of  Brabant  in  thei  diocese  of  Mechlin,  and  was  inter- 
red there,  with  a  pious  inscription  over  his  grave,  written 
by  himself. 

The  long  list  of  bis  works  shews  that  his  life  was  not 
spent  in  indolenpe.  Some  of  these  of  the  religious  kind 
we  shall  omit.  The  principal,  which  respected  literature, 
or  the  biography  and '  history  of  the  Netherlands,  were,  1 . 
*'  Dissertatio  parsenetica  pro  instituto  bibliothecee  publicae 
Gandavensis,'*  Ghent,  1619,  4to.  2.  **  Poematum  libri 
tres,"  ibid.  1621,  8vo.  3.  **  Panfegyricus  in  kudem  B. 
TbomaB  de  Villanova,"  ibid.  1623,  4to.  4.  *' Encomium 
S.  Isidori,"  Antwerp,  1623,  8vo.  5.  *^  De  Scriptoribu^ 
Flandriae,  libri  tres,''  ibid.  1624,  4to.  6.  *^  De  Ganda* 
▼eMsibus  eruditionis  fama  claris,*'  -ibid.  1624,  4to.  7.  '^De 
Brugensibus  eruditionis  fama  ciaris,''  ibid.  1624,  4to.  8. 
"  Hagiologium  FlandriaB,"  &c.  ibid.  1625,  4to,  and  with 
additions,  at  Lisle,  1639.  9.  ^^  Elogia  Cardinalium  sanc« 
titate,  doctrina,  et  armis  illustrium,''  Louvain,  1625,  4to« 
10.  **  Gandavium,  sive  rerum  Gandavensium  libri  sex,*^ 
Brussels,  1627,  4to.  11.  '^De  Claris  sanctitate  et  erudi« 
tione  Antoniis,"  Louvain,  1627,  4to.  12.  ^*  Bibliotheca 
Belgica  mauuscripta,'*  2  parts  or  volumes,  Lisle,  1641  and 

1643,  4to.     13.  "  Flandria  lllustrata,"  Cologne,  1641  and 

1644,  2  vols.  fol.  a  most  superb  book,  well  known  to  the 
collectors  of  foreign  history  and  topography.  There  is  an 
edition  published  at  the  Hague  in  1730,  3  vols.  fol.  but  tb6 
original  is  preferred  on  account  of  th^  superior  beauty  of 
the  engravings.  14,  '^  Chorographia  sacra  Brabantia,  sive 
celebrium  aliquot  in  ea  provincia  ecclesi^ruip  et  ccenobio- 
rum  descriptio,*'  Brussels  and  Antwerp,  1659,  2  vols.  fo(^ 


8ANDERUSL  123 

1669.  This  is  a  still  more  splendid  work  than  the  former, 
v^nd  of  much  more  rare  occurrence  in  a  complete  state,  very 
few  copies  of  the  second  volume  being  in  existence.  The 
reason  assigned  is,  that  the  entire  impression  of  the  second 
volume  was  suppressed  as  soon  as  completed,  and  remained 
in  the  warehouse  of  a  bookseller  at  Brussels  until  1695,  in 
which  year  that  city  was  bombarded  by  the  French,  and  all 
the  copies,  except  a  few  in  the  possession  of  the  author's 
friends,  perished  by  fire.  This  likewise  was  reprinted  at 
the  Hague  in  3  vols.  foL  1726 — 27,  but  with  different  plates, 
and  of  course  this  edition  is  not  so  highly  esteemed.  San- 
ders wrote  other  topographical  works,  which  appear  to  re- 
main in  MS.^ 

SANDFORD  (Francis),  a  herald  and  heraldic  writer, 
descended  from  a  very  ancient  and  respectable  family,  still 
seated  at  Sandford,  in  the  county  of  Salop,  was  the  third 
ton  of  Francis  Sandford,  of  that  place,  esq.  by  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Calcot  Chambre,  of  WiJliamscot  in  Oxford- 
«bire,  and  of  Carnow  in  Wicklow  in  Ireland.  He  was  bora 
in  1630,  in  the  castle  of  Carnow  in  the  province  of  Wick- 
low, part  of  the  half  barony  of  Shelelak,  purchased  of 
James  I.,  by  his  maternal  grandfather,  Chalcot  Chambre. 
He  partook  in  an  eminent  degree  the  miseries  of  the  period 
which  marked  his.youth.  At  eleven  years  of  age  he  sought 
ftn  asylum  in  Sandford,  being  driven  by  the  rebellion  from 
Ireland.  No  sooner  had  his  pitying  relatives  determined  to 
educate  htm  to  some  profession,  than  they  were  proscribed 
for  adhering  to  the  cause  of  their  sovereign ;  he  received, 
'therefore,  only  that  learning  which  a  grammar  school  could 
give.  As  some  recom pence  for  the  hardships  be  and  his 
faoiily  had  experienced,  he  was  admitted,  at  the  restora- 
tion, as  pursuivant  in  the  college  of  arms^  but  conscien- 
tiously attached  to  James  II.,  he  obtained  leave  to  resign 
his  tabard  to  Mr.  King,  rougedragon,  who  paid  him  220/. 
for  his  office.  He  retired  to  Bloomsbury,  or  its  vicinity^ 
where  he  died,  January  16,  1693,  and  was  buried  in  St. 
Bride^s  upper  church  yard.  The  last  daya  of  this  valuable 
man  corresponded  too  unhappily  with  the  first,  for  he  died 
*<  advanced  in  years,  neglected,  and  poor.'*  He  married 
Jtfargaret,  daughter  of  William  Jokes,  of  Bottington,  in 
the  county  of  Montgomery,  relict  of  William  Kerry,  by 
whom  he  bad  issue.     His  literary  works  are,  1.  '^  A  genea* 

*  Fo|>peiiBibkBel{^.— Moreri«-^LoBgt&aa'i  Catalog ae  for  18 lO, 


12«  S  A  N  D  P  O  R  D. 

logical  History  of  the  Kings  of  Portugal,"  &c.  London, 
\664fy  fol.  partly  a  translation,  published  in  complimetit  lo 
Catherine  of  Braganza,  consort  to  Chai*les  IL  It  is  become 
scarce.  2. .  "  The  Orch?r  and  Ceremonies  used  at  the  Fu- 
neral of  his  Grace,  George  Duke  of  Albemarle,'*  Savo}*, 
16?0..  This  is  a  thin  folio,  the  whole  represented  in  en* 
graving.  3.  **  A  genealogical  History  of  the  Kings  of 
England,  and  M'onarchs  of  Great  Britain,  from  th^-Nordian 
Conquest,  Anno  1066,  to  the  year  1677,  in  seven  Part* 
or  Books,  containing  a  Drscourse  of  their  several  Lives,  Mar- 
liagesj  ancl  Issues,  Times  of  Birib,  Death,  Places  of  Bu- 
rialj  and  monumental  Inscriptions,  with  their  Effigies,  Sfeals, 
Tombsj  Cenotaphs,  Devices,  Arms,"  &c.  Savoy,  167^, 
fol.  dedicated  to  Charles  IL,  by  whose  command  the  wtjrk 
was  undertaken.  It  is  his  best  and  most  estimable  perform- 
ance. The  plan  is  excellent,  the  fineness  of  the  no'meronis 
engravings  greatly  enrich  and  adorn  it :  many  are  by  Hoi'** 
lar,  others  by  the  best  artists  of  thnt  period,  inferior  to 
him,  but  not  contemptible,  even  when  seen  at  this  age  of 
improvement  in  graphic  art.  The  original  notes  are  not 
the  least  valuable  part  of  the  work,  conveying  great  in- 
formation, relative  to  the  heraldic  history  of  our  monarch^, 
princes, 'and  nobility.  Mr.  Stebbinjx»  Somerset  herald, 
reprinted  it  in  1707,  continuing  it  until  that  year,  giving 
some  additional  information  to  the  original  works;  but  the 
plates  being  worn  out,  or  ill  touched,  this  edition  is  far  iih- 
ferior  to  the  first.  "  The  Coronation  of  K.  James  11.  and 
Q  Mary,'*  &c.*iilustrated  with  sculptures.  Savoy,  1687,  a 
most  superb  work.  When  James  declared  he  would  have 
the  a-ccount  of  his  coronation  printed,  Mr.  Sandford  and 
Mr.  King,  then  rouge-dragon,  obtained  the  earl  n^arshaPs 
consent  to  execute  it ;  the  lattqr  says,  the  greatest  part 
passed  through  his  hands,  as  well  as  the  whole  management 
and  economy  of  it,  though  he  declined  having  his  name 
appear  in  the  title-page,  contenting  himself  with  one  third 
part  of  the  property,  leaving  the  honour,  and  twoTemain- 
ing  shares  of  it,  to  Mr.  Sandford ;  well  foreseeing,  he  says^ 
that  they  would  be  maligned  for  it  by  others  of  their  office ; 
and  he  was  not  mistaken,  for  Sandford,  with  all  the  honour, 
had  all  the  malice,  for  having  opposed  the  earl  marshaP^ 
appointing  Mr.  Burghill  to  be  receiver  of  fees  of  honoiif 
for  the  heralds,  and  endeavouring  to  vest  it  in  the  king;  so 
that  the  affair  was  taken  and  argued  at  the  council  table. 
The  earl  marshal,  at  the  insinuation  of  some  of  th6  be- 


8  A  N  D  F  O  R  D.  127 

raids,  suspended  him,  tinder  pretence  that  he  had  not 
finished  the  history  of  the  coronation  ;  but  he  submitting, 
the  suspension  was  soon  taken  off.  The  book  at  last  was 
not  successful,  for  the  publication  being  delayed  until 
1687,  and  the  revolution  following,  which  threw  a  damp 
on  such  an  undertaking,  Messrs.  Sand  ford  and  King  gained 
no  more  than  their  expen'ces,  amounting  to  600/.* 

SANDINI  (Anthony),  an  Italian  ecclesiastical  historian, 
was  bom  June  31,  1692,  and  became,  by  the  interest  of 
his  bishop,  cardinal  Rezzonico,  who  was  afterwards  pope 
Clement  XI 11.  librarian  and  professor  of  ecclesiasticcil  his- 
tory ^t  Padua,  where  he  died,  Feb.  23,  1751,  in  the  fifty- 
ninth  year  of  his  age.  He  is  known  principally  by  his 
**  Vitae  Pontificum  Romanorum,"  Ferrara,  1748,  reprinted 
under  the  title  of  "  Basis  Historiae  Ecclesiasticae.'*  He  also 
wrote  "  Historian  Familias  Sacr®  ;*'  **  Historia  S.  S.  Apos- 
tolorum  ;*'  **  Disputationes  XX  ex  Historia  Ecclesiastica 
ad  Vitas  Pontificum  Romanorum,"  and  "  Dissertations,'* 
in  defence  of  tiie  "  Historian  Familiae  Sacrae,"  which  fathei* 
Serry  had  attacked.* 

SANDIUS  (Christopher),  or.  Van  Den  Sand,  a  So- 
cinian  writer,  was  born  at  Konigsburg  in  the  year  1644. 
After  becoming  an  ecclesiastic,  he  went  to  Amsterdam, 
where  lie  died  in  1680,  aged  only  thirty-six.  He  published 
various  works,  among  which  are,  1.  "  Nucleus  Historiaf; 
Eeciesiastics,"  1669,  in  2  vols.  8vo,  reprinted  at  Cologne, 
in  1676  :  and  in  London  in  1681.  2.  "  Tractatus  de  Ori- 
'gine  Animae,  1671."  3.  *<  Notae  et  Observationes  in  G.J, 
Vossium  de  Historicis  Latinis,"  1677,  a  work  of  consider- 
able learning.  4.  "  Centuria  Epigrammatum ;"  5.  "  In- 
terpretationes  paradoxae  IV.  Evangeliorum ;"  6.  "  Confes- 
aio  Fidei  de  Deo  Patre,  Filio,  et  Spiritu  Sancto,  secuhdum 
Scripturam;"  '*  Scriptura  SacraD  TTrinitatis  RevelatrixJ' 
But  the  only  work  now  much  known,  which  was  published 
after  his  death,  is  his  *^  Bibliotheca  Anti-Trinitariorum,^* 
Freistadt,  1684,  12mo,  containing  an  account  of  the  lives 
and  writings  of  Socioian  authors,  and  some  tracts  giving 
many  particulars  of  the  history  of  the  Polish  Socinians.' 

SAN DR ART  (Joachim),  a  German  painter,  was  born 
at  Francfortin  1606.  He  was  sent  by  his  father  to  a  gram- 
mar school;   his  inclination  to   engraving   and  designing 

*  Atb.  Ox.  vol.  II. — Harris**  edition  of  Ware. — Noble's  CoHeje  of  Arms. — 
Gent  Mag.  voK  LXIU. 

«  Diet  Hist.  >  Moreri.— Diet.  Hi.t. 


125  8  A  N  D  R  A  R  T. 

being  irresistiblci  he  was  sufFered  to  indulge  it,  and  tir^nt 
on  foot  to  Prague,  where  he  put  himself  under  Giles  Sade- 
ler,  the  famous  engraver,  who  persuaded  him  to  apply  bi^ 
genius  to  painting.     He  accordingly  went  to  Utrecht,  and 
was  some  time  under  Gerard  Honthrost,  who  took  him  inlor 
England  with  him;  where  be  stayed  till  1627,  the  year  in 
which  the  duke  of  Buckingham,  who  was  the  patron  of 
painting  and  painters,  was  assassinated  by  Fehon  at  Ports- 
mouth.    He  went  afterwards  to  Venice,  where  he  copied 
the  finest  pictures  of  Titian  and  taul  Veronese;  and  from 
Venice  to  Rome,  where  he  became  one  of  the  most  consi- 
derable painters  of  his  time.     The  king  of  Spain  sending 
to  Rome  for  twelve  pictures  of  the  most  skilful  hands  then 
in  that  city,  twelve  painters  were  set  to  work^  one  of  wfaomi 
was  Sandrart.     After  a  long  stay  in  Rome,  he  went  to  N»« 
pies,  thence  to  Sicily  and  Malta,  and  at  length  returned 
through  Lombardy  to  Francfort^   where  he    married.     A 
great  famine  happening  about  that  time,  he  removed  to 
Amsterdam;    but  returned  to  Francfort  lapon  the  cessit« 
tion  of  that  grievance.     Not  long  after,  he  took  possession 
of  the  manor  of  Stokau,  in  the  duchy  of  Neuburg,  which 
was  fallen  to  him ;  and,  finding  it  much  in  decay,  sold  all 
his  pictures,    designs,  and  other  curiosities,  in   order  ^a 
y^ise  money  for  repairs.     He  had  but  just  completed  these, 
when,  the  war  breaking  out  between  tbe  Germans  and  the 
French,  it  was  burned  by  the  latter  to  the  ground.     He 
then  rebuilt  ic  in  a  better  style;  but,  fearing  a  second  in-* 
vasion,  sold  it,  and  settled  at  Augsburgh,  where  he  exe- 
cuted  many  fine  pictures.     His  wife  dying,  he  left.Augs- 
burgh,.  and  went  to  Nuremberg,  where  he  established  ait 
academy  of  painting.     Here  he  published  his  '^  Academia. 
artis  pictorias,*'   1683,  fol.  being »an  abridgrtient  of  Vasari 
a4)d  Ridolfi  for  what  concerns  the  Italian  painters,  and  of 
Charles  Van  Mander  for  the  Flemings,  of  the  seventeenth 
century.  He  died  at  Nuremberg,  in  1688.    His  work  above 
mentioned,  which  some  have  called  superficial,  is  but  a 
part  of  a  larger  work,  which  he  published  before  under  the 
title  of  *' Academia  Todesca  della  architettura,  scultura,  e 
pittura,  oderTeutsche  academic  der  edlen  banbild-mahle- 
Ten-kunste,"  Nuremberg,  1675 — 79,  2  vols.  fol.     He  pub* 
lished  also,  *'  Iconologia  Deorum,  qui  ab  antiquis  coleban- 
lur  (Germanice),  ibid.  1680,  fol.     "  Admiranda  Sculpturaei 
Teteris,  sive  delineatio  vera  perfectissima  statuarum,"  ibid- 
1680,  fol.     ^*  Romse  aniiquss  et  novae  theatrum,^'  i6S^,  foK 


^  A  N  D  R  A  R  t.  i2Sl 

^'^  l^bHUKNTttin  Fotttinalia/'  ibid.  1685,  fol.  A  German 
^ditioD  of  all  bis  works  was  published  by  Volkmann,  at 
Nuremberg,  in  1669 — 75,  8  vols,  fol.' 

SANDYS  (Edwin),  a  very  eminent  English  prelate,  thct. 
third  son  of  Wil(iam  Sandys,  esq.  and  Margaret  his  wife^ 
descended  from  the  ancient  barons  of  Kendal,  was  bora 
near  Hawksbead,  in  Furness  Fells,  Lancashire,  in  1519* 
The  same  neigbbourbood^  and  almost  the  same  year,  gave 
birth  to  two  other  luminaries  of  the  reformation,  Edmund 
Grindal  and  Bernard  Gilpin*  Mr.  Sandys*s  late  biographer 
conjectures,  that  be  was  educated  at  the  school  of  Furness 
Abbey,  whence  be  was  removed  to  St.  John^s-coliege,, 
Cambridge^  in  1532  or  1533,  where  be  had  for  his  con- 
temporaries Redmayn  and  Lever,  both  great  lights  of  tha 
reformation,  beside  othets  of  inferior  name,  who  continued 
in  the  hour  of  trial  so  true  to  their  principles,  that,  accord- 
ing to  Mri  Baker,  the  learned  historian  pf  that  bousef 
^*  probably  more  fellows  were,  in  queen  Mary's  reign, 
ejected  from  St.  John's  than  from  any  other  society  in  either 
tiniversityt"  Several  years  now  elapsed  of  Saudys's  life^ 
during  which  in  matters  of  religion  men  knew  not  how  to 
act  or  what  to  believe ;  but,  though  the  nation  was  at  this 
time  under  severe  restraints  with  respect  to  external  con-» 
duct,  inquiry  was  still  at  work  in  secret :  the  corruption^ 
of  the  old  religion  became  better  understood, , the  Scrip- 
tures wete  universally  studied,  and  every  impediment  being 
removed  with  the  capricious  tyranny  of  Henry  VIII.,  pro- 
testantism, with  little  variation  from  its  present  establish- 
ment in  England,  became  the  religion  of  the  state.  > 

During  this  interval  Sandys^  who,  from  the  independence 
bf  bis  fortune,  or  some  other  cause,  had  never  been  scbo* 
iar  or  fellow  of  bis  college,  though  he  had  served  the 
bffice  of  proctor  for  the  university,  was  in  1547  elected 
master  of  Catherine-ball.  He  was  probably  at  this  tima 
vicar  of  Haversham,  in  Bucks,  his  first  considerable  pre-* 
ferment,  to  which,  in  1548,  was.added  a  prebend  of. Peter- 
borough, and  in  1552,  the  second  stall  at  Carlisle.  \}^ith- 
out  the  last  of  these  preferments  he  was  enabled  to  marry^  ^ 
end  chose  a  lady  of  his  own  name,  the  daughtei'of  a  branch 
unnoticed  by  the  genealogists,  a  beautiful  and  pious  wo-* 
man.  The  next  year,  which  was  that  of  his  vice-cban« 
cellorship,    rendered  bim  unhappily  conspicuous  by  his 

<  PilkingtoD.-ii^Strtttt* 

V9L.XXVW.  K 


13d  S-  A  N  0  Y  S. 

yielding  to  the  command  or  request  of  Dudley,  duke  d 
Nortliumberland,  and  preaching  a  sermon  in  support  of 
lady  Jane  Gray's  pretensions  to  the  crown,  after  the  death 
of  Edward  VI.  The  designs  of  Dudley's  party  having  been 
almost  immediately  defeated,  Sandys  was  marked  out  for 
vengeance ;  and  the  popish  party  in  the  university,  as  the 
first  step  towards  regaining  an  ascendant,  resolved  to  de- 
pose the  vice-chancellor,  which  was  performed  in  a  man- 
ner very  characteristic  of  the  tumultuous  spirit  of  the 
times.  From  this  time,  in  July  1553,  he  ceased  to  reside 
in  college,  or  to  take  any  part  in  the  administration  of  its 
concerns. 

He  then  left  the  universitv,  amidst  the  insults  of  his 
enemies,  and  the  tears  of  bis  friends,  -^ho  reasonably  an- 
ticipated a  worse  fate  than  that  which  befel  him.  On  his 
arrival  in  London,  he  was  ordered  to  be  confined  in  the 
Tower,  -  where  the  yeomen  of  the  guard  took  from  him 
every  thing  which  he  had  been  permitted  to  bring  froni 
Cambridge;  but  his  faithful  servant,  Quintiq  Swainton, 
brought  after  him  a  Bible,  some  shirts  and  other  necessa- 
ries. The  Bible  being  no  prize  for  plunderers,  was  sent 
in,  but  every  thing  else  was  stolen  by  the  warders.  Here, 
after  remaining  three  weeks,  solitary  and  ill  accommo- 
dated in  a  vile  lodging,  he  was  removed  to  a  better  apart- 
ment, call/ed  the  Nun's  Bower  (a  name  now  forgotten  in 
ihat  gloomy  mansion),  where  he  bad  the  comfort  of  Mr. 
John  Bradford's  company.  In  this  apartment '  they  re- 
mained twenty-^nine  weeks,  during  which  time  the  mildness 
yet  earnestnessof  tfaeirpersuasions  wroughton  their  keeper, 
a  bigoted  catholic,  till  he  became  a  sincere  protestant, 
''  a  son  begotten  in  bonds^"  so  that  when  mass  was  cele- 
brated in  the  chapel  of  the  Tower,  instead  of  compelling 
his  prisoners  to  attend,  the  converted  gaoler  frequently 
.  brought  up  a  service-book  of  Edward  VI.  with  bread  and 
wine,  and  Sandys  administered  the  sacrament  in  both  kinds 
to  himself  and  the  other  two. 

Here  they  continued  until  their  apartments  being  wanted 
for  the  persons  concerned  in  Wyat's  conspiracy,  they  were 
removed  to  the  Marshalsea.  On  their  way  there  they  found 
the  people's  minds  greatly  changed.  Popery,  unmasked 
and  triumphant,  had  already  shewn  its  nature  again,-  and 
general  disgust  had  followed  the  short  burst  of  joy  which 
had  attended  the  queen's  accession.  .  Sandys  walked  along 
the  streets  attended  by  bis  keeper :  and  as  he  was  generally 


B  A  K  D  V  S.  131 

ktoo«!il,  the  people  prayed  that  God  would  eomfort  him^ 
and  strengthen  him  io  the  mitb*  Struck  with  these  ap- 
pearances of  popularityi  the  keeper  of  the  Marshalsea  saidj 
<<  These  vain  peo|^  would  set  you  forward  to  the  fire : 
but  you  are  as  Tain  as  they^  if  you^  being  a  young  mao^ 
will  prefer  your  own  conceit  before  the  judgoient  of  so  many 
worthy  prellUes^  and  so  many  grave  and  leamed^nen  as  are 
ia  this  realm.  If  you  persist,  you  shall  find  me  as  strict  a 
keeper,  aa  one  that  utterly  misliketh  your  religion."  Dr« 
Sandys  nobly  replied^  "  My  years,  indeed,  are  few,  and 
tny  learning  is  small ;  but  it  is  enough  to  know  Christ 
crucified  ;  and  who  seeth  not  the  blasphemies  of  popery 
bath  learned  nothing.  I  have  read  in  Scripture  of  godly 
and  courteous  keepers,  God  make  you  like  one  of  them ; 
if  not,.  I  trust  he  will  give  me  strength  and  patience  to  b^ajr 
your  bard  dealing'  with  me."  The  keeper  then  asked^ 
"  Are  you  resolved  to  stand  to  your  religion  ?"  *<  Yes,'* 
^aid  Dr.  Sandys,  "  by  God's  grace."  « 1  love  you  the 
-better,  therefore,"  said  the  keeper,  « I  did  but  tempt  youj 
every  favour  which  I  can  show,  you  shall  be  sure  of :  nay^ 
if  you  die  at  a  stake,  I  shall  be  happy  to  die  with  you.'* 
:And  from  that  day  such  was  the  confidence  which  this  good 
•man  reposed  in  Sandys,  that  many  times  he  permitted  him 
,to  walk  alone  io  the  fields  j  nor  would  he  ever  suffer  him 
to  be  fettered>  like  the  other'  prisoners.  He  lodged  him 
also  in  the  best  chamber  of  the  house,  and  often  permitted 
his  wife  to  visit  him.  Great  resort  was  here  made  to  Dr. 
Sandys  for  his  edifying  discourses,  and  much  money  was 
oflFered  him,  but  he  would  accept  of  none.  Here  too  the 
communion  was  celebrated  three  ^r  four  times  by  himself 
and  his  companions,  of  whom  Saunders,  afterwards  the  mar- 
tyr, was  one,  to  many  communicants. 

After  nine  weeks  confinement  in  the  Marshalsea,  he  was 
set  at  liberty,  by  the  intercession  of  sir  Thomas  Holcroft 
knigbt-marsbal.  This,  however,  was  not  accomplished 
without  much  difficulty,  and  so  intent  was  Gardiner,  bishop 
of  Winchester,  on  bringing  Sandys  to  the  stake,  that  it 
required  ^ome  management  on  the  part  of  sir  Thomas 
before  he  could  succeed ;  and  no  sooner  Was  Sandys  libe- 
rated than  Gardiner,  being  told  that  he  had  set  at  liberty 
one  of  the  greatest  heretics  in  the  kingdom,  procured  or- 
dcrs.io  be  issued  to  all  the  constables  of  London  to  search 
for,  and  apprehend  hipa.  In  Sandys's.  final  escape,  as  re- 
iatedby  his  late  biographer,  the  hand  of  Providence  wi*s 


132  SANDYS. 

Strikingly  visible.  While  he  was  in  the  Tower,  tranting  si 
pair  of  new  hose,  a  tailor  was  sent  for,  who,  not  bein^ 
permitted  to  measure  him,  had  made  them  too  long,  anA 
while  he  was  now  concealed  at  the  house  of  one  Hurleston, 
a  skinner  in  Cornhill,  he  sent  them,  as  Hnrleston's  own^ 
to  a  tailor  to  be  shortened.  This  happened  to  be  honest 
Benjamin  the  maker,  a  good  protestant|  who  immediately 
recognized  his  own  bandy  work,  and  required  to  be  shown 
to  the  house  where  Dr.  Sandys  was,  that  he  might  speak 
with  him  for  bis  good.  At  midnight  he  was  admitted,  and 
informed  Dr.  Sandys,  that  all  the  constables  of  the  city^ 
of  whom  he  himself  was  one,  were  employed  to  apprehend 
him,  that  it  was  well  known  that  bis  servant  had  provided 
two  geldings,  and  that  he  meant  to  ride  out  at  Aldgate  to- 
morrow. "  But,"  said  he,  •*  follow  my  advice,  and,  by- 
God's  grace,  you  shall  escape.  Let  your  man  walk  all  the 
day  to-morrow  in  the  street  where  your  horses  are  stabled^ 
booted  and  prepared  for  a  journey.  The  servant  of  the 
man  of  the  house  shall  -take  the  horses  to  Betbna]«> 
green.  The  man  himself  shall  follow,  and  be  booted  as  if 
h6  meant  to  ride.  About  eight  in  the  morning  I  will  be 
with  you,  and  here  we  will  break  our  fast.  It  is  both  term 
and  parliament  time,  and  the  street  by  that  hour  will  be 
full  of  people;  we  will  then  go  forth*— look  wildly,  and, 
if  you  meet  your  own  brother  in  the  street,  do  not  shun, 
but  outface  him,  and  assure  him  that  you  know  him  not.*' 
Dr.  Sandys  accordingly  complied,  and  came  out  at  the  ap- 
pointed hour,  clothed  in  all  respects  as  a  layman  and  a 
gentleman.  Benjamin  carried  him  through  bye^lan^es  to 
Moorgate,  where  the  horses  were  ready,  and  Hurleston  as 
his  man.  That  night  he  rode  to  his  father-in-law's  house, 
but  had  not  been  there  two  hours,  when  intelligence 
was  brought,  that  two  of  the  guard  had  been  dispatched 
^o  apprehend  him,  and  would  be  there  that  night.  He  was 
then  immediately  conducted  to  the  house  of  a  farmer  near 
the  sea-side,  where  he  remained  two  days  and  two  nights 
in  a  solitary  chamber.  Afterwards  he  removed  to  the  house 
of  one  James  Mower,  a  ship-master,  near  Milton-shore, 
where  was  a  fleet  of  merchant-men  awaiting  a  wind  for 
Flanders.  While  he  was  there.  Mower  gathered  a  con- 
gregation of  forty  or  fifty  seamen,  to  whom  he  gave  an  ex^* 
hortation,  with  which  they  were  so  much  delighted^  that 
they  promised  to  defend  him  at  the  expence  of  their  lives. 
On  Sunday  May  6,  be  embs^rked  in  the  asune  vessel  with 


SANDYS.  1S3 

Or.  Coxe,  afterwards  bishop  of  Ely,  and  the  ship  was  yet 
in  sight,  when  two  of  the  guard  arrived  on  the  shore  to  ap- 
prehend Dr.  Sandys. 

t  His  danger  was  not  even  yet  entirely  over,  for  on  his 
arrival  at  Antwerp,  he  received  intelligence  that  king 
Philip  of  Spain  had  sent  to  apprehend  him,  on  which  h« 
escaped  to  the  territory  of  Clev^,  from  thence  to  Augs- 
jburgh,  where  he  remained  fourteen  days,  and  then  re- 
moved to  Strasburgh.  Here  he  took  up  his  abode  for  the 
present,  and  here  unquestionably  spent  the  mo^t  gloomy 
portion  of  his  life.  His  own  health  was  at  this  time  deeply 
injured;  he  fell  sick  of  a  flux  (the  usual  concomitant  of 
hardships  and  afflictions),  which  continued  without  abate** 
nieat  for  nine  months ;  his  only  child  died  of  the  plague; 
and  iiis  beloved  wife,  who  had  found  means  to  follow^  him 
about  a  year  after  bis  flight  from  England,  expired  of  a 
consumption,  in  his  afms.  In  addition  to  his  sorrows,  the 
disputes  concerning  church  discipline  broke  out  among  th^ 
English  exiles,  on  which  several  of  his  friends  left  the 
place.  After  his  wife's  deattf,  he  went  to  Zurich,,  where 
be  was  entertained  by  Peter  Martyr,  but,  his  biographer 
thinks,  the  time  did  not  permit  him  to  receive  any  deep 
tincture  either  as  to  doctrine  or  discipline  from  Geneva  or 
its  neighbours.;  Within  five  weeks  the  news  of  queen 
Mary's  death  arrived ;  and  after  being  joyfully  feasted  by 
BuUinger,  and  the  other  ministers  of  the  Swiss  churches, 
he  returned  to  Strasburgh,  where  hie  preached ;  after 
which  Grindal  and  he  set  out  for  their  native  country  to- 
gether, and  arrived  in  London  on  the  day  of  queen  Eliza- 
beth's coronation. 

Dr.  Sandys  was  now  somewhat  less  than  forty  years  old, 
in  the  vigour  of  his  mental  faculties  and  with  recruited 
bodily  strength.  The  first  public  scene  on  which  he  ap- 
peared was  the  great  disputation  between  the  leading  di- 
vines of  the  protestant  and  popish  side,  in  which,  if  his 
talent  for  debate  bore  any  proportion  to  his  faculty  of 
preaching,  he  must  have  borne  a  very  conspicuous  part. 
On  the  21st  of  December,  1559,  he  was  consecrated  by 
archbishop  Parker  to  the  see  of  Worcester.  Browne  Willis 
bas  roost  unjustly  accused  our  prelate  of  having  enriched 
bis  faipily  out  of  the  lands  of  this  see  ;  on  the  contrary,  he 
traosmitted  it  to  his  successor,  exactly  as  be  found  it,  that 
^  saddled  with  the  conditions  of  an  exchange  which  the 
CfowQ  had  by  statute  a  right  to  make.     He  accepted  it  oa 


134  8  A  N  I>  Y  », 

these  conditions,  and  what  he  was  never  seized  of,  il  wa« 
impossible  for  him  to  alienate.  After  all,  this  was  scarcely 
a  matter  sufficient  to  excite  Browne  Willis's  superstition^ 
reverence^  for  the  rental  of  the  manors  taken  away  was.  no 
more  than  ]9S/.  12^.  S^d.  per  ann.  and  that  of  the  spiritu*^ 
alities  given  in  exchange  1 94/. 

^  At  Worcester  began  the  inquietudes  and  vexations  which 
pursued  bishop  Sandys  through  his  latter  days.  The  papists 
in  his  diocese  hated  him,  and  he  was  at  no  pains  to  cpnciliate 
them.  At  Hartlebury,  in  particular,  it  was  his  misfortone 
to  have  for  his  neighbour  sir  John  Browne,  a  bigoted  pa* 
pist,  who  took  every  opportunity  to  insult  the  bishop,  and 
to  deride  his  wife  (for  he  had  by  this  time  married  Cecily^ 
sister  of  sir  Thomas  Wilford),  by  calling  her  **  My  Lady,*» 
a  style  which  in  the  novelty  of  their  situation,  some  of  the 
bishop- s  wives  really  pretended  to ;  so  that  in  conclusioti  « 
great  affray  took  place  between  the  bishop's  servants  and 
those  of  the  knight,  in  which  several  were  wounded  on 
both  sides.  At  Worcester  Dr.  Sandys  remained  till  1570^ 
when  on  the  translation  of  bis  friend  Grindal  to  York,  he 
succeeded  him  in  the  see  of  London,  a  station  for  which 
he  .was  eminently  qualified  by  his  talents  as  a  preacher,  and 
as  a  governor.  During  this  period,  he  had  interest  to  pro^ 
cure  for  his  kinsman  Gilpin,  a  nomination  to  the  bishoprio 
of  Carlisle,  but  Gilpin  refused  it.  At  London,  Dr.  Sandys 
sat  six  years,  when  be  was  translated  to  York,  on  the  re- 
moval of  Grindal  to  Canterbury. 

Years  were  now  coming  upon  him,  and  a' numerous  fa- 
mily demanded  a  provision ;  but  as  it  was  a  new  and  un« 
popular  thing  to  see  the  prelates  of  the  church  abandon-* 
ing  their  cathedrals  and  palaces,  and  retiring  to  obscure 
manor-houses  on  their  estates,  in  order  to  accumulate  for-f 
tunes  for  their  children,  an  abundant  portion  of  abloquy 
fell  upon  Sandys,  who  seldom  lived  at  York,  and  not  very 
magnificently  at  Southwell.  Yet  he  visited  his  diocese 
regularly,  and  preached  occasionally  in  his  cathedral  with 
great  energy  and  effect.  In  1577,  during  a  metropolitical 
visitation,  he  came  in  his  progress  to  Durham,  the  bishoprio 
of  which  was  then  vacant,  but  was  refused  admittance  by 
Whittingham,  the  puritan  dean.  The  archbishop,  however, 
with  his  wonted  firmness  proceeded  to  excommqnication. 
The  issue  of  this  contest  will  come  to  be  noticed  in  our 
account  of  Whittingham.  In  the  month  of  May  1582^ 
being  ooc^  mor^  i^  a  pro^recis  through  bis  diocese,  a  di$^T 


8  A  N  D  Y  &  US 

bolical  atteospt  wa>  mada  to  blast  bis  cbaracter.  He  bap? 
peoed  to  lie  at  an  infi  in  Doncaster  j  wberei  through  the 
contrivance  of  sir  Robert  Stapleton,  and  other  enemiets, 
the  inn-keeper's  wife  was  put  to  bed  to  bioi  at  midnight 
when  be  was  asleep.  On  this^  according  to  agreement, 
the  inn-keeper  rushed  into  the  room,  waked  the  archbishop 
with  his  noise,  and  offered  a  drawn  dagger  to  his  breast, 
pretending  to'  avenge  the  injury*.  Immediately  sir.Robert 
Stapleton  came  in,  as  if  called  from  his  chamber  by  the 
inn-keeper;  and  putting  on  the  appearance  of  a  friend,  as 
indeed  he  had  formerly  been,  and  as  the  archbishop  theii 
thought  him,  advised  his  grace  to  make  the  matter  up^ 
laying  before  him  many  perils  and  dangers  to  his  name 
and  the  credit  of  reUgion  that  might  ensue,  if,  being  one 
gainst  so  many,  he  should  offer  to  stir  in  such  a  cause ; 
^d  persuading  him,  that,  qotwithstanding  his  innocency^ 
which  the  archbishop  earnestly  protested,  and  StapletoQ 
then  acknowledged,  it  were  better  to  stop  the  mouths  of 
needy  persons  than  to  bring  his  name  into  doubtful  quesr 
tion.  With  this  advice,  Sandys  unwarily  complied;  but, 
afterwards  discovering  sir  Robert's  malice  and  treacherous 
dissimulation,  he  ventured,  in  confidence  of  bis  own  inno- 
eency,  to  be  the  means  himself  of  bringing  the  whole 
cause  to  examination  before  the  council  in  the  star-cham- 
ber. The  result  of  this  was,  that  he  was  declared  entirely 
innocent  of  the  wicked  slanders  and  imputations  .Taise4 
against  him  ;  and  that  sir  Robert  Stapleton  and  his  accom- 
plices were  first  imprisoned,  and  then  fined  in  a  most  ser 
vere  manner.  This  affair  is  related  at  large  by  sir  John 
jHarrington,  a  contemporary  writer;  suid  by  Le  Neve,  who 
gives  a  fuller  account  of  it,  from  an  exemplification  of  the 
decree,  made  in  the  star-chamber,  8  May,  25  Eliz.  pre- 
served  in  the  Harleian  library. 

The  last  act  of  the  archbishop^s  life  seems  to  hs^ve  been 
the  resistance  he  made  against  the  earl  of  Leicester,  who 
wanted  to  wrest  from  the  see  a  valuable  estate.  It  is  to  be 
regretted  that  after  having  made  this  noble  stand,  our  pre- 
late should  have  granted  a  long  lease  of  the  manor  of 
Scroby  to  his  own  family. 

Of  the  decline  of  archbishop  Sandys^s  age,  and  of  the 
particular  disorder  which  brought  him  to  his  grave,  no 
circumstances  are  recorded.     He  died  at  Southwell,  July. 
10,:- 1588,  in  the  sixty-ninth  year  of  his  age,  and  was  bu« 
ried  in  the  collegiate  church  o(  that  places     He  was  the 


136  SANDYS. 

first  English  bishop  who,  by  his  prudence  or  parsimony^ 
laid  the  foundation  of  a  fortune  in  his  family,  which  has 
justified  their  subsequent  advancement  to  a  peerage.  With 
his  father's  savings,  the  manor  of  Ombersley,  in  Worcester-r 
shire,  was  purchased  by  sir  Samuel  Sandys,  the  eldest  son, 
whose  descendants,  since  ennobled  by  the  family  name,  still 
remain  in  possession  of  that  fair  and  ample  domain.  There 
also  the  archbishop's  portrait,  together  with  that  of  Cicely 
his  second  wife,  is  still  preserved.  She  survived  to  1610, 
and  has  a  monument  at  Woodham  Ferrers,  iq  Essex,  where 
she  died. 

Dr.  Whitaker,  whose  late  life  of  archbishop  Sandys  we 
have  in  general  followed,  as  the  result  of  much  research 
find  reflection,  observes  that  after  all  the  deductions  which 
truth  and  impartiality  require,  it  will  still  remfiin  incon- 
testable, that  Sandys  was  a  man  of  a  clear  and  vigorous 
understanding,  of  a  taste,  in  comparison,  above  that  of  the 
former  age  or  the  next,  and,  what  is  more,  of  bis  own : 
that  he  was  a  sincere  Christian,  a  patient  sufferer,  an  in- 
defatigable preacher,  an  intrepid  and  active  ecclesiastical 
magistrate.  What  w^s  his  deportment  in  private  life,  we 
are  ho  where  told,  On  the  other  hand,  it  cannot  be  de- 
nied, that  the  man  who  after  his  advancement  to  the  epis- 
copal order,  in  three  successive  stations,  either  kindled 
the  flames  of  discord^  or  never  extinguished  them,  who 
quarrelled  alike  with  prptestants  and  papists,  with  his  suc- 
cessor in  one  see,  (Aylmer)  and  with  his  dean  in  another, 
who  in  his  first  two  dioceses  treated  the  clergy  with  a 
harshness  which  called  for  the  interposition  of  the  metro- 
politan, and  who  drew  upon  himself  from  two  gentlemen 
of  the  country,  the  extremity  of  violence  and  outrage,  must 
have  been  lamentably  defective  in  Christian  meekness  and 
forbearance  ^.  In  every  instance,  indeed,  he  had  met  witlr 
^reat  provocation,  i^nd  in  the  last  the  treatment  he  received 
was  atrocious ;  but  such  wounds  are  never  gratuitously- in- 
flicted, and  rarely  till  after  a  series  of  irritations  on  both 
liides.  In.  doctrinal  points  his  biographer  attempts,  by 
various  extracts  from  his  sermons,  to  prove  archbishop 
jSandys  less  inclined  to  Calvinism  than  some  of  his  contem- 

*  We  know  not  if  Mr.  Lodge  has  be.  easy  aleganoe  of^  a  courtier  with  af 

ftowcd  the  same  attention  ou  the  con-  muchfplety,  meekness,  and  benevolence, 

duot  of  archbishop  Sandys,  but  his  in*  as  ever  ornamented  the  clerical  cha- 

ference  is  somewhat  different.    <*  This  racter.**    Lodge's  Ktustrai^OQ^n  voV  1^ 

pr^faite>  conduct  happily  united  Uie  p.  2S2, 


SANDYS.  187 

« 

poraries.  On  the  oth6r  hand  Dr.  Wbitaker  asserts  the 
dear,  systematic,  and  purely  evangelical  thread  of  doc* 
trine  which  runs  through  the  whole  of  bis  sermons,  namely, 
salvation  through  Christ  alone,  justification  by  faith  in  him, 
sanctification  through  his  holy  Spirit,  and  lastly,  the  fruits 
of  faith,  produced  through  the  agency  of  th&same  Spirit, 
and  exemplified  in  every  branch  of  duty  to  God,  our  neigh*- 
bour  and  ourselves.  These  "  Sermons'*  were  first  printed 
i&lmost  immediately  after  the  archbishop's  decease,  and 
again  in  1613,  in  a  quarto  volume,  containing  twenty-two, 
but  have  lately  become  so  scarce  that  Dr.  Wbitaker  un« 
dertook  a  hew  edition,  with  a  life  prefixed,  which  was  pub-* 
lished  in  1812,  8vo.  The  archbishop  was  also  concerned 
in  the  translation  of  the  Bible  begun  in  1565,  and  the  por^ 
tion  which  fell  to  his  lot  was  the  books  of  Kings  and  Chro- 
nicles. Several  of  his  letters  and  other  papers  are  in<- 
serted  in  Strype's  Annals  and  Lives  of  Parker  and  Whit- 
gift,  ^nd  in  Burnet's  History  of  the  Reformation,  Fox*s 
Acts,  &c.^ 

SANDYS  (Sir  Edwin),  second  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  in  Worcestershire  about  1561,  and  admitted  of 
Corpus-Christi-coUege,  Oxford,  at  sixteen,  under  the  ce- 
lebrated Hooker.  After  taking  his  degree  of  B.  A.  he  was 
made  probationer-fellow  in  1579,  and  was  collated  in  1581 
to  a  prebend  in  the  church  of  York.  He  then  completed 
bis  degree  of  M.  A.  and  travelled  into  foreign  countries, 
and  at  his  return  was  esteemed  for  learning,  virtue,  and 
prudence.  He  af>pears  afterwards  to  have  studied  the  law. 
While  he  was  at  Paris,  he  drew  up  a  tract,  under  the  title 
of  ^' £urop8B  Speculum,"  which  he  finished  in  \5S9;  an 
imperfect  copy  of  which  was  published  without  the  au- 
thor's name  or  consent,  in  1605,  and  was  soon  followed  by 
another  impression.  But  the  author,  after  he  had  used 
all  means  to  suppress  these  erroneous  copies,  and  to 
punish  the  printers  of  them,  at  length  caused  a  true  copy 
to  be  published,  a  little  before  his  death,  in  1629,  4to^ 
under  this  title :  ^'  Europae  Speculum  ;  'or  a  view  or  survey 
of  the  state  of  religion  in  the  western  parts  of  the  world. 
Wherein  the  Romane  religion,  and  the  pregnant  policies 
of  the  church  of  Rome  to  support  the  same,  are  notably 

1  Life  by  Dr.  Wbitaker.— Biog.  Brit.r-Strype's  Craomer,  p.  314.  40^^ 
Strype's  Parker,  p.  66,  78,  103,  208,  296,  333,  357,  438.— Strype'g  Grindal, 
p.  S.  19^,  228,  245.— Strype's  Whitgiffc.  p.  283.— Harringtoo'g  Brief  View.— 
Le  Kerf's  ^rcbbishops,  ?•!•  ll.«*-f ox's  Acts  antl  Moum4eiits, 


IM  SANDYS; 

displayed ;  with  some  other  memorable,  discoveries  and 
memorations.  Never  before  till  now  published  according 
to  the  author's  original  copie.  Multum  diuque  desidera«* 
turn."  Hagae  Comiiis,  1629.  To  this  edition  was  a  pre- 
face, which  has  been  omitted  in  the  latter  editions ;  thoogh 
some  passages  of  it  were  printed  in  that  of  1637^  4to*  It 
was  also  reprinted  in  1673,  and  translated  both  into  Italiaa 
and  French. 

In  May  1602,  he  resigned  bis  prebend,  and  in  May 
1603,  received  the  honour  of  knighthood  Arom  James  I.; 
who  afterwards  employed  him  in  several  affairs  of  great 
trust  and  importance.  Fuller  tells  us,  that  he  was  dex- 
trous in  the  management  of  such  things,  constant  in  par* 
liament  as  the  speaker  himself,  and  esteemed  by  all  as  an 
excellent  patriot,  ^*  faithful  to  his  country,''  says  Wood, 
^*  without  any  falseness  to  his  prince/'  It  appears^  bow-» 
ever^  that  for  some  opposition  to  the  court  in  the  parliar 
ment  of  1621,  he  was  committed  with  Seldento  thec\istody 
of  the  sheriff  of  London  in  June  that  year,  and. detained 
above  a  month ;  which  was  highly  resented  by  the  House 
of  Commons,  as  a.  breach  of  their  privileges;  but,  sir 
George  Calvert,  secreury  of  state,  declaring,  that  neither 
Sandys  nor  Selden  had  been  imprisoned  for  any  pariiar 
mentary  matter,  a  stop  was  put  to  the  dispute.  Sir  Edwin 
was  treasurer  to  the  undertakers  of  the  western  plantatio.ns. 
He  died  in  October  1629,  and  was  interred  at  Nortbborne  in 
Kent ;  where  he  bad  a  seat  and  estate,  granted  him  by 
James  I.  for  some  services  done  at  that  king's  accession  to 
the  throne.  A  monument,  now  in  a  mutilated  state,  was 
erected  to  his  memory,  but  without  any  inscription.  He 
bequeathed  1500/.  to  the  university  of  Oxford,  for  the  en* 
dowment  of  a  metaphysical  lecture.  He  left  five  sons,  all 
of  whom,  except  one,  adhered  to  the  parliament  during 
the  civil  wars.  Henry,  the  eldest,  died  without  issue.. 
£dwin,  the  second,  was  the  well  known  parliamentary 
colonel,  of  whose  outrages.much  may  be  read  in  the  pub- 
lications of  the  times,  and  who,  receiving  a  mortal  wound 
at  the  battle  of  Worcester,  in  1642,  retired  to  Northborn^ 
to  die,  leaving  the  estate  to  bis  son  sir  Richard,  who  was 
killed  by  the  accidental  explosion  of  bis  fowling-piece  iiji 
1663.  His  son,  sir  Richard,  was  created  a  baronet  in  16^4, 
and  dying  in  1726,  without  male  issue,  was  the  last  of  the 
family  who  lived  at  Nortbborne,  where  the  mansion  re- 
mained many  years  deserted^  and  at  4ength  was  palled 
down. 


9  A  N  D  Y  S(  in 

.  There  was  one  sir  Edwin  Sandys,  who  publisbed,  a$ 
Wood  informs  us,  ^*  Sacred  Hymns,  pousisting  of  fifty  se^r 
iect  Psalms  of  David,''  set  to  be  sun^  in  five  parts  by  Ro^ 
bert  Taylor,  and  printed  at  London,  1615,  in  4to;  but 
whether  this  version  was  done  by  our  author,  or  by  another^ 
of  both  his  names,  of  Latimers  io  Bupkingbamsbire,  is  un- 
certain^ ' 

SANDYS  (GEOaaE),  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  the 
seventh  and  youngest  son  of  the  archbishop  of  York,  and 
was  born  at  the  archiepiscopal  palace  of  Bishoptborp  ia 
1577.     In  1588  he  was  sent  to  Oxford,  and  matriculated 
of  St.  Mary  Hall.     Wood  is  of  opinion,  that  he  afterwards 
removed  to  Corpus-i-Christi-college.     How  long  he  resided 
in  the  university,  or  whether  he  iook  a  degree,  does  not 
appear.     In  August  1610,  remarkable  for  the  murder  of 
king  Henry  IV.  of  France,  Mr.  Sandys  set  out  on  bis  tra* 
vels,  and,  in  the  course  of  two  years,  made  an  extensive 
tour,  having  visited  seyeral  parts  of  Europe,  and  many 
pities  and  countries  of  the  East,  as  Constantinople,  Greece, 
Egyp^9  ^^^  the  Holy  Land ;  after  which,  taking  a  view  of 
the  remote  parts  of  Italy,  he  went  to  Rome  and  Venice, 
and,  on  his  return,  after  properly  digesting  the  observations 
be  bad  made,  published,  in  1615,  his  welUkuown  folio,  the 
title  of  the  7th  edition  of  which,  in  }673,  is,  **  Sandys* 
Travels,  contaaoing  an  history  of  the  original  and  present 
atateoftbe  Turkish  empire;  their  laws,  government,  policy, 
military  force,  courts  of  justice,  and  commerce.    The  Ma^ 
hometan  religion  and  ceremoniest     A  description  of  Con- 
stantinople, (he  grand  signior^s  seraglio,  and  bis  manner  of 
living :  also  of  Greece,  with  the  religion  and  customs  of  the 
Grecians.     Of  Egypt;  the  antiquity,  hieroglyphics,  rites, 
customs,  discipline,  and   religion,  of  the  Egyptians.     A 
voyage  on   the  river  Nilus*    Of  Armenia,  Grand  Cairo, 
Rhodes,  the  Pyramides,  Colossus :  the  former  flourishing 
and  present  state  of  Alei^andria-     A  description  of  the 
Holy  Land,  of  the  Jews,  and  several  sects  of  Christians 
living  there;  of  Jerusaleip,  Sepulchre  of  Christ,  Temple 
of  Solomon,  and  what  else,  either  of  iintiquity  or  worth  ob- 
servation.    Lastly,  Italy  described,  and   the   islands  ad^ 
joining;  as  Cyprus,  Crete,  Malta,  Sicilia,  the  Eolian  islands; 
of  Rome,  Venice^  Naples,  Syracusa,  Mesena,  iEtna,  Scylla,; 
iind' Chary bdis;  and  other  places  of  note»    Illustrated  with 

>  Atb.  Oz.  vol  |,-^Qep.  piet.— Fnller's  Wonliies.— C«p;i.  Lit, 


140  SAND'YS: 

fifty  maps  and  figures."  Most  of  the  plates',  especially 
those  relating  to  Jerusalem  and  the  Holy  Land,  are  copied 
from  the  "  Devotissimo  Viaggio  di  Zuallardo,  Roma," 
15S7,  4to.  Of  these  travels  there  have  been  eight  or  ten 
editions  published,  and  it  still  bears  its  reputation,  his  ac« 
counts  having  been  verified  by  subsequent  travellers.  Mr. 
Markiand  has  a  copy  of  this  work,  edit.  1637,  with  a  M& 
copy  of  verses  by  the  author,  which  may  be  seen  in  the 
^*  Censura  Literaria,^*  but  was  first  published  at  the  end  of 
bis  <*  Psalms,"  1640,  8vo. 

Sandys  distinguished  himself  also  as  a  poet;  and  bis 
productions  in  that  way  were  greatly  admired  in  the  times 
they  were  written.  In  1632  he  published  *^  Ovid's  Meta-' 
morphoses  Englished,  mythologized,  and  represented  in 
figures,"  Oxford,  in  folio.  Francis  CJeyn  was  the  inven- 
tor of  the  figures,  and  Solomon  Savary  tLe  engraver.  He 
bad  before  published  part  of  this  translation ;  and^  in  the 
preface  to  this  second  edition,  he  tells  us,  that  he  has  at- 
tempted to  collect  out  of  sundry  authors  the  philosophical 
sense  of  the  fables  of  Ovid.  To  this  work,  which  is  dedi- 
cated to  Charles  I.  is  subjoined  ^*  An  Essay  to  the  transla- 
tion of  the  i£neis."  It  was  reprinted  in  1640.  In  1636, 
he  published,  in  8vo,  *' A  Paraphrase  on  the  Psalms  of 
David,  and  upon  the  Hymns  dispersed  throughout  the  Old 
and  New  Testament,"' 1636,  8vo,  reprinted  in  163S,  folio; 
with  a  title  somewhat  varied,  -  This  was  a  book  which, 
.  Wood  tells  us,  Charles  I.  delighted  to  read,  when  a  pri-^ 
soner  in  Carisbrooke  castle.  There  was  an  edition  of  1 640, 
with  the  Psalms  set  to  music,  by  Lawes.  In  this  last  year 
be  published,  in  12mo,  a  sacred  drama,  written  originally 
by  Grotius,  under  the  title  of  '<  Christus  Patient,"  and 
which  Mr.  Sandys,  in  his  translation,  has  called  "  Christus 
Passion^,"  on  which,  and  ^^AdamusExuV*  and  Masenius, 
is  founded  Lauder^s  impudent  charge  of  plagiarism  against 
Milton.  This  translation  was  reprinted,  with  cuts,  in  1688, 
8vo.  The  subject  of  it  wics  treated  before  in  Greek  by 
Apollinariifs  bishop  of  Hierapolis,.  and  after  him  by  Gre- 
gory Nazianzen ;  but,  according  to  Sandys,  Grotius  ex^ 
celled  all  others.  Langbaine  tells  us,  with  regard  to  San-« 
dys'  translation,  that  ^*  he  will  be  allowed  an  excellent 
artist  in  it  by  learned  judges ;  and  he  has  followed  Horace's 
advice  of  avoiding  a  servile  translation, •> — ^  nee  verbum 
verbo  curabis  reddere  fidus  interpres' — so  he  comes  so 
near  the  sense  of  his  author,  that  nothing  is  lost ;  no  spirits 


SANDYS.  I4t 

evaporate  \a  the  decanting  of  it  into  Ehglish ;  and,  if  there 
be  any  sediment^  it  is  left  behind.''  He  published  'also  a 
metrical  paraphrase  of  '^  The  Song  of  Solomon/'  London, 
164iy  4to,  dedicated  to  the  King,  and  reprinted  in  1648 
wi^h  jiis  ".Psalms."  There  are  but  few  incidents  known 
concerning  our  author.  AH  who.mentbn  him  agree  in  be- 
stowing on  him  the  character,  not  only  of  a  man  of  genius, 
but  of  singular  worth  and  piety.  For  the  most  part  of  his 
latter  days  he  lived  with  sir  Francis  Wenman,  of  Caswell^ 
pear  Witney  in  Oxfordshire,  to  whom  his  sister  was  mar» 
xied ;  probably  chusing  that  situation  in  some  measure  on 
account  of  its  proximity  to  Burford,  the  retirement  of  his 
intimate  acquaintance  and  valuable  friend  Lucius  lord  vis« 
count  Falkland,  who  addressed  some  elegant  poems  to  him^ 
preserved  in  Nichols's  ''  Select  Collection,"  with  several 
by  Mr.  Sandysy  who  died  at  the  hoi>se  of  bis  nephew,  sir 
Fraiicis  Wyat,at  Boxley  in  Kent,  in  1643;  and  was  in« 
terred  in  the  chancel  of  that  parish-chureh,  without  any 
inscription;  but  in  the  parish  register  is  this  entry: 
"  Georgius  Sandys  poetarum  Anglorum  sUi  ssbcuU  facilv 
princeps,  ^epultus  fuit  Martii  7,  Stiio  Anglise,  anq.  Donr« 
1 64S."  His  memory  has  also  been  handed  down  by  various 
writers,  with. the  respect  thought  due  to  his  great  worth 
and  abilities.  Mr.  Dryden  pronounced  him  the  best  ver- 
sifier of  the  age,  but  objects  to  bis  **  Ovid,"  as  too  close 
aoid  literal ;  and  Mr,  Pope  declared,  in  his  notes  to  the 
Iliad,  that  English  poetry  owed  much  of  its  present  beauty 
to  his  translations.  Dr.  Warton  thinks  that  Sandys  did 
more  tp  polish  and.  tune  the  English  versification  than  Den- 
.ham.  or.WaUery  who  are  usually  applauded  on  this  subject; 
jet  his  poems  are  not  now  much  read.  The  late  bio- 
grapher of  his- father  observes^  that  ^^  the  expressive  energy 
of  his  prose  will  entitle  him.  to  a  place  among  English  clasr- 
i^cs,  when  his  verses,  some  of  \%bich  are  beautiful,  shall  be 
forgotten.  Of  the  exc^lleni?e  of  bis  style,  the  dedication 
jof  hi«  travels  to  prince  Henry,  will  afford  a  short  and  very 
conspicuous  example."! 

SANNAZARIUS  (James),  vernacularly  Giacomo  San* 
KAZABQ)  a  celebrated  Italian  and  Latin  poet,  was  born  at 
KapJes,  J.uly  28,  ^458.  His  fan^ily  is  said  to  have  been 
■«;rigiually  of  Spanish  extraction,  but  settled  at  an  early 

*  Aih.  Ox.  vol.  IT.— Cibber's  Lives. — Fuller's  Worthies. — Censura  Lit.  voU, 
••IV.  and  V. — ElUi's  Sp^cimeiw,  vol.  II K  p.  24.— Bowles's  editiou  of  Pope.-r^ 
JKIcboU'f  Foeins.-r Wbiuker'fl  l^ife  of  Abp.  Safutys,  p.  y) vij. 


H2  S  A  N  JJ  A  ^.A  11  1  U  S. 

period  at  S^nto  l>ft(zafd,  iiilotirishiiigtbwfl  sittiat^d  betweefl 
tbe  Tcf^sino  and  the  Po,  where  it  was  IdDg  conspicuous  for 
nobility  and  opulence^  Reduced  at  length  by  the  calami*^ 
ties  of  war,  the  more  iminediate  progetiitors  of  otir  poet 
removed  to  Naples.  His  father  dying  while  this  son  wad 
very  youngs  his  mother,  unable  from  her  poverty,  to  keep 
up  her  former  rank^  retired  with  her  family  to  Nocerm  di 
Paganii  in  Umbria^  where  Sannazarius  pressed  a  consider- 
able portion  of  his  youths  He  had  previously  to  his  re- 
moval from  Naples  acquired  the  elements  of  the  Greek  and 
Latin  languages,  under  the  tuition  of  Junianus  Maius,  who 
conceiving  a  high  opinion  of  his  talents,  prevailed  on  his 
mother  to  return  again  to  Naples,  where  he  might  continue 
b'is  education.  Here  he  was  admitted  a  member  of  the 
Academia  Pontana,  and  took  the  name  of  Actius  Syncerus. 
'He  had  formed  an  early  attachment  of  the  most  tendet 
kind  to  Carmosina  Bonifacia,  a  young  Neapolitan  lady, 
but  not  being  a  favoured  lover,  uttered  his  disappointment 
in  many  of  those  querulous  sonnets  and  canzoui  which  are 
«till  extant.  In  compositions  of  this  kind  Sannazarius  is 
considered  as  having  surpassed  every  other  poet  from  the 
days  of  Petrarch.  To  dissipate  his  Uneasiness,  he  tried  the 
effect  of  travelling ;  but  on  his  return,  bis  grief  was 
heightened  by  the  report  of  the  death  of  his  mistress.  She 
is  understood  to  be  the  lamented  Phyllis  of  his  Italian  and 
Latin  poems. 

The  increasing  celebrity  of  Sannazarius^  as  a  scholar 
and  poet^  having  attracted  the  notice  of  Ferdinand  king  of 
Naples,  that  monarch's  younger  son,  Frederick,  who  was 
greatly  attached  to  poetry,  invited  him  to  coUrt,  and  be- 
came his  patron ;  he  also  grew  into  favour  with  Alphonsus^ 
duke  of  Calabria,  the  next  heir  to  tbe  crown,  and  under 
him  embraced  a  military  life,  and  served  in  the  Etruscan 
war.  During  his  campaigns,  Sannazarius  continued  to 
cultivate  his  poetical  talent,  and  when  in  consequence  of 
the  series  of  misfortunes  and  deaths  in  the  royal  family,  his 
patron  Frederick  came  to  the  crown,  he  conceived  the  hope 
.of  very  high  honours,  but  obtained  only  a  moderate  annual 
pension,  and  a  subyrban  villa,  called  Mergillina,  to  which^ 
.although  at  first  he  was  chagrined,  he  became  reconciled^ 
and  this  villa  was  afterwards  the  delight  of  his  muse.  In 
about  four  years,  Frederick  was  dethroned  by  the  combioed 
powers  of  France  and  Spain,  ,and  now  experienced  the  dis- 
interested fidelity  of  our  poet,  who  sold  bis  possessions  to 


S  A  N  N  A  2  A  R  I  d  S.  143 

assist  tbe  f^illen  monarch,  attended  him  to  France,  and 
continued  firmly  attached  to  him  as  long  as  he  lived. 

In  1503,  he  again  returned  to  Naples,  was^ replaced  in 
his  favourite  villa,  once  more  frequented  the  court,  and 
obtained  the  favour  of  tbe  reigning  queen.  Here  he  found 
another  mistress  in  Cassandra  Marchesia,  one  of  the  ladies 
of  honour,  whom  he  describes  as  very  beautiful  and  very 
learned,  but  as  he  was  now  too  far  advanced  in  years  for  a 
passioq  such  as  he  formerly  felt,  Cassandra  is  to  be  con- 
sidered merely  as  his  poetical  mistress,  and  the  chaste  ob- 
ject of  bis  Platonic  attachment.  The  attachment,  it  is 
said,  was  muiuaf,  and  a  confidential  intercourse  continued 
to  subsist  between  them  till  the  poet's  decease,  nor  does  it 
appear  that  Cassandra  ever  formed  any  matrimonial  con- 
nection. Sannazarius,  however,  has  been  numbered  by 
some  amopg  the  votaries  of  pleasure,  and  they  tell  lis  he 
affected  the  levity  and  gallantry  of  youth  when  in  his  old 
age.  In  his  friendships  he  is  said  to  have  been  uniformly 
ardent  and  sincere.  In  gratitude  to  the  memory  of  Pon- 
tanusy  who  had  given  a  powerful  impulse  to  his  youthful 
studies,  he  became  the  editor  of  his  works.  He  is  also  ' 
connneuded  for  his  probity,  his  love  of  justice,  and  abhor- 
rence of  litigation. 

Tbe  indisposition  which  terminated  his  life  was  brought 
on  by  grief  and  chagrin,  on  account  of  the  demolition  of 
part  o(  his  delightful  villa  of  Mergillina,  in  decorating 
which  be  had  taken  peculiar  delight.  Philibert  de  Nassau, 
prince  of  Orange,  and  general  of  the  emperor's  forces,  was 
the  author  of  this  outrage  on 'taste  and  the  muses.  He  ex- 
pired soon  afterwards  at  Naples,  and,  it  is  said,  in  the  house 
of  Cassandra,  in  1530,  in  the  seventy-second  year  of  his 
age.  The  tomb  of  Sannazarius,  in  a  church  near  his  villa, 
which  he  built,  is  still- to  be  seen,  and  has  the  same  mix- 
ture of  heathen  and  Christian  ornaments  which  are  so  fre- 
quently to  be  found  in  his  poems. 

His  principal  Latin  poem,  **  De  Partu  Virginis,"  took  up 
his  attention,  in  composition,  revisals,  and  corrections, 
about  twenty  years;  obtained  him  the  highest  compliment^ 
from  the  learned  of  his  age,  and  two  honorary  briefs  from 
two  popes  ;  and  certainly  contains  many  brilliant  and  highly 
finished  passages,  but  it  brought  his  religion  into  some 
su^iqioD.  In  a  po^m  on  the  miraculous  conception,  that 
great  mystery  of  the  Christian  church,  we  find  the  agency 
of  th<^  Dryads  and  Nereids  employed ;  the  books  of  the 


146  S  A  N  S  O  V  I  N  O. 

.  8ANSOVINO. (Francis),,  an  Italian  poet  and  bHtoriaa^ 
was.  borq  in  1521  ai  Rome,  and  was  the  son  of  Jiioies'Saa-' 
sovino,  an  eminent  sculptor  and  celebrated  architect,  whose' 
eulc^y  Vasari  has  left  us.  He  studied  the  belles  Jettres  at 
Venice,  and  took  bis  degrees  in  law  at  Padua ;  but  that 
scien.ce  not  sj;iiting  bis  taste,  be  devoted  himself  wholly  ta 
poetry,  history,  and  polite  literature,  and  died  in  15&6,  at 
Venice,  aged  sixty-five,  leaving  more  than  fifty  w^ksj  all 
written  in  Italian.  They,  ^on^ist  of  "  Poems  i"  iiot;es-  on 
Bocqaccio's/^  Decameron,  on  Ariosto,  Dante,  &c."  transla- 
tions of  ancient  historian  and  .some  histories  written  by 
himself,  .as  his  '^  Ven^zia  de^critta,"  of  wbicb  the  best  edi- 
tion is  that  of  166;^,  4to ;  ^*  Istoria  Universale  jd&W  origioer 
guerre,  ed  imperio  de  Turchi,^'  1654,  2  vols.  4to,  reckoned 
a  capital  work.  His  *'  Satires''  are  in  a  collection  with 
.those  of  Ariosto,  and  others,  Venice,  1560,  8vq;  his 
^' Ci&pitoIi'V.wich  those  of  Aretino,  and  different  .writecs, 
|540,  and  1583,  8vo ;  to  which  we  may  add  his  ^'  Cento 
novelle  Scelte,"  Venice,  1566,  4to.* 

SANTEUL,  or  SANTEUIL  {John  Baptist),  in  Utin 
$AMTOLius,  a  celebrated  modern  Latin. poet,  was  born^afi 
Paris  May  13,  1630,  of  a  good  family..  He  studied. the 
belles  lettres  at  the  college  of  St.  Barbe,  and  in  that  of. 
Louis  le  Grand,  under  the  learned  Pere  Coiisart,  and.  en- 
tering soon  after  among  the  regular  canons  of  St.  Victor, 
devoted  himself  wholly  to  poetry,  commencing  lus  career 
by  celebrating  some  great  men  of  that  time.  .  He  also  was 
employed  to  write  many  of  those  inscriptions  which,  may 
be  seen  on  the  public  fountains  and  mpnuments  of  Paris, 
and  this  he  did  in  a  style  at  once  clear,  easy,  and  digot- 
fied.  When  some  new  hymns  were  wanted  for  the  Paris 
breviary,  he  was  requested  by  bis  brother  Claude,  Pelisfson» 
and  Bossuet,  to  compose  them^  which  he  accomplished 
with  the  greatest  success  and  applause,  in  an  elevated, 
perspicuous,  and  majestic  style,  suited  to  the  dignity  of. 
the  subject.  The  reputation  which  he  gained  by  these  in* 
duced  the  order  of  Clugny.to  request  some  for  their  bre* 
viary.  With  this  he  complied,  and  in.  return  they  granted 
bin)  letters  of  filiation,  and  a  pension.  Santeul  was  much 
esteemed  by  the  literati  of  his  time,  and  by  many  persons 
of  rank,  among  whom  were  the  two  princes  of  Cond6,  fia- 
tber  and  son,  whose  bounty  he  frequently  experienced  ; 

1  NiceroD^  toI.  ^XIL*^Tirabo8chi. 


8  AN  t  tV  L.  Ul 

•ltd  Louis  XIV.  who  settled  a  pension  upon  Mm.  He 
gr^tly  ofFedded  the  Jeiuits,  however,  bj  his  epitaph*  in 
pmise  of  their  enemy  Arnauld.  Whilfe  Santeul's  Liltin 
poems  w^re  always  much  admired  by  his  countVymenj  he 
seems  to  have  enjoyed  fully  as  much  reputation/  during  his 
life-time,  for  his  wit,  and  oddities  of  character.     La  Bru- 

■  yere,  under  the  name  of  Theodes,  has  described  him  as,  in 
one  moment,  good-humoured,  trattable,  easy,  and  cottt^ 

.  plaisant,  in  another,  harsh,  violent,  choleric,  and  capri- 
eious ;  as  at  once  simple,  ingetfudus,  credulous,  sportive, 
^nd  volatile ;  in  short,  a  child,  with  grey  hairs,  and  as 
speaking  like  a  fool,  and  thinking  like  a  sage.  He  utters, 
adds  La  Bruyere,  truths  in  a  ridiculous  manner,  and  sen- 
sible things  in  a  siliy  way  ;  and  we  are  surprised  to  find  so 
much  intdiect  shining  through  the  clouds  of  buffoonery, 
contortions,  and  grimaces.  He  had  great  credit  for  his 
witticisms,  many  of  which  may  be  seen  in  the  "  Santolianal^* 
When  the  duke  of  Bourbon  went  to  hold  the  states  of  Bur- 
gundy at  Dijon,  Santeul  attended  him,  and  died  therie, 
August  5,  1697,  aged  sixty-seven,  as  he  was  on  the  "point 
of  returning  to  Paris.  His  death  was  attributed  to  an  in* 
considerate  trick  played  upon  him  by  some  one  whom  his 
oddity  of  charaieter  had  encouraged  to  take  liberties,  and 
who  put  some  Spanish  snuff  into  his  wine-glass,  which 
brought  on  a  complaint  of  the  bowels  that  proved  fatal  in 
fourteen  hours.  Besides  his  Latin  hymns,  l!2mo,  he  left 
a  considerable  number  of  Latin  "  Poems,"  1739,  3  vols. 

*  12mo.  * 

SANTEUL  (Claude),  brother  of  the  preceding,  born 
Feb.  3,  16i28,  also  wrote  some  beautiful  hymns  in  the  Paris 
breviary,  under  the  name  of  "  Santolius  Maglorianus,"  a 
name  given  on  acicount  of  his  having  resided  a  long  time  in 
the  seminary  of  St.  Magloire  at  Paris,  as  a  secular  eccle- 
siastic. Though  the  brother  of  Santeul,  and  a  poet  like 
him,  he  was  of  a  totally  different  temper  and  disposition; 
mild,  calm,  and  moderate,  he  had  none  of  that  heat  arid 
impetuosity,  by  which  his  brother,  was  incessantly  agitated, 
fie  was  esteemed  not  only  for  his  poetical  talents,  but  his 
deep  learning  and  exemplary  piety.  He  died  September 
^9,  1684,  at  Paris^  aged  fifty-seven.  Besides  his  hymns 
on  the  particular  festivals,  which  are  very  numerous  and 
preserved  by  the  family  in  MS.  2  vols.  4to ;  some  of  his 

1  Perrault  Lei  Hommet  Uluitres.— ^Santqliana.— Moreri.— Diet.  Htit^ 

L  2 


,  I 


148 


5  A  N  T  E  U  L. 


poetry  bat  been  printed  with  his  brother's  works.  Theim 
was  another  Claude  Santeul,  related  to  the  preceding,  • 
merchant  and  sheriff  of  Paris,  who  died  about  1799,  leav- 
ing some  <^  Hymns/'  printed  at  Paris  in  1123^  8vo.^ 

SANZIO.  See  RAPHAEL. 
.  SAPPHO,  an  eminent  Greek  poetess,  was  a  native  of 
Mitylene  in  the  island  of  Lesbos.  Who  was  her  father  i9 
uncertain,  there  being  no  less  than  eight  persons^who  havo 
contended  for  that  honour ;  but  it  is  universally  acknow- 
ledged that  Cleis  was  her  mother.  She  flourished,  accord-^ 
ing  to  Suidas,  in  the  42d  olympiad }  according  to  Euse-* 
bins,  in  the  44th  olympiad,  about  600  years  B.  C.  Her 
loVe-afFairs  form  the  chief  materials  of  her  biography. 
Barnes  has  endeavoured  to  prove,  from  the  testimonies  of 
Chamieleon  and  Hermesianax,  that  Anacreon  was  one  of 
her  lovers ;  but  from  the  chronology  of  both,  this  has  been 
generally  considered  as  a  poetical  fiction.  She  married 
ofie  Cercolas,  a  man  of  great  wealth  and  power  in  the  isv 
land  of  Andros,  by  whom  she  had  a  daughter  named  Cleis. 
He  leaving  her  a  widow  very  young,  she  renounced  all 
thoughts  of  marriage,  but  not  of  love  ^ ;  nor  was  she  very 
scrupulous  in  her  intrigues.  Her  chief  favourite  appears  to 
have  been  the  accomplished  Pbaon,  a  young  man  of  Les* 
bos ;  who  is  said  to  have  been  a  kind  of  ferry-man,  and 
thence  fabled  to  have  carried  Venus  over  the  stream  in  his 
boat,  and  to  have  received  from  her,  as  a  reward,  the  fa- 
vour of  becoming  the  most  beautiful  man  in  the  worlds 
Sappho  fell  desperately  in  love  with  him,  and  went  into 
Sicily  in  pursuit  of  him,  he  having  withdrawn  hitnself  thi-^* 
tber  on  purpose  to  avoid  her.  It  was  in  that  island,  ar^d 
on  this  occasion,  that  she  composed  her  hymn  to  Venus* 
This,  however,  was  ineffectual.  Phaon  was  still  obdurate, 
and  Sappho  was  so  transported  with  the  violence  of  her 
passion,  that  she  had  recourse  to  a  promontory  in  Acar- 
nania  called  Leucate,  on  the  top  of  which  was  a  temple 
dedicated  to  Apollo.     In  this  temple  it  was  usual  for  de* 


^  "  Sappho  formed  an  academy  of 
females  who  excelled  in  music ;  and  it 
was  doubtless  this  academy  which  drew 
on  her  the  hatred  of  the  women  of  Mi- 
tylene,  who  accused  her  of  being  too 
fond  of  her  own  sex;  but  will  not  her 
\ox^  for  Pbaon,  and  the  fatal  termina- 
tioH  of  her  existence^  sufficiently  ex- 


culpate her  ?  And  might  she  not  have 
written  the  celebrated  verses  "  Blest 
as  the  immortal  goda  is  he,'*  &c.'  for 
another  ?  Many  of  our  poetical  ladies, 
whom  we  could  name,  have  written 
excellent  impassioned  songs  of  com* 
plaint  in  a  male  character.''  Or.  Biht- 
ney  in  Hist,  of  Music 


1  ltor»rL*>«Dict.  Hist. 


SAPPHO.  ,149 

^pairing  Idvers  to  make  their  vows  in  secret,  and  after- 
firards  to  fling  themselves  from  the  top  of  tbeprecipice  into 
th&sea,  it  being  an  established  opinion^  that  all  those  who 
were  taken  up  alive,  would  immediately  be  cured  of  their 
former  passion.  Sappho  perished  in  the  experiment  The 
original  of  this  unaccountable  humour  is  not  known*  Her 
genius,  however,  made  her  be  lamented.  The  Romans 
erected  a  noble  statue  of  porphyry  to  her  memory;  and  the 
Mityienians,  to  express  their  sense  of  her  worth,  paid  her 
sovereign  honours  after  her  death,  and  coined  money  with 
her  head  for  the  impress.  She  was  likewise  honoured  with 
the  title  of  the  tenth  Muse. 

Yossius  is  of  opinion  that  none  of  the  Greek  poets 
excelled  Sappho  in  sweetness  of  verse ;  and  that  she  made 
Archilochus  the  model  of  her  style,  but  at  the  same  time 
took  great  care  to  soften  and  temper  the  severity  of  his 
expression.  Hoffman,  in  his  Lexicon,  says,  *^  Some  au- 
thors are  of  opinion,  that  the  elegy  which  Ovid  made  und#r 
the  name  of  Sappho,  and  which  is  infloitely  superior  to  his 
other  elegies,  was  all,  or  at  least  the  most  beautiful  part  of 
it,  stolen  from  the  poems  of  the  elegant  Sappho."  She 
was  the  inventress  of  that  kind  of  verse  which  (from  her 
name)  is  called^  the  Sapphic.  She  wrote  nine  books  of 
odes,  besides  elegies,  epigrams,  iambics,  monodies,  and 
other  pieces ;  of  which  we  have  nothing  remaining  entire 
but  an  hymn  to  Venus,  an  ode  preserved  by  Louginus 
(which,  however,  the  learned  acknowledge  to  be  imper- 
fect), two  epigrams,  and  some  other  little  fragments,  which 
have  been  generally  published  in  the  editions  of  Anacreon. 
Addison  has  given  an  elegant  character  of  this  poetess  in 
the  Spectator  (No.  223  and  229),  with  a  translation  of  two 
of  her  fragments,  and  is  supposed  to  have  assisted  Philips 
in  his  translation.^ 
'  SARASIN  (John  Francis),  a  French  miscellaneous  au- 
thor, was  born' at  Hermanville,  in  the  neighbourhood  of* 
Caen,  about  1604.  It  is  said,  in  the/^  Segraisiana,"  but 
we  know  not  on  what  foundation,  that  he  was  the  natural 
son  of  Mr.  Fauconnier  of  Caen,  a  treasurer  of  France,  by 
a  woman  of  low  rank,  whom  he  afterwards  married.  Sara- 
sin  began  his  studies  at  Caen,  and  afterwards  went  to 
Paris,  where  he  became  eminent  for  wit  and  polite  litera- 
ture, though  he  was  very  defective  in  every  thing  that 

4  Gen.  Dkt— YosfiiM  de  Poet  GraBC— Fawkes'i  TniuiatioD. 


150 


S  A  R  A  S  I  N. 


•could  be  called  learning.  He  tben  inade  tlie  tour  of  Ger^ 
•many;  and,  upon  his  return  to  France,  was  appointed  a 
kind  of  secretary  to  the  prince  of  Conti.  Ite  was  a  man 
of  a  lively  imagination  and  ready  wit;  and  much  caressed 
by  those  who  thought  themselves  judges  of  that  article. 
He  was,  however,  so  frequently  invited  on  this  account 
that  he  began  to  envy  matter-of-fact  men,  from  whom  no- 
thing of  the  kind  is  expected.  He  was  also  unfortunate  in 
'bis  marriage,  his  wife  being  a  woman  of  a  violent  ungo- 
vernable temper.  It  is  said  that  he  persuaded  the  prince 
of  Conti  to  marry  the  niece  of  cardinal  Mazarin,  and  for 
this  good  office  received  a  great  sum  ;  but  this  being  dis^ 
•  covered,  the  prince  dismissed  him  from  his  > service,  with 
every  mark  of  ignominy,  as  one  who  had. sold  himself  t€ 
the  cardinal.  This  treatment  is  supposed  to  have  occa- 
sioned his  death,  which  happened  in  1654.  Pelisson,  passw 
ing  through  the  town  where  Sarasin  died,  went  to  the 
grave  of  his  old  acquaiiitancie,  shed  soMie  tears,  had  a  mass 
said  over  him,  and  founded  an  anniversary,  though  he  him« 
'  self  was  at  that  time  a  protestant. 

He  published  in  his  life-time,  "  Discours  de  la  Trage- 
die;"  "  L*Histoire  du  Siege  de  Dunkerque,"  in  1649; 
and  "  La  Pompe  funebre  de  Voiture,"  ik  the  "  MisceU 
lanea'*  of  Menage,  to  whom  it  is  addressed,  in  1652«  At 
his  death,  he  ordered  all  his  writings  to  be  giv'en  into  the 
bands  of  Menage,  to  be  disposed  of  as  that  gentleman 
should  think  proper ;  and  Menage  published  a  4to  volume 
of  them  at  Paris  in  1656,  with  a  portrait  of  the  author  en- 
graven by  Nanteuil,  and  a  discourse  of  Pelisson  upon  his 
merits.  They  consist  of  poetry  and  prose ;  and  have  much 
wit  and  considerable  ease,  elegance,  and  invention.  Be- 
sides this  collection  in  4to,  two  more  volumes  in  l2mo 
were  published  at  Paris  in  1675,  under  the  title  of  "  Nou^ 
velles  Oeuvres  de  Mr.  Sarasin  ;'*  which  appear  to  consist  of 
the  pieces  rejected  by  Menage,  mostly  unfinished  frag- 
ments, but"  Boileau  encouraged  the  editor,  M.  deMonnoye, 
to  publish  them,  as  not  unworthy  of  Sarasin.* 

SARAVIA  (Hadrian  a),  of  Spanish  extraction,  but  to 
be  classed  among  English  divines,  was  a  native.of  Artois, 
where  he  was  born  in  1531.  Of  his  early  years  we  have 
no  account.  In  1582  he  was  invited  to  Leyden  to  be:  pro- 
fessor of  divinity,  and  was  preacher  in  the  French  church 

* 

'  Niceron,  vols.  VI.  and  £.«-Moreri.— Diet.  Hikt.'^^i-PerrauU  Lei  Homme« 


S  A  R  A  V  I  A.  151 

there.     Having  studied  the  controversy  respecting  church 
government,  he  inclined  to  that  of  episcopacy,  and  in  1587 
oame  to  England  ^vbere  he.  was  well  received  by  some  of 
the  pirates  and  divines  of  that  day,  particularly  Wbitgift, 
archbishop  of  Canterbury.      He   first  settled  at  Jersey, 
where  he  taught  a  scbool,  and  preached  to  bis  countrymen, 
who  ^were  exiles  tbere.     He  was  appointed  master  of  the 
£reet  .gnuxiQiar-scbool    at  Southampton,    where  Nicholas 
Fii^yWr, .  the  most  renowned  critic  of  bis  age,  received  bia 
education  principally  under  him,  and  he  also  educated  sir 
ThoKitfis  Lake,  .secretary  of  state  to  James  I.     He  was  suc- 
cessively promoted  to  a  prebend  in  the  cburcbes  of  Glou- 
cn^er,  CaAt^rbury,  and  Westminster.     He  displayed  great 
leaf  aing  in  defence  of  episcopacy  against  Beza,  when  tbat 
4ivine  reeofiMOQiended  the  abolition  of  it  in  Scotland.     He 
^ed  in  1613,  at  the  age  of  eighty^-two,  and  was  interred 
in.  Cii^terbury  catbedral,  where  tbere  is  a  monument  to 
his'memory.     All  bis  works  were  published  in  1611,  one 
yoU  folio.     He  must  have  acquiced  a  very  considerable 
knowledge  of  the  English  language,  as  we  find  his  name 
in  the  first  .class  .of  those  whom  king  J^mes  I.  employed  in 
the  new  .translation  of  tbe  Bible.     He  lived  in  great  inti-  . 
majcy  with  hisjellow  labourer  in  the  cause  of  episcopacy, 
the  celebrated  Hooker.     *^  These  two  persons,^'  says  Wal- 
ton, ^'  began  a  holy  friendship,  increasing  daily  to  so  high 
wd.  mutual  .affections,  that  their  two  wills  seemed  to  be  but 
one.  and  the  same.'^^ 

.  ^SARBIEVySKI,  or  Sarbievi^s  (Mattbias  Casimir),  a 
modern  Latin  poet,  was  born  of  illustrious  parents,  in  1595^ 
in  the  duchy  of  Masovia,  in  Poland.  He  entered  among 
the  Jesuits  in  1612,  and  was  sent  to  continue  his  theol&gi- 
x^l  studies  at  Rome,  whene  he  devoted  himself  to  the  pur- 
suit of  .antiquities,  and  indulged  his  taste  for  poetry.  Some 
L^tin  ^'  Odes,'^  which  he  presested  to  Urban  VIII.  gained 
him  that  pontiff's  esteesi,  and  the  honour  of  heing  chosen 
to  correct  the  hymns,  intended  for  a  new  breviary,  then 
composing  by  Urhan's  orders.  When  Sarbiewski  returned 
•to  Poland,  he  taught  ethics,  philosophy,  and  divinity,  suc- 
cessively at  Wilna.  Such  was  the  .esteem  in  which  he  was 
held,  that  when  admitted  to  a  doctor's  degree  there,  La- 
dislaus  V.  king  of  Poland,  who  was  present,  drew  the  ring 

^  Atb.'Ox.  Tot.  L^ZouQh's  edition  of  Walton'i  Lives.—Strype's  Life  of  W^it- 
.f'lft,  pp«  429,  441.-«8ee  tome  reSectioQS  on  his  political  conduct  at  Leyden  ip 
IS^jmann's  **  Sylloge  Epistolarom." 


15a  8ARBI£W,SKT, 

from  his  finger*  and  put  it  on  that  of  Sarbiewski ;  and  tbif 
ring  is  still  preserved  in  the  university  at  Wilna,  and  made 
we  of  in  the  inauguration  of  doctors.  Ladislaus  also  chose 
l^im  for  his.  preacher,  an  office  in  which  he  gained  great 
applause ;  and  he  was  frequently  his  oiiyesty^s  companioii 
in  his  journeys,  especially  when  he  went  to .  the  baths  of 
Baden.  Sarbiewski  was  so  enthusiastic  in. his  admiration 
of  the  Latin  poets,  that  he  is  said  to  have  re^d  Virgil  ove^ 
sixty  times,  and  other  poetical  classics  more  ^an  thirty 
times.  He  died  April  2, 1640,  aged  forty-five.  His  Latin 
poems  contain  great  beauties,  mingled  with  ^ome  defects. 
An  enlarged  and  very  elegant  edition  of  them  was  publish- 
ed at  Paris,  by  Barbou,  1759,  12mo.  They  consist  of  La<* 
tin  odes,  in  four  books;  a  book  of  epodes ;  one  of  ditby^ 
rambic  verses;  another  of  miscellaneous  poems;  and  a 
fourth  of  epigrams.  His  lyric  yerses  are  the  most  admired  j 
their  style  is  elevated,  but  they  are  sometimes  deficient  iu 
elegance  and  perspicuity.^ 

SARJEANT,  or  SERJEANT  (John),  a  secular  priest^ 
who  was  sometimes  called  Smith,  and  sometimes  Holland) 
|vas  born  at  Barrow  in  Lincolnshire,  about  1621,  and  ad-> 
mitted  of  St.  John's  college  in  Cambridge  April  12,  1639^ 
by  the  masters  and  seniors  of  which  he  wai  recommenfled 
to  bie  secretary  to  Dr.  Thomas  Morton,  bishop  of  Durham^ 
While  in  this  employment  he  entered  on  a  course  of  read* 
ing,  which  ended  in  bis  embracing  the  popish  religion. 
He  then  went  over,  to  the  English  college  of  secular  priests 
at  Lisbon  in  1642  ;  and^  after  studying  there ^ome  time,  he 
returned  to  England  in  1652,  and  was  elected  secretary  of 
the  secular  clergy,  and  employed  in  propagating  his  reli« 
gion,  and  writing  books  in  defence  of  it^  particularly  against 
Dr.  Hammond,  Dr.  Bramhall,  Dr.  Thomas  Pierce,  Dr.  Til- 
lotsou,  .Casaubon,  Taylor,  Tenison,  Stillingfleet,  Whitby, 
&c.  In  the  course  of  his  controversies  he  wrote'  about 
forty  volumes  or  pamphlets,  the  titles  of  which  may  be  seen 
in  Dodd.  He  bad  also  a  controversy  with  the  superiors  of 
his  own  communion,  of  which  Dodd  gives  a  long,  but  now 
very  uninteresting  account.  He  died,  as  his  biographer 
says^  with  the  pen  in  his  hand,  in  1707,  in  the  eighty-sixth 
year  of  his  age.* 

1  BailleU-^Nov.   Act.  Erudit:  1753,  8?o,  p.  621^624.— Diet.  Hift.--Saxii 
Qnomait. 
s  Dodd'8  Cb.  Hist.— -Birch's  Tillotson.— Aih.  Ox.  ?ol.  II. 


6  A  R  N  E  L  L  I.  |5l 

'  6ARNELLI  (Pompey),  a  leanied  Italian  prelate,  wa« 
bom  at  Poiignano  in  1649,  and  studied  principally  at  Na- 
ples. He  connnenced  bis  career  as  an  author  about  1668^ 
and  published  some  pieces  connected  with  grammar  and 
polite  literature.  In  1675,  after  he  had  been  admitted  to 
priest's  orders,  pope  Clement  X.  made  him  honorary  pro^ 
tbonotary ;  and  in  1679,  he  was  appointed  grand  vicar  to 
cardinal  Orsini,  and  obtained  other  preferment  in  th^ 
jDhurch.  He  died  in  1724,  He  was  the  author  of  abovo 
thirty  works,  enumerated  by  Niceron  and  Moreri,  of  which 
we  may  mention,  *^  Lettere  ecclesiastiche/'  in  9  vols.  4to} 
^*  II  Clero  secolare  nel  suo  Splendore,  overo  della  vita 
commune  clericale;'*  *^  Bestiarum  Schola  ad  Homines 
lerudiendos  ab  ipsa  rerum  natura  provide  instituta,  &c.  de^' 
^em  et  centum  Lectionibus  expUcata  ;'^  <^  M emorie  Grono- 
logtche  de*  Vescovi  et  Arcivescovi  di  Benevento,  con  1^ 
serie  de  Duchi  e  Principi  Lohgobardi  nella  stessa  citta  ;'^ 
^nd  the  lives  of  Baptista  Porta,  Boldoni,  &c.  He  some* 
times  wrote  under  assumed  names,  as  Solomon  Lipper, 
Esopus  Primnellius,  &c.^ 

SARPI  (Paul),  usually  called  in  England,  Father  Paul, 
in  Italian,  Fra  Paolo,  a  very  illustrious  writer,  was  born  at 
Venice  Aug.  14,  1552,  and  was  the  son  of  Francis  Sarpi^ 
a  merchant,  whose  ancestors  came  from  Friuli,  and  of  Isa- 
bella Morelli,  a  native  of  Venice.  He  was  baptized  by  the 
name  of  Peter,  which  he  afterwards,  upon  entering  intb 
his  order,  changed  for  P^ul.  His  father  followed  merchan- 
dize, but  with  so  little  success,  that  at  his  death,  he  left: 
bis  family  very  ill  provided  for,  but  under  the  care  of  a 
mother  whose  wise  conduct  supplied  the  want  of  fortune 
by  advantages  of  greater  value.  Happily  for  young  Sarpi, 
(be  had  a  brother,  Ambrosio  Morelli,  priest  of  the  collegia 
ate  church  of  St.  Hermagoras,  who  took  him  under  h\H 
care,  ^^^^'psio  was  well  skilled  in  polite  literature,  which 
he  taught  to  several  children  of  the  noble  Venetians :  and 
be  took  particular  care  of  the  education  of  his  nephew^ 
whose  abilities  were  extraordinary,  though  his  constitution 
was  very  delicate.  Paul  had  a  great  memory,  and  much 
strength  of  judgment ;  so  that  he  made  uncommon  advanceaf 
in  every  branch  of  education.  He  studied  philosophy  anfl 
divinity  under  Capella,  a  father  belonging  to  the  monastery 
of  th^'Servites  in  Venice;  and  when  only  in  bis  tendet 

I  NiceroOy  vol.  XLII.^— l^eren't  / 


154  S  A  R  P  L 

years,  made  great  progress  in  the  mathetnatios,  and  tb^ 
Greek  atrd.Hebrew  tongues.  Capella,  though  a  celebrated 
master,  confessed  in  a  little  time  that  be  could  give  his 
pupil  no  farther  instructioua^,  and  with  this  opinion  of  .his 
lalents,  prevailed  with  him  to  assume  the  religious  habit  of 
the  Serviies,  notwithstanding  his  mother  and  uncle  repre** 
seated  to  bim  the  hardships  and  austerities  of  that  kind  of 
life,  and.  advised  him  with  great  zeal  against  it.  But  be 
was  steady  in  his  resolutioos,  and  on  Nov.  24,  1566,  took 
the  habit,  and  two  years  after  made  his  tacit  profession^ 
which  he  solemnly  renewed  May  JO,  1572. 

At  this  time  he  was  in  his  twentieth  year,  and  defended 
in  a  public  assembly  at  Mantua,  several  difficult  proposi- 
tions in  natural  philosophy  and  divinity,  with  such  uscom- 
mon  genius  and  learning,  that  the  duke  of  Mantua,  a  great 
patron  of  letters,  appointed  him  his  chaplain,  at  the  same 
time  that  the  bishop  of  that  city  made  him  reader  of  canpM 
Jaw  and  divinity  in  bis  cathedral.  These  employment!! 
a^mmated  him  to  improve  himself  in  Hebrew;  and  heap- 
plied  also  with  much  vigour  to  the  study  of  history,  in  wfaiieb 
lie  was  afterwards  to  shine.  During  bis  stay  at  Mantua  he 
became  acquainted  with  many  eminent  persons ;  and  bis 
patron,  the  duke,  obliged  him  to  dispute  with  persons  of 
all  professions,  and  on  all  subjects.  Paul  bad  a  profound 
knowledge  in  the  mathematics,  but  the  utmost  cotiteiiipt 
for  judicial  astrology :"  We  cannot,'*  he  used  to  say, 
'^either  find  out,  or  we  cannot  avoid,  what  will  happfen 
hereafter/'  Fulgentio,  his  biographer,  relates  a  l^udicrQus 
story,  in  which  his  patron  appears  to  have  been  a  chief 
actor.  The  duke,  who  loved  to  soften  the  cares  of  govern- 
ment with  sallies  of  humour,  having  a  mare  ready  to^fpalisi 
mule,  engaged  Paul  to  take  the  horoscope  of  tbe  animal's 
nativity.  This  being  done,  and  the  scbeme  settled,  tbe 
duke  sent  it  to  all  tbe  famous  astrologers  in  Europe,  informir 
ing  them,  that  under  such  an  aspect  a  bastard  was  born  in 
the  duke's  palace.  Tbe  astrologers  returned  very  diSerent 
judgments ;  some  asserting  that  this  bastard  would  be  a 
cardinal,  others  a  great  warrior,  others  a  bishop,  and  others 
A  po{>e,  and-  these  wise  conjectures  ^tended  not  a  little  to 
abate  the  credulity  of  tbe  times. 

Sarpi,  however,  finding  a  court  life  unsuitable  to  bis  in^ 
4;linatioa,  left  Mantua  in  about  two  years,  and, returned  to 
bis  convent  at  Venice.  By  chis  time  he  had  made  a  sur- 
prising progress  in  tbe  canon  and  civil  law,  m  all  parts  of 


\  S  A  R  P  I.  155 

physic,  and  in  the  Cbaldee  langui^ ;  and,  as  us\taily  bi^« 
peM,  bis  great  reputation  had  exppsed  him  totinuch  envy. 
For,  before  he  left  Mantaa,  one  Claudio,  who  was  jealous 
of  bis  superior  ^talents,  accused  him  to  the  inquisition  of 
heresy^  for  .bav'tng  dented  that  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity 
eoald  be  proved  frohxi  the  first  diapiter  of  Genesis:  but 
Paul,  appealing  to  Rome,  was  honourably  acquitted^  axsd 
the  inquisitor  reprimanded  for  presuming  to  determioe  upoit 
things  written  in  a  language  he  did  not  understands  At 
.twenty*t\vo  he  was  ordained  priest ;  and  afterwards,  when 
he  bad  taken  the  degree  of  doctor  in  divinity,  ai^d  was  ad* 
mitted  a  member  of  the  college  of  Padua,  was  chosen  pro* 
vinciai  of  his  order  for  the  province  of  Venice,  though  he 
was  then  but  twenty-six :  an  instance  which  had' never  hap- 
pened beifore  among  the  Servites.  He  acquitted  himself  in 
■this  post,  «s  he  did  in  every  other,  wji|h  the,  strictest  inte-- 
grity,  honour,  and  piety;  insomuch  that,  in  1579,  in  a 
general  chapter  held  at  Parma,  he  was  appointed,  with  two 
others,  much  bis  seniors,  to  dr&w  up  new  regulations  and 
statutes  for  bis  order.  This  employment  made  it  necessary 
for  him  to  reside  at  Kome,  where  his  exalted  talents  recom- 
inended  him  to  the  notice  of  cardinal  Alexander  Faroese, 
and  other  great  personages. 

^  His  employment  as  provincial  being  ended,  he  retired 
for  three  years,  which  he  said  was  the  only  repose  he  had 
ever  enjoyed ;  and  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  natural 
{Aiiosophy  aod  anatomy.  Among  other  experiments,  he 
employed  himself  in  the  transmutation  of  nietats ;  but  not 
with  any  view  of  discovering  the  philosopher's  stone,  which 
be  always  ridiculed  as  impossible.  In  the  course  of  his  ex- 
periments, he  made  some  discoveries,  the  honour  of  which, 
it  is  said,  has  been  appropriated  by  others.  He  likewise 
studied  anatomy,  especially  that  part  of  it  which  relates,  to 
the  eye ;  on  which  be  made  so  many  curious  observations, 
that  the  celebrated  Fabricius  ab  Aquapendente  did  not 
scruple  to  employ,  in  terms  of  the  liigbest  applause,  the 
authority  of  Paul  on  that  subject,  both  in  his  lectures  and 
writings.  Fulgentio  expresses  bis  surprise  at  Aquapen* 
dente,  for  not  acknowledging,  in  bis  <<  Treatise  of  the  Eye,'* 
the  singular  obligations  he  bad  to  Paul,  whom  he  declares 
to  have  merited  all  the  honour  of  it.  He  asserts  likewise, 
that  Paul  discovered  the  valves  which  serve  for  the  ciriau* 
lation  of  the  blood,  and  this  seems  to  be  allowed  ;  but  npt 
that  he  discovered  the  circulatibn  itself,  as  W^le&us,  Mof- 


156 


S  A  R  I^  I. 


ho(F|  and  others  have  contended^  against  the  claim  of  our 
countryman  Harvey,  to  whom  that  discovery  has  been 
usually,  and  indeed  jastly,  ascribed. 

Father  Paul's  great  fame  would  not  suffer  him  any  longer 
to  enjoy  his  retreat :  for  be  was  now  appointed  procnrator* 
general  of  his  order;  and  during  three  years  at  Rome, 
tebere  he  was  on  that  account  obliged  to  reside,  he  disco- 
vered such  extraordinary  talents,  that  he  was  called  by  the 
pope's  command  to  assist  in  congregations  where  matters  of 
the  highest  importance  were  debated.  He  was  very  much 
esteemed  by  Sixtus  V,  by  cardinal  Bellarmine,  and  by  car«* 
dinal  Castegna,  afterwards  Urban  VII.  Upon  his  return 
to  Venice,  he  resumed  his  studies,  beginning  them  before 
6i|n-rise,  and  continuing  them  all  the  morning.  The  after- 
noons he  spent  in  philosophical  experiments,  or  in  conver- 
sation with  his  learned  friends.  He  was  now  obliged  to 
remit  a  littfefrom  his  usual  application  :  for,  by  too  intense 
9ttidy,  be  had  already  contracted  infirmities,  with  whiich  be 
was  troubled  till  old  age.  These  made  it  necessary  forhim 
to  drink  a  little  wine,  from  which  he  had  abstained  till  he 
was  thirty  years  old ;  and  he  used  to  say,  that  one  of  the 
things  of  which  he  most  repented  was,  that  he  had 
been  persuaded  to  drink  wine.  He  ate  scarce  any  thing 
but  bread  and  fruits,  and  used  a  very  small  quantity  of  food, 
because  the  least  fulness  rendered  him  liable  to  violent 
pains  of  the  head. 

His  tranquillity  was  now  interrupted  by  oth^r  causes; 
Upon  leaving  Venice  to  go  to  Rome,  he  had  left  his  friends 
under  the  direction  of  Gabriel  Collissoni,  with  whom  he 
bad  formerly  joined  in  redressing  certain  grievances.  But 
this  tnan  did  not  answer  Paul's  expectation,  being  guilty  of 
great  exactions :  and,  when  Paul  intended  to  return  to 
Venice,^  dissuaded  him  from  it,  well  knowing  that  his  return 
would  put  an  end  to  his  impositions.  He  therefore  artfully 
represented,  that,  by  staying  at  Rortie,  he  would  be  sure 
tp  make  his  fortune :  to  which  Paul,  with  more  honesty 
than  policy,  returned  an  answer  in  cypher,  that  "  there 
was  no  advancing  himself  at  the  court  of  Rome,  but  by 
scandalous  means ;  and  that,  far  from  valuing  the  dignities 
there,  he  held  them  in  the  utmost  abomination."  Aftet 
this  he  returned  to  Venice ;  and,  coming  to  an  irrecon- 
cileable  rupture  with  Collissoni,  on  account  of  his  corrupt 
pracitices,  the  latter  shewed  his  letter  in  cypher  to  cardinal 
Sant«  Se veriDa,  who  was  then  at  the  head  of  the  inquisitiotb 


S  A  R  P  L  15T 

The  cardinal  did  not  think  it  convenient  to  attack  Paiil 
himself,  although  he  shewed  his  disaffection  to  him  by  per* 
secuting  his  friends ;  ^ut  when  Paul  opposed  Collissoni^f 
being  elected  generij  of  the  order,  the  latter  accui^ed  bim 
to  the  inquisition  at  Rome  of  holding  a  correspondence  with 
the  Jews ;  and,  to  aggravate  the  charge,  produced  the  let^r 
ter  in  cypher  just  mentioned.  The  inquisitors  still  did  nol 
think  proper  to  institute  a  prosecution,  yet  Paul  was  ever 
after  considered  as  an  inveterate  enemy  to  the  court. of 
Rome.  He  was  charged  also  with  shewing  too  great  respect 
to  heretics,  who,  on  account  of  his  reputation,  came  to  see 
bim  from  all  parts ;  and  this  prevented  pope  Clement  Yllh 
from  nominating  him,  when  he  was  solicited,  to  the  see  of 
Nola«  He^vas  also  accused  of  being  an  intimate  friend  of 
Moroay,  of  Diodati,  and  several  eminent  Protestants ;  and# 
that  when  a  motion  was  made  at  Rome  to  bestow  on  him  a 
cardinal's  bat,  what  appeared  the  chief  obstacle  to  his  ad«« 
vancement  was,  his  having  more  correspondence  with  be** 
retics  than  with  Catholics.  <^  Diodati  informed  me,"  sayt 
Ancillon,  in  bis  ^^  Melange  de  Literature,"  that,  *^  observ- 
ing in  bis  conversations  with  Paul,  bow  in  many  opinions 
he  agreed  with  the  Protestants,  he  said,  be  was  extremely 
rejoiced  to  find  him  not  far  from  the  kingdom  of  heaven; 
and  therefore  strongly  exhorted  bim  to  profess  the  Protest" 
tant  religion  publicly.  But  the  father  answered,  that  ill 
was  better  for  him,  like  St.  Paul,  to  be  anathema  for  hia 
brethren ;  and  that  be  did  more  service  to  the  Protestant 
religion  in  wearing  that  habit,  than  be  could  do  by  laying 
it  aside. — The  elder  Daill^  told  me,  that  in  going  to  and 
coming  from  Rome  with  de  Villarnoud,  grandson  to  Mor- 
nay,  whose  preceptor  be  was,  he  had  passed  by  Venice,- 
and  visited  Paul,  to  whom  Mornay  bad  recommended  him 
by  letters ;  that,  having  delivered  them  to  the  father,  he 
discovered  the  highest  esteem  for  the  illustrious  Mr.  Du 
Plessis  Mornay ;  that  be  gave  the  kindest  reception  to  Mr* 
de  Villarnoud  his  grandson,  and  even  to  Mr.  Daill6 ;  that 
afterwards  Mr.  Daill£  became  very  intimate  with  fiither 
Paul,"  &c.  All  this  is  confirmed  by  father  Paul's  letters^ 
wUcb  on  every  occasion  express  the  highest  regard  for  the 
Protestants. 

About  1602,  he  was  diverted  from  bis  private  studies, 
which  bo  had  now  indulged,  though  amidst  numerous  vex- 
atious, for  many  years,'  by  the  state  of  public  affairs.  A 
dispute  arose  between  the  republic  of  Venice  and  the  court 


15S 


8  A  R  P  I. 


, ■        »  •  •        •  ... 

of  Rome,  r^lMtng  to  ecclesiastical  immutiiti^s;  «lt()^  as 
hotb  dmhity  and  law  were  concerned  in  it,  father  Patil  was 
ti[>pointecl  divine  and  canonist  for  the  republic  of -Venice, 
to  act  in  concert  with  the  law^bnstrttdrs.  Ttie  dtspiUe  bad 
etoimenced,  and  been  carfi^d  oiij  tmder  Clement VIII. ;  bM 
when  Paul  V.  came  te  thu  pdpedotti/  he  required  absolute 
obedience  without  disputes.  At  length,  \irhen  be  found 
his  coMfftiaads  slighted,  the  pop^  excommunicated  the 
duke,  the  whole  senate,  and  all  thdi^  dominions,  in  April 
1606,  and  the  Venetians  in  return  recalled  their  ambassad6r 
at  Rome,  suspended  the  inquisition  by  drder  of  state,  arid 
published  by  sound  of  trumpet  a  proclamation  to  this  eifedl, 
viz.  "  Thdt  whosoever  hath  received  from  'Rome  any  copy 
of  a  papal  edict,  published  there,  as  well  ag!)inst  the  law  c^ 
God,  as  against  the  honour  of  this  nation,  shall  immediat€^(y 
bring  it  to  the  council  of  ten  upon  pain  of  death.'*  But  as 
the  minds,  not  only  of  the  common  burghers,  but  also  "of 
some  noble  personages  belonging  to  the  state,  were  alarmed 
at  this  papal  interdict,  Paul  endeavoured  to  relieve- their 
fears,  by  a  piece  entitled  "Consolation  of  mind,  to  quiet 
the  consciences  of  those  who  live  well,  against  the  tefrrors 
of  the  interdict  by  Paul  V."  As  this  was  written  for  th<A 
sole  use  of  the  government  under  which  he  wds  born,'it 
was  deposited  in  the  archives  of  Venice ;  till  at  letigth, 
from  a  copy  clandestinel}' taken,  it  was  first  published  at 
the  Hague,  both  in  the  Italian  and  French  latiguages,  ahd 
cbe  tome  year  in  English,  under  this  title,  '*  Thfe  Rights  df 
Sovereigns  and  Subjects,  argued  from  the  civil,  cttnon,  an*d 
coinmon  law,  under  the  several  heads  of  E^^comm'u'm^a- 
tioris,  Interdicts,  Persecution,  Councils,  Appeals,  ItifatB- 
bility,  describing  the  boundaries  of  that  power  which  is 
ebimed  throughout  Christendom  by  the  Crownand  theMitr^; 
and  of  the  privileges  which  appertain  to  the  Subjects,  both 
clergy  and  laity,  according  to  the  laws  of  God  atid-  Man.*' 
Paul  wrote,  or  assisted  in  writing  and  publishing,  several 
othdr  pieces  in  this  controversy  between  the  two  states ; 
and  bad  the  Inquisition,  cardinal  Beilarmine,  and  other 
great  personages,  for  his  antagonists.  Paul  and  his  brother 
writers,  uhatever  might  be  the  abilities  of  (heir  adyefsaries, 
were  at  least  superior  to  them  in  the  justice  of  th^ir  cause. 
The  propositions  maintained  on  the  sfide  of  Rome  were 
these;  that  the  pope  is  invested  with  all  the  authority  of 
heaven  and  earth  ;  that  all  princes  are  his  vassals,  and  that 
he  may  annul  their  laws  at  pleasure;  that  kings  may  appeal 


S  A  R  P  I.  1^9 

Id  hiia,  as  he  is  temporal  moqarch  of  the  whole  earth ;  that 
he  can  discharge  subjects  from  their  oaths  of  aUegiancey 
and  .make  it  their  duty  to  take  up  arms  against  their  80ve« 
i^eiga ;  that  he  may  depose  kings  without  any  fault  commit- 
1^  by  tbem>  if  the  good  of  the  church  requires  it-;  that  the 
^l^cgy  are  .exeaipt  from  all  tribute  to  kings,  and  are  not 
acoountable  to  them  even  in  cases  of  high  treason ;  that  the 
pope  cannot  err;  that  bis. decisions  are  to  be^recieiTed  and 
obeyed  on  pain  of  sin,  though  all  the  world  should  judge 
tbem  to  be  false;  that  the.  pope  is  God  upon  earth,  and 
that  tacall  bis  power  in  question,  is  to  ciA  in  question 'the 
l^^er  of  God; — maxims  equally  shocking,  weak,  perni-^ 
cious,  and  absurd,  which  did  not  require  the  abilities  or 
learning  of  father  Paul,  to  dedionstrate  their  falsehood,  and 
jdestructive  tendency.     The  court  of  Rome,  however,  w€» 
aow  so  exasperated  against  him,  as  to  cite  him  by  a  decree^i 
Oct.  .30,  1606,  under  pain,  of  absolute  excommunication, 
to  appear,  in  person  at  Rome,  to  answer  the  charges  of 
heresies  .against  him. .  Instead  of  appearing,  he  published 
a  nianifesto,  shewing  the  invalidity  of  the '  summons ;  yet 
offered  to  dispute  with  any  of  the  pope^s  advocates,  in  a 
place  of  safety,  on  the  articles  laid  to  his  charge. 
.   In  April  1607,  the  division  between  Rome  and  the  re- 
pipl^lic  was  healed. hy  the  interposition  of  France ;  aud  Ful- 
geniio  relates,  that  the  affair  was  transacted  at  Rome  hy 
cardinal  Perron,  according  to  the. order  of  the  king  bis 
master.     But  some  English  writers  are  of  opinion,  that  ibis 
a^^conimodation  between  the  Venetians  and  the  pope  was 
owiug'tQ.the.  misconduct  of  king  James  I.,  who,  if  he  had 
heartily  supported   the  Venetians,   would  certainty  have 
disunited  them  from  the  see  of  Rome.     Isaac  Walton  ob- 
serves, that  during  the  dispute  it  was  reported  ahfoad, 
**  that,  the  Venetians  were  all  turned  Protestants,  which  was 
believed  by  many :  for  it  was  observed,  that  the  English 
ambassador.  (Wotton)  WdLS  often  in  conference  with,  the  se- 
nate ;  and  his  chaplain,  Mr.  Bedel,  more  often  with  father 
Paul,  whom  the  people  did  not  take  to  be  his  friend;  and 
also^  for  that  the  republic  of  Venice  was  known  to  give 
commission  to  Gregory  Justiniauo,  then  their  ambassador 
i^  England,  to  make  all  these  proceedings  known  to  the 
\\ng  of  England,  and  to  crave  a  promise  of  his  assistaocie, 
ijf  need  should  require,"  &c.     Burnet  tells  us,  ^*  That  the 
breach  between  the  pope  and  the  republic  was  brought  very 
near  a  crisis,  so  that  it  was  expected  a  total  separation  not 


160  S  A  R  P  t 

only  from  thi  court,  but  the  church  of  Rome,  was  like  td 
follow  upon  it.  It  was  set  on  by  father  Paul  and  the  seven 
divines  with  much  zeal,  and  was  very  prudently  conducted 
by  them.  In  order  to  the  advancing  of  it,  king  James  or- 
dered his  ambassador  to  offer  all  possible  assistance  to  them^ 
and  to  accuse  the  pope  and  the  papacy  as  the  chief  authors 
of  all  the  mischiefs  of  Christendom.  Father  Paul  and  the 
seven  divines  pressed  Mr.  Bedel  to  move  the  ambassador  to 
present  king^  James's  premonition  to  all  Christian  princes 
and  states,  then  put  in  Latin,  to  the  senate;  and  they 
were  confident  it  would  produce  a  great  effect.  But  the 
ambassador  could  not  be  prevailed  on  to  do  it  at  that  tinle ; 
and  pretended,  that  since  St  James's  day  was  not  far  off, 
it  would  be  more  proper  to  do  it  on  that  day.  Before  St. 
James'sday  came,  the  difference  was  madeup,  and  that  happy, 
opportunity  was  lost ;  so  that  when  he  had  his  audience  on 
that  day  in  which  he  presented  the  book,  all  the  ahswjer  he 
got  was,  that  they  thanked  the  king  of  England  for  his  good 
will,  but  they  were  now  reconciled  to  the  pope;  and  that 
therefore  they  were  resolved  not  to  admit  any  change  in 
their  religion,  according  to  their  agreement  with  the  court 
of  Rome.''  Welwood  relates  the  same  story,  and  imputes 
the  miiscarriage  of  that  important  affair  to  *^  the  conceit  of 
pjreaenting  king  James's  book  on  St.  James's  day."  But 
Dr.  Hickes  attempts  to  confute  this  account,  by  observing, 
that  the  pope  and  the  Venetians  were  reconciled  in  1607, 
and  that  the  king's  premonition  came  not  out  till  1609, 
which  indeed  appeara  to  be  true ;  so  thatj  if  the  premoni« 
lion  was  really  presented,  it  must  have  been  only  in  manu* 
script. 

The  defenders  of  the  Venetian  rights  were,  though  com-- 
prehended  in  the  treaty  of  April  1607,  excluded  by  the 
Romans  from  the  benefit  of  it ;  some,  upon  different  pre« 
tences,  were  imprisoned,  some  sent  to  the  gallies,  and  all 
debarred  from  preferment.  Bnt  then  their  malice  was 
obiefiy  aimed  against  father  Paul,  who  soon  found  the  ef-^ 
fects  of  it;  for,  on  Oct.  5,  1607,  he  was  attacked,  on  hit 
neturn  to  his  convent,  by  five  assassins,  who  gave  him  fif-> 
teen  wounds,  and  left  him  for  dead.  Three  of  these 
wounds  only  did  execution  :  he  received  two  in  the  neck; 
the  third  was  made  by  the  stiletto's  entering  his  right  ear^ 
ond  Coming  out  between  the  nose  and  right  cheek ;  and  so 
violent  was  the  stab,  that  the  assassin  was  obliged  to>  leave 
his  weapon  in  the  wound.    Being  come  to  himself^  and 


S  A  R  P  L  461 

having  bad  bis  wounds  dressed,  be  told  those  about  hitn^ 
that  the  first  two  he  had  received  seemed  like  two  flashes 
of  fire,  wbic^i  shot  upon  him  at  the  same  instant;  and 
that  at  the  third  he  thought  himself  loaded  as  it  were  with 
a  prodigious  weight,  which  stunned  and  quite  confounded 
his  senses.  The  assassins  retired  to  the  palace  of  thepope^s 
nuncio  at  Venice,  whence  they  escaped  that  evening  either 
to  Ravenna  or  Ferrara.  These  circumstances  di^covefed 
Who  were  at  the  bottom  of  the  attempt;  and  Paul  himself 
once,  when  his  friend  Aquapendente  was  dressing  bis 
wounds,  could  not  forbear  saying  pleasantly,  that'^^tbey 
were  made  Sfilo  Romariie  Curia.*^  The  person  who  drew 
the  stiletto  out  of  hi^  head,  was  desirous  of  having  it ;  but, 
as  father^s  PauPs  escape  seemed  somewhat  miraculous,  it 
was  thought  right  to  preserve  the  bloody  instrument  as  a 
public  monument :  and  therefore  it  was  hung  at  the  feet  of 
a  crucifix  in  the  church  of  the  Servites,  with  the  inscrip- 
tion, "  Deo  Filio  Liberatori,"  ^  To  God  the.  Son  the  De- 
liverer." The  senate  of  Venice,  to  shew  the  high  regard 
they  had  for  Paul,  and  their  detestation  of  this  horrid  at^ 
tempt,  broke  up  immediately  on  the  news ;  came  to  the 
monastery  of  the  Servites  that  night  in  great  numbers ;  or** 
dered  the  physicians  to  bring  constant  accounts  of  him  to 
the  senate ;  and  afterwards  knighted  and  richly  rewarded 
Aquapendente  for  his  great  care  of  him. 

How  scandalous  soever  this  design  against  bis  life  was,  it 
was  attempted '  again  more  than  once,  even  by  monks  of 
his  own  order :  but  the  senate  took  all  imaginable  precau- 
tions for  his  security,  and  he  himself  determined  to  livcfe. 
more  privately.  In  his  recess,  he  applied  himself  to  write 
his  "  History  of  the  Council  of  Trent,"  for  which. he  had 
begun  to  collect  materials  long  before.  Walton  tells  us^ 
tha(  the  contests  between  the  court  of  Rome  and  the  senate 
of  Venice  '"  were  the  occasion  of  father  Paul's  knowledge 
and  interest  with  king  James,  for  whose  sake  principally 
he  compiled  that  eminent  history  of  the  remarkable  coun;<* 
cil  of  Trent;  which  history  was,  as  fast  as  it  tvas  written^ 
sent  in  several  sheets  in  letters  by  sir  Henry  Wotton,  Mr. 
Bedell,  and  others,  unto  king  James,  and  the  then  bishop 
6f  Canterbury,  into  England."  Wotton  relates,  that 
James  himself  '^  had  a  hand  in  it ;  for  the  benefit,"  headds^ 
**  of  the  Christian  world."  This  history  was, first  published 
by  sir  Nath.  Brent  (See  Brent),  at  London,' in  1619,  in 
folio,  under  the  feigned  name  of  Pietro  Soav^  Polano^ 

Vou  XXVII.  M 


162  S  A  R  P  l 

which  is  an  anagram  of  Paolo  Sarpi  Venetiaik),-  and  dedf* 
cated  to  James  I.  by  Antony  de  Dominis,  archbishop  of 
Spalatro^  It  was  afterwards  translated  into  Latin,  English^ 
French,-  and  other  languages ;  and  a  new  translation  oT  it 
into  French  by  Dr.  le  Courayer^  with  notes  critical,  his-^ 
torical,  and  theological,  was  published  at  London,  173o> 
5  vols,  folioi  Burnet's  account  of  this  work  may  serve  to 
ihew  the  opinion  which  Protestants  of  all  communities  have 
ever  entertained  of  it :  "The  style  and  way  of  writing,'.' 
says  he,  ^^  is  so  natural  and  masctiline,  the  intrigues  wer« 
80  fully  opened,  with  so  many  judi-ciou^  reflections  in  att 
the  parts  of  it,  that  as  it  was  read  with  great  pleasure,  so  it 
was  generally  looked  on  as  the  rarest  piece  of  history 
which  the  world  ever  saw.  The  author  was  soon  guessed, 
and  that  raised  the  esteem  of  the  work :  for  as^  he  was  ac-^ 
fjottnted  one  of  the  wisest  men  in  the  world,  so  he  had  great 
opportunities  to  gather  exact  informations.':  He  had  free 
access  to-all  the  archives  of  the  republic  of  Venice,  which 
has  been  now  looked  on  for  several  ages  as  very  exact, 
twoth  in  getting  good  intelligence,  and  in  a  most  careful  way 
of  preserving  it :  so  that  among  their  records  he  must  have 
found  the  dispatches  of  the  ^ambassadors  and  prelates  6f 
fhat  republic,  who  were  at  Trent ;  which  being  so  neat 
them,  atid  the  council  being  of  such  high  consequence,  it 
k  not  to  be  doubted,  but  there  were  frequent  and  parti-r 
l^lar  informations,  both  of  more  public  and  sfecreter  trains- 
aetidns  transmitted  thither.  He  had  also  contracted  a  close 
friefidship  with  Camillus  Oliva,  that  was  secretary  to  one  of 
the  legates,  from  whom  be  had  many  discoveries  of  the 
pf^ctices  of  the  legates,  and  of  their  correspondence  with 
Kotn« :  besides  many  other  (Materials  and  notes  of  -some 
prelates  wlio  were  at  Trent,  which  he  had  gathered  toge-* 
ther.  His  work  came  out  within  fifty  years  of  the  conclu'* 
tion  of  the  council,  when  several,  who  had  been  present 
tttere;  were  still  alLve  ;  and  the  thing  was  $o  recent  in  linen's- 
0iei^ories,  that  few  thought  a  man  of  so  great  prudence  as 
^ewasvould  have  exposed  his  reputation,  by  writing  in 
^uch  a  nice  manner  things  which  he  could  not  justiiFy* 
Never  was  there  a  man  more  hated  by  the  coilrt  of  Rome. 
^haTi  he  was ;  and  now  he  was-  at  their  m^rcy,  if  he  had 
^bused  the  world  by  such  falsehoods  in  matter  of  fact,  as 
have  been  since  charged  on  his  work ;  but  none  appeared 
l^gainst  him  for  fifty  years.'* 

Early  ip  the  winter  of  1622,  bis  health  began  to  decline 


B  A  R  p  r.  f^ 

gt^Hy ;  and  he  Islnguished  till  January  tbe  14tb,  w|ien  h^ 
expired,  in  his  seventy-second  yean  He  behaved  with  tbii 
greatest  eotistancy  and  piety  during  bis  illness,  and  tbe  last 
wordft  be  uttered  were  "  Esto  perpetua/'  which  was  under«» 
itood  to  be  a  prayer  for  the  republic. 

When  tbe  tiews  of  bis  deaib  reached  Rone,  the  courtiers 
rejoiced  ;  nor  could  tbe  pope  himself  forbear  saying,  tbst 
the  hand  of  God  was  visible  in  taking  him  out.of  tbe  worid^ 
as  if  it  bad  been  a  miracle  surely  that  a  man  of  seventy-two 
should  die!  bis  funeral  was  disiinguisbed  by.ltbe  public 
magnificence  of  it,  and  the  vast  concourse  of  nobility  and 
persons  of  all  ranks  attending  it :  and  tbe  senate,  out  of 
gratitude  to  his  memory,  erected  a  monument  to  him,  tbe 
inscriptioi)  upon  which  was  written  by  John  Anthony  Ve« 
nerio,  a  noble  V^netiaii.  He  was  of  middle  stature;  bis 
head  very  large  in  proportion,  to  his  body,  which  was  ex« 
tremely  lean.  He  had  a  wide  forehead,  in  tbe  middle  of 
wbich  was  a  very  large  vein.  *  His  eye* brows  were* well 
arched,  his  eyes  large,  black,  and  sprightly ;  bis  nose  long 
and  large;  l^s  beard  but  thin.  His  aspect,  though  grave»' 
was  extremely  soft  and  inviting;  and  be  bad  a  very  fii>0 
hand-  Fulgentio  relates,  that  though  several  kic^gs  En4 
princes  bad  desired  him  to  sit  for  bis  picture,  yeb  b§  n^^ei* 
would  suffer  it  to  be  drawn  ;  but  sir  Henry  Wottoni  in  bis< 
letter  to  Dr*  Collins,  writes  thus  :  *^  And  now,  sir,  .havir|]g 
ft  fit  messenger,,  and  not  long  after  the  time  when  love« 
tokens  use  to  pass  between  friends,  let  me  be  bold  to  send 
you  for  a  new-year's  gitt  a  certain  memorial^  not  altogether 
unworthy  of  some  entertainment  under  your  roof ;  na^oelyy 
a  true  picture  of  father  Paul  the  Servite,  wbicb  was  fira8( 
taken  by  a  painter  whom  I  sent  uoto  bim;  my  house  then 
neigbbouring  bis  monastery.  I  have  newly  added  there* 
tontu  a  title  of  -my  own  conception,'  ^^  Concilii  Tridentiui 
Eviscerator,  &c. — You  will  find  a  scar  iu  his  face,  that  was 
from  the  Roman  assassinate,  that  would  have  killed  bia  as 
be  was  turned  to  s^wall  near  bis  convent/' 

Father  Fulgentio,*  bis  friend  and  companion,  who  was  a 
man  of  great  abilities  and  integrity,  and  is  allowed  on  alt. 
bands  to  have  drawn  up  Paul's  life  with  great  judgment 
and  impartiality,  observes,  that,  notwithstanding  the  ani- 
mosity of  the  court  of  Rome  against  him,  the  most  eminent 
prelates  of  it  always  expressed  the  highest  regard  for  him ; ; 
and  Protestants  of  all  communities  have,  justly  supposed 
him  one  of  tbe  wisest  and  best  men  that  ever  lived*     <^  Fa? ; 

^  2 


1^  S  A'R  PJ. 

ther  P.aul,**  says  sir  Henry  Wotton,  "  was  one  of  the  hum- 
blest things  that  could  be  seen  within  the  bounds  of  hu- 
manity ;  the  very  pattern  of  that  pre<;e(>t,  quanta  tloctior, 
40nto  subniissiory  and   enough  alone  lo  demonstrate,  that 
knowledge  well  digested  nan  inflat.     Excellent  in  positive, 
excellent  in  scholastical  and  polemical,  divinity  :  a  rare 
naibematician,  even  in  the  most  abstruse  parts  thereof,  as 
in  algebra  and  the  tbeoriques;  and  yet  withal  so  expert  in 
.the  history  of  plants,  as  if  he  had  never  perused  any  book 
i>Qt  nature.     Lastly,  a  great  canonist,  which,  was  the  title 
of  his  ordinary  service  with  the  state  \  and  certainly,  in  the 
'time  of  the  pope's  interdict,  they  had  their  principal  light 
from  him.     When  he  was  either  reading  or  writing  alone, 
his  manner  was  to  sit  fenced  with  a  castle  of  paper  about 
his  ebair  and. over  his  head;  for  he  was  of  our  lord  St» 
J^lban^si  opinion,  that  all  air  is  predatory,  and  especially 
hurtful,  when  the. spirits  are  most  employed. — He  was  of  a 
quiet  and  settled  temper,  which  made  him  prompt  in  his 
counsels  and  answers ;  and  the  same  in  consultation  which 
Themistocles  was  in  action,  iura-x^ia^.w  Inamarog^  as   will 
appear  unto  you  in  a  passage  between  him  and  the  prince 
of  CoikI^.     The  said  prince,  in  a  voluntary  jourRey  to 
Rome,  came  by  Venice^  where,  to  give  some  vent  to  his 
own  humours,  he  would  often  divest  himself  of  bis  great- 
ness ;  and  after  other  less  laudable  curiosities,  uot  long  be- 
fore his  departure,  a  desire  took  him  to  visit  the  famovt 
obscure  Servite.     To  whose  cloyster  coming  twice,  he  was 
the  first  time  denied  to  be  within  ;  and  at  the  second  it  was 
intimated,  that,  by  reason  of  bis  daily  admission  to  their 
deliberations  in  the  palace,  he  could  not  receive  the  visit 
of  so  illustrious  a  personage,  without  leave  from  the  senate, 
which  he  would  seek  to  procure.     This  set  a  greater  edge 
tipo.n  the  prince,  when  he  saw  he  should  confer  with  one 
participant  of  nwre  than  monkish  speculations.     So,  after 
leave  gotten,^  be  came  the  third  time ;  and  then,  besides 
other  voluntary  disoourse,  destined  to  be  told  by  him,  who  was. 
the  true  unmasked  author  of  the -late  Tridentine  History? 
-^To  whom  father  Paul  said,  that  he  understood  he  was 
going  to  Rome,  where  he  might  learn  at  eaise,  who  was 
the  author  of  that  book.'* 

Cardinal  Perron  gave  his  opinion  of  father  Paul  in  these 
terms  :  <^  I  see  nothing  eminent  in  that  man ;  be  is  a  man 
of  judgment  and  good  sense,'  but  has  no  great  learning :  I 
obaerre  bis  qualifications  to  be  mer4S  common  ones^  and 


S  A  R  P  I.  ISS 

little  superior  to  an  ordinary  monk's/*     But  the  learned 
Morhoff  has  justly  remarked,  ti^iat  ^<  thi^  judgment  of  Per- 
ron is  absurd  and  maligf^ant,  and  directly  contrary  to  the 
clearest  evidence ;  since   those   who  are  acquainted  with 
the  great  things  done  by  father  Paul,  and  with  the  vast 
extent  of  his  learnings   will   allow   him   to   be  superior^ 
not  only  to  monks,    but   cardinals,  and  even  to   Perron 
himself."      Courayer,   his   French  translator,    ^^'h   ^hat 
**  in  imitation  of  Erasmus,  Cassander,  Thuanus,  and  other 
great  men,  Paul  was  a  Cathoiic*  in  general,   and  some- 
times a  Protestant  in  particulars.    'He  observed  every  thing 
in  the  Roman  religion,  which  could  be  practised  without 
superstition  ;  and,  in  points  which  be  scrupled,  took  great 
care  not  to  scandalize  the  weak.  •  In  short,  he  was  equally 
averse  to  alt  extremes :  if  he  disapproved  the  abuses  of  the 
Catholics,  he  condemned  also  the  too  great  heat  of  the 
reformed  ;  and  used  to  say  to  those  who  urged  him  to  de- 
clare himself  in  favour  of  the  latter,  that  God  had  not 
given  him  the  spirit  of  Luther.''  —  Courayer  likewise  ob-» 
serves,  that  Paul  wished  for  a  reformation  of  the  Papaoy^ 
and  not  the  destruction  of  it ;  and  was  an  enemy  to  the 
abuses  and  pretences  of  the  ^opes,  not  tfaetr  place/'     We 
see  by  several  of  Paul's  letters,  that  be  wished  well  to  the 
progress  of  the  relbrmation,  though  in  a  gentler  manner 
than  that  which  bad  been  taken  to  procure  it;  and,  if  he 
limself  had  been  silent  on  this  head,  we  might  have  col-^ 
iected  his  inclinations  this  way,  from  circumstances  relat- 
iirg  to  Fulgentio,  the  most  intimate  of  his  friends,  and  who 
waii  best  acquainted  with  his  sentiments.     Burnet  iolbrms 
us,    that    Fulgentio    preaching    upon    Pilate's    question, 
**  What  is  Truth  ?"  told  the  audience^  that  at  last,  after 
many  searches,  he  had  found  it  out:  and  holding  forth  a 
New  Testament,  said,  it  was  therein  his  hand;  but,  adds  be, 
putting  it  again  in  his  pocket,  *'  the  book  is  prohibited.'' 

Of  father  Paul's  whole  works,  *^  Tutte  le  sue  opere^  oon 
un  supplemento,"  an  edition  was  published  at  Verona, 
Under  the  name  of  Helmsted,  1761^-68,  S  vols,  4to$  and 
another  at  Naples  in  1790,  24  vols.  8vo.  In  1788,  ^  trea- 
tise was  published  at  London  in  Italian,  entitled  '^  Qpi- 
nione'di  Fra  Paolo  Sarpi,  toccente  il  governo  della  repub- 
lica  Veneziana,"  8vo,  we  know  not  whether  in  any  of.  the 
preceding  editions.  Of  his  works,  we  have  English  trans- 
lations, printed  at  vairious  times,  of  "  The  Rights  of  Sove- 
reigns and  Subjects,"  *'  The  History  of  the  Council  of 


166  S  A  R  T  O. 

the  barpsiebord,  with  a  flute  accompaniment,  Afust^aof, 
Three,  sonatas,  in  London,  1769.  *^  GiuUo  Sabino  cba^ 
racteristica/'  Vienna,  1787.* 

SARTO  (Andr£A  del),  or  Vannucchi,  a  famous  It^ian 
painter,  was  the  son  of  a  tailor,  whence  he  bad  the  name 
of  Sarto,  and  was  born  at  Florence  in  1471.  He  was  np^ 
prenticed  to  a  goldsmith,  with  whom  he  lived  sometime^ 
but  was  then  placed  with  John  Basile,  an  ordinary  painter, 
who  taught  him  the  rudiments  of  his  art ;  and  afterwards 
with  Peter  Cosimo,  and  while  with  him,  studied  the  ear«^ 
toons  of  Michael  Angelo  and  Leonardo  da  Vinci ;  and  by 
these  oneans  arrived  at  a  mastery  in  his  art.  Being  at  last 
dissatisfied  with  bis  master,  he  associated  with  Francia 
Bigio,  and  they  painted  various  pieces  in  conjunction,  at 
Florence  and  about  it,  for  the  monasteries.  At  length 
come  of  Sarto's  pieces  falling  under  the  notice  of  Francis  X, 
tliat  monarch  was  so  pleased  with  them,  that  he  invited 
Barto  into  France,  and  treated  him  with  great, liberality. 
He  executed  many  pictures  for  the,  king  and  the  nobility ; 
but,  while  employed  upon  a  St.  Jerome  for  the  queens- 
mother,  he  received  letters  from  his  wife,  with  whom  het  was 
infatuated,  which  made  him  resolve  to  return  thither.  He 
pretended  domestic  affairs,  yet  promised  the  king  not  only 
to  return,  but  also  to  bring  with  him  a  good  collection  of 
pictures  and  sculptures.  In  this,  however,  he  was  over* 
ruled  by  bis  wife,  and,  never  returning,  gave  Francis^  who 
bad  trusted  him  with  a  considerable  sum  of  money,  so  bad 
9n  opinion  of  JPlorentine  painters,  that  he  would  not  look 
favourably  on  them  for  some  years  after.  Sarto  afterwards 
gave  hinpself  up  wholly  to  pleasure,  and  became  at  length 
very  poor.  He  was  naturally  liiild  and  diffident,  and  set 
but  ver}'  little  value  upon  bis  own  performances:  yet  th« 
Florentines  bad  so  great  an  esteem  for  his  works^  that^ 
during  the  fury  of  the  popular  factions  among  ihem,  they 
preserved  them  from  the  flames.  Sarto  died  of  the  plague 
in  ]  ^20,  when  only  42.  Sarto's  works,  in  Mr.i  Fuseli'a 
Opin^n  seem  to  have  obtained  their  full  share  of  justice* 
As  a  Tuscan,  the  suavity  of  his  tone  and  facility  of  prac- 
tice contrast  more  strikingly  with  the  general  austerity  aud 
elaborate  pedantry  of  that  school,  and  gain  him  greater 
praise *tfaan  they  would,  had  he  been  a  Bolognese  or  Lorn-' 
bard.*  It  cannot,  however,  be  denied  that  his  sweetness 
spmatimes  borders  on  insipidity :  the  modesty  or  rather 

1  From  Dr.  Burney  in  Rees's  Cyclopaedia.  ^ 


S  A  R  T  O.  UB 

pasiHaniinity  of  his  character  cheeked  the  £dll  ^certion  of 
his  powers ;  his  faults  are  of  the  negative  kind,  and  defects 
rather  than  blemishes.  He  had  no  notions  of  nature  be^ 
yond  the  model,  and  concentrated  all  female  beauty  in  his 
wif^^Lucretia ;  and  if  it  be  true  that  he  sacrificed  his  for^ 
tune  and  Francis  L  to  her  charms,  she  must  at  least  have 
equalled  in  form  and  feature  bis  celebrated  Madonna  del 
Sacca  !  hence  it  was  not  unnatural  that  the  proportions  of 
Albert  Durer  should  attract  him  more  than  those  of  Mi^ 
cbaelagnolo.  His  design  and  his  conceptions,  which  seU 
dom  rose  above  the  sphere  of  common  or  domestic  lifc^ 
kept  pace  with  each  other ;  here  his  observation  was  acute^ 
and  his  ear  open  to  every  whisper  of  social  intercourse  or  emo» 
tion.  The  great  peculiarity,  perhaps  the  great  prerogativoi 
of  Andrea  appears  to  me  that  parallelism  of  oompositionj 
which  distinguishes  the  best. of  his  historic  works,  seem* 
ingly  as  natural,  obvious  and  easy,  as  inimitable.  In  so* 
lemn  eflPects,  in  alternate  balance  of  action  and  repose,  b« 
excels  all  the  moderns ;  and  if  he  was  often  unable  to  eoii^ 
ceive  the  actors  themselves,  he  gives  them  probability  and 
importance  by  place  and  posture.  Of  costume  he  was 
ignorant,  but  none  ever  excelled  and  few  approached  him 
in  breadth,  form,  and  style  of  that  drapery  which  ought  4o 
distinguish  solemn,  grave,  or  religious  subjects.  ^    • 

SAUMAISE.     See  SALMASIUS. 

SAUNDERS  (Sir  Edmund),  lord  chief  justice  of  the 
King's  Bench  towards  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  cett<* 
tury,  seems  entitled  to  some  notice  on  account  of  hts 
^^  Reports/'  although  his  character  in  other  respects  may 
as  well  be  consigned  to  oblivion.  He  was  originally  a 
strolling  beggar  d.bout  the  streets,  without  known  parents 
or  relations.  He  Came  often  to  beg  scraps  at  Clement's 
Inn,  where  bis  sprightliness  and  diligence  made  the  society 
desirous  to  extricate  him  from  his  miserable  situation.  As 
he  appeared  desirous  to  learn  to  write,  one  of  the  attornies 
fixed  a  board  up  at  a  window  on  the  top  of  a  stair-case^ 
which  served  him  as  a  desk,  and  there  he  sat  and  wrote 
after  copies  of  court  and  other  bands,  in  which  at  length 
he  acquired  such  expertness,  as  in  some  measure  to  set 
up  for  himself,  and  earn  a  pittance  by  hackney-writing. 
He  also  took  all  opportunities  of  improving  himself  by 
reading  such  books  as  he  borrowed  of  his  friends,  and  in 

->  ArgeavUlei  vol.  li— PilkinstOB  by  FaseU. 


am  S  A  U  N  D  E  R  S. 

tbe  course  of  a  few  years,  became  an  able  attorney  and  a 
rvery  eminent  'counsel,  his  practice  in  the  King*s-beoch 
-being  exceeded  by  none.  All'this  would  have  redounded 
•to.  his' honour,-  had  his  progress  in  integrity  kept  pace  with 
ofcher  accomplishments,  but  he  appears  to  have  brought  into 
ills  profession  the  low  habits  of  his  early  life,  and  became 
as  iMucb  a  disgrace  as  an  ornament  to  the  bar.  His  art  and 
cunning  were  equal  to  his  knowledge,  and  he  carried  many 
a  cause  by  sinister  means,  and  when  detected,  he  never 
was  out  of  countenance,  but  evaded  the  matter  with  a  jest, 
which  he  had  always  at  hand.  He  was  much  employed  by 
the  king  against  the  city  of  London,  in  the  business  of  the 
quo  warranto,  and  ^vas  a  very  fit  tool  in  the  hands  of  the 
court,  and  prompted  the  attorney- general  Sawyer,  to  over- 
throw the  city  charter*  It  was  when  this  affair  was  to  be 
brought  to  a  decision,  that  Saunders  was  knighted  and 
aade.  lord  chief  justice  Jan.  25,  1682-3.  But  just  as  sen-^ 
tence  was  about  to  be  given,  he  was  seized  with  an  apo^ 
plexy  and  died.  In  our  authority,  a  disgusting  descriptioit 
is  given  of  his  person,  which  seems  to  have  corresponded 
wkh  his  mind.  >    . 

His  ^^  Reports*'  are  considered  as  peculiarly  valuable^ 
PB  .account  of  the  correct  state  of  the  pleadings  in  the  ise- 
veral  cases  in  the  court  of  King's-bench. .  They  were  first 
published  in  French,  1686,  2  vols.  fol.  and  reprinted  in 
English,'  with  the  addition  of  several  thousand  references, 
in  1722.  A  third  edition,  by  serjeant  Williams,  appeared 
in  1799^  with  notes  and  references,  2  vols.  8vo,  usually 
bound  in  three- " 

;  SAUNDEBSON  {Nicolas),  an  illustrious  professor  of 
the  n^athiematics  in  the  university  of  Cambridge,  and  fel*^ 
low  of  the  Royal  Society,  was  born  in  1682,  atThurlston 
in  Yorkshire ;  where  ^is  father,  besides  a  small  estate^  en* 
joyed  a  place. in  the  Excise.  When  he  was  a  year  old,  he 
was  deprived,  by  the  small-pox^  not  only  of  his  sight,  but 
pf  his- eye-balls^  which  were  dissolved  by  abscesses;  so 
that  he,  retained  no  more  idea  of  light  and  colours  than  if 
he  ha,d  been  bom  blind.  He  was  sent  early  to  a  free^ 
sebool  at  Penniston,  and  there  laid  the  foundation  of  that 
kndwle^lge  of  the  /Greek  and  Roman  languages,  which  he 
aftetiwards  improved  so  far,  by  his  own  application  to  the 
cla^^ic:  ^ulhors^  as  to.  hear  the  works  of  Euclid,  Archimedes,; 

i  North's  Liv^p  of  ttie  ChapGellors,-«*BHniet'^  Ovo  Timel^.^Qraoger. 


• 


S  A  U  N  D  E  »  S  O  N.  IM 

juicl  Diophantus,  read  in  their  brigioal  Greek,  When  he 
had  passed  spme  time  at  this  school,  bis  father,  whose  oc*'' 
cupation  led  him  to  be  conversant  in  numbers,  began  to 
instruct  hicn  in  the  common  rules  of  arithmetic.  Here  it 
was  that  his  genius  first  appeared :  for  be  very  soon  he-* 
came  able  to  work  the  common  questions,  to  make  long 
calculations  by  the  strength  of  bis  memory,  and  to  form 
new  rules  to  himself  for  the  more  ready  solving  of  such 
problems  as  are  often  proposed  to  learners,  as  trials  of 
skill.  At  eighteen,  he  was  introduced  to  the  acquaintance 
of  Richard  West  of  Underbank,esq.  a  gentleman  of  fortune^ 
and  a  lover  of  the  mathematics,  who,  observing  his  unGom<* 
mou  capacity,  took  the  pains  to  instruct  him  in  the  prihci** 
pies  of  algebra  and  geometry,  and  gave  him  every  encou- 
ragement in  the  proiiecution  of  these  studies.  Soon  after, 
he  became  acquainted  with  Dr.  Nettleton,  who  took  the 
same  pains  with  him ;  and  it  was  to  these  gentlemen  tha6 
be  owed  his  first  in&titution  in  the  mathematical  sciences.^ 
They  furnished  him  with  books,  and  often  read  and  ex- 
pounded them  to  him. ;  but  he  soon  surpassed  hi$  masters^ 
and  became  fitter  to  teach  than  learn  any  thing  from  them. 
His  passion  for  learning  growing  up  with  him,  his  father 
sent  him  to  a  private  academy  at  Atterqliff  near  Sheffield; 
6ut  logiq  and  metaphysics  being  the  principal  learning  of. 
this  school,  were  neither  of  them  agreeable  to  the  genius, 
of  our  author ;  and  therefore  be  made  but  a  short  stay** 
He  remained  some  time  after  in  the  country,  prosecuting, 
bis  stt^dies  in  his  own  way,  without  any  other  assistant? 
than  a  good  author,  and  some  person  that  could  read  it  to. 
bim;.  being  abje,  by  the  strength,  of  his  own  abilities,  ta 
surmount  all  difficulties  that  might  occur.  His  educatioa' 
had  bithei[to  been  at  the  expence  of  his  father^  who,  hav«- 
ing  <a  numerous  family,  found  it  difficult  to  continue  it ;' 
and  bis  friends  therefore  began  to  think  of  fixing  him  in^' 
some  way  of  business,  by  which  he  might  support  himsellv; 
His  own  inclination  led  him  strongly  to  Cambridge;  and, 
after  much  consideration,  it  was  resolved  he  should  make> 
his  appearance  there  in  a  way  very  uncommon ;  not  as  a, 
scholar,  but  a  master;  for,  his  friends,  observing  in  him  a- 
peculiar  felicity  in  conveying  his  ideas  to  others,  hoped 
that  be  might  teach  the  mathematics  with  credit  and  ad- 
vantage, even  in  the  university ;  or,  if  this  design  shouldr 
miscarry,  they  promised  themselves  success  in  opening  a 
school  for  him  in  London< 


J7«  S  A  U  N  D  E  11  S  O  N. 

Accordingly,  iii  1707,  being  now  twenty-five,  he  wa« 
brought  to  Cambridge  by  Mr.  Joshua  Dunn,  then  a  fellow- 
cominoner  of  Christ^s  college ;  where  he  resided  with  that 
friend,  but  was  not  admitted  a  member  of  the  college.  The 
society,  however,  much  pleased  with  so  extraordinary  a 
guest,  allotted  him  a  chamber,  the  use  of  their  library, 
and  indulged  him  in  every  privilege  that  could  be  of  ad- 
vantage to  him.  But  still  many  difficulties  obstructed  his 
design  :  he  was  placed  here  without  friends,  without  for* 
tune,  a  young  man,  untaught  himself,  to  be  a  teacher  of 
philosophy  in  an  university,  where  it  then  flourished  in 
the  greatest  perfection.  Whiston  was  at  this  time  mathe- 
matical professor,  and  read  lectures  in  the  manner  pro- 
posed by  Saunderson  ;  so  that  an  attempt  of  the  same  kind 
by  the  latter  looked  like  an  encroachment  on  the  privileges 
of  bis  office;  but,  as  a  good-natured  man,  and  an  encou- 
rager  of  learning,  Whiston  readily  consented  to  the  appli- 
cation of  friends,  made  in  behalf  of  so  uncommon  a  person. 
Mr.  Dunn  had  been  very  i^ssiduous  in  making  known  his 
<;baracter;  his  fame  in  a  short  time  had  filled  the  univer* 
sity ;  men  of  learning  and  curiosity  grew  ambitious  and 
fond  of  his  acquaintance,  so  that  his  lecture,  as  soon  as 
opened,  was  frequented  by  many,  and  in  a  short  time  very 
much  crowded.  *^  The  Principia  Mathematica,  Optics, 
and  Arithmetica  Universalis,  of  sir  Isaac  Newton,"  -were 
the  foundation  of  his  lecture ;  and  they  afforded  a  noble 
.  field  to  display  his  genius  in.  It  was  indeed  an  object  of 
the  greatest  curiosity  that  a  blind  youth  should  read  lectures 
in  optics,  discourse  on  the  nature  of  light  and  colours,  ex- 
plain the  theory  of  vision,  the  effect  of  glasses,  the  phaeno- 
mena  of  the  rainbow,  and  other  objects  of  sight :  nor  was 
the  surprize  of  his  auditors  much  lessened  by  reflecting, 
that  as  this  science  is  altogether  to  be  explained  by  lines, 
and  is  subject  to  the  rules  of  geometry,  he  might  be  a  mas- 
ter of  these  subjects,  even  under  the  loss  of  sight. 

As  he  was  instructing  the  academical  youth  in  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  Newtonian  philosophy,  it  was  not  long  before 
be  became  acquainted  with  the  incomparable  author,  al- 
though he  had  left  the  university  several  years ;  and  en- 
joyed his  frequent  conversation  concerning  the  more  diffi- 
cult parts  of  his  works.  He  lived  in  friendship  also  with 
the  most  eminent  mathematicians  of  the  age;  with  Halley, 
•Cotes,  D.e  Moivre,  &c.  Upon  the  removal  of  Whiston 
from  his  professorship,  Saunderson's  mathematical  merit 


S  A  U  N  D  E  R  S  O  N.  lit 

was  universally  allowed  so  much  superior  to  that  of  any 
competitor,  that  an  extraordinary  step  was  taken  in  his 
favour,  to  qualify  him  with  a  degree^  which  the  statutes 
require*  Upon  application  made  by  the  heads  of  colleges 
lo  the  duke  of  Somerset,  their  chancellor,  a  mandate  was 
readily  granted  by  the  queen  for  conferring  on  him  the  de- 
gree of  master  of  arts  :  upon  which  he  was  chosen  Lucasian 
professor  of  the  mathematics,  Nov.  1711,  sir  Isaac  New- 
ton all  the  while  interesting  himself  very  much  in  the  affair. 
His  first  performance,  after  he  was  seated  in  the  chair,  was 
an  inauguration-speech  made  in  very  elegant  Latin,  and  a 
style  truly  Ciceronian ;  for  be  was  well  versed  in  the 
writings  of  TuUy,  who  was  his  favourite  in  prose,  as  Virgil 
and  Horace  were  in  verse.  From  this  time  he  applied  him« 
self  closely  to  the  reading  of  lectures,  and  gave  up  his 
whole  time  to  bis  pupils.  He  continued  amotvg  the  gen* 
tiemen  of  Christ's  college  till  1723  ;  when  he  took  a  hous« 
in  Cambridge,  and  soon  after  married  a  daughter  of  the 
rev.  Mr.  Dickens,  rector  of  Boxworth  in  Cambridgeshire, 
by  whom  he  had  a  son  and  a  daughter.  In  1728,  when 
George  11.  visited  the  university,,  he  was  pleased  to  signify 
his  desire  of  feeing  so  remarkable  a  person  ;  and  accord- 
ibgiy  the  professor  waited  upon  bis  majesty  in  the  senate- 
house,  and  was  there  created  doctor  of  laws  by  royal  favour. 
Saunderson  was  naturally  of  a  strong  healthy  constitu-- 
tion;  but  being  too  sedentary,  and  constantly  confining 
himself  to  the  bouse,  he  became  at  length  a  valetudinarian. 
For  some  years  he  frequently  complained  of  a  numbness  in 
his  limbs,  which,  in  the  spring  of  1739,  ended  in  an  in- 
curable mortification  of  bis  foot.  He  died  April  19,  aged 
fifty-seven,  and  was  buried,  according  to  his  request,  in 
the  chancel  at  Boxworth.  He  was  a  man  ra^er  to  be  ad- 
mired than  loved.  He  bad  much  wit  and  vivacity  in  con* 
versation,  and  many  reckoned  him  a  good  companion.  He 
had  also  a  great  regard  to  truth,  but  was  one  of  those  who 
think  it  their  duty  to  express  their  sentiments  on  men  and 
opinions,  without  reserve  or  restraint,  or  any  of  the  cour- 
tesies of  conversation,  which  created  him  many  enemies; 
nor  was  he  less  offensive  by  a  habit  of  profane  swearing,  and 
the  obtrusion  of  infidel  opinions,  which  last  he  held,  not«^ 
withstanding  the  kindness  of  providence  towards  him 
throughout  his  extraordinary  life*.     He  is  said,  however. 


*  '<  With  respect  to  the  infidel  part     Monthly  ReTiewer*  *'  we  aim  her» 
#f  Saundersoa*8  chancter/'  sayt  the     turallj  remioded  of  the  joke  that 


was 


•174  8  A  U  N  D  E  K  S  O  N. 

to  have  received  the  notice  of  bis  approdcbing  death'  with, 
.great  calmnfess  and  serenity ;  and  after  a  short  silence,  re*- 
^uming  life  and  spirit,  talked  with  as  much  composure  as 
usual,  and  at  length,  we  are  told,  appointed  to  receive  the 
jacrament  the  evening  before  his  death,  which  a  deliriui^ 
that  never  went  off  prevented  him  from  doing. 
V  A  blind  man  moving  in  the  sphere  of  a  mathematician, 
neems  a  pba&oomenon  difficult  to  be  accounted  for,  and  has 
excited  the  admiration  of  every  age  in  which  it  has  appear- 
ed. Tully  mentions  it  as  a  thing  scarce  credible  in  his  own 
master  in  philosophy,  Diodotus,  that  ^'  he  exercised  him- 
self in  that  science  with  more  assiduity  after  he  became 
blind;  and,  what  he  thought  almost  impossible  to  be  done 
without  sight,  that  he  described  his  geometrical  diagrams 
so  expressly  to  his  scholars,  that  they  could  draw  every 
line  in  its  proper  direction.*'  Jerome  relates  a  more  remark- 
able instance  in  Didymus  of  Alexandria,  who,  ^*  though 
blind  from  his  infancy,  and  therefore  ignorant  of  the  very 
letters,  appeared  so  great  a  miracle  to  the  world,  as  not 
only  to  learn  logic,  but  geometry  also,  to  perfection,  which 
seems  the  most  of  any  thing  to  require  the  help  of  sight.^" 
But,  if  we  consider  that  the  ideas  of  extended  quantity, 
which  are  the  chief  objects  of  mathematics,  may  as  well  be 
acquired  from  the  sense  of  feeling,  as  that  of  sight ;  that  a 
fixed  and  steady  attention  is  the  principal  qualification  for 
this  study;  and  that  the  blind  are  by  necessity  more  ab- 
stracted than  others,  for  which  reason  Democritus  is  said 
to  have  put  out  his'eyes,  that  he  might  think  more  in- 
tensely ;  we  shall  perhaps  be  of  opinion,  that  there  is  no 
other  branch  of  science  better  adapted  to  their  circum- 
stances. 

It  was  by  the  sense  of  feeling,  that  Saunderson  acquired 
most  of  bis' ideas  at  first;  and  this  he  enjoyed  in  great 
acuteness  and  perfection,^  as  it  commonly  happens  to  the 
blind,  whether  by  the  gift  of  nature,  or,  as  is  more  pro- 
bable, by  the  necessity  of  application.  Yet  he  could  not, 
as  ^onie  have  imagined,  and  as  Mr.  Boyle  was  made  to  be- 
lieve of  a  blind  man  at  Maestricbt,  distinguish  colours  by  • 
that  sense ;  and,  having  made  repeated  trials,  he  used  to 
say,  it  was  pretending  to  impossibilities.     But  he  could 

passed  on  the  learned  university,  on  they  have  put  in  Saandenon,  who  be-  * 

bis  bei\ig  elected  to  fill  the  Lucasiaa  lieves  in  no  God  at  all'."  Month.  Rev. 

chair — *  They  have  turned  out  Whis-  vol.  XXJCVI. 
ton  for  bftUeviog'  in  but  ooe  God ;  «od 


-J 


B  A  U  N  D  E  R  9  O  W.  17^5 

-with  great  nicety  and  exactness  discern' Ibe  least  (fiiferehce 
of  rough  and  smooth  in  a' surface,  or  the  least  defect  of  pd- 
lisb.  Thus  he  distinguished  in  a  set  of  Roman  nnedals  tbte 
genuine  from  the  false,  though  they  had  been  counterfeited 
with  such  exactness  as  to  deceive  a  connoisseur  who  hi£d 
judged  by  the  eye.  His  sense  of  feeling  was  very  accurate 
also  in  distinguishing  the  least  variation  in  the  atmosphere'; 
aiul  be  has  been  seen  in  a  garden^'  when  observations  have 
been  making  on  the  sun,  to  take  notice  of  every  cloud,  that 
interrupted  the  observation,  almost  as  justly  as  they  who 
could  see  it.  He  could  tell  when  any  object  was  held  near  his 
face,  or  when  he  passed  by  a  tree  at  no  great  distance,  pro«- 
vided  there  was  a  calm  air,  and  little  or  no  wind  :  these  he 
did  by  the  different  pulse  of  the  air  upon  his  face. 

An  exact  and  refined  ear  is  what  such  are  commonly 
blessed  with  wfaaare  deprived  of  their  eyes;  and  our  pro* 
fessor  was  perhaps  inferior  to  none  in  the  excellence  of  hfs. 
He  could  readily  distinguish  to  the  fifth  part  of  a  note ;  and, 
by  his  performance  on  the  flute,  which  he  had  learned  as 
an  aipusement  in  his  younger  years,  discovered  such  a  ge- 
nius for  music,  as,  if  he  had  cultivated  the  art,  would  have 
probably  appeared  as  wonderful  as  his  skill  in  the  mathe- 
matics. By  his  quickness  in  this  sense  he  not  only  distin- 
guished persons  with  whom. he  bad  ever  once  conversed  so 
long  as  to  fix  in  his  memory  the  sound  of  their  voice,  but 
in  some  measure  places  also«  He  could  judge  of  the  size 
of  a  room,  into  which  he  was  introduced,  of  the  distance 
he  was  from  the  wall ;  and  if  ever  he  had  walked  over  a 
pavement  in  courts,  piazzas,  &c.  which  reflected  a  sounds 
and  was.  afterwards  conducted  thither  agaip,  be  could 
exactly  tell  whereabouts  in  the  walk  he  was  placed,  merely 
by  the  note  it  sounded. 

There  was  scarcely  any  part  of  the  mathematics  on  which 
he  had  not  written  something  for  the  use  of  his  pupils :  but 
be  discovered  no  intention  of  publishing  any  of  his  works 
till  1733.  Then  his  friends,  alarmed  by  a  violent  fever 
that  had  threatened  his  life,  and  unwilling  that  his  labours 
should  be  lost  to  the  world,  importuned  him  to  spare  some 
time  fjcom  his  lectures,  and  to  employ  it  in  finishing  some 
of  his  works ;  which  be  might  leave  behind  him,  as  a  va- 
luable legacy  both  to  his  family  and  the  public.  He  yielded 
so  far  to  these  entreaties  as  to  compose  in  a  short  time  bis 

£tements  of  Algebra  ;'*  which  he  left  perfect,  and  tran-.. 
scribed  fair  for  the  press.    It  was  published  by  subscription 


^4 


176  8  A  U  N  D  E  R  S  O  N. 

rat  Cambridge,  1740,  in  ^  vols.  4to,  with  a  good  me^sfa-- 
tinto  print  of  the  author,  and  an  account  of  his  life  aad 
character  prefixed. 

Saunderson  entertained  the  most  profound  veneration  for 
^Mr  Isaac  Newton.  If  he  ever  differed  in  sentimeat  from 
any  thing  in  sir  Isaac's  mathematical  and  philosophical  Wri- 
tings, upon  more  mature  consideration ^  he  said,  he  always 
found  the  mistake  to  be  his  own.  The  more  he  read  his 
works,  and  observed  upon  nature,  the  more  reason  he  found 
to  admire  the  justness  and  care  as  well  ae  liappiness  ef  ex- 
pression, of  that  incomparable  philosopher.  Saunderson 
left  many  other  writings,  though  none  perhaps  prepared 
for  the  press.  Among  these  were  some  valuable  comments 
on  the  ^'  Principia,"  which  not  only  explain  the  more  diffi^ 
cult  parts,  but  often  improve  upon  the  doctrines ;  these 
are  published,  in  Latin,  at  the  end  of  his  posthumous 
."  Treatise  on  Fluxions,*'  a  valuable  work,  which  appeared 
in  1756,  8vo.  His  manuscript  lectures  too  on  most  parts 
of  natural  philosophy,  might,  in  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Button^ 
who  has  perused  them,  form  a .  considerable  volume,  and 
prove  an  acceptable  present  to  the  public.^ 

SAURlN  (Elias),  a  protestant  divine,  was  born  August 
28,  1639,  at  Usseaox,  in  the  valley  of  Pragelas  on  the 
frontiers  of  Dauphiny,  where  his  father^  officiated  as  minis- 
ter. He  was  himself  appointed  minister  of  Venterole  in 
4  661^  of  Embrun  in  1662,  and  would  have  been  shortly 
chosen  professor  of  divinity  at  Die,  but  meeting  acciden- 
tally with  a  priest  who  was  carrying  the  host  to  a  sick  per- 
son, he  would  not  take  off  his  hat.  This  trifle,  as  might 
be  expected  ia  a  popish  country,  was  so  much  resented, 
that  Saurin  found  it  necessary  to  retire  into  Holland,  where 
he  arrived  in  June  1664,  was  appointed  minister  of  the 
Walloon  church  at  Delft  the  following  year,  and  had  a  great 
share  in  deposing  the  famous  Labadie.  In  1671,  he  was 
invited  to  be  minister  of  the  Walloon  church  at  UtiPecht^ 
where  he  became  very  celebrated  by  bis  works,  and  had 
some  very  warm  disputes  with  Jarieu,  which  were  th*  sub- 
ject of  much  conversation  ;  but  be  is  said  to  have  satiifac-* 
torily  answered  the  charge  of  heresy  which  that  author 
^  brought  against  him.  Saurin  died  unmarried  at  Utrecht, 
April  8, 1703,  aged  sixly-fonr,  leaving  the  following  works: 

»  Life  prefixed  to  his  Algebra — Manin's  Biog.  Philog.—Biog.  Brit.  Sopp]*. 
aicnt,  TOl.  Vli.— 'HutCoa't  Diftiouary. 


S  A  U  B  I  K.  I7f 

li.1i  <<  JtxamiAation  of  M.  Juriisu's  Theology/'  BtqIs*  Svdj 
in  which  he  treats  of  sevleral  important  questions  io  diviaity ; 
<'  Reflections  on  the  Rights  of  Conscience,''  a^nst  Jurieii^ 
ttisd  Bayte's  Philosophical  Commentary;  a  treatise  on  ^ the 
Love  of  God,"  in  which  he  supports  the  doctrines  of  disin-i 
terested  love ;  and  another  on  the  *^  Love  of  our  Neighs- 
hours,"  4a.*  , 

SAURJN  (James),  a  very  celebrated  preacher,  was  the 
SOD  of  an  esoinent  protestant  lawyer,  and  was  born  at  Nismes 
in  1677*  His  father  retired^  aft^r  the  repeal  of  the  edic4{ 
of  N^ta,  to  Geneva,  at  which  pbce  be  died.  Sauria 
made  no  small  progress  in  his  studies,  but  abandoned  then 
for.aome  tiaie»  that  he  might  fcdlow  arms;  In  16d4,  he 
inade  »>  campaign  as  a  cadet  in  lord  Galloway^s  company, 
and  soon  afterwards  procured  a  pair  of  coloulrs.  But  ^tci 
soott  as  ihe  duke  of  Savoy  had  concluded  a  peace  with 
France,-  Saurio  quitted  a  profession  for  which  he  never  was 
designed;  and,  on  his  return  to  Geneva  again,  applied, 
himself  to  philosophy  and  divinity,  under  Turretin  and 
bther  professors.  In  itOO,  be  visited  both  Holland  and 
England.  In  this  last  country  he  remained  five  years,  and 
preached  among  the  French  refugees  in  London.  Here 
also  he  married  in  lt03,  and  returned  to  the  Hague  in 
1705,  Soon  after  be  becaitie  pastor  to  the  church  of 
French  refugees,  who  were  permitted  to  assemble  in  the 
chapel  belonging  to  the  palace  of  the  princes  of  Orange  at 
the  Hague,  in  which  he  officiated  during  the  remainder  of 
his  life»  When  the  princes^  of  Wales,  afterwards  queen 
Caroline^  passed  through  Holland  on  her  way "  to  England, 
Saurin  had  the  honour  of  paying  his  respects  to  her,  and 
she,  upon  her  return,  desired  Dr.  Boulter,  the  preceptor  to 
pirince  Frederic,  the  father  of  the  present  king,  to  write 
to  Saurin,  to  draw  up  a  treatise  ^^on  the  education  of 
princes."  The  work  was  done>  but  never  printed,  and  the 
author  received  a  handsome'present  from  the  princess,  and 
afterwards  a  pension  from  George  II.  to  whom  he  dedicated 
a  volupoEie  of  his  sermons.  Saurin  died  Dec.  30,  1730.  He 
possessed  great  talents,  with  a  fine  address,  and  a  strong, 
clear,  and  harmonious  voice,  while  his  style  was  pure,  un- 
affected j  and  eloquent.  His  principles  were  what  are  called 
moderate  Calvinism.  Five  volumes  of  his  sermons  have 
-  made  their  appearance  at  different  times;  the  first  in  1709^ 

t  Cliaiirepie.^Moreri.--:I>Mt.  Ui^' 
VoIh  XXVIL  N  • 


17S  SAURtK. 

the  second  in'  1712,  the  third  some  years  after/  the  fotirlif 
in  1722,  and  the  fifth  in  1725.  Since  bis  dearth,  the  ser-> 
nions  relating  to  the  passion  of  Jesus  Christ,  and  other 
subjects,  were  published  in  two  volumes.  In  1727  h& 
published  "The  State  of  Christianity  in  France." 

But  his  most  considerable  work  was^  "  Discourses  histo- 
rical, critical,  and  moral,  on  the  most  memorable  Events  of 
the  Old  and'  New  Testament.''  His  first  intention  was  to 
have  published  a  set  of  prints,  with  titles  and  explanations  ; 
but^  as  that  had  been  before  executed  by  Fontaine  amongst 
the  Roman  catholics,  and  by  fiasnage  amongst  the  protes- 
tants,  it  became  necessary  to  adopt  a  newer  plan.  Thi$ 
gave  rise  to  the  work  abov^  mentioned,  which  the  authot 
left  imperfect.  Two  Volumes  made  their  appearance  in 
folio,  and  the  work  was  afterwards  reprinted  in  four  in  8vo. 
Six  other  discourses  form  a  part  of  a  fifth  volume  in  8vo^ 
published  by  Mn  Roques,  who  undertook  a  continuation  of 
the  work.  It  is  replete  with  learning.  The  Christian  and 
the  heathen  authors,  philosophers,  poets,  historians,  and 
critics,  are  cited  with  the  utmost  profusion,  and  it  forms  a 
compilation  of  all  their  sentiments  on  every  subject  dis-» 
cussed  throughout  the  work.  The  author  shews  himself  tof 
be  a  warm  advocate  for  toleration  ;  and,  though  the  catho- 
lics are  more  frequently  censured  than  commended,  yet 
his  principles  are  very  moderate.  *^  A  Dissertation  on  the 
Expediency  of  sometimes  disguising  the  Truth"  raised  a 
clamour  against,  the  author,  the  fury  of  which  be  had  not 
power  16  appease.  As  an  historian^  he  believed  that  he 
was  permitted  to  produce  the  chief  arguments  of  those  that 
maintain,  that  in  certain  cases  truth  may  be  disguised  ;  and 
the  reasons  which  they  gave  who  have  asserted  the  contrary. 
Without  deciding  the  question,  it  is  easy  to  perceive  that 
he  is  a  favourer  pf  the  former.  His  principal  antagonist 
was  Armand  de  la  Chapelle ;  to  whom  Francis  Michael  Ga« 
nicoH  replied  with  great  spirit,  in  a  work,  entitled  ^^Lettres 
s6rieuses  &  jocoses."  The  three  first  of  the  lettres,  in  the 
second  volume,  are  in  favour  of  Saurin.  He  was  answered 
by  La  Chapelle  with  great  violence.  Saurin  imagined,  that 
be  should  be  able  to  terminstte  this  dispute  by  reprinting  the 
dissertation  separately,  with  a  preface  in  defence  o£  his 
assertions :  but  he  was  deceived ;  for  La  Chapelle  pub- 
lished a  very  long  and  scurrilous  reply.  It  was  Saurin^s . 
intentkm  entirely  to  have  neglected  this  production ;  but 
hs  found  a  new  champion  in  Francis  Bruys,    This  dispuu^ 


S  A  It  R  I  N.  •         119 

liras  at  length  brought  before  the  synod  of  Cslmpen ;  wbo^ 
in  May  1730,  ordered  the  churches  of  Utrecht,  Leyden^ 
ami  Amsterdam,  t6  make  their  examinations,  slnd  report 
the  result  of  tbern^  to  the  synod  of  the  Hague,  which  was  to 
sit  in  the  September  following^     Commissaries  wdre  ap* 
pointed  for  this  purpose.     The  synod  of  Campen  gave  its 
opinion,  and  that  of  the  Hague  confirmed  it :  but,  having 
made  no  mention  of  the  instructions  sent ,  to  the  Wailooa 
church  at  Utrecht,  that  assembly  complained,  and  ordered 
Mr.  Banvoust,'6ne  of  its  ministers,  to  juaiify  his  proceed- 
ings and  his  doctrine,   /niis  he  did  in  a  large  octavo  vo"* 
luihe,  printed  at  Utrecht  in  1731,  after  the  death  of  Sau^ 
rin,  entitled  *<^  The  Triumph  of  the  Truth  and  Peace;  or. 
Reflections  on  the  most  important  Events  attending  the  last 
Synod   assembled  to  determine  in  the  case  of  Messieurs 
Saurin  and  Maty»^'     Saurin  had  contributed  to  this  peace, 
by  ^giving  such  a  declaration  of  his  sentiments  as  satisfied 
the  protestant  churches  ;  and  he  repeated  that  declaration, 
when  he  foresaw  that  the  new  lights^  which  Mn  Bruys  had 
thrown  upon  this  subject,  were  going  to  raise  a  storm  that 
might  perhaps  have  been  severer  than  the  last.     Saurin^s 
serofions  are  how  well  known^  in  this  country  by  the  Selec- 
tions translated  into  English,  and  published  in  1775 — 1784, 
by  the  rev.  Robert .  Robinison,  5  vols.  8vOj  to  which  Dr. 
Henry  Hunter  added  a  sixth  volume  in  1796.^ 
:    SAURIN  (Joseph),  a  French  mathematician,  was  born 
in  165d  at  Courtusbn,  in  the  principality  of  Orange.     He 
was  educated  by  his  father,  and  was  at  a  very  early  age  made 
a  minister  ^t  Eure  in  Dauphiny.     But  he  was  compelled  to 
retire  to  Geneva  in  1633f  in  consequence  of  having  givea 
offence  in  a  sermon,  which  he  afterwards  heightened  at 
Berne  by  preaching  against  some  of  the  established  doc- 
trines of  the  church.     He  then  withdrew  to  Holland,  but 
was  so  ill  received  by  his  brethren,  that  he  determined  to 
turn  Roman  catholic ;  with  this  design,  in  1690  he  went  to 
Paris,  and  made  an  abjuration  of  his  supposed  errors  under 
the  famous  Bossuet,  rather,  it  is  believed,  to  have  an  op-, 
portunity.  of  pursuing  his  studies  unmolested  at  Paris  thaa 
firom.any  motives  of  conscience  or  mental  conviction.  After 
this  he  had  a  pension  from  the  king,  and  was  admitted  a. 
member  of  the  academy  of  sciences  in  1707,  as  a  geome-^ 
trician.  The  dedinie  of  Saurin's  life  was  spent  in  the  peace* 

A  Li£B  \^  BobiatOB  prefixed  to  his  S^rmouv^Chaofepit,— Mortrit 

N   2 


190  S  A  U  ]^  I  N. 

able  prosecution  of  his  mathematical  studies^  oce^iona%^ 
interrupted  by  literary  controversies  witb  Rousseau  and 
otbenk  He  was  a  man  of  a  daring  and  impetuous  spirit^ 
and  of  a  lof^  and  independent  mind.  Saurindied  at  Paris' 
io  ,1737.  Voltaire  undertook  the  vindication  of  bis  menMiy^ 
but  has  not  been  sufficiently  successful  to  clear  it  from  every 
unfistvourable  impresaion.^  It  was  even  said  lie  had  bee» 
guilty  of  criooes,  bybis  own  confession,  that  ought  to  have 
been  punished  with  death. 

Saurin*s  mathematical  and  philosophical  papers  printed 
in  the  Memoirs  of  the  Academy  of.  Sciences,  wbieh  are 
numerous,  are  to  be  found  in  the  volumes  for  the  years  fol- 
lowing; viz.  1709,  1710,  17  IS,  1716,  1718,  1720,  I722y 
1723,  1725,  1727.  He  left  a  son,  who  acquired  some  re- 
putation as  a  dramatic  writer  and  lyric  poet.^ 

SAUSSAY  (Andrew  du),  doctor  of  law  and  divinity, 
curate  of  St  Leu,  at  Paris,  official  and  grand  vicar  in  the 
same  city,  and  afterwards  bishop  of  Toul,  was  bom  about 
1595,  at  Paris.  He  was  preacher  in  ordinary  to  Louis  XIIL 
who  bad  a  great  esteem  for  him,  and  by  whose  CMrder  he 
wrote  tbe  ^^  Marty rologium  Galiicanum,''  1638,  2  vols.  foL 
M.  du  Saussay  succeeded  Paul  de  Fiesqoe  in  the  diocese  of 
Toul,  164^,  and  discovered  great  zeal  in  the- governnoent 
of  his  church,  and  died  Septembers,  1675,  at  Toul,  aged 
eighty.  He  left  many  works  besides  that  above  mentioned, 
which  contain  great  learning,  but  shew  very  little  critici^ 
knowledge.* 

SAUSSUtlE  (Horace  Benedict  be),  an  eminent  na*^ 
turalist,  was  born  at  Geneva  in  1740.  Hi»  father,  an  en«* 
lightened  agricultiirist,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for;Bome 
essays  on  rural  economy,  resided  at  Conches,  on  the  bank9 
of  the  Arve,  about  half  a  league  from  Geneva.  Botany  waa 
his  first  study,  and  this  made  bim  acquainted  with  Haller, 
whom  he  visited  in,  1764,  during  his  retreat  at  Bex.  He 
was  further  excited  to  study  the  vegetable  kingdom  in  con*- 
sequence  of  his  connection  with  C.  Bonnet,  who  marriedi 
bis  aunt,  and  who  soon  discovered-the  talents  of  his  nephew^ 
Bonnet  was  then  engaged  in  e^camining  the  leaves- of  plants^ 
Saussure  also  turned  his  attenticm  to  these  vegetable  organv 
and  published  ^^  Observatfons  on  the  Skin  of  Leaves*'  aboucr 
the  year  1760* 

At  this  time  the  prolessorshi]^  of  philosophy  at  G«fi«w 


6  A  U  S  8  U  R  E.  1*1 

kecame  Tftoaut^  and  Saussure,  who  was  then  onljr  twenty- 
one^  obtained  the  chair.  While  in  this  office,  he  com- 
menced  his  journeys  among  the  mountains,  to  examine  the 
mibstaoces  of  which  the  elevated  ridges  of  our  globe  are 
composed,  and  during  the  first  fifteen  or  twenty  years  of 
his  professorship,  he  was  alternately  employed  in  fulfilling 
the  duties  which  his  -  sitnataon  imposed,  and  in  traversing 
the  different  mountains  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Geneva. 
He  even  extended  his  excursions  on  one  side  to  the  Rhine, 
and  on  the  other  to  Piedmonts  About  this  time,  too,  ht 
travelled  to  Anvergne,  for  the  purpose  of  examining  some 
extinguished  volcanos;  and  soon  after  he  undertook  a  tour' 
to. Paris,  Holland,  England,  Italy,  and  Sicily.  In  these 
journeys  his  constant  object  was  the  study  of  nature.  He 
always  carried  with  him  the  instruments  necessary  for  ob«- 
servations,  and  never  set  out  without  having  formed  for 
himself  a  regular  plan  of  experiments. 

In  1779,  he  published  the  first  volume  of  *^  His  Travels 
in  tbe  Alps,"  which  contains  a  detailed  description  of  the 
environs  of  Greneva,  and  an  account  of  an  excursion  as  far 
as  Chamouni,  a  village  at  the  foot  of  Mont-Blanc.  All 
naturalists  have  read  with  pleasure  tbe  description  )ie  has 
given,  in  this  volume,  of  his  Magnetometre,  The  more  he 
exanained  the  mountains,  the  more  he  felt  the  importance 
of  mineralogy :  to  enable  him  to  study  this  branch  of  science 
with  still  greater  advantage,  he  learnt  the  German  language. 
The  hew  mineralogieal  knowledge  which  he  acquired  may 
be  easily  seen  by  comparing  the  latter  volume  of  bis  travels 
with  tbe  first. 

In  the  midst  of  his  numerous  excursions  in  tbe  Alps^  and 
even  during  the  time  of  the  troubled  politics  of  Geneva  in 
1782^  he  found  opportunities  to  make  his  hygrometrical 
experiments,  the  result  of  which  he  published  in  1783, 
under  the  title  of  "Essays  on  Hygrometry."  We  are  in- 
debted to  him  for  the  invention  of  tbe  bygrometre,  although 
Deluc  had  already  invented  bis  whalebone  bygrometre, 
wbich  occasioned  a  dispute  between  bim  and  Saussure.  In 
1786,  be  .gaTe  up  bis  professorship  in  favour  of  his  disciple 
Pictet  The  second  volume  of  tbe  Travels  of  Saussure  was 
published  in  1786;  and  contains  a  description  of  the  Alps, 
which  surround  Mont-Blanc.  Some  years  after  the  publi- 
cation of  this' volume,  Saussure  was  received  asaforeigd 
associate  in  tbe  academy  of  sciences  at  Paris;  but  our  au- 
diof  not  pnly  honoured,  but  wa$  desirous  of  serving  his 


np  8  A  y  s  s  u  ji  E. 

country.  He  founded  the  Society  of  Artf,  tjQ  which. Gq^ 
neva  is  greatly  indebted,  and  presided  in  this  society  to 
the  very  last,,  its  prosperity  being  one. of  his  principal  phr 
jects.  He  also  shewed  his  z^al  to  serve  his  country  wbil^ 
he  was  member  of  the  Council  pf  Five  Hundred,  and  of 
the  National  Assembly  of  France.  It.  was  frqm  hi^  ^sidur 
ou^  labour  in  that  Assembly  that  his  health  Qrst  began  to 
fail  I  and  in  1794  a  paralytic  stroke  deprived. him  of  the  use 
of  one  side  of  his  body.  It  was,  however,  after  this  acci- 
dent that  he  drew  up  the  two  l^st  volumes  of  his  Travels^ 
which  appeared  in  1796,  They  contain  an  accppnt  of  hi$ 
travels  in  the  mountains  of  Piedmont,  Switzerland,  and  in 
particular  of  his  ascent  to  the  summit  of  IVIont  Blaqc, 

He  gave  the  last  proof  pf  his  atti^cbment  tp  science  in 
publishing  the  ^^  Agenda,'!  ^hich  completes  the  fpurtl^  vor 
lume.  During  his  illness  he  also  published  his  observation^ 
^^  on  the  Fusibility  of  Stones  with  the  Blowpipe  ;*'  and  h^ 
directed  the  ^^  experioients  on  the  height  of  the  bed  of  the 
Arve.*'  When  be  was  at  the  baths  of  Plombieres  for  hi^ 
health,  he  observed  the  mountains  atva  distance,  and  pror 
cured  specimens  of  the  strata  he  perceived  in  the  ipost  $teep 
ropks.  He  had  announced  to  the  public,  tha^t  he  ip^ended 
\o  complete  his  travels  by  his  ideas  on  th^  pripiitive  state  of 
the  earth  i;  but  jthe  more  new  facts  hp  acquired,  and  the 
more  he  meditated  on  this  subject,  the  less  could  he  deter:^ 
mine  with  regard  to  those  great  revolutions  which  have  pre-* 
ceded  the  present  epoch.  In  general,  he  was  a  Neptunian, 
that  is  to  say,  he  attributed  to  water  the  revolutions  of  thif 
globe.  He  admitted  it  to  be  possible  that  elastic  fluids,  iq 
disengaging  themselves  from  the  cavities,  ufight  ^-^ise 
inquntainf. 

Though  his  health  w?is  gradually  imp^iired  by  degrees, 
he  still  retained  the  hope  of  re-establishing  it,  but  strength,  ^ 
and  life  forsook  him  by  slow  and  painful  steps,  and  he  die4 
March  22,  1799,  lamented  by  his  family  and  his  country.* 

SAUVAGES  (Francis  Boissier  de),  the  inventor  of 
modern  nosology,  was  born  at  Alais,  in  Lower  Languedpc, 
iMay  12,  1706.  He  appears  to  have  owed  little  to  his  first 
tutors,  but  his  own  talents  enabled  him  to  mal^e  a  rapid 
progress  in  literature  and  philosophy.  With  a  ytew  to 
study  physic,  he  went  to  Montpellier  in  ,1722,  and  receive^ 
fbe  degree  of  doctor  in  1726.    The  thesis  whi9h  he  df^ 

\  Life  by  SenDebier;  a  most  extravagant  panegyrje. 


X     . 


S  A  U  V  A  G  E  S.  18? 

fended  on  this  occasion  was  on  a  singular  subject^  ^  Si  I'a- 
mour  petit  ^tre  gu^ri  par  ies  remedes  tir^s  des  plantes?^' 
To  determine  whether  love  can  be  cured  by  herbs  seems 
rather  a  trial  of  skilly  than  a  serious  discussion.  It  procured 
him,  however,  the  name  of  the  Iqverdoctoir,  ai^d  it  is  said 
that  he  wrote  some  poems  on  the  same  subject.  In  1730,^ 
he  went  to  Paris  with  a  vi^w  to  farther  improvement 
in  hi»  profession,  and  afterwards  returned  to  IVIontpeU 
lier, ']wbere  he  obtained  a  professorship  in  173^.  His  re- 
putation for  ingenuity  of  speculation  and  extensive  reading 
for  some  tikne  retarded  his  practice,  but  these  speculationa 
were  not  allowed  much  weight  iq  the  treatment  of  bis  pa- 
tients.  In  1740,  he  was  appoinjted  demonstrator  of  tho 
plants  in  the  botanic  garden,  and  in  1752  he  was  made  pro* 
fessor  of  botany.  He  married  in  1748,  and  had  two  sons 
^nd  four  daughters,  who  survived  him.  A  serious  disease^ 
whipb  continued  nearly  two  years,  proved  fatal  in  the  midst 
of  bis  useful  and  honourable  career,  in  the  month  of  Fe- 
bruary,  1767,  in  the  sixty- first  year  of  his  age. 

Sauvages  was  much  loved  by  his  pupils,  to  whom  he 
cp^irounicated  freely  all  that  he  knew,  and  received  with 
equal  readiness  whatever  information  any  one  was  enabled 
to  give  hig^.  •  He  w.as  an  able  mathematician,  au  accurate 
observer  of  phi^nomena,  apd  ingenious  in  devising  expert* 
men^s ;  but  had  too  much  bias  to  systeips,  sq  ,that  he  did 
not  always  consult  f/acts  upinfluenced  by  prepossession.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  most  learned  societies  of  Europe,  viz* 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  London^  of  those  of  Berlin,  Upsal^ 
Stockholm,  and  Montpellier,  of  the  Academy  ^^  Nature 
Curiosorum^''  of  the  Physico- Botanical  Academy  of  Flo- 
rence, land  of  the  Institute  of  Bologna.  He  obtained  the 
prizes  given  by  many  public  bodies  to  the  best  essays  ou 
given  subjects ;  ^nd  a  collection  of  these  prize-essays  was 
published  at  Lyons  in  1770,  in  two  volumes,  with  the  title 
of  "  Chef  d'CEuvres  de  M.  de  Sauvages." 

His  works  were  ye^y  numerou/s  on  varioufi  medical  sub<- 
jects,  and  he  published  a  valuablje  botanical  work,  '/  Me« 
thodi^s  foliorum,  sen  Plantar  Florap  lyionspeliensisjuxta  folio- 
rum  ordinem,''  containing  about  500  plants,  omitted  in 
Magnoi*s  ^^  Botanicon  Monspeliense;*'  but  that  on  which  his 
fame  most  depends  was  his  system  of  nosology.  This  was 
preceded  by  a  small  work,  entitled  *^  Nouvelles  classes  des 
Maladies,^'  &c.  .1732,  12mo;  and  after  considering  the 
aubject  for  thirty  years,  he  produced  his  complete  system. 


184  SA0VAGES. 

^  Nosologica  methodica,  ^stens  mdrbortim  classed,  genera^ 
et  species/'  &c.  1763,  5  vols.  Svo,  and  after  his  deatb| 
J  768,  2  vols.  4to.  Since  the  ap(>earance  of  this  Otork,  the 
aobject  has  been  ably  cultivated  by  Linnseus,  by  Vogel,  by 
l^agar,  and  lastly,  by  Dr.  Cullen,  to  whose  arrangemeafc 
many  give  the  preference.* 

SAUVEUR  (JosEPji),  an  eminent  French  matbematipian,! 
was.born^at  La  Fleehe,  March  24,  1 6 53,  He  wai  totally 
dumb  till  he  was  seven  years  of  age ;  and  ever  after  was 
obliged  to  speak  very  slowly  and  with  difficulty.  He  very 
early  discovered  a  great  turn  for  mechanics,  aqd  when  sent 
to  the  college  of  tb(d  Jesuits  to  learn  polite  literature,  made 
very  little  progress,  but  read  with  greediness  books  of 
arithmetic  and  geometry.  He  was,  however,  prevailed  on 
to  go  to  Paris  in  1 670,  and,  being  intended  for  the  church, 
applied  himself  for  a  time  to  the  study  of  philosophy  am) 
theology;  but  mathematics  was  the  only  study  he  culti- 
vated with  any  success ;  and  during  his  eourse  of  philoso- 
phy, he  learned  the  first  six  books  of  Euclid  in  the  space  of 
a  month,  without  thb  help  of  a  master. 

As  heliad  an  impediment  in  his  voice,  he  was  advised  by 
M.  Bossuet,  to  give  up  the  church,  and  lo  apply  himself 
to  the  study  of  physic  i  but  this  being  against  the  inclii^a- 
tion  of  his  uncle,  from  whom  b^  drew  his  principal  re- 
sources, Sauv^ur  determihed  to  devote  himself  to  bis  fa- 
vourite study,  so  as  to  be  able  to  teach  it  for  his  support. 
This  scheme  succeeded  so  well,  that  he  soon  became  the^ 
fashionable  preceptor  in  mathematics,  and  at  twenty-three 
years  of  age  he  had  prince  Eugene  for  his  scholar. — He 
had  not  yet  read  the  geometry  of  Oes  Cartes ;  but  a 
foreigner  of  the  first  quality  desiring  to  be  taught  it,  be 
tfiade  himself  master  of  it  in  an  in<ipnceivably  small  space 
of  time. — Basset  being  a  fashionable  game  at  that  time, 
the  marquis  of  <Dangeau  asked  him  for  ^ome  calculatiods 
relating  to  it,  which  gave  suqh  satisfaction,  thai  Sauveut^ 
bad  the  honour  to  explain  them  to  the  king  and  queen. 

In  1681  he  was  sent  with  M.  Mariotte  to  Chantilli,  to. 
make  some  experiments  upon  the  waters  there,  in  which 
be  gave  great  satisfsiction.  The  frequent  visits  be  made 
to  this  place  inspired  him  with  the  design  of  writing  a  trea- 
tise on  fortification ;  and,  in  order  to  join  practice  with 
theory,  he  went  to  the  siege  of  Mons  in  1691,  where  bd 

>  ]ik>y,  Diet,  Hut.  ck  Medioine^^Diot,  Hitt. 


S  A  U  V  E  U  R.  tSS 

continued  all  the  while  in  the  trenches.  With  the  ssttie 
rhw  also  be  visited  all  the  towns  of  Flanders ;  and  on  his  re^ 
turn  he  became  the  mathematician  in  ordinary  at  the  court^ 
with  a  pension  for  life.  In  1680  he  had  been  chosen  to 
teach  mathematics  to  the  pages  of  the  Dauphiness.  In 
16S6  be  was  appointed  mathematical  professor  in  the  Royot 
College.  And  in  1696  admitted  a  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences,  where  he  was  in  high  esteem  with  the  mem« 
bers  of  that  society.  He  became  also  particularly  ac« 
quainted  with  the  prince  of  Cond^,  from  whom  be  received 
many  marks  of  favour  and  affection.  In  1703,  M.  Vauban 
having  been  made  marshal  of  France,  he  proposed  Sau<«» 
▼enr  to  the  king  as  his  successor  in  the  office  of  examinef 
of  the  engineers ;  to  which  the  king  agreed,  and  honoured 
bim  with  a  pension,  which  our  author  enjoyed  till  bit 
death,  which  happened  July  9,  1716,  in  the  stxty-fourthf 
year  of  his  age. 

Sauveur '  was  of  an  obliging  disposition,  and  of  a  good 
temper;  humble  in  his  deportment,  and  of  simple  manners. 
He  was  twice  married.  The  first  time  he  took  a  precaution 
more  like  a  mathematician  than  a  lover ;  for  he  would  not 
meet  the  lady  till  he  had  been  with  a  notary  to  have  the 
conditions  he  intended  to  insist  on,  reduced  into  a  written 
form ;  for  fear  the  sight  of  her  should  not  leave  him  enough 
master  of  himself.  He  had  children  by  both  his  wires ; 
and  by  the  latter  a  son,  who,  like  himself,  was  dumb  for 
the  first  seven  years  of  bis  life. 

An  extraordinary  part  of  Sauveur^s  character  is,  that 
diough  he  had  neither  a  musical  voice  nor  ear,  yet  he 
studied  no  science  more  than  music,  of  which  he  composed 
an  entire  new  system.  It  was  he  also  who  first  invented  the 
monochord  and  the  echometer.  He  pursued  his  researches 
even  to  the  music  of  the  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans,  to 
the  Arabs,  and  to  the  very  Turks  and  Persians  themselves; 
and  was  the  inventor  of  the  term  Acoustics,  now  generally 
adopted  to  signify  the  theory  of  sounds  atid  their  proper- 
ties.  But  Dr.  Burney  does  not  speak  very  highly  of  some 
of  his  musical  theories. 

Sauveur*s  wHtings,  wliich  consist  of  pieces  rather  than 
of  set  works,  are  ail  inserted  in  the  volumes  of  the  memoirs 
of  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  from  1700  to  1716,  on  vari-» 
OHs  geometrical,  mathematical,  philosophical,  and  musical 
subjects.  ^ 

\  Miosmii  vol,  iy,«THiitUm'i  Dict-^aniey's  Hist,  of  Moiio* 


185 


S  A  V  A  G  E- 


SAVAGE  (Henky),  an  English  divine,  was  bora  alKMVt 
1604,  of  a  good  family,  in  the  parish  of  Eldsfield,  Wori 
pestershire.  He  entered  of  Baliol  college,  Oxford,  as  a 
commoner  in  1621,  took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  in  Nov.  1625, 
in  1628  was  made  probationer  fellow,  and  in  1630  com-r 
pleted  his  roaster's  degree.  On  the  commencement  of  the 
rebellion,  he  travelled  into  France  with  Williain  lord 
Sandys,  whose  sister,  the  lady  Mary,  be  afterwards  mar- 
ried. Soon  after  his  .return  he  obtained  the  mastership  of 
his  college,  Feb.  20,  1650,  being  at  that  time  bachelor  of 
divinity,  and  next  year  took  his  doctor's  degree  in  the 
same  faculty.  Notwithstanding  this  compliance  with  the 
ns^ufping  powers,  he  was,  on  the  restoration,  made  chap*^ 
lain  in  ordinary  to  his  majesty,  prebendary  of  Gloucester 
in  1665,  and  rector  of  Biadoii  near  Woodstock  in  Oxford- 
shire. He  died,  master  of  Baliol  college,  June  2,  1672, 
and  was  buried  i^  the  chapel. 

Dr.  Savage  had  a  controversy  with  John  Tombes,  on  in- 
fant bapjtism,  and  with  Dr.  Cornelius  Surges  on  church- 
refori|>ations,  which  produced  some  pamphlets  of  little 
eonse^uence  now ;  bis  principal  work  was  his  history  of 
Balliol  college,  entitled  ^*  Balliofergus,  qr  a  commentary 
vpon  the  foundation,  founders,^  and  affairs  "of  Balliolcol- 
lege,*'  1668,  4to.  Wood  says,  he  had  no  natural  geny  for 
a  work  of  this  kind,  and  has  committed  many  blunders ; 
and  it  may  be  added,  that  bis  style  is  uncommonly  vague^: 
diffusive,  and  pedantic.  Hi^  aim  was  to  appear  great  ia 
little  things,  and  the  gravity  with  which  he  discusses  the 
origin,  derivation,  &c.  of  the  name  Katherine,  whether  it 
should  \)e  spelt  with  a  K  or.a  C,  at  what  time  the  letter  k 
'  was  introduced,  and  the  double  /  in  Balliol,  is  truly  won-* 
derful.  By  his  wife,  lady  Mary  Sandys,  he  left  issue 
Henry,  Edwin,  John,  Katherine,  and  Thomas,  and  bad 
buried  two  daughters  in  1670  and  1671,  in  St.  Mary  Mag- 
dalen^s  church,  Oxford.  His  widow  died  in  an  obscure 
bouse  in  St.  Ebbe's  parish,  between  the  church  ai)d  West- 
gate,  May  15,  1683,  and  was  b pried  in  St.  Mary  Magda- 
len's church.' 

SAVAGE  (John),  D.  D.  the  benevolent  president  of  the 
famous  club  at  Rpyston^,  an4>  sl^  Mr.  Cole  says,  the  only 

•  •  

"^  0f  this  club,  ^ee  an  account  by  the  list  of  members, .  we  find  Ralph 

Mr.  Goagh-in  Gent.'  Mag.  LIII.  p.  Freeman  and  Christopber  Anstey^  both 

814.  ,  Dr.  Sayage,    however,  was   not  D.  D.     The  club  likewise  had  iti»  cbaQ** 

the  only  elergymab  belonging  to  if.    In  lain,  and  a  well-stored  wine-cellar*! 

>  Ath.  Ox.  vol.  n;-^faaimen*8  Hist,  of  Oxf.-^W«td's  MSS.  in  Mtt».  AshmoU 


SAVAGE.  J87 

l^vgyman  ever  {tdmitted  into  it,  was  a  member  of  Ema^ 
iiuel  college,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  degrees,  and 
was  D.  D.  of  both  universities.  He  was  rector,  first  of 
Bygrave,  then  of  Clothall,  Herts,  and  lecturer  of  St.  George^ 
Hanover-square,  London.  In  his  younger  days  he  ha4 
traveiled  with  James,;  fifth  earl  of  Salisbury,  who  gave  him 
the  great  living  of  Clothall,  where  Dr.  Savage  rebuilt  the 
rectory-house.  In  his  more  advanced  years  be  was  sq 
lively,  pleasant,  and  facetious,  that  he  was  called  the 
f^Aristippus"  of  the  age.  One  day,  at  the  levee,  George  L 
asked  him,  ^'  How  long  he  had  stayed  at  Rome  with  lord 
Salisbury  ?•'  Upon  his  answering  how  long,  "  Why,'*  said 
tbe  i^ing,  ^f  you  stayed  long  enough,  why  did  you  not 
convert  the  Pope  ?"  ^^  Because,  9ir/ •  replied  he,  ^*  I  had 
nothing  better  (o  offer  him.''  Having  been  bred  at  West* 
minster,  be  had  always  ^  great  fondness  for  the  spboo],  at* 
tended  at  all  their  plays  and  elections,  assisted  in  all  their 
public  exercises,  grew  young  agaiU)  and,  among  boy?^ 
Yfas  9  great  boy  himself.  He  used  to  attend  the  schools, 
to  fi|f  qish  the  lads  with  extempore  epigrams  at  the  flections, 
lie  died  March  24,  1747,  by  a  fall  down  the  stairs  belong- 
ing to  the  scaffolding  for  lord  Lovat's  trial ;  and  the  king^i^ 
pcholars  had  so  great  a  regard  for  him,  that,  after  his  de- 
Cease,  they  made  ^  collection  among  themselves,  and,  at 
their  own  charge,  erected  a  sqfiall  tablet  of  white  marble  to 
his  memory  in  the  East  cloister,  with  a  Latin  inscription*- 
Besides  a  visitation  and  an  assize  sermon,  Mr.  Cole  attri- 
l^ntes  the  following  works  to  him  :  1.  <^  The  Turkish  ijisr 
tory  by  Mr.  KnoUes  and  sir  Paul  Rycaut  abridged,'*  1701^ 
9  vols.  8vo.  This  was  shewn  to  sir  Paul,  who  approved  of 
it  so  much,  that  he  designed  to  have  written  a  preface  to 
i^  had  not  death  prevented  him.  2.  ^'  A  Collection  of 
Letters  of  the  Ancients,  whereby  is  discovered  the  morality, 
gallantry,  wit,  humour,  manner  of  arguing,  and  in  a  word 
(he  genius  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,**   1703,  8vo.^ 

SAVAGE  (Richard),  an  eminent  instance  of  the  use*- 
l^ssness  and  insignificancy  of  knowledge,  wit,  and  genius, 
without  prudence  and  a  proper  regard  to  the  common 
maxims  of  life,  was  born  in  1698.  He  was  the  son  'of 
Anne  countess  of  Macclesfield,  by^  the  earl  of  Rivers.  He 
might  have  been  considered  as  the  lawful  issue  of  the  earl 
of  Macclesfield;  but  bis  mother,  in  order  to  procure  a 

)  Nichols's  Bowyer.-*Cole'«  MS  Athenae  in  Brit,  Mtti. 


18S  SAVAGE. 

si^ptitratioH  from  her  husband,  made  a  public  eodfeMiott  of 
aduhery  in  this  instance.  As  soon  as  this  spurious  ofFgpring 
was  brought  to  light,  the  countess  treated  him  with  every 
kind  of  unnatural  cruelty.  Slie  committed  him  to  the  care 
of  a  poor  woman,  to  educate  as  her  own.  She  prevented 
the  earl  of  Rivers  from  making  him  a  bequest  in  his  will  of 
6000/.  by  declaring  him  dead.  She  endeavoured  to  send 
hitn  secretly  to  the  American  plantations ;  aiul  at  laftt,  to 
bdry  him  iti  poverty  and  obscurity  for  ever,  she  placed  him 
as  an  apprentice  to  a  shoemaker  in  Holbom.  About  tbiif 
tiihe  his  nurse  died ;  and  in  searching  her  effects,  which 
^^  Ttnagined  to  be  his  right,  he  found  some  letters  whieh 
infbrmed  him  of  his  birth,  and  the  reasons  for  which  it  was 
concealed.  He  now  left  his  low  occupation,  and  tried 
every  method  to  awaken  the  tenderness,  and  attract  th^' 
regard,  of  his  mother:  but  all  bis  assiduity  was  without 
effect ;  for  be  could  neither  soften'  her  heart,  nor  open  hey 
hand,  and  he  was  reduced  to  the  miseries  of  want;  By 
the  care  of  the  lady  Mason,  mother  to  the  countess,  he 
had  been  placed  at  the  grammar-school  at  St.  Alban'^, 
where  he  had  acquired  all  the  learning  which  his  situation 
allowed  ;  and  necessity  now  obliged  him  %o  becoine  an 
author. 

The  first  effort  of  his  uncultivated  genius  was  a  poem 
stgainst  Hoadiy,  bishop  of  Bangor ;  of  which  the  author 
was  afterwards  ashamed.  He  then  attempted  to  write  for 
the  stage,  but  with  little  success :  yet  this  attempt  was  at- 
tended with  some  advantage,  as  it  introduced  him  to  the 
acquaintance  of  sir  Richard  Steele  and  Mr.  Wilfcs.  Whilst 
he  was  in  dependence  on  these  gentlemen,  he  was  an  asii- 
duons  frequenter  of  the  theatres^  and  never  absent  from  a 
play  in  several  years^  In  1723  be  brought  a  tragedy  on 
the  stage,  in  which  himself  performed  a  part,  the  subject 
0{  which  was  **  Sir  Thomas  Overbury."  If  we  consider 
the  circumstances  under  which  it  was  wriftten,  it  will  JBLffonT 
at  once  an  uncommon  proof  of  strength  of  genius,  and  an 
(evenness  of  mind  not  to  be  ruffled.  Whilst  he  was  em- 
ployed upon  this  work,  he  was  without  a  lodging,  and 
ofton  without  food  ;  nor  had  he  any  other  convenitehces  for 
study  than  the  -fields  or  the  street ;  and,  when  he  had 
formed  i  speech,  he  would  step  into  a  sbof),  abd  beg  the 
use  of  pen,  ink,  and  papen  The  profits  of  this  plajr 
amounted  to  about  200/. ;  and  it  procured  him  the  notice 
and  esteem  of  many  persons  of  distinction,  some^rays  qf 


SAVAGE,  189 

l^diiHis  gfiaimenng  tbr<>ugli  ail  the  clouds  of  poverty  and 
oppr^ssioD.  Buty  wb^n  the  world  was .  beginning  to  be#- 
hoild  htm  with  a  more  favourable  eye,  a  misfortune  hefei 
bim,  by  which  not  only  his  reputation,  but  his  life,  was  in 
danger*  In  a  night-ramble  he  fell  into  a  coffee-bouse  of 
iU<-famei  near  Charing- Cross;  when  a  quarrel  happened, 
and  one  Mr.  Sinclair  was  killed  in  the  fray.  Savage,  with 
bis  companion,  was  taken  into  custody,  tried  for  murdeiv 
and  capitally  convicted  of  the  offence.  His  mother  was  so 
inhuman,  at  this  critical  juncture,  as  to  use  all  means  to 
prejudice  the  queen  against  him,  and  to  intercept  all  the 
hopes  he  bad  of  life  from  the  royal  mercy ;  but  at  last  the 
countess  of  Hertford,  out  of  compassion,  laid  a  true  ac- 
count of  the  extraordinary  story  and  sufferiags  of  poor  Sa- 
vage before  her  majesty ;  and  obtained  his  pardon. 

He  now  recovered  his  liberty,  but  had  no  means  of  sub« 
lusteiice;  and  a  scheme  struck  him,  by  which  he  might 
compel  his  mother  to  do  something  for  him,  and  extort 
that  from  her  by  satire,  which  she  bad  denied  to  natural 
affection.  The  expedient  proved  successful;  and  lor4 
Tyreonnel,  on  his  promise  to  lay  aside  his  design,  received 
him  into  bis  family,  treated  him  as  his  equal,  and  engaged 
to  allow  him  a  pension  of  200L  a-year.  In  this  gay  period 
of  life,  when  he  was  surrounded  by  affluence  and  pleasure,, 
be  published  '^  The  Wanderer,  a  moral  Poem/'  1729^ 
which  was  approved  by  Pope,  and  which  the  author  him- 
self considered  as  his  master-piece.  It  was  addressed  to 
the  earl  of  Tyrconnel,  with  the  highest  strains  of  panegy*- 
ric.  These  praises,  however,  in  a  short  time,  he  found 
himself  inclined  .to  retract,  being  discarded  by  that  noble* 
man  om  account  of  bis  imprudent  and  licentious  behaviour. 
He  now  thought  himself  again  at  liberty  to  expose  the 
4Earuelty  of  his  mother,  and  accordingly  published  *^  The 
Bastard,  a  Poem.''  This  bad  an  extraordinary  sale :  and^ 
its  appearance  happening  at  a  time  when  the  countess  was 
at  Bath,  many  persons  there  in  hei;  hearing  took  frequent 
opportunities  of  repeating  passages  from  it,  until  shaope 
obliged  her  to  quit  the  place. 

.  Some  time  after  this.  Savage  fofmed  a  resolution  of  ap<» 
plying  to  the  queen  :  she- had  given  him  bis  life,  and  he 
hoped  her  goodness  might  enable  him  to  support  it.  He 
published  a  poem  on  her  birth-day,  which  he  entitle 
^  The  Volunteer  Laureat"  She  graciously  sent  him  fifty 
poandsj  adtfa  aa  intimation  that  be  might  annually  expect 


m  S  A  V  A  G  fi. 

the  same  bounty.  His  condact  with  regard  to  this  peiisfiofi 
was  very  characteristic  ;  as  soon  as  be  bad  receited  it,  be 
imtnedi&tely  disappeared,  and  lay  for  some  time  out  of  the 
reach  of  his  most  intimate  friends.  At  length  he  wits  see^ 
again,  pennyless  as  before,  but  never  itiformed  any  person 
where  he  had  been,  nor  was  his  retreat  ever  discoverecl^. 
His  perpetual  indigence,  politeness,  and  wit,  still  raised  him 
^ew  friends,  as  fast  as  his  misbehaviour  lost  him  his  old 
ones;  and  sir  Kobert  Walpole,  the  prime  minister,  was 
<warmly  solicited  in  hisfatour.  Promises  were  given,  but 
ended  in  disappointment  ^  upon  which  he  published  a 
poem  in  the  *^  Gentleman's  Magazine,'^  entitled|  "  The 
Poet's  Dependence  on  a  Statesman." 

His  poverty  Still  increasing,  he  only  dined  by  accident, 
when  he  wasf  invited  to  the  tables  of  his  acquaintance,  fronft 
which  the  meanness  of  his  dress  often  excluded  him.    Hav- 
ing no  lodgings,  be  passed  the  night  often  in  mean  houses',, 
which  are  set  open  for  any  casual  wanderers,  sometimes  in 
cellars,  amongst  the  riot  and  fijth  of  the  meanest  and  most 
profligate  of  the  rabble;    and  sometimes,-  when   he  wa& 
totally  without  money,  walked  about  the  streets  till  he  was 
weary,  and  lay  down  in  the  summer  upon  a  bulk,  and,  in 
the  winter,  with  his  associates  in  poverty,  among  the  ashed 
of  a  glass-house.     His  distresses,  however  afflictive,  never 
dejected  him.     In  his  lowest  sphere,  his  pride  kept  up  bis 
spirits,  and  set  him  on  a  level  with  those  of  the  highest 
rank.     He  never  admitted  any  gross  familiarity,  or  sub-^ 
mitted  to  be  treated  otherwise  than  as  an  eqUaL    ThisT 
wretched  life  was  rendered  more  unhappy^  in  1738,  by 
the  death  of  the  queen,  and  the  loss  of  his  pension.     Hi^ 
distress  was  now  publicly  known,  and  bis  friends,  there- 
fore, thought  proper  to  concert  some  measures  for  pro- 
curing him  a  permanent  relief,     tt  was  proposed  that  be 
i^hould   retire   into  Wales,  with   an  allowance  of  SoL  peif 
annum,  to  be  raised  by  subscription,  on  which  he  was  to^ 
live  privately  in  a  cheap  place,  and  lay  aside  all  his  aspir«^ 
ing  thoughts. . 

This  ofl^'er  he  seemed  to  accept  with  great  joy,  and  set 
out  on  his  journey  with  fifteen  guineas  in  his  purse.  Hiai 
friends  and  benefactors,  the  principal  of  whom  was  Pope^ 
expected  now  to  hear  of  his  arrival  in  Wales  ;  but,  on  the 
1 4th  day  after  his  departure,  they  were  surprised  with  H' 
letter  from  him,  acquainting  them  that  he  was  yet  upon 
tha  road>  and  without  money,  and  could  noi  proceed  with-^ 


SAVAGE*  19l 

^\ii  t  remittance.  The  money  was  sent,  by  which  he  was 
enabled  to  ireacK  Bristol ;  whence  he  was  to  go  to  Swansea 
by  water.  He  could  not  immediately  obtain  a  passage^ 
and  therefore  was  obliged  to  stay  some  time  at  Bristol; 
where,  with  his  usual  facility,  he  made  sin  acquaintance 
with  the  principal  people,  and  was  treated  with  all  kinds  of 
civifity.  At  last  he  reached  the  place  proposed  fdr  hi^  re- 
sidence ;  where  he  stayed  a  yeaf^  and  completed  a  tragedy; 
which  he  had  begun  in  London.  Ht  was  now  desiipous  of 
coming'  to  town  to  bring  it  on  the  stage :  but  his  friends, 
and  jparticularly  Pope,  who  was  his  chief  benefactor,  op« ' 
posed  the  design  very  strongly ;  and  advised  him  to  put  it 
into  the  hands  of  Thomson  and  Mallet,  to  fit  it  for  tbef 
stage,  and  to  allow  his  friends  to  receive  the  profits,  out  of 
which  an  annual  pension  shoi;iId  be  paid  him^  The  pfopo^^ 
sal  he  rejected,  Quitted  Swansea,  and  set  off  for  London  i 
but,  at  Bristol,  a  repetition  of  the  kindness  he  h^d  formerly 
found,  invited  him  to  stay.  He  stayed  so  long,  that  by 
his  imprudence  and  misconduct  he  wearied  out  all  hi9 
friends.  His  wit  had  lost  its  novelty ;  and  his  irregular 
behaviour,  and  late  hours,  grew  very  troublesome  to  mea 
of  business.  His  money  was  spent,  his  cloaths  worn  out^ 
ahd  his  shabby  appearance  made  it  difficult  for  him  to  ob^ 
tain  a  dinner.  Here,  however,  he  stayed,  in  the  midst  of 
poverty,  hunger,  and  contenapt,  till  the  mistress  of  a  coffee- 
house, to  whom  he  owed  about  8/.  arrested  him  for  the 
debt.  He  could  find  no  bail,  and  was  therefore  lodged  in 
prison.  During  his  confinement,  he  began,  and  almost 
finished,  a  satire,  entitled  ^^  London  and  Bristol  delinev 
ated  ;*'  in  order  to  be  revenged  on  those  who  had  no  more' 
generosity  than  to  suffer  a  man,  for  whom  they  professied 
a  regard,  to  languish  in  a  gaol  for  so  small  a' sum. 

vWhen  he  had  been  six  months  in  prison,  he  received  a 
letter  from  Pope,  on  whom  bis  chief  dependance  now- 
rested,  containing  a  charge  of  Very  atrocious  ingratitudes- 
Savage  returned  a  very  solemn  protestation  of  his  inno- 
ceiice^  and  he  appeared  much  disturbed  at  the  accusation* 
In  a  few  days  after,  he  was  seized  with  a -disorder,  which 
at  first  was  not  suspected  to  be  dangerous;  but,  growing 
daily  mor^  languid  and  defected,  at  last,  a  fever  seizing 
him,  be  expired,  August  1,  1743,  in  his  forty-sixth  year, 
and  was4>urTed  lu  the  church-yard  of  St.  Peter,  at  the  eX'» 
p^Qce  of  the  g.ioler.  Thus  lived,  and  thus  died,  Richard 
Savage^  leavini;  behind  him  a  character  strangely  chequered 


I9i  SAVAGE. 

with  vices  apd  good  qualities.  H.«  was;  howtev^r,  UQ^owbt^ 
^dly  a  man  of  excellent  parts ;  and,  bad  be  received  thp 
full  benefits  of  a  liberal  education,  and  had  his  natural 
talents  been  cultivated  to  the  best  advantage,  he  mighl 
have  made  a  respectable  figure  in  life.  He  was  happy  in 
91)  agreeable  temper,  and  a  liyely  flow  of  wit,  which  made 
his  company  much  coveted ;  nor  was  bis  judgment, .  both 
of  writings  and  of  men,  inferior  to  his  wit ;  but  he  was. too 
inuch  a  slave  to  his  passions,  and  bis  passions  were  too 
easily  excited.  He  was  warm  in  his  friendships,  but  im-^ 
placable  in  his  enmity ;  and  his  greatest  faulty  which  is  in«- 
(jleed  the  greatest  of  all  faults,  was  ingratitude.  He  seemed 
to  think  every  thing  due  to  his  mei^it,  and  tbi^t  he  waa 
little  obliged  to  any  one  for  those  favours  which  he  thpu^t 
it  their  duty  to  confer  on  him :  it  is  therefore  the  less 
to  be  wondered  at,  that  he  never  rightly  estimated  tba 
I(indnes^  of  his  many  friends  and  benefactors,  or  pre^^ 
served  ^  grateful  and  due  sense  of  their  generosity  to wardii 
him. 

The  works  of  this  original  writer,  after  having  long,  lain 
dispersed  in  magazines  and  fugitive  publications,  were 
collected  and  published  by  T.  Evans,  bookseller,  in .  the 
Strandy  in  an  ejegant  edition  iu  two  volumes^  octavo,*  to 
f^hicb  are  prefixed  the  admirable  ^'  Memoirs  of  Savage," 
written  by  Dr*  Samuel  Johnson.  They  have  since  been  in« 
^oiporated  in  the  "  English  Poets*"  * 

SAVARON  (John),  a  celebrated  president  and  lieute^ 
Qant*general  in  the  seneschalship  and  presidial  court  of 
Clermont  in  Auvergne,  was  born  there  about  the  begin- 
ftipg  of  the  seventeenth  century.  He  had  an  extensive 
]|oowledg;e  of  the  belles  iettres  and  law,  and.  was  one  of  the 
most  learned  men  and  eloquent  magistrates  of  his  time^ 
Be  attended  the  states-general  held  at  Paris  in  li614,  as  a 
deputy  from  the  Tiers  Etat  of  the  province  of  Auvecgne^ 
Md  defended  its  rights  with  aseal  and  firmness  against  the 
nobility  and  the  clergy.  He  afterwards  pleaded  with  great 
i;redit  in  the  parliament  of  Paris,  and  died  at  a  very  ad^ 
vanced  age  in  16B2,  leaving  many  learned  works  much 
esteemed.;  the  principal  are,  an  edition  of  ^<  Sidonius; 
Apollinaris,"  16Qi},  4to.  with  noites.  <' Origine.de  Cler-^ 
mont,  Capitale  d'Auvergne,*'  the  most  complete  edition  o£ 
which  is  by  Peter   Dursmd,    1662,   folio.    |<Trait6  dea 

^  Life  by  J>r.  Johnson. 


!3  JL  V  A  R  O  N.  \9$ 

^  Dud^'*  Uly.  **  Traiti  da  is  SouveralntA  du  Roi  et  de 
son  Roiaiime  aux  Deputes  de  la  Noblesse/'  161 5^  8vo,  two 
parts ;  a  carious  and  scarce  work.  **  Chronologies  des  Etats 
Gin^rauxy*'  8vo ;  the  object  of  which  is  to  prove  that  the 
Tiers  Etat  has  always  bad  admittance  there,  ft  seat,  and  a 
deliberative  voice.  ^ 

SAVARY  (Francis),    seigneur  de  Breves,    a  learned 
Frenchman  who  had    the  merit  of  introducing   oriental 
printing  into  bis  country  about  the  beginning  of  the  se- 
venteenth century,  was  the  French  ambassador  at  Con- 
^ntinople  for  twenty^two  years.     On   his  return,  about 
1611,    Henry   IV.    sent    him    to  Rome    as   ambassador 
in   the   pontificate  of  Paul  V.  where,    in    1613,    he   ap* 
pears  to  have  established  a  printing-*office ;  for  in  the  title 
of  a  translation  of  Bellarmin's  conclusion,  and  a  Psalter  into   ' 
Arabic,  they  are  said  to  come  ex  typographia  Savariana. 
Savary  is  said  to  have  cast  the  types,  and  employed  on , 
th^e  two  works,  as  correctors,  Scialac  and  Sionita,  two 
Maronites  from  mount  Lebanon.      In  1615,    Savary  re- 
turned to  Paris,  bringing  with  him  Sionita  and  the  printer 
PauHn,  who,  in  the  same  year,  printed  in  small  quarto,  in 
Turkish  and  French,  the  "Treaty  of  1604,  between  Henry 
the  Great,  king  of  France,  and  the  sultan  Amurath,''  &c. 
The  following  year  appeared  an  Arabic  Grammar,  edited 
by  Sionita  and  Hesronita.     It  appears  that  Savary  had  the 
liberality  to  lend  his  types  to  those  who  were  desirous  of 
printing  works  in  the  oriental  languages.  He  diedin'1627, 
when,  we  are  told,  the  English  and  Dutch  made  offers  for  ^ 
the  purchase  of  his  types,  and  the  oriental  manuscripts 
wtitch  he  had  collected  in  the  Levant ;  but  the  king  of 
France  bought  them,  and  sQon  after  a  new  establishment 
appeared  at  Paris  for  oriental  printing,  all  the  credit  of 
wbtch  was  given  to  the  cardinal  Richelieu,  while  the  name 
of  Savary  was  not  once  mentioned.     Sic  vos  non  vobis^  fcc. 
Thetiie  types  are  said  to  be  still. extant  in  the  royal  print* 
hig  office.     Savary  published  an  account  of  his  travels, 
ttom  which  we  learn,  that  be  projected  certain  conquests 
iti  the  Levant,  for  the  extension  of  the  commerce  of  his 
country,  and  the  propagation  of  Christianity.   The  number 
of  oriental  M8S.  wbiph  he  brought  from  the  Levant  amounts 
to  ninety-seven.' 

\  •  • 

>  KKstMo,  taI.  XVU.  *  Mcfc  Birt. 

yot.xxvn.  o 


194  .  S  A  V  A  R  Y.  ^ 

*  SAVARY  (James),  an  useful  French  writer  upon  the 
subject  of  trade,  was  born  at  Duu6  in  Anjou  Sept.  22, 
1622.  He  was  sent  to  Paris,  and. put  apprentice  to  a  mer- 
chant; and  carried  on  trade  tiH  1658,  when  he  left  off  the 
practice,  to  apply  with  more  attention  to  the  theory.  It 
is  said,  that  he  bad  acquired  a  very  competent  fortune;, 
but^  in  1667,  when  the  king  rewarded  with  certain  privi- 
leges and  pensions  such  of  his  subjects  as  had  twelve  chiU 
dren  aliv6,  Savary  wa^  not  too  rich  to  put  in  his  claim.  He 
was  afterwards  admitted  of  the  council  for  the  reformation 
of  commerce ;  and  the  orders,  which  passed  in  1 670,  were 
drawn  up  from  his  instructions  and.  advice.  Being  re- 
quested by  the  comrpissioners  to  digest  his  principles  into 
a  volume,  he  published  at  Paris,  in  1675,  4to,  "LeParfait 
Negociant,  ou.  Instruction  generate  pour  ce  qui  regarde 
le  Commerce  des  Merchandises  de  France  et  des  Pays 
Strangers."  This  went  through  many  editions,  the  best  of 
which  is  that  of  1777,  2  vols.  4to :  aud  has  been  translated 
into  almost  all  European  languages.  In  1688,  he  pub-^ 
li&bed  ^'  Avis  et  Conseiis  sur  les  plus  impbrtantes  matieres 
du  Commerce,"  in  4to ;  which  has  been  considered  as  a 
second  volume  to  the  former  work,  and  often  re-printed.' 
He  died  in  1690;  and,  out  of  seventeen  children  which 
he  had  by  one  wife,  left  eleven. 

Two  of  the  sons,  James  and  Philemon,  became  after- 
waros  writers  on  the  sd.me  subject.  James  Savary  being 
chosen  in  1686  inspector  general  of  the  manufactures  at 
the  custom-house  of  Paris,  took  an  account  of  all  the  se- 
veral sorts  of  merchandise  that  passed  through  it ;  and 
ranged  in  alphabetical  order  all  the  words  relating  to  ma- 
nufactures and  commerce,  with  definitions  and  explications^ 
merely  at  first  for  his  private  use,  but  being  told  how  use-, 
ful  such  a  work  might  prove,  if  extended  and  methodized^ 
he  employed  his  brother  Philemon  to  assist  him,  but  died 
in  1716,  leaving  it  unfinished.  Philemon  at  length  pub-' 
lished  it  at  Paris  in  1723,  under  this  title,  ^'  Dictionnaire 
Universel  du  Commerce,"  in  2  vols,  folio;  and,  animated 
by  the  favourable  reception  given  to  this  work,  spent  three 
other  years  in  making  it  more  complete  and  perfect ;  and 
finished  a  third  volume,  by  way  of  .supplement  to  the  two 
former,  which  appeared  in  1729.  This  wa5  after  his  deaths 
which  happened  in  1727.  This  "Dictionary  of  Com- 
merce" has  been  universally  spoken  of  as  a  very  Excellent 
work,  and  has  been  often  jeprinted.    The  best  edition  ia 


S  A  V  A  R  Y.  155 

that  fedited  by  Philibert,   at  Copenhagen,*  1759— 66^   5" 
vols.  fol.  * 

SAVARY  (Nicholas),  a  French  traveller,  was  born  at 
Vitre  in  Brittany^  and  pursued  bis  studies  at  Rennes  with 
considerable  distinction.  In  1776,  he  visited  Egypt,  at 
which  place  be  remained  for  the  space  of  three  years» 
Whilst  here  he  paid  particular  attention  to  the  manners  of' 
the  inhabitants,  a  knowledge  of  the  Arabic  tongue,  and  an 
investigation  of  antiquities.  From  Egypt  be  went  to  the 
islands  of  the  Archipelago,  over  most  of  which  he  travelled, 
and  examined  them  with  careful  attention.  On  his  return 
to  France,  in  1780,  he  published,  "  A  translation  of  the 
Koran,  with  a  sketch  of  the  life  of  Mahomet.''  He  also 
published  an  extract  from  the  above  work,  which  he  called 
'^  La  Morale  de  Mahomet."  His  principal  work  was 
**  Letters  on  Egypt,"  which  have  been  well  received,  and 
translated  into  different  European  languages.  Yet  it  is 
objected  to  this  work,  and  with  great  appearance  of  reason^ 
that  the  author  has  yielded  too  much  to  the  powers  of  a* 
lively  imagination,  and  that  he  has  given  rather  a  fasci- 
nating than  a  correct  picture.  '  Volney's  Travels  may  serve 
to  restore  the  likeness,  and  correct  Savary's  exuberances* 
Encouraged,  however,  by  the  success  of  this  work,  Savary 
published  his  <^  Letters  on  Greece,"  which  is  likewise  an ' 
agreeable  and  entertaining  performance.  Soon  after  this 
period  he  died,  at  Paris,  in  1788.  He  was  a  m^n  of  eon-* 
siderable  talents,  an  excellent  taste,  and  a  lively  fancy ;  and, 
although  many  of  his  positions  have  been  controverted,  as 
well  by  Volney,  as  by  other  writers  on  the  same  subjects, 
his  works  are  written  in  a  style  and  manner  which  render 
them  highly  interesting  to  a  large  class  of  readers. ' 

SAVILE  (Sir  George),  marquis  of  Halifiix,  a  celebrated 
statesman,  but  of  equivocal  character,  was  descended  from 
an  ancient  family  in  Yorkshire.  He  was  the  son  of  sir 
William  Savile,  bart.  and  Anne,  daughter  of  Thomas  lord 
Coventry,  lord  keeper  of  the  great  seal.  He  was  born 
probably  about  1630.  Upon  the  death  of  his  father,  he 
succeeded  to  the  title  of  baronet,  and  soon  distinguished 
himself  by  his  abilities  in  public  affairs  ;  and  being  zealous* 
in  bringing  about  the  restoration,  was  created  a  peer,  in 
consideration  of  his  own  and  his  father's. merits.  In  1668 
he  wa^appointed  of  that  remarkable  committee,  which  sat 

*  Kiccf 00,  tols.  IX  aud  X.-— Diet.  HUt,  f  Diet.  Hist. 

Q  2 


tH  S  A  V  I  L  E. 

alBrook-baH  fortbe  ^Examination  of  the  accounts  of  the 
money  which  had  been  given  during  the  Dutch  war^  of 
which  no  mennber  of  the  House  of  Commons  was  admitted. 
In  April  1672  be  was  called  to  a  seat  in  the  privy  council ; 
andy  June  following,  went  over  to  Holland  with  the  duke 
of  Bttckingham  and  the  earl  of  Arlington,  as  ambassador 
extraordinary  and  plenipotentiary,  to  treat  about  a  peace 
with  France,  when  he  met  with  great  opposition  from  hia 
colleagues. 

In  1675  be  op(K>sed  with  vigour  the  non-resistuvg  test- 
bill;  and  was  removed  from  the  council-board  the  year 
following  by  the  intei^st  of  the  earl  of  Danhy,  the  trea-- 
surer.     He  bad  provoked  this  lord  by  one  of  those  witti- 
cisms in  which  he  dealt  so  largely.     In  the  examination 
before  the  council  concerning  the  revenue  of  Ireland,  Iprd 
Widrington  confessed  that  be  had  made  an  offer  of  a  coh-^- 
siderable  sum  to  the  lord  treasurer,  and  that  his  lordship 
had  rejected  it  very  mildly,  and  in  such  a  manner  as  not  to. 
discourage  a  second  attempt.     Lord  Halifax  observed  upon 
this,  that  ^^  it  would  be  somewhat  strange  if  a  man  should 
ask  the  use  of  another  man's-  wife,  and  the  other  should 
indeed  refuse  it,  but  with  great  civility.'*     His  removal; 
was  very  agreeable  to  the  duke  of  York,  who'  at  that  time 
had  a  more  violent  Aversion  to  him  than  even  to  Shaftesbury 
himself,  because  he  had  spoken  with  great  firmness  and' 
spirit  in  the  House  of  Lords  against  the  declaration  for  a 
toleration.     However,  upon  a  change  of  the  ministry  in 
1679,  his  lordship  was  made  a  member  of  the  new  counciL 
The  same  year,  during  the  agitation  of  the  bill  for  the  ex« 
elusion  of  the  duke  of  York,  he  seemed  averse  to  it;  but 
proposed  such  liniit^iions  of  the  duke's  authority  when  the 
crown  should  devolve  upon  him,  as  should   disable  him 
from  doing  any  harm  either  in  church  or  state ;  such  as  the 
takiqg  out  of  bis  bands  all  power  in  ecclesiastical  matters^ 
the  disposal  of  the  public  money,  and  the  power  of  peace 
or  w^r,  and  lodging  these  in  the  two  Houses  of  Parliament ; 
and  that  the  parliament  in  being  at  the  king's  death  should 
continue  without  a  new  summons,  and  assume  the  adminis^^- 
tration;  but  his  lordship's  arguiag  so  much  against  the 
danger  of  turning  the  monarchy,  by  the  bill  of  exclusion^ 
jtito  an  elective  government,  was  thought  the  more  dirtra- 
ordidary,  because  he  made  an  hereditary  king  the  sabjeet 
of  his  mirth,  and  had  often  said  *^  Who  takes  a  coachman 
to  drive  him,  l^eo^use  bis  father  was  a  good  coachman  V* 


s  A  y  I  L  E-  m 

Yet  ht  was  now  jealoos  oF  a  small  flip  in  the  sAcceMion ; 
tboagfa  lie  at  the  seme  ttoie  studied  to  infuse  into  some 
persons  a  zeal  for  a  commonwealtfa ;  and  to  these  tie  pre-* 
tended,  that  be  preferred  limitatioiK  to  an  exclusion,  be- 
Cftuae  the  otie  kept  up  the  monarcby  still,  only  passing 
over  one  person;  whereas  the  other  really  introduced  a 
commonwealth,  as  soon  as  there  was  a  popish  king  on  thi; 
throne.  And  it  was  said  by  some  of  his  frienda,  that  the 
limitations  proposed  we^re  so  advantageous  to  public  liberty, 
that  a  man  might  be  tempted  to  wish  for  a  pojHsfa  king,  in 
Older  to  obtain  them.  (Jpon  this  great  difference  of  opi<^ 
nion,  a  fiaction  was  quickly  formed  in  the  new  connc:il; 
lord  Halifax,  with  the  earls  of  Essex  and  Sunderland,  de- 
dsiring  for  limitations,  and  against  the  exclusion,  while 
the  earl  of  Shaftesbury  was  equally  zealous  for  thejatter ; 
and  when  the  bill  for  it  was  brought  into  the  House  of 
liords,  lord  Halifax  appeared  with  great  resolution  at  the 
head  of  the  debates  against  it.  This  so  highly  exasperated 
the  House  of  Commons,  that  they  addressed  the  king  to, 
remove  him  from  bis  councils  and  presence  for  ever :  bu!^ 
he  prevailed  with  his  majesty  soon  after  to  dissolve  that 
parliaiOient,  and  was  created  4in  eari.  However,  upon  his 
majesty^s  deferring  to  call  a  new  parliament,  according  to 
his  promise  to  his  lordsfhip,  his  vexation  is  said  to  hav6 
been  so  great  as  to  affect  hts  health,  and  he  expostulated 
severely  wi^  those  who  were  sent  to  him  on  that  affair, 
refusing  the  pott  both  of  secretary  of  state  and  lord- lieute- 
nant of  Ireland.  A  parliament  being  called  in  168D,  h^ 
still  opposed  the  exclusion-bill,  and  gained  great  reputa- 
tion by  his  management  of  the  debate,  though  it  occasioned 
tt  new  address  from  the  House  of  Commons  to  remove  him. 
Hawever,  after  rejecting  that  bill  in  the  House  of  Lord% 
his  lordship  pressed  them,  though  without  success,  to  pro- 
ceed to  limitations ;  and  beg^n  with  moving  that  the  duke 
might  be  obligedto  live  five  hundred  miles  out  of  England 
during  the  king's  life.  In  August  1682,  he  was  created  a 
marquis,  and  soon  after  made  privy-seal,  and,  upon  kin^ 
James's  accession,  president  of  the  council.  But  on  re- 
itisiog  his  consent  to  the  repeal  of  the  tests,  he  was  told 
by  ttmt  monarch,  that,  though  he  could  never  forget  bis 
paet  services,  yet,  since  he  would  not  comply  in  that  pointy 
iie  was  resolved  to  have  unanimity  in  his  councils,  and^ 
AeMiore,  dismissed  him  from  ail  |n^lic  employments.  H^ 
m/ma  ^ti/$mwp4k  oonsutod  by  Mr.  Sidney,  whether,  he.  would 


198   -  S  A  V  I  L  E. 

advise  the  prince  of  Orange's  coining  oyer;  but,  this 
matter  being  only  hinted^  be  did  not  encourage  a  farther  . 
explanation,  looking  upon  thei  attempt  as  impracticabie, 
since  it  depended  oi^do  many  accidents.  Upon  the  arrival 
of  that  prince,  he  was  sent  by  the  king,  with  the  earls  of 
Kochester  and  Godolphin,  to  treat  with  him,  then  at  Hun^ 
gerford. 

'    In  that  assembly  of  the  lords  which  m^t  after  king  James's 
withdrawing  himself  the   first  time   from  Whitehall,  the 
marquis  wais  chosen  their  president;  and,  upon  the  king's 
return  from  Feversham,  he  was  sent,  together  with  the, 
carl  of  Shrewsbury  and  lord  Delamere,  from  the  prince  of 
Orange,  ordering  his  majesty  to  quit  his  palace  at  White- 
hall, and  retire  to  Hull.     In  the  convention -parlii(ment, 
b^  was  chosen  speaker  of  the  House  of  Lords ;  and  strenu- 
ously  supported  the  motion  for  the  vacancy  of  the  throne, 
and  the  conjunctive  sovereignty  of  the  prince  and  princess, 
upon  whose  accession  he  was  again  made  privy-seal.     But, 
in  the  session  of  1689,  upon  the  inquiry  into  the  authors 
^of  the  prosecutions  against  lord  Russell,  Algernon  Sidney, 
3&C.  the  marquis,  having  concurred  in  these  councils  in 
1683,  now  quitted  the  court,  and  became  a  zealous  op* 
poser  of  the  measures  of  the  government  till  his  death, 
which  happened  in  April  1695,  and  was  occasioned  by  a 
^gangrene  in  a  rupture   he  had  long  neglected.     There 
seems  little  in  his  conduct  that  is  steady,  or  in  his  charae« 
ter  that  is  amiable.     Towards  his  end  he  showed  some  signs 
of  repentance,  which,  according  to  Burnet,  were  transient. 
*^  He  was,"  says  that  writer,  "  a  man  of  great  aqd  ready 
wit,  full  of  life  and  very  pleasant,  much  turned  to  satire ; 
he  let  his  wit  turn  upon  matters  of  religion^  so  that  he 
passed  for  a  bold  and  determined  atheist,  though  he.oftctn 
protested  to  me,  that  he  was  not  one,  and  said,  he  be* 
lieved  there  was  not  one  in  the  world.     He  confessed  be 
could  not  swallow  down  all  4;hat  divines  imposed  on  the 
world ;  he  was  a  Christian  in  submission ;  be  believed  as 
much  as  be  could ;  and  hoped,  that  God  would  not  Ifiy  it 
to  his,  charge,  if  he  could  not  digest  iron  as  an  ostrich  did, 
^or  take  into  his  belief  things  that  must  burst  him.     If  he 
bad  any  scruples,  they  were  not  sought  for  nor  oberished 
by  him;  for  he  never  read  au  atheistical  book  in  hi^. life. 
In  sickness,  Tknew  him  very  much  affected .  with  a  sense 
.of  religion  :  I  was  then  often  with  him,  he. seemed  full  of 
|;9Qd  purpqsesy  bu(  they  went  off  with  his  sickness.:  h^  W9^ 


S  A  V  I  L  E.  199 

coBtanaally  talking  of  inorality  aikl  friendship*  He  was 
punctual  in  bis  payments,  and  just  in  all  private  dealings; 
buktf  with  relation  to  tne  pablic,  be  went  backward  aiid 

*  forward  and  changed  sides  so  often;  that  in  the  conclusion 
Jio  side  trusted  him ;  be  seemed  full  of  commonwealth  no^ 
tions,  yet  he  want  into  the  worst  part  of  king  Charles's 
reign.  The  liveliness  of  his  imagination  was  always,  too 
hard  for  his  judgment.  His  severe  jest  was  preferred  by 
him  to  all  arguments  whatever;  and  he  was  endless  ill 
council ;  for,  when  after  much  discourse  a  point  was  settled^ 
if  b0  could  find  a  new  jest,  whereby  he  could  make  that 
which  was  digested  by  himself  seem  ridiculous,  he  could 
not  bold,  but  would  study  to  raise  the  credit  of  his  wit^ 
though  it  made  others  call  his  judgment  in  question.  When 
he  talked  to  me,  as  a  philosopher,  of  the  contempt  of  the 

, world,  I  asked  him  what  he  meant  by  getting  so  many 
new  titles,  which  I  called  the  hanging  himself  about  with 
beUs  and  tinsel ;  be  had  no  other  excuse  for  it  but  this, 
that,  if  the  world  were  such  fools  as  to  value  those  matters^ 
a  man  most  be  a  fool  for  company :  he  considered  them 
but  as  rattles,  yet  rattles  please  children ;  so  these  might 
be  of  use  to  bis  family." 

By  his  first  wife,  daughter  of  Henry  Spencer,  earl  of 
Sunderland,  he  had  a  son  William,  who  succeeded  him ; 
and  by  a  second  wife,  the  daughter  of  William  Pierrepoint| 
second  son  of  Robert  earl  of  Kingston,  he  had  a  daughter 
Gertrude,  who  was  married  to  Philip  Stanhope,  third  earl 
of  Chesterfield,  and  was  mother  to  the  celebrated  earl,. who, 
says  Maty,  may  be  perhaps  justly  compared  to  his  grand* 
father  in  extent  of  capacity,  fertility  of  genius,  and  bril- 
liancy of  wit.  They  bpth,  adds,  he,  distinguished  them- 
selves in  parliament  by  their  eloquence  i  at  court,  by  their 
knowledge  of  the  world ;  in  company,  by  their  art  of  pleas- 
ing. They  were  both  very  useful  to  their  sovereigns, 
though  not  much  attachied  either  to  the  prerogative  or  to 
the^  person  of  any  king.  They  both  knew,  humoured,  and 
despised  the  different  parties.  The  Epicurean  philosophy 
was  their  common  study.  William,  the  second  marquts  of 
HaUfax,  died  in  1699,  when  the  dignity  became  extinct  in 
his  family,  but  was  revived  in  1700  in  the  person  of  Charles 
Montague.  The  marquis  William  left  three  daughters: 
Anne,  married  to  Charles  Bruce,  earl  of  Aylesbury ;  Do- 
rothy, to  Richard  Boyle,  the  last  earl  of  Burlington^  and 
Mary,  tp  Sackville  Tuftou^  earl  of  Thanet, 


jMfr  S  A  y  I  L  E. 

.  George,'  marquit  of  Halifax,  was  the  author  of  mm^ 
tracts,  written  with  considerable  spirit  and  eieg-idce.  Be« 
^ides  his  ^^  Character  of  a  Trtmfner/' -he  wrote  *^  Advice  tOt 
A  Daughter ;"  ^^  The  Anatomy  of  an  £«|uivaleiit  ;*'  <*  A 
Letter  to  a  Dissenter,  upon  his  Majesty V  late  Glorious  De:t 
claration  of  Indulgences  ;'*  '^  A  rough  Eiraiigbt  of  a  new 
Model  at  Sea,  in  1694;"  <<  Maxims  of  State,"  All  which 
ir^re  prin^d,^)getber  after  his  death;  and  the  third  edi« 
tioncame  out  in  1717»  8vo.  Since  these,  Uiere  was  alto 
published  under  bis  name,  ^*  The  Character  of  king  Charles 
the  ^Second ;  to  which  is  subjoined,  Maxims  of  State,  &c/*  . 
1750^  Bvo,  ^^  CharaGter  of  Bishop  Burnet,"  printed  at  the 
end  of  his  *^  History  of  his  own  Times ;"  *^  Historical  Obser^ 
cations  upon  the  Reigns  of.  Edward  L  H.  III.  and  Richard 
IL  with  Remarks  upon  their  faithful  Counsellors  and  ftilse 
Favourites^"  16^9.  He  also  left  memoirs  of  his  own  times, 
from  a  journal  which  he  kept  every  day  of  all  the  center^ 
aations  which  he  had  with  Charles'  II.  and  the  most  distin<^ 
guished  men  of  his  time.  Of  these  memoirs  two  lair  oopiei 
were  made,  one  of  which  fell  into  the  hands  of  Daniel  earl 
tf  Nottingham,  and  was  destrt^yed  by  him.  The  other 
devolved  on  the  marquis's  grand- daughter,  lady  Burling^ 
ton,  in  whose  possession  it  long  remained;  but  Pope,  as 
the  late  lord  Orford  informed  Mr«  Malone,  finding,  on  a 
perusal  of  these  memoirs,  that  the  papists  of  those  dayt 
were  represented  in  mi  unfavourable  light,  prevailed  on  faef 
to  burn  them ;  and  tBus  the  public  have  been  deprived  of 
probably  a  curious  and  valuable  work.  ^ 

SAViLE  (Sir  Henry),  a  most  learned  nMrn^  and  a  gteat 
henefhctor  to  the  learning  of.  his  country,  was  tbe  son  of 
Kenry  Savile  o£  Bradley,  in  the  tmirnship  of  Steiakind,  in 
the  parish  of  Halifax,  Yorkshire,  by  £Uen>  daughter  of 
Robisjt  Ramiden.  He  was  born  at  Bradley,  Nov.  30,  1 54d, 
and  ficst  entered  of  Brasen*nose  college,  Oxford,  iirhenct» 
he  was  elected  to  Merton^coUege  in  15€1,  where  he  took 
the  degrees  in  arts^  and  was  ehosen  fellowt  When  he 
proceeded  master  of  arts  in  1570,  he  read  .for  that  degree 
on  the  Almagest  of  Ptotemy,  which  pmcnred  him  the  re- 
putation of  a.  man  wonderfully  skilled  in  mathematics  and 
the  Gre^k  language;  in  the  former  of  whicbi  he  volun^ 
tarily  read  a  public  lecture  in  the  university  for  some  ttme^ 

1  Birch's  Live8.—Roya1  and  Noble  Aatbora,  hf  Mr.  F«rk.«»Mslsne'f  l^k  ^f 
Drydeii.— Ck^sierfield's  Itf  emoirii  by  Dr.  Matf .  ' 


K  A  V  I  LE.  wn 

HivHig  now  gr«ftt  interest,  be  wiit  elecltd  pfoctor  ttv  ttn^ 
yecrs  togeiher,  1575.  and  1576,  an  honour  not  veryooni*^ 
inon,  for  bs  the  proctors  were  ttieti  chosen  out  of  the  wfaolii 
body  of  the  aniversiiy,  by  the  doctors  and  diastera,  and  the 
elemion  was  not,  as  now,  confined  to  particular  eoUegei^ 
none  bat  men  of  learning,  and  soch  as  had  considerable 
interest,  durst  aspire  to  that  honour.  In  1679  be  Tisiied 
the  coMtinent,  became  acquainted  with  varioas  learned 
foieigners,  and  obtained  many  taluable  MSS,  or  copies  of 
them,  tie  is  said  to  have  returned  a  man  of  high  aecomJ> 
plisbflsents,  and  was  made  totor  in  the  Greek  tfemgtte  «e 
queen  Etiaabeth,  or,  as  it  is  otherwise  expressed,  te  read 
Oreek  and  mathematics  with  her  majesty,  who  had  a  great 
^teem  for  him.  In  1595  be  wasmade  warden  of  Merton** ' 
ooUege,  which  he  governed  sia  and  thirty  years  with  .grefit . 
credit^  and  gi^atty  raised  its  reputation  lor  learning,  b^ 
a  jttdiciottH  patronage  of  stedents  most  distinguished  for 
lalents  and  industry.  In  1596,  he  was  chosen  provost  of 
£ton«eollege,  of  which  society  also  he  increased  the  fame 
by  filling  it  with  the  most  learned  men,  among  whom  waft 
the  ever-ademorable  John  Hales.  It  is  said,  however,  thai 
be  ineurred  some  odium  among  the  younger  scholars  by 
1ms  severity,  and  his  dislike  of  those  who  were  thought 
uprightly  wi)s.  He  used  to  say,  *<  Give  me  the  plodding 
aittdent.  If  I  would  look  for  wits,  I  would  go  to  Newgate, 
there  be  thewits.**  John  Earle,  afterwards  bishop  of  Salis- 
bury, was  the  only  scholar  he  ever  accepted  on  the  reoom- 
nendation  of  being  a  wk.  James  I.  upon  his  accession  tA 
the  crown  of  England,  e^tpressed  a  .particular  regard  for 
him,  and  would  have  preferred  him  either  an  church  or 
state;  hot  sir  Henry  declined  it,  and  only  accepted  the 
^nourof  knighthood  from  his  majesty  at  Windsor  on  Sept. 
diy  1604.  His  only  son  dying  about  that  time,  he  devoted 
his  fortune  entirely  to  the  promoting  of  learning.  In  1619 
he  founded  two  lectures,  or  professorships,  one  in  geome- 
try, the  other  in  astronomy,  in  tlie  university  of  "Oxford ; 
which  he  endowed  each  with  a  salary  of  160/.  a  year,  be* 
sides  a  legacy  of  600/.  for  purchasing  more  lands  for  the 
aaine  use.  In  the  preamble  of  the  deed,  by  which  a  salary 
was  anne^^d  to  tl^se  two  professorships,  it  is  expressly 
a»id  that  ^  geometry  was  almost  totally  unknown  and  aban- 
doned in  England."  Briggs  was  his  first  professor  of  geo<» 
sietry;  but  Anbr^y  say^,  on  the  authority  of  bishop  Ward, 
Haat  be  first  'sent  ior  Cnater  fer  that  pvi^se^  who,  coming 


S0«  S  A  VILE. 

<Wiih  bij  sector  and  quadrant,  *' fell  to  resolving  of  ^rl»- 
angles  and  doing  a  great  many  fine  things;  Said  the  gra^e 
knight,  <  Do  you  call  this  reading  of  Geometric  ?  This  k 
«bewing  of  tricks,  man/  and  so  dismissed  him  with  scome, 
and  sent  for  Briggs/'  -  Sir  Henry  also  furnished  a  library 
mth  mathematical  book?  near  the  mathematical  school,  for 
ibe  use  of  bis  professors ;  and  gave  100/.  to  the  matfaema* 
ileal  chest  of  bis  own  appointing;  adding  afterwards  a 
legacyof  40/.  a  year  to  tbe  same  chest,  to  the  universitj 
and  to  his  professors  jointly.  He  likewise  gave  120/.  to^ 
•wards  tbe  new^buildrng  of  tbe  schools ;  several  rare  manu- 
scripts and  printed  books  to  the  Bodleian  library ;  and  a 
good  quantity  of  matrices  and  Greek  types  to  tbe  printing«> 
press  at  Oxford.  Part  of  tbe  endowment  of  tbe  professor- 
ships was  tbe  manor  of  Little  Hays  in  Essex.  He  died,  at 
Eton-college,  Feb.  19,  1&21-2,  and  was- buried  in*  tbe 
chapel  there,  on  the  south  side  of  the  communion  table, 
near  the  body  of  bis  son  Henry,  with  an  inscription  on  a 
black  marble  stone.  The  university  of  Oxford  paid  him 
tbe  greatest  honours,  by  having  a  public  speech  and  verses 
made  in  bis  praise,  which  were  published  soon  after  in  4to, 
under  the  title  of  ^*  Ultima  Linea  Savilii,"*and  a  sumptu- 
ous honorary -monument  was  erected  to  bis  memdry  on  tbe 
south  wall,  at  tbe  upper  end  of  the  choir  of  Merton- college 
chapel.  Sir  .  Henry  Savile,  by  universal  consent,  rlinks 
among  tbe  most  learned  men  of  bis  time,  and  tbe  most 
liberal  patrons  of  learning;  and  with  great  justice  the 
bigbest  encomiums  are  bestowed  on  him  by  ail  the  learned 
of  bis  time :  by  Isaac  Casaubon,  Mercerus,  Meibomius^ 
Joseph  Scaliger,  and  especially  the  learned  bishop  Mon^ 
tagu  ;  who,  in  bis  "  Diatribqe"  ^ppon  Selden's  "  History  of 
Tithes,"  styles  bim  *^  tbat  magazine  of  learning,  whose 
memory  shall  be  honourable  amongst  not  only  the  iearned, 
but  the  righteous  for  ever.^' 

We  have  already  mentioned  several  noble  instances  of 
his  muntficence  to  the  republic  of  letters  :  and  his  works 
.exhibit  equal  zeal  for  the  promotion  of  literature.  In  1581, 
lie  published  an  English  version  of,  1.  '^  Four  Books  of 
tbe  Histories  of  Cornelius  Tacitus,  and  the  Life  of  Agri<? 
cola;  with  notes  upon  them,"  folio,  dedicated  to  quieen 
Elizabeth.  Tbe  notes  were  esteemed  so  valuable  as  to  be 
.translated  into  Latin  by  Isaac  Gruter,  and  published  :at 
Amsterdam,  1649,  in  12mo,  to  which  Gruter  subjoined  a 
jlreatise  of  our  author,  pu\>Usbed  in  1598,  under  the  titl^^ 


S  A  V  I  L  E.  'HOt 

2.  -'f  A  View  of  certain  Military  Ma^tersi  or  .commentaries 
^nnicerning  Roman  War&re;''  whicb,  soon  after  its;  first 
appearance,  was  translated  injto  Latin  by  Marquardusfre- 
t^rus,  and  printed,  at  Heidelberg  in  1601/  but  having  be* 
come  ex^cietedidg  scarce,  was  reprinted  by  Gruten  In  1,596, 
he  published  .a  collection  of  the  best  ancient  writers  .o(  our 
£ogU^b  history,  entitled,  3.  **  Rerum  Anglicaram  Scrip* 
tores  post  Bedam  praecipui,  ex  vetustissimis  codicibus.none 
primum  in  lucem  editi  f*  to  which  he  added  chronological 
tables. at  ^he  end,  from  Julius  Caesar  to  the  coming. in  of 
William  the  Conqueror.  This,  was  reprinted  at  Francfort 
in  1601,  which  edition  has  a  complete  index  to  it.  The 
collection  contains  William  of  Malmsbury's  history  of  the 
kings  of  England,  and  the  lives  of  the  English  bishops ;  the 
histories  of  Henry  of  Huntingdon  ;  the  annals  of  Roger  de 
Hoveden ;  the  chronicle  of  Ethel werd,  and  the  history  of 
Ingnlphus;  with  a  dedication  to  queen  Elizabeth,  &e. 
Wharton,  in  the  preface  to  his  "  Anglia  Sacra,*'  objects 
only  to.  Malmsbury's  history,  whiph  he  says  was  printed^ 
frpm  an  incorrect  MS.  4.  He  undertook  and  finished  an 
edition,  mo^t.  beautifully  printed,  of  *^  St.  Chrysostom't 
Works",  in  Greek,  printed  in.  1613,  8  vols,  folio.  In  the 
preface,  he  says,  ^^  that,  having  himself  visited,  about 
twelve  years  before,  all  the  public  and  private  libraries  in 
Britain^  and  copied  out  thence  whatever  he  thought  useful 
jto  his  design,  he  then  sent  sonie  learned  men  into  France^ 
Germany,  Italy,  apd  the  East ;  to  transcribe  such  parts  as 
be. had  not  already,  and  to  collate  the  others  with  the  best 
manuscripts."  At  the  same  time,  he  makes  his  acknow«> 
ledgnient  to  several  great  men  for  their  assistance;  as 
Thuanus,  Vdserus,  Schottus,  Isaac  Casaubon,  Fronto  Du- 
casus,  Janus  Gruterus,  Hoeschelius,  .&c.  In  the  eighth 
volume  are  inserted  sir  Henry  Savjle's  own  notes,  with  those 
of  the  learned  John  Boi^,  Thomas  Allen,  Andrew  Downes, 
and  other  learned  men.  The  whole  charge  of  this  edition, 
including  the  several  sums  paid  to  learned  men,  at  home 
and  abroad,  employed  in  finding  out,  transcribing,  and 
collating,  the  best  manuscripts,  is  said  to  have  amounted 
(to  no  less  than  8000/. ;  but,  as  soon  as  it  was  finished,  the 
.bishops  and  clergy  of  France  employed,  somewhat  unfairly, 
as  has  been  said,  Fronton  .Due,  or  Fronto  Ducasus,  .who 
was  a  learned  Jesuit,  to  reprint  it  at  Paris,  in  10  vols,  folio, 
with  a  Latin  translation,  which  lessened  the  price  of  sir 
Hen  ry'-s,  edition  ;  yet  we  are  told,  that  lhe..thousand  copies 


te4  S  A  V  I  L  t. 

which  lie  printed  were  all  sold*.  In  16 IB,  he  fmblkh^d  a 
Latin  work,  written  by  Thomas  Bradwardin,  abp.  of  Can-* 
terbury,  against  Pelagitis,  entitled,  5.  **  Se  Causa  Dei 
contra  Pelaginm,  et  de  virtnte  causarum  ;**  to  which  he 
prefixed  the  life  of  Bradwardin.  This  book  was  printed 
from  six  M8S.  carefully  collated.  6.  **  Naeianzen's  Sce- 
litentics,"  1610.  Towards  this,  says  Oldys,  he  was  fk- 
Tonred  with  the  MS  epistles  of  Nazianzen  out  of  the  Bod- 
leian library,  "  which  was  a  singular  courtesy,  and  done  be* 
cause  of  his  affection  to  the  storing  and  preserving  of  th^ 
library,"  as  if  any  thing  could  have  been  refused  to  such  a 
benefactor.  7.  •*  Xenophon's  Institution  of  Cyrus,'*  Gr. 
161S,  4to.  In  1621,  he  published  a  collection  of  his  own 
mathematical  lectures.  8*  **  Prselectiones  Tredecim  in 
princtpium  Elementorum  Euclidis  Oxoni«  habitse,**  4to. 
&.  **  Oratio  coram  Elizabeth^.  Regina  Oxoniae  habita,  anno 
1S!>2,"  Oxon.  16^8,  4to;  published  by  Dr.  Barlow  from 
the  original  in  the  Bodleian  library,  and  by  Dr.  Lamphire, 
in  the  second  edition  of  **  Monarchia  Britannica,**  Oxford, 
1681,  Bvo.  10.  He  translated  into  Latin  king  James'sr 
**  Apology  for  the  Oath  of  Allegiance."  Six  letters  of  his, 
written  to  Hugo  Blotius^  and  Sebastian  Tenguageliu*, 
keepers  of  the  imperial  library,  were  published  in  Lambe- 
ciu8*s  •*  Bibliotheca,**  vol.  III.;  four  are  printed  among 
••  Camdeni  Epistote,^  and  others  are  in  the  Cotton  and 
Harleian  MBS.  He  was  also  concerned  in  the  new  trans* 
lation  of  the  Bible,  executed  by  command  of  James  1.  be- 
ing One  of  the  eight  persons  at  Oxford  who  undertook  to 
translate  the  four  Gospels,  Acts,  and  Revelations.  He  left 
behind  him  several  MSS.  some  of  which  are  now  in  the 
Bodleian  library,  such  as  1.  "Orations."  2.  "Tract  of 
the  original  of  Monasteries."  S.  "Tract  concerning  the 
Union  of  England  and  Scotland,  written  at  the  command 
ef  Iring  James  I.'*  He  wrote  notes  likewise  upon  the  mar^ 
^in  of  many  books  in  his  library,  particularly  of  Eusebius's 

*  Tint  mnk  reqnirtd  ^ocb  lon^  and  bek^re  ChrfSQitcm  wat  fiohhed.  wbeai 

close  appUcariou,  that  sir  Henr3''s  lady  ^ir   Henry   lay   sick,    said,    "  If  sir 

thoug1)t  herself  neglected,  and  coming  Harry  djed,  she  would  burn  Chrysos- 

«t>  hiai  MM  day  nito  bis  study,  she  torn  for  kiHiog  berhuaband.**    Wiwdh 

said,  **  Sir  Henry,  I  would  I  mere  «  Mr,  Bois  bearing j    told  bar,   **  Tbsit 

book  too,  and  then  you  would  a  little  would  be  a  great  pity,  for  be  was  one 

taore  respect  me."'     To  which   one  of  the   sweetest  preacher^  since  fbn 

'stMMitng  by,  TflpSed,  «  Yon  must  tivea  iqiosllcs'  tines  $'»  with  wfaich  the 


be  an  almanack,  madam,  that  he  might     to  satisfied,  that  she  said,  «  i|^  moiM 
tAiaflge  etrery  year :"  which  answer  dis*     not  do  it  for  all  tbe  world." 
flMfBd  lMr««-llM  Ml«  My,  a  IKUi 


S  A.V  I  L  E.  ^$ 

^  £c€lefiastical  History/*  which  were  afterwsirdft  used^  and 
thankfully  acknowjedged,  by  Valesius,  io  bis  editioa  of 
that  work  in  1659.  He  is  mentioned  a9  a  member  of  the 
society  of  Antiquaries,  in  the  introdnctioQ  to  the  ^^  Arcb«« 
cHogia,*'  and  indeed  there  was  no  literary  honour  at  that 
time  of  which  he  was  not  worthy* 

He  had  a  younger  brother,  TjSOMAS  Savilb,  who  was 
admitted  probationer-fellow  of  Merton  college,  Oxford,  iu 
1580;  afterwards  travelled  abroad  into  several  countries; 
upon  his  return,  was  chosen  fellow  of  Eton  college ;  and 
died  at  London  in  1592-3,  whence  his  body  was  removed 
to  Oxford,  and  interred  with  great  soiemnity  in  tbe  choir 
of  Merton  college  chapel.  He  was  a  man  of  great  learning, 
and  an  intimate  friend  of  Camden ;  among  whose  letters 
there  are  fifteen  of  Mr.  Savile^s  U>  him. 

There  was  another  Henry  Savile,  related  to  tbe  above 
family,  and  familiarly  called  Long  Harry  Savile,  who  en* 
tered  a  student  of  Merton  college  in  1587,  during  the  war«^    , 
denship  of  sir  Heury,  and  was  soon  after  made  one  of  the 
portion  tats,   commonly  called  postmasters.    After  taking 
the  degree  of  B.  A.  he  left  Merton  college,  and  removed  to 
St  Alban-hall,  where  in  1595,  he  took  the  degree  of  M.  A. 
Under  the  inspection  of  his  learned  kinsman,  he  became  an/ 
eminent  scholar,  especially  in  the  mathematics,  physic  (in 
which  iuculty  be  was  admitted  by  the  university  to  ptac-» 
tise),  chemistry,  painting,  heraldry,  and  antiquities.    After- 
wards,  in  (Mrder  to  extend  his  knowledge,  he  travelled  into 
Italy,  France,  and  Germany,  where  he  greatly  improved 
himsel£    He  is  said  to  have  written  several  things,  but  npne 
have  been  poblished.     He  gave  Camden  the  ancient  copy, 
of  Asser  Menevensis^  which  he  published  in  160S,  and  , 
which  contains  the  leg^idary  story  of  the  discord  betweeou 
the  ilew  scholars  which  Grimbald  brought  with  him  to  Oxh 
ford,  at  the  restoration  of  the  university  by  king  Alfred, 
&c.     This  Henry  Savile  lived  some  years  after  his  re^tarn 
firom  the  continent,  in  the  parish  of  St  Martin's  in  the 
Fields,  London,  and  dying  there  April  29,  1617,    aged 
forty «nine,  was  buried  in  the  chancel  belonging  to  the  pa- 
lish church,  where  was  a  monument  to  his  memory.  Among 
the  Cotton  MSS.  is  a  letter  from  him  to  Camden,.  *^con^ 
cerning  antiquities  near.  Otley  in  Yorkshire*'^. 

There  still  remains  one  of  this  family  to  be  noticed,  sir 
JbHN  Savile,  elder  brother  to  sir  Henry,  who  wad  born  at 
Bradley  in  1 545^  and  entered  a  coauxioaer  e£  Brasenioae  ^ 


206  SAVri'E. 

a 
f 

college  about  1561^  whence,  without  taking  a  degree,  Tie' 
went  to  the  Middle  Temple  for  the  study  of  the  law.     Be-  * 
ing  called  to  the  bar,  he  became  autumn  reader  of  that 
bouse  in  1586,  steward  of  the  lordship  of  Wakefield,  Ser- 
jeant at  law  in  1594,  one  of  the  barons  of  the  exchequer* 
in  1598,  and  at  the  same  time  one  of  the  justices  of  assize. 
In  July  1603,  a  little  before  his  coronation,  king  James 
conferred  the  honour  of  kiiightbood  on  him,  being  one  of 
the  judges  who  were  to  attend  that  solemnity.     He  died  at 
London,  Feb.  2,  1606,  aged  sixty-one,  and  was  buried  at 
St.  Dunstan's  church,  Fleet-street,  but  his  heart  was  bu- 
ried in  Methley  church,  Yorkshire,  where  is  a  monument 
to  his  memory,  erected  by  his  son.    Camden  acknowledges » 
the  assistance  he  received  from  sir  John  Savile  in  his  his- 
torical labours.     He  left  at  his  death  several  pieces  fit  for 
publication,  but  none  have  appeared,  except  "  Reports  of 
divers  cases  in  the  courts  of  common  pleas  and  exchequer,' 
from  22  to  36  Elizabeth,"  a  thin  folio,  printed  first  in  1675, 
and  again  in  1688.' 

SAVONAROLA  (Jerome),  a  celebrated  Italian  monk, ' 
was  born  at  Ferrara  in  1452.     In  1466  he  became  a  Domi-' 
nican  at  Bologna,  and  afterwards  preached  at  Florence,  but 
with  very  little  success,  and  left  the  place.     In  1489  he 
was  invited  by  Lorenzo  de  Medici  to  return  to  Florence, 
where  he  became  a  very  popular  preacher.   By  pretensions 
to  superior  sanctity,  and  by  a  fervid  eloquence,  he  hiir- 
ried  away  the  feelings  of  his  hearers,  and  gained  an  ascen« 
dancy  over  their  minds  by  his  prophecies,    which   were 
directed  both  against  church  and  state.     Having  by  these 
means  acquired  a  powerful  influence,  he  began  to  tiespise 
the  patronage  of    Lorenzo,    and  avoided  his  presence.* 
After  the  death  of  Lorenzo,  he  placed  binbself  at  the  head' 
of  a  popular  party  in  Florence,  who  aimed  at  the  establish-^ 
ment  of  a  free  constitution.     Savonarola  seems  to  have  pro- 
mised them  something  between  a<  republic  and  a  theocracy. 
By  such  means  his  party  became  very  formidable  ;  and  ta 
flatter  them  yet  more,  he  denounced  terrible  judgments  to 
the  court  of  Rome,  and  to  the  rest  of  the  Italian  states.     In' 
1498  many. complaints  having  been  carried  to  Rome,  in 
which  hevifas  accusterd  of  having  reproached,  in  his  sermons,' 
the  conduct  of  that  court  and  the  vices  of  the  clergy,  he' 

•  •  •  • 

1  Ath.  Ox.  to).  J. — Biog.  Brit.— rWalson's  Halifax.— Harwood's  AUimni  Eto*  ' 
nens^s,  p.  9  and  62.— -P^Ksk's  Desiderata.— ^rype*8  Wbitgift,  p.  344.— ^Letten 
l^y  £i»iB«at  Bi»r«ms,  lai^  9  vob»  aTiK«-*Wood^  A«im1s.      > 


SAVON  A  R  O  L  A,  207- 

was  publicly  exconunonicated,  which  at  ^  first  he  tegaMed 
so  far  as  to  abstain  from  preaching,  bat  finding  that  silence' 
was  considered  as  submission,  and  would  ruin  his  cause,  he 
resumed  his  function,  and  renewed  his  invectives  against- 
th6  pope  and  the  court  of  Rome.     But  when  the  pope 
Alexander  threatened  to  interdict  the  city,  the  magistrates 
commanded  him  to  desist  from  preaching.     At  length  be 
procured  the  assistance  of  a  friar  of  his  own  convent,  named 
Fra.  Domenico  da  Pescia,  who  proposed  to  confirm  his 
master^^  doctrines  by  the  ordeal  of  walking  through  the 
flames,  provided  any  one  of  their  adversaries  would  do  the' 
same.     The  challenge  was  accepted  by  a  Franciscan  friar, 
and  a  day  was  appointed  for  the  trial.     Savonarola,  findiug' 
tl^at  the  adverse  party  were  not  to  be  intimidated,  proposed 
that  Domenico  should  be  allowed  to  carry  the  host  with 
him  into  the  fire.  This  was  exclaimed  against  by  the  whole 
assembly  as  an  impious  and  sacrilegious  proposal.     It  was, 
however,  insisted  upon  by  Domenico,  who  thereby  eluded 
the  ordeal.     But  the  result  was  fatal  to  the  credit  of  Savo- 
narola, who  was  deserted  by  the  populace,  apprehended' 
and  dragged  to  prison,  and  condemned, to  be  first  stran- 
gled and  then  burnt,  which  sentence  was  put  into,  ex  ecu-- 
tipn  on  the  23d  of  May,.  1498. 

Various  opinions  have  been  entertained  of  this  man's 
real  character.     Some  of  the  friends  of  liberty  and  protes- 
tantism have  considered  him  as  a  man  who  had  elevated 
views  and  good  intentions,  though  perverted  by  a  spirit 4>f 
fanaticism  y  and  there  seems  no  reason,  to  doubt  that  be  was 
really  a  friend  to  the  liberty  of  Florence^  and  felt  an  honest 
indignation  at  the  profligacy  of  the  court  of  Rome,  and 
th^~  corruption  of  the  catholic  church.    For  these  last  rea- 
sons, some  have  even  admitted  him  among  the  reformers ' 
and  martyrs.     But  his  title  to  this  honour  seems  veryques-i 
tionable,  and  the  character  of  a  leader  of  a  party  is  as  dis- 
cernible in  his  conduct  as  that  of  a  reformer.    There  are  a ; 
great  number  of  his  sermons  remaining,  and  other  works 
in  Latin  and  Italian^  most  of  them  on  religious  subjects. 
His  life,  inserted  in  Bates's  "  Vitae  Selectorum,"  was  written 
in  Latin  by  John  Francis  Picus  de  Mirandola,  prince  of 
Concordia.     Queti  published  an  edition  of  it,  to  which  he- 
added  notes,  with  the  Latin .  translation  of  some  of  Savo- 
narola's works,  and  a  list  of.  tl^edi.'    . 

I  TirtkboMhi.— lUwoe'f  Lorenao.— Gen»  Diet. 


90B  SAWYER. 

SAWYBE  (Sir  Robert),  an  emiBefit  lawj^er  in  %ht  «e^ 
venteenth  century^  was  a  member  of  M^dalen  college^ 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  degree  of  M*A.  in  1655^ 
Md  was  the  saoie  year  admitted  ad  gundan  at  Oxford.  He 
was  afterwards  a  benefactor  to  the  library  of  his  colleger- 
After  studying  law  at  the  Inner  Temple^  he  was  admiuedl 
to  the  bar,  and  bad  a  large  share  of  practice  at  LoAdot), 
and  on  the  Oxford  circuit.  In  1661  be  was  knighted,  aiidb 
in  Feb.  1680,  was  appointed  attorney-general.  As  a  Iawye€ 
he  formed  himself  after  the  lord  chief  ^justice  Hale,  undef^; 
whom  he  practised,  and  of  whom  he  was  a  just  admirer^ 
Like  that  excellent  person,  he  was  a  man  of  gei^eral  learn-*' 
ing,  and,  according  to  Granger,  of  an  integrity  that  nothing: 
could  corrupt ;  but  bishop  Burnet  represents  him  as  a  duU 
hot  man,  and  forward  to  serve  all  the  designs  of  the  court. 
Had  this  been  always  the  case,  however,  king  James  would 
not  have  dismissed  him  from  the  office  of  attorney  general^ 
which  he  did  in  1687,  because  he  perceived  that  sir  Ro* 
bert  could  not  have  been  prevailed  upon  to  mould  tlie  laws 
to  such  purpose  as  were  never  intended  by  the  legislature* 
On  the  other  hand,  Granger,  allows  that  be  was  justly  cen- 
sured for  his  harsh  treatment  of  lord  Russel  on  his  trial, 
and  it  is  certain  that  he  supported  some  of  king  JamesV 
arbitrary  measures,  being  the  manager  in  depriving  the 
city  of  London  of  its  charter.  At  the  time  of  the  revolu- 
tion, be  sat  as  member  of  parliament  for  the  university  of 
Cambridge,  and  was  expelled  the  house  for  -being  con- 
cerned, as  attorney <> general,  in  the  prosecution  of  sir  Tho- 
ibas  Armstrong,  who  was  executed  for  being  one  of  ti^ 
conspirators  in  the  Rye-house  plot.  In  the  next  sessiona: 
he  was  re-chosen,  and  appears  to  have  sat  quietly  for  the. 
Remainder  of  his  life.  He  died  in  1692,  at  HigbclearJif 
Hampshire,  where  be  had  an  estate,  and  rebuilt  the  parish 
church.  His  only  daughter  married  the  earl  of  Pembfoke» 
and  died  in  1706.  Under  his  name,  and  those  of  Heneage 
Finch,  sir  George  Treby,  and  Henry  Pollexfen,  were  pub-^ 
lisbed^in  1690,  tblio,  *^  Pleadings  and  arguments  with  other 
proceedings  in  the  court  of  king's  bench  upon  the  Quo 
Warranto,  touching  the  charter  of  the  city  of  London,  wttia 
the  judgment  entered  thereupon."^ 

SAXE  (Maurice,  Count  of),  a  celebrated  com«a»nder» 
was  born   October  19,  1696,  at  Dresden,    and   was  the 

1  Aih.  Ox.  Tol.  II.-^Buraet's  Own  Timtoi.«^-<:idU>s  liS  AOieiMB  la  Brit.  Mat. 
^MSraaf  er.— Nortb't  Life  of  Lor4  Keep«r  Oailford,  p.  SS7. 


S  A  X  E.  20$ 

ustiiml  son  of  Frederick  Augustus  II.  king  of  Poland,  and 
Aurora,  oountess  of  Konigsmarc.  He  gave  evident  (5roofii 
of  his  taste  for  military  affairs  from  his  childhood ;  was 
taught  to  read  and  write  with  the  utmost  difficnlty ;  nor 
could  he  ever  be  prevailed  upon  to  study  a  few  hours  in 
the  morning,  otherwise  than  by  a  promise  that  hts  should 
ride  on  horseback  in  the  afternoon.  He  liked  to  have 
Frenchmen  about  him,  for  which  reason  their  language  was 
the  only  foreign  one  which  he  willingly  learnt  grammati^ 
eally.  He  attended  the  elector  in  all  his  military  expedi- 
tions ;  was  at  the  siege  of  Lisle  in  1708,  when  only  twelve 
years  old,  and  mounted  the  trenches  several  times  both  at 
the  city  and  at  the  fortress,  in  sight  of  the'king,  kis  father, 
who  admired  his  intrepidity.  Nor  did  he  discover  less  cou- 
rage at  the  siege  of  Tournay,  the  year  following,  where  he 
twice  narrowly  escaped  death ;  and  iat  the  battle  of  Mai-' 
plaquet,  far  from  being  shocked  by  the  dreadful  carnage 
which  attended  the  engagement,  he  declared  in  the  even- 
ing, -••  that  fee  was  well  pleased  with  the  day."  In  1711, 
he  followed  the- king  of  Poland  to-Stralsund,  where  he 
swam  over  the  river,  in  sight  of  the  enemy,  with  his  pistol 
in  his  band,  during  which  time  he  saw,  without  any  seem- 
ing emotion,  three  officers  and  above  twenty  soldiers  fall 
by  hi»  side.  When  he  retired  to  Dresden,  the  king,  who 
had  been  witness  to  bis  courage  and  abilities,  raised  a  com- 
pany of  bdrse  for  him.  Count  Sa^e  spent  the  whole  win- 
ter in  teaching  his  regiment  some  new  evolutions,  which 
he  bad  invented,  and  marched  them  against  the  Swedes 
the  year  following.  Tliis  regiment  suffisred  much  at  the 
battle  of  Gadelbush,  where  he  made  them  return  three 
times  to  the  attack.  This  campaign  being  ended,  mad.  de 
Konigsmarc  married  him  to  the  young  countess  de  Loben, 
a  rich  and  amiable  lady,  whose  name  was  Fiitorta,  which 
name,  count  Base*  afterwards  said,  contributed  as  much  td 
frr  bis  choice  on  the  countess,  as  her  beauty  and  large  for- 
tune. Thi»  lady  brought  him  a  son,  who  died  young,  andf 
the  coant  having  at  length  a  disagreement  with  her,  pro- 
cured his  marriage  to  be  dissolved  in  1721,  but  proniised; 
Ae  coantess  never  to  marry  again,  and  kept  bis  word.  She 
married  a  SaKon  officer  soon  after,  by  whom  she  had  three 
ttbildren,  and  they  li^ed  in  harmony  together.  It  was  with 
gfreat  reluctance  that  the  countess  had  consented  to  her 
tnarriage  being  dissolved,  for  she-  loved  count  Base ;  and 
the  ^  latter  frequently  repented  afterwards  of  having  taken 
Vol.  XXVII.  •    P 


SlO  S  A  X  E. 

such  a  step.  He  continued  to  signalize  bioti^lf  in  the  war 
against  Sweden,  was  at  the  siege  of  Stralsund  in  December 
1715,  when  Charles  XII.  was  blocked  up,  and  bad  the 
satisfaction  of  seeing  him  in.  the  midst  of  his  grenadiers* 
The  behaviour  of  this  celebrated  warrior  inspired,  count 
Saxe  with  a  high<legree  of  veneration,  which  be  ever  re* 
tained  for  bis  memory.  He  served  against  the  TurJcs  in 
Hungary  in  1717,  and  on  bis  return  to  Poland  in  1718^ 
received  the  order  of  the  white  eagle  from  the  king.  In 
1720,  be  visited  France,  and  the  duke  of  Orleans,  tbeji  re- 
gent, gave  him  a  brevet  of  marechal  de  camp.  Count  Saxe 
afterwards  obtained  leave,  from  bis  Polish  majesty  to  serve 
it)  France,  where  he  purchased  a  German  regiment  in  1722, 
which  afterwards  bore  his  nam^.  He  changed  the  ancient 
exercise  of  this  regiment  for  one  of  bis  own  invention  ;  and 
the  chevalier  Folard,  on  seeing  this  exercise,  foretold  im- 
mediately, in  his  Commentary  on  Polybius,  torn.  Ill.b.  ii. 
chap.  14,  that  count  Saxe  would  be  a  great  general.  >Dur«» 
ing  bis  residence  in  France,  he  learnt  mathematics  ami  the 
art  of  fortification  with  astonishing  facility,  till  1725,  wh«n 

Srince  Ferdhiand,  duke  of  Courland,  falling  dangerously 
.  1  in  the  month  of  December,  he  turned  his  thoughts  to 
obtaining  the  sovereignty  of  Courland.  With  this  view,  fae 
set  otit  for  Mittau,  and  arrived  tbere,'  May  18,  1726.  He 
was  received  with  open  arms  by  the  states,  and  had  seve^^ 
ral  private  interviews  with  the  duchess,  dowager  of  Cour- 
land, who  had  resided  there  since  her  husband's  decease. 
This  lady  was  Anne  Iwanaw,  second  daughter  of  the  cz,ar 
twan  Alexiowitz,  brother  of  Peter  the  Great.  Count  Saxe^ 
having  communicated  his  design  to  h^r,  soon  engaged  her 
in  his  interests  ;  and  she  acted  with  such  indefatigable  ar* 
dour,  and  conducted  affairs  so  well,  that  be  was  unani- 
Qiously  elected  duke  of^  Courland,  July  5,  1726»  This, 
choice  being  opposed  by  Poland  and  Russia,  the  duchess 
supported  count  Saxe  with  all  her  interest,  and  even  went 
to  Riga  and  Petersburg,  where  she  redoubled  her  soliqita- 
tions  in  favour  of  the  late  election.  There  seems  indeed 
to  be  no  doubt,  but  that,  if  the  count  bad  ret^urned  her 
paasion,  he  would  not  only  have  maintained  his  ground  in 
Courland,  but  shared  the  throne  of  Russia,  which  this  prin- 
cess afterwards  ascended ;  but,  during  his  st^y  at  Mittau^ 
an  affair  of  gallantry  between  him  and  one  of  her  ladies 
broke  off  the  marriage,  and  induced  the  duchess  to  abao- 
Aou  him.    From  that  moment  tHe  count's  affairs  took  aa 


SAX  E.  211 

linhappy  turn,  and  he  was  forced  to  go  back  to  Paris  iit 
1729.     The  following  remarkable,  circumstance  occurred 
during  the.  course  of  ^is  enterprise :  Having  written  from 
Courlandto  France  for  a  supply  of  men  and  money,  made* 
moiselle  le  Couvreur,  a  celebrated  actress,  who  was  at  that 
time  attached  to  him,  pawned  her  jewels  and  plate,  i^nd 
sent  him  40,000  livres.     When  count  Saxe  returned  to 
Paris,  he  applied  himself  to  obtain  a  complete  knowledge 
of  the  mathematics,  and  acquired  a.  taste  for  mef:hanic^» 
He  refused  the  command  of  the  Polish  army  oSered  him 
by  the  king,  his  brother,  iu;  1733,  and  distinguished  him*- 
self  on  the  Rhine  under  marechal  Berwick,  particularly  at 
the  lines  of  Etlingen,  and  th^  siege  of  Philip^burg,  a^ter 
which   he  was  made  lieutenant-general  Aggust.  1,    1734* 
Hostilities  having  recommenced  on  the  death  of  the  empe* 
rpr  Charles  VI.  count  Saxe  took  Prague  by^assault^  Nov. 
26,  1741,  then  Egra  and  Ellebogen,  raised  a  .regiment  of 
Hulians,    and  brought  back  marechal  de  BrogUo^s  arqiy 
upon  the  B^hine,  where  h^  fixed  various  posts,  and  ^seized 
the  trenches  of  Lanterburg.     He  was  appointed  marechal 
of  Flrance,  March.  26,   17^4,    atud   commanded  the  main 
body  of  the  army  in  Flanders,  where  he,  so  exactly  ob- 
served the  motions  of  the  enemies,  who  were  superior,  ia 
number,,  and  made  use  of  such  excellent  ma,noeuvres,  that 
he  reduced  tnem  to  remain  inactive,  for  they  were  afraid 
to  undertake  any  thing.  .  This  caoapaign  in  Flanders  did 
count  Saxe  great  honour,  and  was  considered  as  a  chef- 
d'oeuvre  of  tlie  military  art. ,   Pe  wonthe  famous  battie.of 
Fontenoi,  undei^  the  king's  compaand^  May  U>  1745,  where^ 
though  sick  and  weak,  he  gave  his  orders  with  such  pre- 
sence of  mind,  vigilance,  qourage,  and  judgment,  as  n^ade 
him  the  adnriiration  of  the  whole  army.     This  victory  was 
followed  by  the  capture  of  Tournay,  whiqh  the  French  be- 
sieged ;  of  Ghent,  Bruges,  Oudenarde,  Osteqd,  Ath,,&c«; 
and  at  the  time  that  the  campaign  was  supposed  tovbe 
finished,  he  took  Brussels,  February  28,  1746.     Nor  was 
the  next  campaign  less  honourable  to  count  Saxe.     He 
won  the  battle  of  Raucoux,  Oct.  1 1,  the  same  year,  1746  ; 
'  and  bis  majesty,  to  reward  such  a  constant  series  of  glo- 
rious services,  declared  him  marechal  general, of  his  camps 
and^nrmies,  Jan.  12,  1747..    Marechal  Saxe  carried  troops 
into  Zealand,  gained  the  battle  of  Lanfeldt,  July  2  follow- 
ing, approved  the  siege  of  Bergen-op-Zoom,  of  which  M. 
de  Loewen  made  himself  roasted,  and  took  Maestrecbt, 

P  3 


212  S  A  X  E. 

May  ly  1748.  In  consequence  of  these  victories  a  peace 
was  concluded  at  Aix-la-Chapelle^  Oct.  18,  the  same  year^ 
Marecbal  Saxe  went  afterwards  to  Chambord,  which  the 
king  had  giten  him,  ordered  his  regiment  of  Hullans  thU 
ther^  and  kept  a  s^ud  of  wild  horses,  more  proper  for  lio^ht 
cavalry  than  those  used  by  the  French.  ,He  visited  Berlin 
some  time  after,  and  was  magnificently  entertained  by  hi» 
Prussian  majesty.  On  his  return  to  Paris,  he  formed  a  plan 
for  the  establishment  of  a  colony  in  the  island  of  Tobago ; 
but  gave  it  up,  when  he  found  that  England  and  Holland 
opposed  it.  Count  Saxe  died,  after  a  nine  days^  illness,  at 
Chambord,  Nov<  30,  1750,  in  the  fifty -fourth  year  of  his 
age.  He  ivrote  a  bbok  on  the  art  of  war,  called  ^^  Mes 
Reveries,"  of  which  a  very  splendid  edition,  with  his  life, 
was  published  in  1757,  2  vols.  4to.  There  is  also  an  Eng- 
lish translation  of  it.  His  **  Life"  was  printed  in  1752,  3 
vols.  12mo,  reprinted  often. 

Count  Saxe  was  a  man  of  ordinary  stature,  of  a  robust 
censtitutioh,  and  extraordinary  strength.  To  an  aspect, 
noble,  warlike,  and  nlild,  he  joined  many  excellent  quali- 
ties of  disposition.  AfFabJe  in  his  manners,  and  disposed 
to  sympathize  with  the  unfortunate,  his  generosity  some- 
times tarried  him  beyond  the  limits  of  his  fortune.  He 
was  remarkably  careful  of  the  lives  of  his  m^n.  One  day 
a  general  officer  was  pointing  out  to  him  a  post  which  would 
bare  been  of  great  use ;  ^  It  will  only  cost  you,"  said  he, 
^<  a  dozfen  grenadiers:"  "That  would  do  very  well,"  replied 
the  marshal,  "  were  it  only  a  dozen  lieutenant-generals.'' 
He  had  been  edu€iated  and  died  in  the  Ltuheran  religion. 
*^  It  is  a  pity  (said  the  queen  of  France,  when  she  heard  of 
Ills  death)  that  we  cannot  $2iy  o,  smg]e  De-profundts  Jor  a 
iban  who  has  made  us  sing  so  many  Te  Diums^  Religion 
had  not  much  influence  on  his  general  conduct,  but  on  his 
death-bed  he  is  said  to  have  reviewed  bis  errors  with  remorse, 
«knd  expressed  much  penitence.' 

SAXI,  or  SAS8I  (Joseph  Anthony),  an  ecclesiastical 
historian,  was  born  at  Milan  in  1673.  He  for  some  time 
taught  the  belles  lettres  in  his  native  city,  and  afterwardi 
was  employed  as  a  missionary.  Iii  1703  he  was  admitted  a; 
doctor  of  the,  Ambrosian  college  at  Milan,  and  eight  years 
afterwards  was  appointed  director  of  that  college,  and  keeper 
0f  its  fine  library.     He  died  about  1756.     He  wa»  author 

»Dict.BUj,,       .  ,     .         :     ,, 


«  A  X  I.  iiS 

^  lOany  tbeologicftl^  bistioricaly  and  chronological  works, 
4aioDg  which  are,  1.  *^  Epistolaad  Card.  Quirium  de  Lite* 
ratura  Mediolanensiuoi,"  4to.  2.  '<  De  Scudiis  Medioia* 
nensium  Antiquis  et  Novis/'  Milan,  1729.  9u  <<  Arcbi* 
episcoporuin  Mediolanensiuin  Series  critico-chronologioa,*' 
ibid.  1756,  4to.  4.  '<  St.  Caroli  Borromei  Homilie,  prefa* 
tione  et  notis/*  1747,  &c.  5  toIs.  fol.  Some  of' the  works 
of  Saxi  have  been  inserted  in  the  collection  ^^  Rerum  ItaK** 
carum  Scriptore^"  by  Muratori.^ 

SAXI  US  (Christopher),  a  very  learned  philologer  and 
literary  historian,  wa$  born  at  Eppendorff,  a  village  betweM 
Chemnitz  and  Freyberg,  in  Saxony,  where  his  father  was 
a  clergyman,  Jan.  13^  1714.     His  proper  name  was  Chris* 
topher  Gqttlob  Sacb,  which,  when  he  commenced  author, 
he  Latinized  into  Sachsius,  and   afterwsrdff  into  Saxius, 
dropping  the  Gottlob  altogether.     His  father  first  gave  blm 
some  instructions  in  the  learned  languages,  which  he  after* 
wards  improved  at  the  school  of  Chemnitz,  but  more  effec* 
tually  at  the  electoral  school  of  Misnia,  where  he  also  stu* 
died  classical  antiquities,  history,  and  rhetoric,  and  in  1735 
went  to  Leipsic  with  the  strongest  recommendatioas  for  tn«> 
dustry  and  proficiency.     Here  he  studied  philosophy  under 
the  celebrated  Wolff,  but  as  he  had  already  perused  the 
writings  both  of  the  ancient  and  modern  philosophers  witk 
profound  attention,  he  is  said  to  have  had  the  courage  to 
differ  from  the  current  opinions.     Philosophy,  however,  as 
then  taught,  was  less  to  his  taste  than  the.study  of  antiqui- 
ties, classical  knowledge,  and  literary  history,  to  which  be 
'  determined  to  devote  his  days ;  and  the  instructions  of  pro* 
fessor  Christ,  and  his  living  in  the  house  with  Menkenius, 
who  had  an  excellent  library,  were  circumstances  which 
very  powerfully  confirmed  this  resolution.  He  had  not  been 
here  above  a  year,  when  two  young  noblemen  were  confided 
to  his  care,  and  this  induced  him  to  cultivate  the  modern 
languages  most  in  use.     His  first  disputation  had  for  its 
subject,    "  VindicifiB   secundum    libertatem   pro   Maronis 
JEneide,  cui  manuih  Jo.  Harduious  nuper  assertor  injece- 
rat,"  Leipsic,  1737.   Amongother  learned  men  who  iiighly 
applauded  this  dissertation  was  the  second  Peter  Burmann, 
in  the  preface  to  his  Virgil,  but  who  afterwards,   in    his 
character  as.  a  critic,  committed  some  singular  mistakes  in 
condemning  Saxius,  while  be  applauded  Sachsius,  not  know* 

>  Diet.  Hist. 


«1*  S  A  X  I  U  S. 

ing  that  they  were  one  and  the  same.  In  1738  Saxius  took 
'  bis  master^s  degree,  and  commenced  his  literary  career  by 
writing  a  number  of  critical  articles  in  the  "  Nova  acta 
eruditoram,"  and  other  literary  journals,  from  this  year  to 
1747.  This  employment  involved  him  sometimes  in' con- 
troversies with  bis  learned  brethren,  particularly  with  Peter 
Burmann,  or  with  foreign  authors  with  who^e- works  henad 
taken  liberties.  In  1745  he  visited  the  most  considerable 
parts  of  Germany,  and  Was  at  Franckfort  on  the  Maine 
during  the  coronation  of  the  Emperor.  In  1752  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  history,  antiquities,  and  rhetoric  at 
Utrecht,  and  on  entering  on  his  office  pronounced  an  ora* 
tion  on  the  science  of  antiquity,  which  was  printed  in  1753, 
4to.  .  After  this  his  life  seems  to  have  been  devotf  d  entirely 
to  the  duties  of  his  professorship,  and  the  composition  of  a 
great  many  works  on  subjects  of  philology  and  criticism, 
some  in  German,  but  principally  in  Latin.  The  most 
considerable  of  these,  the  only  one  much  knQwnin  this 
country,  is  his  "  Onomasticon  Literarium,"  or  Literary 
,  Dictionary,  consisting  of  a  series  of  biographical  and  criti- 
cal notices  or  references  respecting  the  most  eminent  writers 
of  every  age  or  nation,  and  in  every  branch  of  literature^ 
in  chronological  ordeir.  The  first  volume  of  this  appeared 
in  L775,  8vo,  and  it  continued  to  be  published  until  seven 
▼olumes  were  completed,  with  a  general  Index,  in  1790, 
To  this,  in  1793,  he  added  an  eighth  or  supplementary  vo- 
lume, from  which  we  have  extracted  some  particulars  of  his 
lif^,  as  given  by  himself.  This  is  a  work  almost  indispen- 
sable to  biographers,  and  as  the  work  of  one  man,  must 
have  been  the  production  of  inany  years'  Ubour  and  atteur 
tion.  Some  names,  however,  are  omitted,  which  we  m^gbt 
have  expected  to  find  in  it ;  and  the  English  series,  as  in 
every  foreign  undertaking  of  the  kind,  is  very  impeffect. 
We  have  seen  no  account  of  his  latter  days.  lie  lived  to  a 
very  advanced  age,  dying  at  Utrecht,  May  3,  1.806,  in  his 
ninety-second  year.*  "    ,  • 

SAXO  (Grammaticus),  a  Danish  historian,  is  supposed 
to  have  been  a  native  of  Denmark,  but  this  has  been  a 
disputed  point.  As  to  bis  name  Sachse^  it  is  evident  from 
inany  monuments  of  Danish  antiquity,  that  it  is  of  no  ob- 
scure or  late  origin  in  the  history  of  Denmark.  Saxo  him* 
self  calls  the  D^nes  his  countrymen,  Denmark  l^is  country; 

>  Saxii  Onomast.  toI.  VIIL-^Haclti  de  Vilis  Philolcgorum,  vol.  I. 


8  A  X  O;  215 

.  .  .  • 

tnd'speaking  of  the  kings^  he  terms  them  our  kings.  Some 
attribute  bis'oirigin  to  Ambria',  othefs  with  more  reason  tq 
Stalandia,  a  Danish  island.  The  natne  Scalandicus  is  also 
added  to  that  of  Saxo,  in  some  editions  of  his  works.  He 
has  been  called  Longus,  which  has  induced  some  to  attri- 
bute his  descent  to  the  noble  family  of  the  Langii.  Others 
have  rather  chosen  to  ascribe  this  name  to  the  height  of  his 
stature.  Saxo,  in  bis  preface,  speaks  of  his  ancestors  as 
having  been  distinguished  in  war,  which  indicates  that  they 
were  of  no  ignoble  race.  His  name  of  Grammaticus  was 
titular,  and  expressive  of  his  attainments  in  literature. 
There  are  difiFerent  opinions  concerning  the  year  of  his 
birth.  It  is,  however,  certain  that  he  flourished  in  the 
twelfth  century.  Carpzovius  endeavoured,  by  some  acute 
and  subtile  reasonings^  to  ascertain  the  date.  The  educa- 
tion of  Saxo  is  equally  involved  in  uncertainty.  Pontoppi- 
dan  supposes  that  he  studied  at  Paris,  and  there  acquired 
the  elegance  of  style  for  which  he  afterwards  was  distin-^ 
guished«  It  is  certain,  that  in  the  12th  century  the  Cimbri 
and  the  Danes  frequently  went  to  France  for  education.  It 
ma}',  howevei*,  be  doubted,  whether  in  the  rage  for  trifle 
which  then  prevailed  at  Paris,  Saxo  could  have  procured  a 
master  who  was  capable  of  instructing  him.  We  must  bQ 
rather  inclined  to  suppose  that  he  owed  his  attainments  tq 
his  own  industry  and  talents.  It  appears  that  he  applied 
to  theology,  for  we  find  him  appointed  capitular  in  the 
bishopric  of  Lundens,  and  afterwards  a  prefect  in  the  ca* 
thedral  of  Roschild.  While  he  filled  this  office  he  was  sent, 
in  1 161,  by  Absalon,  the  bishop  of  Roschild,  to  Paris,  with 
a  view  of  inviting  some  monks  from  St.  Qenevieve,  who 
might  correct  the  depraved  morals  of  those  which  belonged 
to  Eskilsco.  William  Abbas  accepted  the  invitation  of 
Saxo,  and  three  brothers  followed  him.  These  monks  in- 
troduced into  Denmark  the  monastic  discipline  which  had 
been  prescribed  by  St.  Augustine.  Various  opinions  have 
been  offered  about  the  date  of  Saxons  death.  Pontanus 
supposes  it  to  have  beenin  the  year  1208.  Some  conjecture 
the  time  to  bavebeen^  1190,  others  in  1201.  But,  when 
we  reflect  that  in  his  preface  he  speaks  of  Waldemar  II. 
who  ascended  the  throne  of  Dennoark  in  1203,  and  that 
Andrew  Suno,  to  whom  the  history  is  dedicated^  succeeded 
Absalon  in  the  bishopric  in  1202,  we  cannot  agree  with 
those  who  have  adopted  the  earlier  dates.  Thou|;h  some 
others  have  fixed  the  date  in  1204>  and  others  in  1206,  the 


316  S  A  X  O. 

general  opinion  is,  that  he  died  in  12O89  aged  upwardg  ctf 
seventy;  He  was  buried  in  the  cathedral  of  Roschild. 
Three  centuries  afterwards,  an  inscription  was  added  to  hia 
tomb  by  Lago  Urne,  bishop  of  Scalandre.  Though  more 
elegant  verses  might  have  been  invented,  says  Klotzius, 
none  could  have  been  more  true. 

Absalon,  bishop  of  Roschild,  first  instigated  Saxo  to  un<» 
dertake  the  history  of  Denmark,  and  assisted  him  with  his 
advice  and  with  books.  Saxo  employed  twenty  years  iii 
accomplishing  his  undertaking,  and  at  last  rendered  it  wor- 
thy the  expectations  of  Absalon :  who,  however,  died  be-^ 
fore  the  history  was  completed,  which  Saxo  inscribed  to 
Andrew  Suno,  who  was  the  successor  to  the  see.  After 
remaining  in  MS.  for  three  hundred  years,  Cfaristianus  Pe« 
traeus  undertook  the  publication,  having  received  the  ma<» 
nuscript  accurately  written  from  Bergeius  the  archbishop 
.  of  Lundens.  It  was  delivered  to  be  printed  to  Jodocus  Ba« 
dius  Ascensius,  and  was  published  at  Paris  in  1514,  and 
re-published  at  Basil,  in  i534>  by  Oporinus.  A  third  edi« 
tion  appeared  at  Francfort  on  the  Maine,  in  1576.  At  last, 
jStephanus  Johannes  Stephanius,  historian  to  the  king,  and 
professor  of  eloquence  and  history  in  the  university  of  Soraj 
with  the  aid  of  some  Danish  nobles,  and  the  liberal  con^ 
tribution  of  the  king,  was  enabled  to  publish  an  edition  of 
Saxo,  in  folio,  printed  at  Sora,  1644.  A  second  part  df 
the  volume  appeared  in  the  following  3^ar,  containing  the 
*^  Prolegomena,'*  and  copious  notes.  There  is  a  later  edi« 
tion  by  Christ.  Adolphus  Klotz,  printed  at  Leipsic  in 
177 J,  4to,  and  there  are  several  Danish  translations.  The 
credibility  of  Saxo  is  somewhat  doubtful,  but  his  style  it 
good,  and  much  praised  by  critics  of  authority.^ 

SAY  (Samu£L),  a  dissenting  minister  of  considerable 
talents,  was  born  in  1675,  and  was  the  second  son  of  the 
Kev.  Giles  Say,  who  had  been  ejected  from  the  vicarage 
of  St.  MichaePs  in  Southamptoh  by  the  Bartholomew-act 
in  1662  ;  and,  after  king  James  the  second's  liberty  nf  con- 
scieiice,  was  chosen  p^istor  of  a  dissepting  congregation  at 
Guestwick  in  Norfolk,  where  he  eontinued  till  bis  death, 
April  7,  1 6953,  Spme  years  after,  the  subject  of  this  article 
beiug  at  South wark,  where  he  bad  been  at  school,  and 
conversing  with  some  of  ^the  dissenters  of  that  place,  met 

• 

1  From  the  last  edit,  of  thli  Diet,  probably  tak^n  from  Klotaiaa'f  Prolefpomeoi* 
^  — Diet.  HifU 


SAY.  sit 

with  a  woman  of  great  reputation  fof  pletf^  who  told  him^ 
with  jpy,  that  a  $eraion  on  P9.  cxix«  130^  preached  by  his 
father  thirty  years  before^  was  the  means  of  her  conversion. 
Being  strongly  inclined  to  the  ministry,  Mr.  Say  entered 
a$  a  pupil  in  the  academy  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Thomas  Rowe 
at  London  about  1692,  where  he  had  for  his  feliow^stu- 
dents  Mr.  (afterwards  Dr.)  Isaac  Watts,  Hughes  the  poet, 
and  Mr.  Josiah  Hort,  afterwards  archbishop  of  Tuam.  When 
he  had  finished  his  studies,  he  became  chaplain  to  Thomas 
Scott,  esq.  of  Lymioge  in  Kent,  in  whose  family  he  conti- 
nued three,  years.  Thence  he  removed  to  Andover  ip 
Hampshire,  then  to  Yarmouth  in  Norfolk,  and  soon  after 
to  Lowestoffin  Suffolk,  where  he  continued  labouring  in 
word  and  doctrine  eighteen  years.  He  was  afterwards  co- 
pastor  with  the  Rev,  Mr.  Samuel  Baxter  at  Ipswich  nine 
years;  and  lastly  was  called,  in  17S4,  to  succeed  Dr.  Ed- 
mund Calamy  in  Westminster,  where  he  died  at  hi^  house 
in  James-street,  April  12,  1743,  of  a  mortification  in  his 
bowels,  in  the  sixty-eighth  year  of  his  age. 

In  his  funeral* sermon,  preached  by  Dr.  Obadiah  Hughes, 
and  afterwards  printed,  a  due  elogium  is  paid  to  his  mini- 
sterial abilities ;  and,  soon  after  his  death,  a  thin  quarto 
volume  of  his  poems,  with  two  essays  in  prose,  '^  Ou  the 
Harmony,  Variety,  and  Power  of  Numbers,"  written  at 
the  request  of  Mr.  Richardson  the  painter,  were  published 
for  the  benefit  of  his  daughter,  who  married  the  Rev.  -Mr. 
Toms,  of  Hadleigh  in  Suffolk.  The  essays  have  been  much 
admired  by  persons  of  taste  and  judgment.  And  the  Gen- 
tleman^s  Magazine,  for  1780,  p.  568,  has  rescued  from 
oblivion  some  remarks,  by  the  same  judicious  hand,  from 
the  margin  of  a  copy  of  Mr.  Auditor  Benson's  *^  Prefatory 
Discourse  to  his  Edition  of  Johnston's  Psalms,  and  the 
Conclusion  of  that  Discourse,  1741.'' 
.  In  the  preface  to  his  works,  we  are  told  that  Mr.  Say 
*^  was  a  tender  husband,  an  indulgent  father,  and  of  a  most 
benevolent,  communicative  disposition,  ever  ready  to  do 
good,  and  to  distribute.  He  was  well  versed  in  astronomy 
and  natural  philosophy;  had  a  taste  for  music  and  poetry, 
was  a  good  critic,  and  a  master  of  the  classics.  Yet  so 
great  was  his  modesty,  that  he  was  known  only  to  a  few 
select  friends,  and  never  published  above  two  or  three  ser- 
mons, which  were  in  a  manner  extorted  from  him."  Among 
the  modern  Latin  poets  Broukhusius  was  his  favourite^ 
among  the  English,  Milton,  whose  head,  etched  by  Mr. 


ai  J  SAY. 

JUchairSsbn/  »  prefixed  to  fam  second  essay.  A  letter  froni 
Mr.  Say  to  Mr.  Hugfaies,  and  two  from  Mr.  Say  to  Mr.  Dun- 
coipbe,  with  a  Latin  translation  of  the  beginning  of  '<  Pa« 
radise  Lost,"  are  printed  among  the  "  Letters  of  Eminent 
Persons  deceased/,  vol.  I.  and  vol.  H.  His  characters  of 
Mrs.  Bridget  Bendysb,  grand-daughter  of  Oiiver  Cromwell, 
in  tl^e  appendix  to  vol.  IL  first  appeared  (without  a  name) 
in  Gent.  Mag.  1765,  p.  357.  In  the  same  volume,  p.  423, 
<*  The  Resurrection  illustrated  by  the  Changes  of  the  Silk- 
worm^', is  by  the  same  hand.  And  some  of  his  poetical 
pieces  are  in  'Nichpls's  "Select  Collection,  vol.  VL 

Mr.  Say  had  collected  all  the  forms  of  prayer  on  public 
occasions  from  the  time  of  archbishop  Laud,  which  after 
his  death  were  offered  to  the  then  archbishop  of  York  (Dr. 
Herring),  but  were  declined  by  him  as  "  never  likely  to  be 
employed  m  compositions  of  that  sort  for  the  public,  that 
work  being  in  the  province  of  Canterbury,"  Yet,  unlikely 
as  it:  seemed,  this  event  soon  happened.' 

SCiEVOLA.  See  St.  MARTHE. 
;  SC ALA  (Bartholomew),  an  Italian,  eminent  as  a  states- 
man and  man  of  letters,  when  letters  were  just  reviving  in 
Europe,  was  born  about  1424,  some  say.  1430.  He  was 
oply  the  son  of  a  miller;  but,  going  early  to  Florence,  he 
fell  under  the  notice  of  Cosmo  de  Medici;  who,  observing 
uuconqmon  parts  in  him  and  a  turn  for  letters,  took  him 
;iinder  his  protection,  and  gave  him  an  education.  He  stu- 
died the  law  ;  and,  taking  a  doctor's  degree  in  that  faculty, 
frequented  the  bar.  After  the  death  of  Cdsmo  in  1464, 
Peter. de  Medici  shewed  the  same  regard,  for  hiin ;  and 
Scala,,  througti  his  means,  was  trusted  by  the  republic  in 
the  mos^  important  negociations.  In  1471,  the  freedom  of 
tbe  city  was  conferred  on  him  and  his  descendants ;  and  the 
year  after  he  obtained  letters  of  nobility;  he  was  then  se- 
cretary or  chancellor  of  the  republic.  In  1484,  the  Flo- 
rentines sent  a  solemn  embassy  to  Innocent  VIII,  to  con-> 
gcatulate  him  on  his  being  raised  to  the  potitificate ; .  when 
Scala,  one  of  the  embassy,  delivered  a  speech  so  very 
pleasing  to  the  pope,  that  be  was  made  by  hiofi  a  knight  of 
'the  golden  spur,  and  senator  of  Q,ome.  In  1486,  he  was 
made  holy-standard-bearer  to  the  republic.  He  died  at 
Florence  in  141>7  ;  and  left,  among  other  children,  a  daugb- 

•  • 

1  Geot.  Mag.     See  Index. — Abp.  Hemoj^s  Letters.^WiUon^t  Hi^t.  of  Di^*^ 
Hnting  ChurchcF. 


S  C  A  L  A.  ns 

ter.  named  AleKandra.  who  afterwards  bebame  fanioas  foe 
ber  learDing  and  skill  in  the  Greek  and  Latin  tongues. 

During  his  life-time  were  published  the  abovemeationed 
speech  to  pope  Innocent ;  another  speech  which  he  made 
as  chancellor  of  Florence,  ^^  Pro  Imperatoriis  militaribus 
signis  dandis  Constantio  Sfortise  Imperatori^'*  1481;  and 
^^  Apologia  contra  vituperatores  civitatis  Florentise/'  1^96^ 
in  folio.  His  posthumous  works  are  four  books,  ^^  De  His- 
toria  Flbrentina,"  and  "  Vita  di  Vitaliafni  Borromeo ;"  both 
printed  at  Rome  in  1677,  4to.  This  history  of  the  Floren-^ 
tine  r^p^blic  was  written  in' twenty  books,  and  deposited  in 
the  Medicean  library ;  but,  as  only  four  of  these  books  and 
part  of  a  fifth  were  finished,  no  more  have  been  thought  fit 
for  the  press.  He  was  the  author  also  of  "Apologues,** 
and  of  some  Latin  and  Italian  ^*  Poems/'  Some  few  of  his 
letters  have  been  published ;  and  there  are  eight  in  the 
colfection '  of  Politian,  with  whom  Scala,  as  appears  from 
the  correspondence,  had  the  misfortune  to  be  at  variance. 
Politian  probably  despised  him  for  being  his  superior  in 
evetry  thing  but  letters;  and  Scala  valued  himself  too  much 
on  his  opulence.  Erasmus  also  has  not  passed  a  very  fa- 
vourable judgment  on  him  :  he  represents  him  as  a  Cicero- 
nian in  his  style.  Scala*s  daughter  Alexandra,  above  men- 
tioned, was  no  less  distinguished  by  her  personal  beauty, 
than  i)l3r  literary  acquirements^  She  gave  her  hand  to  the 
Greek  Marullus  (See  Makullus);  and  Politian  is  numbered « 
among  her  unsuccessful  admirers;  a  circumstance  that  may 
in  some  degree  account  for  the  asperities  which  marked  his 
controversy  with  her  father.  She  is  said'  to  have  been  as« 
sisted  in  her  studies  by  John  Lascaris,  and  Demetrius  Cbal- 
condylks;  In  evidence  of  her  proficiency,  we  are  told 
thac*she  replied  t6  a  Greek  epigram,  which  the  gallantry  of 
Politian 'addressed  to  her,  in  the  same  language  and  mea- 
sure; and  in  a  public  representation  of  the  '*  Electra*'  of 
Sophocles  at  Florence,  she  undertook'  to  perform  the  prin- 
cipal female  character,  which,  according  to  Politian,  she 
did  with  great  success.     She  died  in  1506.^ 

SCALIGER  (Julius  C^sar),  a  very  learned  and  emi- 
nent critic,  was  born,  according  to  h^  son^s  account,  April 
23,  1484,  at  Ripa,  a  castle  in  the  territory  of  Verona,  and 
was  the  son  of  Benedict  Scaliger,  who,  for  seventeen  years, 
comrmanded  the  troops  of  Matthias,  king  of  Hungary,  to 

I  Tirabos'chf. — ^Geo.  Diet.— OreiswelPs  Politian.«->Roicoe'9  Lorenxo. 


SiO  S  C;A  L  I  G  E  R. 

whom  ha  WM  rejatied.  His  mother  was  Berenice  Lodronia, 
daughter  of  count  Paris.  From  the  same  authority  we 
learn,  that  Scaliger  was  a  descendant  from  the  ancient 
princes  of  Verona ;  bul  while  other  particulars  of  the  birik 
and  family  of  Scaliger  are.  called  in  question,  this  seems  to 
be  refuted  by  the  patent  of  naturalization  which  Francis  L 
granted  him  in  152B,  in  which  such  an  honourable  descent 
would  unquestionably  have  b^en  noticed,  whereas  in  this 

*  instrument  he  is  called  only  ^^  Julius  Csesar  della  Scala  de 
Bordons,  doctor  of  physic,  a  ns^tire  of  Verona*''  When 
therefore,  his  critical  asperities  had  raised  him  enemies, 
they  did  not  fail  to  strip  him  of  bis  royal  origin,  and  in- 
stead of  it,  asserted  that  he  was  the  son  of  a  school-master 
(some  say  an  illuminator)  of  Verona,  one  Benedict  Bor- 
den, who,  removing  to  Venice,  took  the  name  of  Scaliger, 
either  because  he  had  vl  scale  for  his  sign,  or  lived  in  a  street 
called  from  that  instrument;  and  although Thuanus  seems 

.  inclined  to  consider  this  story  as  the  fabrication  of  Augus- 
tine Niphus,  out  of  pique  to  Scaliger,  it  is  certain  that  the 
royal  origin  of  the  Scaligers  has  always  appeared  doubt- 
ful, and  we  have  now  no  means  to  remove  the  unc^* 
tainty. 

He  was  taught  LatiA  at  home,  and,  according  to  his  son^ 
bad  for  his  preceptor  John  Jocundus  of  Verona,  whom  he 
himself  in  various  parts  of  his  works  mentions  as  his  qaaater; 
but  even  this  circumstance  his  opponents  are  not  disposed 
to  credit,  and  tell  us,  that  as  he  was  the  descendant  of 
princes,  it  was  necessary  to  provide  him  with  a  preceptor 
like  Jocundus,  who  was  a  man  not  only  of  high  character, 
but  a  gentleman  by  birth.  They  also  add  some  circum- 
stances which  certainly  make  it  doubtful  whether  Scaliger 
really  was  taught  by  Jocundus,  because  it  was  neither  by 

-his  knowledge  of  Latin,  nor  by  philosophy  or  theology, 
that  Jocundus  acquired  his  reputation,  but  by  bis- skill  in 
the  fine  arts.  (See  JocuKDUS.)  It  appears,  however^  less 
questionable,  that  at  the  age  of  twelve  Scaliger  was  pre- 
sented to  the  emperor  Maximilian,  who  made  him  one  of 
his  pages,  and  that  he  served  that  emperor  seventeen  years, 
and  gave  proofs  of  his  valour  and  dexterity  in  several  exr 
peditions,  in  which  he  attended  his  master.  He  was  at 
the  battle  of  Ravenna  in  1512,  in  which  be  lost  his  father 
and  brother  Titus,  whose  bodies  he  conveyed  to  Ferrara, 
where  his  mother  resided,  who  some  time  after  died  with 
grief. 


S  C  A  L  I  G  E  R.  Ml 

His  father  dying  in  narrovr  circuoistanceSy  Soaliger  found 
himself  almost  without  a  maintenance,  and  therefore  re- 
solved to  enter  into  the  Franciscan  order,  for  which  purpose 
be  went  to  Bologna,  and  applied  himself  vigorously  to 
study,  especially  to  logic  and  Scotus^s  divinity  ;  but  chang- 
ing his  views  of  the  ecclesiastical  profession,  he  agarn 
entered  into  the  army,  and  served  some  time  in  Piedmont. 
A  physician,  whdm  be  knew  at  Turin,  persuaded  hira  to 
study  physic ;  and  accordingly  he  prosecuted  it  at  his  lei* 
sure  hours,  while  he  was  in  the  army  :  he  likewise  learned 
the  Greek  language,  of  which  he  had  been  entirely  igno^ 
rant  till  then.  At  length,  frequent  attacks  of  the  gous 
determined  him,  at  forty  years  of  age,  to  abandon  a  mili- 
tary life,  and  devote. himself  entirely  to  the  profession  of 
physic.  In  this  he  had  already  acquired  both  skill  and 
fame,  and  the  bishop  of  Agen,  being  indisposed,  and  ap« 
prehending  some  need  of  a'  physician  in  his  journey  to  his 
diocese,  requested  Scaliger  to  attend  him.  8caliger  con<« 
sented  upon  condition  that  he  should  not  stay  at  Agen 
above  eight  days :  there,  however,  he  conceived  an  at*» 
lachment  for  a  young  lady,  said  to  be  not  more  than  thir-^ 
teen  years  of  age,  and  remained  at  Agen  waiting  for  her 
parents'  consent.  That  obtained,  he  married  her  in  1529, 
lived  with  her  twenty-nine  years,  and  had  fifteen  children 
by  her,  seven  of  whom  survived  him.  Whatever  bis  ori« 
gin,  he  must  have  beien  now  a  man  of  some  consideration, 
tor  this  lady  was  of  a  noble  and  opulent  family. 

After  his  settlement  at  Ag^n,  be  began  to  apply  himself 
seriously  to  those  general  studies  which  made  him  most 
known  in  the  literary  world.  He  learned  the  French  tongue^ 
at  bis  first  cominjg,  which  he  spoke  perfectly  well  in  thn&e 
months ;  and  then  made  himself  master  of  the  Gascon, 
Italian,  Spanish,  German,  Hungarian,  and  Sclavonian^ 
During  these  studies,  he  maintained  himself  by  the  prac* 
tice  of  physic.  It  is  probable  that  he  had  taken  a  doctor's 
degree  in,  this  faculty  at  Padua;  for,  the  letters  of  natu* 
ralieation,  which  were  granted  him  by  Francis  I.  in  1528> 
give  him  this  title.     As  he  begdn  his  studies  late,  it  was 

J'  roportionably  so  before  he  commenced  author,  none  of 
is  ivorks  having  appeared  until  he  was  forty»seven;  but 
he  soon  gained  a  name  in  the  republic  of  letters,  which 
was  jboth  great  and  formidable.  From  this  time^  compo- 
fcuion  and  controversy  employed  htm  till  his  death,  which 
happitaied  ia  14^58,    in  the  seventy-^fourlb  year   of  k^i 


^M  S  C  A  L  I  G  E  R. 

age.      His  epitaph  waS|    ^'Julii  Caesaris  Scaligeri  quod 
fuit.'' 

His  son  Joseph  has  described  him  as  a  man  with  many 
excellent  qualities  both  of  body  and  mind  ;  tall,  well-made^ 
of  a  noble  and  venerable  air,  and  yery  strong  and  active 
even  to  old  age ;  of  such  sagacity*^  that  he  could  divine 
the  characters  of  men  from  their  looks ;  of  a  prodigious 
memory ;  singularly  averse  to  every  departure  from  truth, 
and  so  charitable  that  his  house  was  a  kind  of  hospital  to 
the  indigent  and  distresfsed.  With  these  good  qualities, 
however,  he  had  an  insupportable  pride  and  vanity,  and 
a  fastidious  aud  petulant  temper,  which  was  excited  to  fury 
by  every  difference  from  his  opinions,  and  every,  the  least 
contradiction,  or  fancied  mark  of  disrespect.  This  ap- 
peared particularly  in  his  treatment  of  Erasmus,  wjho,  in 
his  "  Ciceronianus,  sivevde  pptimo  dicendi  genere,".  had 
ridiculed  certain  of  the  learned  in  Italy,  who  would  allow 
no  expressions  to  be  pure  latinity  but  what  were  to  be  i 
found  in  Cicero ;  and  had  even  criticised  the  style  of  Ci- 
cero himself,  for  whom,  nevertheless, '  he  had  the  pro- 
fouhdest  veneration.  This  provoked  Scaliger  to  publish 
two  orations  in  his  defence;  m  which  he  treated  his. an- 
tagonist with  the  utmost  virulence  of  contempt.  The  death 
of  Erasmus,  however,  which  happened  while  th^  second 
oration  was  printing,  appears  to  have  softened  Scs^liger^s 
heart,. and  he  wrote  a  poem,  in  which  he  expressed  great 
grief  at  his  dying  before  they  were  reconciled,  and  shewed 
a  willingness  to  acknowledge  bis  great  virtues  and.merit. 

Julius  CsBsar  Scaliger  was  certainly  a  man  of  extraordi- 
nary capacity,  and  of  great  talents  both  natural  and  ac- 
qtiired^  but  those  who  were  his  contemporaries,  or  who 
}ived  nearest  to  his  times,  have  spoken  of  him  in  language 
too  nearly  approaching  to  extravagance.  Colerus  dpes  not 
scruple  to  say,  that  he  was  the  greatest  philosopher  sinoe 
Aristotle,  the  greatest  poet  since  Virgil,  and  the  greatest 
physician  since  Hippocrates.  Lipsius  goes  a  little. farther, 
find  not  only  gives  us  Homer,  Hippocrates,  Aristotle,  and 
Scaliger,  as  the  four  greatest  men  that  ever  appeared,  but 
adds,  that  he  prefers  Scaliger  to  the  three  others.  The 
elder  Vossius  ascribes  to  him  a  sort  of  human. divinity  ;.and 
H^et  thinks  he  was  expressly  formed  by  nature  as  a  con* 
solation  for  our  degeneracy  in  these  latter  days.'  From 
these,  and  other  encomiums,  which  might  be  multiplied 
by  a  reference  to  the  works  of.  bis  contemporaries  and  im^ 


S  C  A  L-  I  G  EJEU  331 

tnedjate  successors,  it  is  le^ident  that  his  repataHon  was 
great  and  extensive ;  and  if  he  tfegaa  tgo  study  and  to  write 
so  late  in  life  as  has  been  report^d^  it  is  .«ai»y  to  believe  that 
his  endowcneqts  and  appiicatipQ^Qiu^t  have  been  of  the 
most  extraordinary  kind.  A:  list  >of  his  principal  worksy 
therefore,  seems  necessary  to  illugstrate  his  character..  !• 
*^  Exotericarum  exercitationum  liber  quintus  deci^tnus  de 
subtilitate  ^d  Hieronymum  Cardanum/'  Paris,  15,5,7^  .4to, 
often  reprinted  in  8vo.  He  calls  this  attack  on  Cacdao  the 
fifteenth  book,  because  he  had  written  fourteen  others 
under  the  same  title  of  "  J^xercitationes,"  which  had  no 
relation  to  Cardan..  [These,  however,  never  were  pub- 
lished. 2.  "  In  Theopbr^sti  libros  sex  de  cgusis  planta- 
rum  commentarii,"  Geneva,  1566,  folio.  3.  "Commen- 
tarii  in  Aristoteli  ail^qriptos;  libros  duos,  de  plantis,"  ,ibid^ 
1566,  folio,  4.  V^A|ristp(e]is  Hist.  Animalium  liber  decimus, 
ac  versione  et  comq^ntario,"  Lyons,  1584,  8vo.  This  was 
a  prelude  to  the  entijre  work  published  by  Maussac  at 
Toulouse,  in  1619,  fol.  "  AristoteJis  Hist.  Animalium,  Gr. 
&  Lat.  ex  versione  et  cum  comme.ntariis  J.  C.  Scaligerl" 
5.  "  Animadversiones  in  Theophrasti  historias  plantarum,'' 
Lyons,  1584,  8vo.  6.  "  Commentarii  in  Hippocratis  li- 
brum  de  Insomniis,'*  Gr.  &  Lat.  Lyons,  1538,  8vo,  re- 
printed several  times  after.  7.  "  De  causis  linguas  Latinas 
libri  XIII."  Lyons,  1540,  4to,  &c.  This  is  esteemed  one 
of  his  most  valuable  Works.  8.  "  J.  C.  Scaligeri  adversus 
Desiderium  Erasmum  orationes  duae  elpquentise  Komanas 
vindices,  cum  ejusdem  epistolis  &  opusculis,"  Toulouse, 
1621,  4to.  The  first  of  these  orations,  which  we  have  al- 
ready noticed,  was  printed  at  Paris  in  1531,  8vo,  andseejoas, 
therefore,  to  have  been  the  first  of  pur  authors  publica- 
tions, an  earnest  of  what  the  world  might  expect  both 
from  his  genius  aod  temper.  9.  "  Epistolae,"  Leyden,  1600, 
8vo.  10.  ^^  Epistolsc  nonnullaB  ex  manuscripto  Biblto- 
thecaeZ.  C.  ab  UfFenbach,"  printed  in  the  sixth  and  eighth, 
volumes  of  the  *'  Amcenitates  Litterarise,"  by  Schelhorn. 
They  all'relate  to  his  orations  against  Erasmus.  H.  "  De 
Analogia  sermonis  Latini,"  subjoined  to  Henry  Stephen^s ' 
"  Appendix  ad  Terentii  Varronis  assertiones  analogiae  ser- 
monis, Latini,"  1591,  8vo.  12.  "  Poetices  Libri  Sfeptem,,'% 
1561,.  fol.  and  several  times  reprinted  ;  this  is.  his  greatest 
critical  work,  in  which,  however,  many,  mistakes  and  many 
Ufltennble  opinionis  have  ,been  discovered  by  more  recent 
critics,     13,  **  Heroes,"  or  epigrams  on  Various  personage» 


«24  S  C  A  L  I  G  £  R. , 

of  antiquity,  Lyons/ 1539,  4to.  14.  "  Epidorpides,  seU 
carmen  de  sapientia  et  beatitudine,"  ibid,  1573,  8vo.  15. 
'<  Poemata  in  duas  partes  divisa,**  1574  and  1600,  8 vol 
16.  **' De  comicis  dimensionibus,"  prefixed  to  an  edition 
of  Terence  printed  at  Paris,  1552,  foL* 

SCALIGER  (Joseph  Justus),  son  of  the  preceding,  and 
heir  to  his  talents  and  temper,  was  born  at  Agen  in  1540 ; 
and,  et  eleven  years  of  age,  was  sent  with  two  of  his  bro- 
thers to  the  college  of  Bordeaux,  where  he  was  taught 
Latin.  Three  years  after,  on  the  appearance  of  the  plague, 
he  was  obliged  to  return  home  to  his  father,  who  theii 
superintended  his  education.  He  required  of  him  every 
day  a  short  exercise  or  theme  upon  some  historical  sub- 
ject, and  made  him  transcribe  some  poems,  which  he  him- 
self had  composed.  This  last  task  is  supposed  to  have  in- 
spired him  with  a  taste  for  poetry^  and  so  eager  was  he  to 
show  his  proficiency,  that  he  wrote  a  tragedy  upon  the 
story  of  Oedipus  before  he  was  seventeen.  His  father 
dying  in  1558,  he  went  to  Paris  the  year  following  to  study 
Greek,  and  attended  the  lectures  of  Turnebus  for  two 
months.  But  finding  the  usual  course  too  dilatory,  he  re- 
solved to  study  it  by  himself,  and  with  the  assistance  of 
some  knowledge,  of  the  conjugations,  attenripted.  to  read 
Homer  with  a  translation,  in  which  he  succeeded  very 
soon,  and  at  the  same  time  formed  to  himself  a  kind  of 
grammar,  with  which  he'  was  enabled  to  proceed  to  the 
other  Greek  poets,  and  next  to  the  historians  and  orators, 
and  by  persevering  in  this  course,  he  gained  in  the  space 
of  two  years  a  perfect  knowledge  of  the  language.  He 
afterwards  turned  his  thoughts  to  the  Hebrew,  whicli  he^ 
leajrned  by  bimselT  in  the  same  manner.  All  are  agreed 
indeed,  that  he  had  an  extraordinary  capacity  for  learning 
languages,  and  is  said  to  have  been  well  skilled  in  no  less 
than  thirteen.  He  made  the  same  progress  in  the  sciences, 
and  in  every  branch  of  literature;  and  he  at  length  obtained 
the  reputation  of  being  the  most  learned  man  of  his  age, 
and  his  biographers  have  handed  down  to  us  little  else  than 
the  progress  of  his  studies  and  the  chronology  of  his  publi- 
cations. In  1503  he  was  invited  to  the  university  of  Ley- 
den,  tq  be  honorary  professor  of  Bellas  Lettres,  on  which 
occasion,  if  we  may  believe  the  "  Menagiana,"  tienry  IV. 

1  Gen.  Bict.-'-l^iceroD,  vol.  £XlII.r-Life  by  b»  son  in  Bates'i  Vit»  Seieetoi- 
ru».— $.«xii  OuoiQiasticon. 


9.  C  A  I;  I  O  E  R,  9ii 

of  F<tTi0e  tr^ted  bim  with. great  ctMn^s$  add  ntsg^tdx^ 
Scaliger  had  determined  to  accept  the  offer ;  andf  waiting 
upon  the  king  to  acquaint  him  ivith  his  jonrnej^  and  th^ 
occasion  of  it,  \^  Well,  Mr.  Scaliger,**  said  his  maje^ty^ 
*^  the  Dutch  want  to  have  yoo  with  them,  and  tp  allow  you 
a  good  stipend :  I  am  glad  of/  it,"  adding  some  other  re* 
mAf]^  of  a  grosser  kind.  ,  Henry  was  no  patcoa  of  learning 
t>r  learned  men;  but  soo^  have  supposed  that  he  wished  to 
mortify  Scaliger,  who  had  already  shewn  too  much  of  his 
fatber^s  vanity  and  arrogant  spirit.  He  now  went  to  Ley-» 
den,  where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his. life;  and  died 
there  of  a  dropsy,  Jan.  21,  1609,  without  having  ever  been 
married*  He  was  i  man  of  perfect  sobriety  of  mannersi 
and  whose  wbole  time  was  well  spent  in  study;*  He  had  as 
great  parts  as  his  father,  and  far  greatei:  Jeaming,  having 
been  trained  to  it  from  bis  infancy,  which  his  father  haa 
not.  He  had  a  profound  veneration  for  bis  fatter^  aad  unf 
fortunately  exteuded  it  to  an  imitation  of  bis  irritable  tem- 
per, and  disrespect  for  his  learned  contemporaries. ^  But  he 
was  often  a  discerner  and  encouriger  of  inetit*  While  at 
Ley  den  he  was  so  struck  with  the  early  apf>eahince  of  .ta« 
Lent  in  Grotius,  that  be  undertook  to  dinect  his  studies. 
Grotiqs  repaid  his  care  by  the  utmost  respect,  and  Scali* 
ger^s  counsels  were  commands  to  him.  ^  The  elder  Scaliger 
lived  and  died  in  the  church  of  Rome:  but  the  son  em« 
bfaced  the  principles  of  Luther,  and  relates  that  bis  fatber 
also  had  intentions  of  doing  so. 

The  works  of  Joseph  Scaliger  are  very  numerous  u^ 
Various :  but  his  ^^  Opus  de  Emeodatione  Temppnun^'^ 
printed  at  Paris  1583  in  folio,  is  his  greatest  performance^ 
\n  which  be  has  collected  every  thing  which  might  serve  to 
fstablish  the  principles  of  chronology,  and  was  the  first 
who  undertbok  to  forqti  a  complete  system.  He  has  in  this 
work  rendered  his  liame  memorable  to  posterity,  by  th^ 
invention  of  ttie  Julian  period^  whioh  consists  of  TdMyears, 
being  the  continued  ptoduct  of  the  three  cycles,  of  the 
sun  28,  the  moOn  19,  and  Roman  indiction  15.  This  pe^ 
riod  bad  its  biegtnning  fixed  to  the  764th  year  before  tfa^ 
^eation,  and  is  not  yet  completed,  and  comprehends  all 
other  cycles,  periods,  and  epochas,  with  the  times  of  all 
memorable  actions  and  histories.  Scaliger  has,  therefore, 
been  styled  the  father  of  chronology ;  and  his  '^  Thesauros 
Temporum,  complectens  Eusebii  Pamphili  Chronicon  cpm 
Isagogicis  Chronologic  Canonibus,**  in  which  be  has  €ot« 

You  XXVII.  Q 


^26  &"  C  A  L  I  G  E  It 

% 

I 

fecied  and  teformed' many  things  ih  bis" Opus  dte  En^efr* 
dbtione  Tenlpbrucn/*  seems  to  give  him  a  sufficient  claini 
to  the  title.  The  best  edition  6f  "  De  Emendatione  Tem- 
porum'*  is  that  of  Geneva,  1609,  folio;  o^f  the  "Thesaurus 
Temporum*'  that  cff  Amsterdatt),  1658,  in  2  vols,  folio. 

He  wrote  notes  and' animadversions  uport  almost  all  the 
Gredk  and  Latin  atfthors:  those  upon  Varro  "  de  Lingua 
Latina**  were  Written  by  him  at  twenty  years  of  age;  but 
scarcely  any  of  liis  editions  of  the  classics  are  now  held  in 
esteem.  Gerard  Vossius' observes,  that  his  conjectures  are 
too  bold,  and  quotes  Peter  Vicfcorius,  who  said,  that  Scali- 
ger  was  born  to  corrupt  the  ancients  rather  than  to  correct 
them.  It  is  certain,  at  least,  that  ht  dealt  too  much  in 
conjectural  criticisni,  although  be  often  shows  a  great  'de« 
gree  of  ingenuity,  even  in  the  most  fanciful  of  the  free- 
doms be  takes  with  bis  author^s  meanings  and  always  leaves 
the  reader  impressed  with  his  extensive  learning; 

He  wrote  some  dissertations  upon  subjects  of  antiquity  ; 
and  gave  specimens  of  bis  skill  in  all  branches  of  literature* 
He  made  a  Latin  translation  to  two  centuries  of  Arabian 
proverbs,  which  were  published  at  Leyden,  1623,  with  tb6 
notbs  of  Erpenius,  at  the  request  of  Isaac  Casaubon,  who 
tells  tis/,  that  he  employed  less  time  in  translating  it  than 
others  who  underistood  Arabic  would  have  done  in  reading 
it.  He  was  afso  obliged  to  write  some  controversial  pieces : 
and  bis  controversy  with  Scioppius,  concerning  the  biogra«^ 
phy  of  his  family  in  his  work,  entitled  ^'  De  vetustate  & 
splendore  gentis  Scalig^ranae,*'  is  a  wretclied  example  of 
literary  rancour  and  personal  obloquy.  His  "Poemata,** 
iir  which  there  is  not  much  poetical  spirit,  were  publisbect 
at  Leyden,  1615,  8vo;  his  **  £pistolds,*'  which  are  learned, 
and  cotitain  many  interesting  psfrticuUrs  of  literary  history, 
were  edited  by  Daniel  Heinsius,  at  the  same  place,  1637,^ 

8i^o.   '  .  \    * ;    ' 

.  There  are  two  *'  Scaligerana;'*  one  priritecf  at  the  Hagud 
in'  1666 ;  the  other  at  Groninlgeh  1669,  and  for  some  rea- 
son or  other  called  ^^  Scaligerana  Prima."  Desmaizeaux 
piiblished  a  neat  edition  of  tnem,  together  with  the  ^^  Thu- 
ana^*'  **  Perroniana,"  *'  Fitboeana,'*  and  "  Colomesiana,** 
at  Amsteirdam,  1740,  in  2  vols.  l2mo.' 

SCAMOZZI  (Vincent),  a  celebrated  architect,  was 
born  at  Vieeiiza  in  1550.     He  was  educated  under  bis 

\ 

>  Gen.  Diet.— Nieeroo,  volrXXIIl.— Batesii  Vile,  &c.— ^lii  Onomaat^ 


9  C  A  M  O  Z  2  I.  227 

tfither,  also  an  able  arcf)itect,  and  went  to  Venice  roFim* 
proveaient,  where  afterwacds,  on  Palladio^s  death,  be  be* 
came  the  first  architect,  and  was  employed  in  rarroas 
works,  particularly  the  additions  to  the  library  of  St.  Mark/ 
the  Olympic  theatre  at  Vicenza,  and  the  new  theatre  at 
Sabbioneta.  In  1615  he  published  iq  2  vols,  small  folio,  a 
work  entitled  "  L'Idea  dell'  Architettura  universalei"  in 
six  bdoks^  the  sixth  of  which,  containing  the  five  orders  of 
architecture,  is  most  esteemed.  The  Fre^ich  ha«^e  atrans;;* 
lation  of  his  works^  and  an  abridgment  by  J<i>ubert.  Sca- 
inozzi  also  published  '<  Discorsi  sopra  le  anticbita  di  Roma/' 
1583,  fol.  with  forty  plates.     He  died  in  1616.^  i  * 

SCAPULA  (John),  the  reputed  author  of  a  Greek  Lex-^ 
icon,., studied  first  at  Lausanne;  but  bas  his  narpe  reebrded 
in  the  annals  of  literature,  neither  on  account  of  his  talent^ 

t  '  * 

and  learning,  nor  for  his'  virtuous  industry,  but  for  a  gro^$ 
act  pf  di^ingenuity  and  fraud  which  be  coipmitted  agaiiiisc 
an  eminent  literary  character  of  the  sixteenth  centuYy^ 
Being  employed  by  Henry  Stephens^  the  celebrated  prin-t 
ter,  as  a  corrector  to  his.pressj  white  he  was.  publishing  hi$ 
"Thesaurus  Linguae  Graecie,"  Scapula  extracted  thpsQ 
words  and  explications  which  be  reckoned  most  usefui|. 
comprised  them  in  one  volume^  and  published  them  as  an. 
original  work)'  with  his  own  nanie.  The  compilaiioa  and 
printing  of  the  Thesaurus  had  cost  Stephens  immense  labour 
andexpence^  but  it  was  so. much  admired  by  the  learned 
men  to  whom  be  had  shown  it,  and  seemed  to  be  of  such 
essential  importaruce  to  the  acquisition. of  the  Greek  Ian-* 
guage,.  .that  he  reasonably  hope^  his  labour  would  b& 
crowned  with  honour,  and  that  the  money  he  had  expended 
would  hb  repaid  by  a  rapid  and  .extensive  sale. :  Before^ 
boweyer,  bis  work  came  abroad.  Scapulars  abridgment  ap- 
peared; which,  from  its  size,  price,  and  obvious  utility, 
was  qidckly  purchased,  while  the  Thesaurus  itself  lay  neg* 
lected  in  the  autbor^s .  haiids.  The  consequence  was  a^ 
bankruptcy  on  the  part  of  Stephens,  while  be  who  bad  oc^- 
casioiied  it  was^  enjoying  the  fruits  of  bis  treachery.  Sea* 
pula's.  Lexicon  was  first  published  in  15S0,  in  Mo.t  It  was 
afterward  enlarged,  and  published  in  folio.  It  has  gone 
through  several  editions,  th^  best. of  which  is  the  Elzevir 
of  1652,  some  copies  of  which  have  the  following  imprint, 
'^  Londini,  impeusis  Josues  Kirktou  et  Samuelis  Thomp- 

1  Tiraboscbi«  . 
Q2 


325  SCAPULA, 

son;"  but  it  is  the  genuine  Elzevir  editioni  the  names  cff 
Kirkton  atkid  Thompson  being  appended  only  to  the  copies 
they  purchased  from  the  Leyden  proprietors.  Stephens 
charges  the  author  with  omitting  a  great  many  important 
articles,  and  with  misunderstanding  and  perverting  hit 
meaning,  and  tracing  out  absurd  and  trifling  etymologies 
which  be  himself  had  been  careful  to  avoid*  Dr.  Busby, 
to  much  celebrated  for  his  knowledge  of  tbe  Greek  ]an<» 

fuage,  and  his  success  in  teaching  it,  would  never  permit 
is  scholars  in  Westminster-school  to  make  use  of  Scapula.' 
SCARBOROUGH  (Sir  Charles),  an  emiaent  physi- 
cian  and  mathematician,  was  bom  about  1616.  After  th^ 
usual  classical  education  he  was  admitted  6f  Caius  college, 
Cambridge,  in  1632,  and  took  his  first  degite  in  arts  in 
1636.  He  was  then  elected  to  a  fellowship,  and  com** 
aaenciog  A.  M.  in  1640,  he  took  pupils.  In  the  meifin 
time,  intending  to  pursue  medicine  as  his  profession,  he 
applied  himself  to  all  the  preparatory  studies  necessary  for 
that  art.  Mathematics  constituted  one  of  these  studies : 
and  the  prosecution  of  this  science  having  obtained  him 
the  acquaintance  of  Mr.  (afterwards  bishop)  Seth  Ward, 
then  of  Emanuel  college,  they  mutually  assisted  each  other 
in  their  researches.  Having  met  with  some  difficulties  in 
Mr.  Ougbtred's  ^^Clavis  Mathematica,*^  which  appeared  to 
them  insuperable,  they  made  a  joint  visit  to  the  author, 
then  at  his  living  of  Aldbury,  in  Surrey.  Mr.  Oughtred 
(See  Oughtred)  treated  them  with  great  politeness,  being 
sauth  gratified  to  see  these  ingenious  young  men  apply  &> 
aeaiously  to  these  studies,  and  in  a  short  time  fully  resolved 
all  their  questions.  They  returned  to  Cambridge  complete 
masters  of  that  excellent  treatise,  and  were  the  first  tfant 
read  lectures  upon  it  there.  In  the  ensuing  civil  wars,  Mr- 
Scarborough  became  likewise  a  joint  sufierer  with  his  fiel- 
low-student  for  the  royal  cause,  being  ejected  from  his  fel- 
lowship at  Caius.  Upon  this  reverse  of  fortune  lie  witlt« 
drew  to  Oxford,  and  entering  himself  at  Merton  college^ 
was  incorporated  A*M.  of  that  univendly^  23dof  June,> 
1646.  The  celebrMed  Dr.  Harvey  was  then  warden  of 
that  college,  and  being  employed  in  writing  bis  treatiseL 
^^  De  Generatione  AnimaliUIti,^*  gladly  accepted  the  assisl>- 
ance  of  Mr.  Scarborough.  The  Jattcr  also  became  Ao 
quaiftted  with  sir  Christopher  Wreo,  then,  a  gentlematt 

>  Clark's  Bibljog.  Diet,  vol  IV.«.Bai)lei  JagmeDt.— Morboff  Polybiit 


S  C  A  R  B  O  R  O  UGH.  22f 

commoner  of  Wadhftm  college,  and  engaged  him  to  trans* 
bte.  *'  Qughtred's  Geometrical  Dialling'*  into  Latin,  which 
was  printed  in  1 649. 

Upon  leaving  Oxford,  and  taking  the  degree  of  doctor 
of  physic,  Dr.  Scarborough  settled  in  the  metropolis,  where 
he  practised  with  great  reputation.  In  the  College  of 
Physicians,  of  which  be  was  a  fellow,  he  was  particularly 
respected  as  a  man  of  uncommon  talents;  and,  in  1658, 
by  the  special  appointment  of  the  president,^he  introduced, 
with  an  elegant  Latin  speech,  the  marquis  of  Dorchester 
for  his  admission  into  the  college  that  year.  In  the  mean 
time  Dr.  Scarborough  began  to  read  his  highly  celebrated 
anatomical  lectures  at  Surgieons'  Hall,  which  he  continued 
for  sixteen  or  seventeen  years,  and  was  the  first  who  in- 
troduced geometrical  and  mechanical  reasonings  upon  the 
muscles. 

Such  extraordinary  merit  did  not  escape  the  notice  of 
king  Charles  IL,  who  conferred  on  him  the  order  of  knight- 
hood in  1669,  and  at  the  same  time  appointed  him  his 
principal  physician.  He  was  nominated  to  the  same  ho- 
nourable office  by  his  majesty's  brother,  which  he  held  both 
before  and  after  his  accession  to  the  throne ;  and  he  also 
served  king  William  in  the  ^ame  capacity.  He  was  like- 
wise Appointed  physician  to  the  Tower  of  London,  and  held 
that  office  till  his  death,  which  occurred  about  1696.  Sir 
Charles  Scarborough  was  married  and  left  a  son,  who  was 
created  doctor  of  civil  lavv  at  Oxford,  in  August  1702.  In 
1705,  this  gentleman  printed  in  folio,  from  his  father^s 
matiuscript,^^  An  English  Translation  of  Euclid's  Elements, 
with  excelljBnt  explanatory  notes."  Sir  Charles  also  wrote 
** A  Treatise,  upon  Trigonometry;*'  "A  Compendium ^of 
Lily's  Grammar  ;'^  and  **  An  Elegy  on  Mr.  Abraham 
C<5vi^ley."V     . 

SCAftHON  (Paul),  an  eminedt*  burlesque  French  wri- 
ter, was  the  son  of  Paul  Scarfon,  a  counsellor  in  parlia- 
tnent,  and  born  at  Paris  ia  1610.  Although  deformed,  and 
of  very  irregular  manners,  his  father  designed  him  for  an. 
ecclesiastic,  and  he  went  iii  Italy  for'  that  purpose,  in  his 
twenty-fourth  year,  whetice  he  returned  equally  unfit  for 
his  intended  profession,  and  continued  his  irregularities  un- 
til he  lost  the  use  pf  his  limbs,  and  could  only  use  big 

I  Biog.  Brit.  ▼•I.Vli.-^Siippleineat.— Knight's  Life  of  Colet.-*Atb.Oie.Yo|.  IK 
Cole's  MS  Atjiea«.CaiiUb«  in  Brit*  Mill. 


230  S  C  A  R  R  t)  N. 

h^pds  and  tongue.  This  happened  in  bis  twenty^»eTeotfa 
v€ar^  but,  melancholy  as  his  condition  was,  bis  burlesque 
humour  never  forsook  him  :  he  was  continually  talking  and 
w/iting  in  this  strain ;  and  his  house  became  the  rendez- 
vous of  all  tbe  men  of  wit.  Afterwards,  a  fre.sh  misfortune 
overtook  him :  his  fatheor,  who  had  hitherto  supplied  his 
wants,  incurred  the.  displeasure  of  cardii)al  Ricbelieu,  arid 
was  banished,  and  although  Scarron  presented  an  bumble 
ri^quest  to  Richelieu,  which  from  its  humour  j)leased 
tbaL  minister/  no  answer  appears  lo.  have  been  returned, 
and  both  Richelieu  and  his'fiitber  died  soon  after.  Scar^* 
ron  at  length,  helpless,  and  deformed  as  he  was^  c6o« 
ceived  thoughts  of  marriage;  and,  in  1651,  was  aotuatly 
married  to  mademoiselle  d'Aubign6,  afterwards  the  cele«» 
brated  madam  de  Maintenon,  wbp  lodged  near  him,  and 
was  about  sixteen  years  of  age.  ,  Uiiequal  a$  this  maldl 
Avas,  she  had  influence  enough  to  produce  some  salutary 
change  in  his  manners  and  habits,  and  her  wit  and  beauty 
^erv^d  to  increase  the  good  company  which  frequented  bia 
house,  Scarron, died  in  1660,  and  within  a  few  minutes  af 
las  deaths  when  his  acquaintance  were  about  him  all  in 
tears,  **  Ah  !  my  good  friends,"  said  he,  "  you  will  nevejr 
cxy  for  me  so  much  as  I  have  made  you  laugh.^' 
,  He  had  a  considerable  fund  of  wit,  but  could  never  pre- 
vent it  from  running  into  buffoonery,  which  pervades  his 
works  to  such  a  degree,  that  few  men  of  taste  or  deltdn^y 
have  be^u  able  to  peruse  them.  They  sunk  into  oblivion 
in  the  refined  age  of  Louis  XVI.  and  have, never  been 
efi^ctually  revived  since.  Yet  his  "  Virgil  Travestie"  aad 
lijjy  "Comical  Komance'*  are  occasionally  read.  The  whoje 
of  his  works  were  printed  at  Paris,  in  168^,  and  at  Auot- 
3ter4am  in.  1737. and  1752,  10  vols,  l^mo." 

SCHAAFx (Charles),  a  learned  German^  was  born  at 
Nuys,  in.  the  electorate  of  Cologne,  1646;  his  father  was 
a  n^jor  in  the  army  of  the  landgrave  of  Hesse  Cassel.,  He 
was  educated  for  the  church  at  Duisbourg;  and|  having 
made  the  Oriental  tongues  his  particular  study,  became 
professor  of  them  in  that  university  in  1677.  In- 1679  he 
removed  to  Leyden,  to  fill  the  same  post  for  a  larger  sti- 
pend ;  and  there  continued  till  1729,  'when  he  died  of  acx 
apoplexy.  He  published  some  useful  books  in  the  Oriei^ 
tal  way ;   as,   1.  *' Opus  Aramzeum,  coaiplecteos   Gram^ 

\  Morcri.«->Dict.  Hist. — D^IiraeliVCuriotitiCf,  vol.  II. 


«  C  H  A  A  F.  «3l 

w^Cdm  Chaldarcam  &  Syriacatn,'*  1686,  8vq.  2.  '<  No« 
Tum  Testamentuai  Syriacum,  cum  versione  Latina/'  1708, 
ilto.  The  Latin  version  is  that  of  Tremellius,  retouche<i» 
Leusden  laboured  jointly  with  bitn  in  this  work  till  ..death, 
which  happened  when  they  were  got  to  Luke  xv.  20  ;  and 
Schaaf  wrote  the  remainder  by  himself.  At  the  end  of  it 
is  subjoined,  ^^  Lexicon  Syriacum  Concordantiale.^*  3. 
V  Epitome  Gcammaticae  Hebraic®,"  1716,  8vo.  4.  '^  A 
Letter  in  Syriac  of  tlie  bishop  Mar  Thqmas,  written  froin 
Malabar  to  the  patriarch  of  Antioch,  and  a  Lfitin  version  by 
himseir,"  1714-,  4to.  .5.  *^  Sermo  Academicus  de  Lingua- 
mm  Orientaliom  scientia,"  an  Inauguratioa-Speech.  In 
1711  he  drew  up,  at  the  request  of  the  curators  of  the  aca- 
demy aj;  Leyden,  a  catalogue  of  all  the  Hebrew^  Chaldee, 
JSyriae,  and  Samaritan  books  and  manuscripts  in  the  li- 
Jbrary  there ;  which  was  joined  to  the  catalogue  of  that  li« 
brary,  published  in  1711.' 

SCHALKf^N  (Godfrey),  an  ingenious  painter,  wai 
iborh  at  J>ort,  in  1643.  His  father  placed  him  first  witl| 
.iM>lonion  Van  Hoogstraten,  and  afterwards  with  Gerar4 
Dow,  from  whom  he  caught  a  great  delicacy  of  finishing; 
but  bis  chief  practice  was  to  paint  candle-lights.  He 
placed  the  object  and  a  candle  in  a  dark  room ;  and  look- 
ing through  a  small  hole,  painted  by  day^light  what  he  saw 
in  the  dark  chamber.  Sometimes  he  drew  portraits,  and 
came  with  that  view  to  England,  but  found  the  business 
:too  much  engrossed  by  Kneller,  Closterman,  and  others^. 
Yet  he  once  drew  king  William;  but,.^as  the  piece  was  tQ 
\>e  by  candle-light,  he  gave  his  majesty  the  candle  to  hold^ 
till  the  tallow  ran  down  upon  his  fingers.  As  if  to  justify 
this  ilUbreeding,  he  drew  his  own  picture  in  the  same  situ- 
ation. Delicacy  was  no  part  of  his  character :  having 
•drawn  a  lady^who  was  marked  with  the  small-pox,  but  had 
handsome  hands,  she  asked  him,  when  the  face  was  finished| 
if  she  must  not  sit  for  her  hands :  "  No,'*  replied  Schalkea, 
^^  1  always  draw  them  from  my  house- maid.''  After  carry;- 
ing  on  his  business  for  some  time  in  England,  he  settled  at 
the  Hague,  where  he  died  in  1706.  Some  additional  anec- 
dotes of  him  may  be  found  in  our  authority.* 

SCHEELE  (Charles  William),  avery  learned  chemist, 
was  born  in  1742,  at  Stralsund  in  the  capital  of  Swedish 

1  Bibl.  German,  vol.  XXIL— KiceroD,  vol.  XXXIX.— Chaufepie* 
9  Wafpole'i  Anecdotet. 


f  $«  S  C  tl  IE  £  L  E. 

Ppmeraniai  where  bis  father  was  a  tradesman.  Having 
shown  an  inclination  to  learn  pharmacy,  be  was  bound  ap- 
prentice to  an  apothecary  at  Oottenburg^  with  whom  he 
lived  eight  years,  and  at  his  leisure  hours  contrived  to 
makd  himself  master  of  the  science  of  chemistry,  reading 
the  best  authors,  and  making  such  experiments  as  his  con- 
fined means  would  permit.  From  Gottenburg,  he  went  to 
MalmO,  and  two  years  after  to  Stockholm.  In  1773  be 
went  to  Upsal,  and  resided  for  some  time  in  the  house  of 
Mr.  Loock.  -Here  Bergman  first  found  him,  saw  bis  merit 
and  encouraged  it,  adopted  bis  opinions,"  defended  him 
Ivitb  -zeal,  and  took  upon  him  the  charge  of  publishing  his 
treatises.  Under  this  liberal  patronage  (for  Bergman  pro- 
cured trim  also  a  salary  from  the  Swedish  academy), 
Sdh)eele  produced  a  series  of  discoveries  which  at  once 
astonished  and  deKghted  the  world.  He  ascertained  the 
nature  of  manganese ;  discovered  the  existence  and  singu- 
laif'prdperties  of  oxymuriatic  acid :  and  gave  a  theory  of 
the  composition  of  muriatic  acid,  which  promises  fair  to 
be  the  true  one.  He  discovered  a  new  earth  which  was 
liflerwards  called  barytes ;  and  he  determined  the  consti* 
tuents  of  the  volatile  alkali.  All  these  discoveries  are  re- 
lated in  one  paper  published  about  1772.  He  discovered 
Jand  ascertained  the  properties  of  many  acids,  the  nature 
of  plumbago  and  molybdena;  analyzed  filuor  spar,  which 
lilid  eluded  the  searches  of  all  preceding  chemists ;  and 
deteriEdtned  the  constituents  of  tungstate  of  lime.  His 
t#o  e&s&ys  on  the  prussic  acid  are  particularly  interesting, 
end  display  the  resources  of  his  mind,  and  his  patient  in- 
dustry, m  a  very  remarkable  point  of  view;  His  different 
papers  oti  animal  substances  are  particularly  interesting, 
and  replete  with  valuable  and  accurate  information.  On 
<me  bCcasion,  in  bis  treatise  on  fire,  Scheele  attempted 
the  very  difficult  and  general  subject  of  combustion;  but 
Ills  attempt  was  not  crowned  with  success.  The  acuteness, 
\ay^^'se;t^  fvith  which  he  treated  it  deserves  our  admiration ; 
and  the  vast  number  of  new  and  important  facts,  which  he 
i>rotight  forward  in  support  of  his  hypothesis,  is  truly 
astonishing,  and  perhaps  could  not  have  been  brought  to- 
gether by  any  other  man  than  Scheele.  He  discovered 
oxygen  gas,  and  ascertained  the  composition  of  the  atmo- 
sphere, without  any  knowledge  of  what  had  been  previously 
done  by  Di^.  Priestley.  His  views  respecting  the  nature  of 
atmospheric  air  were  much  more  correct  than  those  of 


S  C  H  E  E  L  E.  at 

Priestley ;  and  his  experiments  onTt^etattoin  iind  rdspiration^ 
founded  on  those  viewi,  were  possessed  of  consideirable  va^ 
lite*  These  and  other  discoveries  wbidv  stamp  the  charae^-^ 
fer  of  Scheele  as  a  philosopher,  are  to  be  found  f;eneraliy 
in  the  transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Stoekhohn.  Dr. 
Beddoes  published  an  English  tmnslation  of  most  of  hii 
dissertations,  with  useful- and  ingeuieus  notes.  There  it 
also  an  English  translation  of  his  dissertation  on  air  and 
fire,  with  notes  by  Ricb&rd  Kirwan,  esq. 
'  In  1777  he  was  appointed  by  the  medical  college  to  he 
apothecary  at  Hoping ;  and  in  this  situation  he  reinained 
until  his  death,  although  it  was  often  wished  that  he  had 
obtained  a  more  conspicuoufl  sittiation.  He  is  said  t6  hare 
been  offered  an  annuity  of  300/.  if  he  would  settle  irt  Eng^ 
land,  and  that  bis  death  only  preveiRed  his  accepting  it. 
On  May  19,  1786,  he  was  confined  to  his  bed ;  on  the  2Ist 
he  bequeathed  his  whole  property  to  the  widow  of  his  pre^* 
decessor  at  Koping,  whom,  when  bis  end  was  lipprOaohingp 
be  married  out  of  a  principle  of  gratitude,  tod  od  th'e  ^m6 
Any  he  died,  aged  only  forty-foun 

According  to  the  report  of  his  'firiends^  the  moral-  tht* 
racter  of  this  ingenious  man  was  irreproachable,  arid  though 
his  manners  were  reserved,  and  he  mixed  little  in  cOm<* 
pany,  be  was  of  a  very  friendljp'  and  communicative  dispo«i 
sition.  He  attained  high  fame  under  Tery  disadvantageout 
drcumstances.  He  understood  none  of  the  modern  lan- 
guages, except  the  German  and  Swedish,  so  that  he  had 
not  the  benefit  of  the  discoveries  made  by  foreigners',  unleiA 
by  the  slow  and  uncertain  medium  of  traifislations.  Hie 
important  services,  howevet,  which  he  rendered  to  natural 
philosophy,  entitled  him  to  universal  reputation,  and  h6 
obtained  it/ 

SCHEFFER  (John),  a  learned  German,  was  born  at 
Strasburg  in  1621,  and  probably  educated  there.  He  apv 
plied  himself  principally  to  the  study  of  Gteek  and  Latin 
antiquities,  and  of  history ;  arid  made  himself  a  tolerable 
Verbal  <^ritic  upon  Latin  and  Greek 'authors.  He  was  dri- 
ven out  df  his  own  country  by  the  wars ;  and,  as  Christina 
of  Sweden  was  at  that  time  the  general  patroness  of  all  men 
of  letters,  h^  withdrew  into  her  kingdom  in  1648.  He  waa 
made^  the  same  year,  professor  of  eloquence  and  politics 

1  CreU'B  Chemical  Joansl  in  Gent,  tlaf,  toI,  LIX«— Thomf oa's  Hist,  of  tiia 
Royal  Societj. 


134  S  t!  H  E  F  F  E  R. 

|it  Upsal ;  afterwards,  honorary  professor  royal  of  tlie  l&w 
of  nature  and  nations,  and  assessor,  of  tiie  royal  college  of 
dotiquities ;  and,  at  length,  librarian  of  the  university  of 
Upsal.  He  died  in  1679,  after  having  published  a  great 
Dpoiber  of  works.  Many  of  his  pieces  relate  to  Greek  and 
^oman  antiquities,  and  are  to  be  found  in  the  collection  of 
'Qrp&vius  and  Groooiiius.  He  wrote  notes  upon  many  an- 
jcient  authors;  upon  ^lian,  Phsdrus,  *<  Arriani  Tactica,^' 
of  which  last  he  made  also  a  Latin  version  ;  Petronius,  Hy^ 
gin^s,  Julius  Pbs^quens,  Justin,  &c.  •  He  was  one  of  those 
who  stoutly  defended  the  authenticity  of  that  fragment  of 
Petronius,  pretended  to  have  been  found  at  Trau  ;  which, 
however,  is  generally  jud^'ed  to  be  a  forgery,  and  accord* 
ingly  rejected  by  Burn^an  and  other  critics.* 

SCHEINER  (CHftiSTOPHER),  a  considerable  malbema- 
tician  and  astronomer,  was  born  at  Muadeilheim  in  Schwa- 
hen,  in  1575.  He  entered  into  the  society  of  the  Jesuits 
when  he  was  tviwnty;  and  aft<erwards  taught  the -Hebrew 
^oqgue  and  the  matbentatics  at  Ingolstadt,  Friburg,  Brisaq, 
and  Rome.  At  length,  he  became  rector  of  the  college 
of  the  Jesuits  at  Neisse  in  Silesia,  and  confessor  to  the 
archduke  Charles.  He  died  in  1650,  at  the  age  of  seventy** 
five*      . 

«  /Scbeiner  was  chiefly  remarkable  for  being  one  of  the 
first  who  observed  the  spots  in  the  sun  with  the  telescope, 
though  not  the  very  first;  for  his  6bservations  of  fbose 
spots  were  first  made,  at  Ingolstadt,  in  the  latter  part  of 
16 11«  whereas  Galileo  and  Harriot  both  observed  them  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  year  before,  or  1610.  Sobeiner  con* 
^inued  bis  observations  on  the  solar  phenomena  for  many 
years  afterwards  at  Rome,  with  great  assiduity  and  accu« 
racy,  constantly  making  drawings  of  them  on  paper,  de-* 
scribii^  their  places,  figures,  magnitude,*  revolutions,  and 
4>eriods,  so  that  Riccioli  delivered  it  as  his  opinion  that  there 
was  little  reason  to  hope  for  any  better  observations  of  those 
apots.  Des-  Cartes  and  Hevelius  also  say,  that  in  their 
judgment,  nothing  can  be  expected  of  that  kind  more  sa« 
jtiffaqtory.  These  observations  were  published  in  161^0,  in 
Ptt.e  volume  folio,  under  the  title  of  ^^  Rosa  Ursina/'  &c« 
Almost  every  page  is  adorned  with  an  image  of  the  sun 
|vitb  spots.  He  wrote  also  several  smaller  pieces  relating 
(o  mathematics  and  philosophy,  the  principal  of  whicli  are» 

1  G^n.  Diet.— Nicero9,  vol.  XXXIX, 


8  C  H  E  I  N  E-  R.  fiS» 

4..  **  OculuSi  sive  Fundamentum  Opticum/*  &c. ;  wKich 
was  T/eprinted  at  London,  in  1652,  in  4to.  2.  ^^So)  Eolip^ 
ticusy  Diaquisitiones  Mathematical."  3.  '*  De  Controver* 
siis  et  Novitatibos  Astronomicis.^*  * 

$GH£LHAMM£R  (Gonthier  Christopher),  a  cele^ 
Wated  German  physician  and  philosopher,  was  born  March 
3,  164.9,  at  Jena,  and  was  son  of  Christopher  Scfaelham- 
mex,  a. learned  professor  of  anatomy  and  surgenry  in  that 
city),  ajQd  at  Keil,  where  be  was  also  physician  to  the  duke 
pj^  Hoktein.  Gonihier  died  January  1 1, 1716,  in  his  sixty^ 
seventh  year,  leaving  ^^  Introdtictio  in  artem  medicam,*^ 
rl}aU.  17^6,  4to,  and  a  great  number  of  valuable  audlearn^ 
■^d  viForks  Qu  physic,  of  which  it  is  to  be  wished  that  aieom^ 
plete  collection  was  published.  He  published  also  sotHtS 
bot^uicaji  dissertations,  and  first  described  the  {Peculiar 
.cfaangjs  which,  .during  germination,  takes  place  in  she  co* 
tyledon  of  palms.  The  Schelhaoiaiera,  in  botany, '  was  so 
called  tn  honour  of  him*  His  life,  by  Scheffelias,  in  Latin, 
Visoiar,  1727,  8vo,  is  prefixed  to  the  letters  written  to  him 
by  several  of  the  literati.'        ,  . 

SCHEUCHZER  (John  James),  an  eminent  physician 
and  naturalist,  was  the  son  of  a  very. .learned  physician  of 
the  same  names  at  Zurich,  where  he  was  born,  August  2^ 
167^.  His  father  dying  in  the  prime  of  life,  he  appears 
to  have  been  left  to  the  care  of  bis  mother,  and  his  mater*^ 
pal  grandfather^  H«  was  educated  at  Zurich  under  tb^ 
ablest  processors,  of  whom  he  has. left  ua>a  list,  bmt  says 
that  be  might  with  great  propriety  add  bis  own  name  to 
the  number,  as  he  went  through  the  greater  part  of  his 
studies  with  no  other  guide  than  bis  own  judgment. «  In 
1692  be  commenced  his  travels,  and  remainisd  some  tim6 
at  Altdorf,  attending  the  lectures  of  Wagenseil,  Hoffman^ 
father  and  son,  Stqiun,  &c.  In  16^3  be  went  to^Uirecbt^ 
wh^re  he  took  his  degree  of  doctor  of  physic  in  Jan^  1694^ 
and.in  ld95  returned  to  Nuremberg  and  Altdorf  tostudy 
mathematics  under  Sturm  and  Eimmart.  To  Sturm  be  ad^ 
dressed  a  learned  letter  on  ^the  generation  of  ibssil  riiells, 
which  he  attempted  to  explain  on  mathematical  principles  i 
hut,  discovering  the  fallacy  of  this,  he  adopted  the  tfaeovy 
of  :Our  Dr.  Woodward,  whose  work  on  the  subject  oftra 
natural  history  of  the  earth  be  translated  into  Latin,  and 
published  at  Zurich  in  1.704.  .        . 

*  »  Martin's  Bipg.  Philos.— Button's  Diet. 
*  Diet  Hist.— Refes*8  Cyclopsdia,  art.  Sehelhammerx. 


«3$  8  C  B  E  U  C  H  Z  E  R. 

Returning  to  Zurich,  before  this  period,  he  was  appmnl- 
ed  6rst  physician. of  the  city,  with  the  reversion  of  the  pro- 
fessorship of  aiathematics.  He  now  began  to  write  various 
dissertations  on  subjects  t)f  natural  history,  particularly  that 
of  SwissCrland,  and  wrote  a  system  of  natural  history  In 
iGerman,  which  he  published  in  parts  in  the  years  1705,  €y 
and  7,  the  whole  forming  three  small  4to  volumes.  He 
published  afterwards  three  more  in  17 16,  1717,  and  1719, 
which  complete  the  natural  history  of  Swisseriand,  with 
the  exception  of  the  plants,  of  which  he  had  formed  an 
herbal  of  eighteen  vast  volumes  in  folio.  .  His  **  Nova  litte- 
raria  Helvetica"  began  in  1702,  and  were  continued  to 
1715.  In  1694  he  began  his  tours  on  the  Alps,  which  be 
repeated  for  many  years,  the  result  of  which  was  published 
iHider  the  title  of  ^*  Itinera  Alpina,V*  one  volume  of  which 
was  published  at  Londoin  in  1708,  4to,  and  four  at  Ley  den 
ID  17 13..  In  the  course  of  these  journeys,  he  improved  the 
geography  of  his  country,  by  a  small  map  of  Toggenbourg, 
and  by  bis  map  of  Swisseriand  in  four  large  sheets.  Amidst 
all  these  pursuits,  his  official  duties,  and  his  extensive  lite- 
rary correspondence^  he  found  leisure  to  gratify  bis  taste 
for  medallic  history,  and  translated  Jobert^s  work  on  that 
subject,  which  does  not,  however,  appear  to  have  been 
printedu  In  1712,  Leibnitz,  being  acquainted  with  his 
learning  and  fame,  procured  him  an  invitation  from  th^ 
csar,  Peter  the  Great,  to  become  his  majesty^s  physician, 
btUt  the  council  of  Zurich  induced  him  to  decline  the  offer, 
by  an  additional  salary.  Some  time  afterward,  he  obtained 
a  fianonry ;  but,  according  to  Meister,  his  colleagues  bad 
no  very  profojind  respect  for  him,  of  which  he  gives  the 
following  ludicrous  proof :  A  favourite  crane  belonging  to 
Pr.  Scheuchzer  one  day  made  her  escape,  and  the  doctoi^ 
^as  obliged  to  climb  the  roof  of  the  house  to  recover  her, 
which  he  did  at  no  small  risk.  The  canons  are  siiid  to  havl^ 
declared  on  this  occasion,  that  they  would  have  given  a 
pension  to  the  crane,  if  the  doctor  bad  broke  his  neck»  It 
appears  that  this  disrespect  was  mutual.  They  considered 
Scbeochzer  as  an  intruder,  and  he  despised  their  ignorancid 
in  condemning  the  Copernican  system,  and  the  theory  of 
Simammerdam,  as  profane  and  pernicious.  He  appears  to 
have  had  a  considerable  band  in  the  political  and  ecclesi- 
astical affairs  of  Zurich,  and  hkd  at  one  time  a  sharp  con« 
tjroversy  on  religion  with  a  Jesuit  of  Lucerne,  whom  Meis- 
ter describes  as  tbe  Don  Quixote  of  the  Romish  church.  . 


SCHEUCHZER.       «sr 

In  1731  appeared  bis  great  work,  *' Pbysica  eacritiF^'  in 
4  vols,  folio,  which  was  immediately  republished  in  FreiK^ 
•at  Amsterdam,  in  both  instances  enriched  with  a  profusion 
of  fine  plates  illustrative  of  the  natural  history  of  the  Bible. 
This  bad  been  preceded  by  some  lesser  works  on  the  same 
subject,  which  were  now  incorpcnrated.  He  did  not  long 
survive  this  learned  publication,  dying  at  Zurich  about  the 
end  of  June  i  733«  He  was  a  member  of  many  learned  so- 
icieties,  of  our  Royal  Society,  and  of  those  of  Berlin,  ViennSi^ 
'&c.  and  carried  on  a  most  extensive  correspondence  with  the 
principal  literati  of  Europe.  He  left  a  well-^chosea  and  na* 
pierous  library,  a  rich  museum  of  natural  history,  and  a  col- 
lection of  medals.  Besides-  the  works  we  have  incldentalljr 
noticed,  he  published,  1.  **  Herbarium  Diluviannm,''^^  Ztt- 
rich,  1709,  reprinted  and  enlarged,  at  Ley  den,  1?23,  fbtiQ. 
2.  *^  Piscium  querelas  et  viadiciae,^'  Zurich,  1708,  4to.  3« 
5^  Oratio  de  Matheseos  usu  in  Theologia,*'  ibid.  1711>  4to« 
4.  '<  Museum  Diluvianum,''  ibid.  1716,  8vo.  5.  <<  Homo 
diluvii  tenis,"  ibid.  1 726,  4to.  6.  ^*  De  Heivetii  aeribus, 
aquis,  locis,  specimen,^'  ibid.  1728,  4to.  He  also  wrote  in 
German,  a  treatise  on  the  mineral  waters  of  Swiisserland, 
Zurich,  1732j  4to.  In  1740,  Klein  published  ^^  Sciagra- 
phia  litbologtca  curiosa,  seu  lapidum  figuratorum  nomen^ 
cliator,  olim  4  Jo.  Jac.  Scheuchzero  conscriptus,  auctus  et 
iUostratus,''  4to.  Of  bis  <<  Physica  Sacra,*'  we  have  bo«* 
tiped  the  first  edition  publiriied  at  Augsburgh,  1731 — 1735^ 
four  vols,  folio,  or  rather  eight  volumes  in  four,  the  text 
of  .whicb  is. in  German  ;  this  edition  is  valued  on  account  of 
its  having  the  first  impressions  of  the  plates.  The  Amster- 
dam edition,  1732 — 38,  -8  vds.  has,  however,  the  advantage 
of  being  in  French,  a  language  more  generally  understooc^ 
wid  has  the  same  plates.  Sobeucbzer  had  a  brother,  pro- 
fess<Mr  of  natural  j^losophy  at  Zurich,  who  died*  in  1737^ 
tud  is  known  to  all  botanists  by  bis  laborious  and  teamed 
^' Agpt>stographia,"  no  .valuable  for  its  minute  descrtptionf 
of  grasses.  He  bad  a  son  rith  whom  we  seem  more  inte- 
rested, John  Gaspar  Scheu^hzer,  who  was  bom  at  Zurich 
in  1702,  and  after  studying  at  home  came  over  to  England, 
and  received  the  degree  of  M.  D,  at  Caflri>ridge,  during  die 
royad  visit  of  George  I.  in  1728,  and  died  at  London  April 
13,  .1729,  only  twenty «seven  years  old.  He  bad  mueh  of 
the  genius  and  learning  of  his£uniiy,  and  wias  a>good  tnti« 
quary,  medallist,  and  natural  historian.  He  tranidated  into 
Engjush  Koempfer*s  history  of  Japan,  1727^  2  vols.  foUo^  nA 


V 


j&n  8  C  R  E  U  C  HZ  E  R. 

iad  begun  a  translation  of  Koempfer's  travels  in  Mtistovy, 
Penia,  &c.  but  did  not  live  to  complete  it.  H«  wrote  alsb 
ta  treatise  on  inoculation.  Some  part  of  the  correspondence 
of  this  learned  family  is  in  the  British  Mnseum.^  ^ 

SCHIAVONI  (Andrea),  named  Meduia,  an  eminent 
^artist^  was  born  in  1522,  at  Sebenico,  in  Dalmatia.  Ri^ 
purents,  who  were  poor,  placed  him  with  a  house*painter  ^t 
Venice,  where,  at  bis  leisure  hours,  he  acquired  a  superior 
taste^  by  stndyi^ng  the  etchings  and  compositions  of  Pai^mi-- 
.giano  ami  the  works  of  Giorgione  and  Titian  in  the  ^libUc 
buildings  of  the  city.  At  length,  Titian;  being  infoiKned 
of  his  unfortunate  situation  and  promising  talents;  xodk 
him  under  his  care,  and  soon  afterwards  employed  him  in, 
.the  Kbrary  of  St.  Marco,  where  Schiavoni  is  said  to  hhv^ 
painted  three  entire  cielings.  Feeling  his  strength,  he  tnen- 
ture.d  to  paint,,  in  competition  with  Tintoretto,  a  picturli 
for  the  church  of  the  Santa  Croce,  representing  thfe  visr- 
^tation  of  the  Virgin  to  Elizabeth;  and  though  h^'did'not 
equal  hia  antagonist,  yet  he  received  a  cohsidet-afUe  share 
of  applause.  Schiavoni  was  accounted  one  of  the  finest 
colourista  of  the  Venetian  school,  and  to  colouring  sacri- 
jBeed  almost  every  other  attribute  of  the  art ;'  yet  h^s  trbm- 
positJQPs  are  managed  with  great'  dexterity,  and  executed 
with  astonishing  freedom.  Two  of  bis  most  admired  ^orki 
are  in  the  church  of  the  Padri  Teatit)i  at  Rimini,  fepre- 
senting  the  Nativity  and  the  Assumption  of  the  Virgin,  and 
bis  *^  Perseus  and  Andromeda,*^  and  the  *<  Apostles  at  the 
-Sepulchre,'*  are  in  the  royal  collection  at  Windsor.  He 
died  at  Venice  in  1 582,  at  the  age  of  sixty.' 
.  SCHIAVONETTI  (Lewis),  a  very  ingenious  artist,  was 
born«  at  Bassano,  in  the  Venetian  territory,  Aprill,  1765* 
Hia  father  .wassa  stationer,  who  was  enabled  to  give  him  a 
useful,  but  limited  education.  From  his  infancy  he  had  a 
peculiar  taste  for  drawing ;  and  attained  such  proficiency, 
that  an  able  painter,  Julius  Golini,  to  whom  some  of  his 
productions  were  shewn,  undertook  to  instruct  him  in 'that 
art.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  Lewis  was  put  under  his  care, 
and  the  high  opinion  he  had  formed  of  the  boy^s  genius  wasr 
confirmed  by  the  rapid  progress  he  niade,  while  his  amiable 
disposition  endeared  him  so  tnuch,  that  he  loved  bith  zjs  hia 
own  son.  After  three  years  of '  useful  instruction,  be  had 
tbe  mififottune  to  lose  this  master,  who  expired  in  his  arms. 

.  1  Moreri.-i-Meister's  Homines  Illogtree  de  Soissc.— -Eloy,  Dict«  Hist,  de  Mede*^ 
cint;— Ayicough'f  Catalogue  of  HISS,        *  Argcnville^  tol  I.— StruU's  Diet 


SCHIAVO^ffr  Tl.  2J» 

Left  fo  pursue  his  own  course,  he  turned  his  views  to  Count 
Remaudiniy  whose  extensive  typographical  and  chalcogra- 
pfaical  concern  is  rendered  more  fanK>us  by.  the  giving  em- 
ployment to  Bartolozzi  and  Volpato ;  and  the  works  of  those 
artists  gave  fresh  impulse  to  the  youth's  ardour  for  imprdvie- 
ment.  About  this  time  he  became  acquainted  with  one 
Lorio,  an  indifferent  engraver,  with  whom  be  worked  about 
twelve  months,  when,  finding  he  had  exhausted  his  fund  of 
instructions,  be  resolved  to  alter  his  situation.  A  copy  of  a 
holy  family  in  the  litie  manner,  from  Bartolofzzi,  after  Car-: 
io  Maratta,  gained  him  immediate  employment  from  Count 
Remaudini,  and  attracted  the  notice  of  Mr.  Suntach,  aii 
engraver  and  printseller  in  opposition  to  Remaudini.  About 
this  time  came  to  Bassano  a  wretched  engraver  of  architec- 
ture, but  a-man  of  consummate  craft  and  address.  Hebe^ 
caii^e  acquainted  with  Schiav^neiti  at  Mr.  Suntach's,  and 
wa3  ultimately  the  means  of  bringing  him  to  England,  where 
he  became  acquainted  with  Bartolozzi,  apd  lived  in  his 
house  uptil  be  established  himself  on  his  own  foundation;; 
after  which  Scbiavonetti  cultivated  his  genius  with  a  shccess 
that  answered  the  expectations  which  were  first  formed  of 
it,  and  conducted  all  his  affairs  with  an  uprightness  &nd  in* 
t^rity  that  will  cause  bis  memory  to  be  equaUy  revered  as 
a  gentleman  and  an  artist.  .  He  died  at  Brompton,  Juiie  7; 
1810,  in  the  forty^fourth  year  of  his  age;  and  on  the  14th 
was  buried  in  Paddington  church-yard,  ifllh  a  solemnity 
worthy  of  his  talents  and  character. 

In  bis  person,  Mn  Scbiavonetti. was  rather  tall  and  weif 
inade,  and  his  amiable  modesty,  equability  of  temper,  at)d 
promptness  to  oblige,  won  the  good  will  of  all  who  saw  and 
conversed  with  him.  Many  a^ts  of  his  private  life  showed 
the  excellence  of  his  character ;  among  others,  as  soon  at 
he  began  to  derive  profit  from  his  profession,  be  devoted  a 
portion  of  it  to  the  support  of  his  relatives  in  It^ly;  and 
constantly  remitted  to  his  aged  parent  a  stipend  suffioienc 
to  etisure  him  comfort. 

Some  of  his  principal  performances  are,  the  "  Madre 
Dolorosa,'*  after  Vandyke:  the  Portrait  of  that  Master  in. 
the  character  of  Pariis :  Michael  Angelo's  celebrated  Cartoon' 
Of  the  Surprize  of  the  Soldiers  on  the  Banks  of  the  Arno : 
a  iieries  of  Etchings,  from  designs  by  Blake,  illustrative  of 
Blair's  Grave:  the  Portrait  of  Mr.  Blake,  after  PhiiHps,  fot 
the  same  work :  the.  Landing  of  the  British  Troops  in  Egypt, 
from  Eoutherbourg ;  and  the  Etching  of  the  Canterbury 
Pilgrimage,  from  Stothard*s  esteemed  picture* 


Hi  S  C  H  I  L  L  C  R. 

«  » 

him  from  reading  his  works,  and  is  said  to  bavtif  rodsed 
him  from  those  Habits  of  dissipation  in  which  he  had  in* 
dulgedy  and  to  which  he  was  in  great  danger  of  falling  ^ 
victim*  He  was  now  patronized  by  the  duke  qf  Saxe-Wei- 
mat,  who  conferred  on  him  the  title  of  aulic  counsellor,  and 
nominated  him  to  the  professorship  of  history  and  philoso* 
phy  at  the  university  of  Jena.  He  had  previously  written 
an  account  of  the  "  Revolt  of  the  Netherlands  from  the 
Spanish  government,^'  and  he  now  set  about  composing  hit 
**  History  of  the  thirty  Years'  War  in  Germany,'*  a  work 
which  has  been  much  admired  in  his  own  country.  At 
length  he  removed  to  Weimar,  where  the  pension,  as  ho* 
norary  professor  from  the  duke,  was  continued  to  him ;  and 
produced  the  ^^  History  of  the  mo$t  memorable  Conspirao^ 
cies,"  and  the  "  Ghost-Seer,"  which  displayed  the  peculiar 
tiirn  of  his  mind,  and  were  much  read.  In  the  latter  part 
of  bis  life  he  conducted  a  monthly  work  published  at  Tu- 
bingen, and  an  annual  poetical  almanac,  and  composed  a 
tragedy  entitled  "  The  Maid  of  Orleans."  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  other  dramatic  pieces^,  some  of  which  are  known, 
though  imperfectly,  in  this  country,  through  the  medium 
of  translation. '  He  died  at  Weimar,  May  9,  1 805,  and 
be  was  interred  with  great  funeral  solemnity.  In  his  private 
character  Schiller  was  friendly,  candid,  and  sincere.  Iii 
his  youth  he  affected  eccentricity  in  his  manners  and  appear* 
ance,  and  a  degree  of  singularity  seei^s  always  to  have  ad- 
hered to  him.  In  his  ^orks,  brilliant  strokes  of  genius  are 
unquestionably  to  be  found,  but  more  instances  of  extra- 
vagant representation  of  passion,  and  violation  of  truth  and 
naturae.  They  enjoyed  some  degree  of  popularity  here, 
during  the  rage  for  translating  and  adapting  German  playi 
for  our  theatres;  and  although  this  be  abated,  they  have  con- 
tributed to  the  degeneracy  of  dramatic  taste,  and  have  not 
produced  the  happiest  effects  on  our  poetry.* 

SCHILTER  (John),  an  eminent  jurist,  was  bom  atPe* 
gaw  in  Misnia,  Aug.  29,  1632,  and  studied  at  Leipsic  and 
Naumberg,  wherein  1651,  he  removed  for  two  years  td 
Jena,  and  then  completed  his  course  at  L^psic.  In  1655. 
he  took  the  degree  of  doctor  in  philosophy,  as  he  did  the 
same  in  the  faculty  of  law  at  Strasburgh  some  years  after. 
He  practised  for  some  time  as  an  advocate  ^t  Naumberg^ 
where  prince  Maurice  of  Saxe  made*  him  keeper  of  his  ar- 

1  Qent.  Mag.— 'Reel's  Cytlepcdia. 


SCHILTER.  .;a« 

iebfves,  and  intendant  or  director  of  the  territory  of  Sul  in 
the  county  of  Henneberg.  About  1686  he  accepted  an 
invitation  to  Strasburgb,  where  he  was  appointed  counsellor 
^nd  advocate  of  the  state,  and  honorary  professor  of^  the 
academy.  He  died  there,  May  14,  1705,  in  the  seventy- 
third  year  of  his  age.  He  wrote  a  great  many  volumes  on 
subjects  connected  with  antiquities  and  with  his  profession, 
Ihe  principal  of  which  are,  1.  ^'  Codex  juris  Alemannici 
feudalis,'*  1696,  3  vols.  4ta  2.  <^  Thesaurus  antiquitatuod 
Tentonicarum,"  1728,  3  vols.  foL  a  posthumous  publica- 
tion, edited  by  Scherzius  at  Ulm.  3.  *^  Institutiones  Ca« 
nonici,"  1721,  Svo,  in  which  he  endeavours  to  recopcile 
the  canon  law  to  that  iii  use  among  the  protestaut  churches. 
4.  <Mnstitution«s  juris  publici,*'  1696,  2  vols.  8vo,  one  of 
his  first,  and  a  very  learned  work.' 

SCHMIDT  (Christopher),  a  learned  German,  was  bora 
May  1 1,  1740,  at  Nordheim,  and  studied  law  at  Gottingen. 
In  1762  he  visited  St.  Petersburgh  in  company  whh  count 
Munich,  in  whose  family  be  had  been  tutor  for  some  time, 
hut  returned  to  his  studies,  and  took  his  law  degrees  atGot-* 
tinmen,  whence  he  removed  to  Helmstadt.  He  was  soon 
after  appointed  professor  in  the  Caroline  college  at  Bruns- 
wick, where  he  lectured  on  history,  public  law,  and  statis* 
ties  until  1779,  when  the  prince  made  him  a  counsellor  and 
keeper  of  the  archives  at  Wolfenbuttel.  In  1784,  the 
prince  added  the  title  of  aulic  counsellor.  He  died  in  180K 
In  bis  visit  to  Russia  he  contracted  a  fondness  for  that  coun-^ 
try  and  its  language,  and  employed  much  of  his  time  on 
its  history*  This  produced  various  works,  published  in 
German,  **  Letters  on  Russia,"  *^  Materials  for  a  knowledge 
of  the  Constitution  and  Government  of  Russia,'^  ^*  An  at* 
tempt  towards  a  new  introduction  to  the  History  of  Russia,? 
&c.  &c«  He  published  also  ^^  A  manual  of  History,"  ^'  His- 
torical miscellanies,"  and  "  A  History  of  Germany,^'  which 
IS  spoken  of  as  an  eloquent  and  useful  work.*       , 

SCHMIDT  (Erasmus),  an  excellent  Greek  scholar,  wat 
born  atDelitzch  in  Misnia,  1560,  and  became  eminent  for 
bis  skill  in  the  Greek  tongue  and  in  the  mathematics ;  botK 
which,  although  they  are  accomplishments  seldom  found 
in  tlie  same  person,  he  professed  .with  great  reput^^tion  for 
nany  years  at  Wittemberg,  where  he  died  in  1637,     He 

1  NiceroD,  toI.  IL— Mereri.— Pict.  Uiit— Saxii  OnoiBMt. 
f  IMct.  Bitt« 

K  3 


244  SCHMIDT. 

published  an  edition  of  •*  Pifldar*'  in  1616,  ito,  with  li 
Latin  version  and  learned  notes.  While  Heyiie  finds  many 
defects  in  this  edition,  he  honours  the  editor  with  the  title 
of  "  Editornm  Pindari  faci^le  ppineeps."  He  wrote  notes 
•alsd  upon  Lycophron,  Dionys4u«  Periegetes,  and  Hesiod ; 
»which  last  was  published  at  Geneva  in  1693;  an  excellent 
"  Concordance  to  the  Greek  Testament,**  fol.  the  best  edi- 
tion of  which  is  that  of  17 17  ;  and  a  "  Commentary  on  the 
New  Testame^n,"  much  espt-een^ed,  Argent.  1650,  fol.' 
-  SCHMIDT  (John  Andrew),  a  learned  Lutheran  di^ne, 
was  born  at  Worms,  in  1652.  In  his  twenty-seventh  year, 
lie  hurt  bis  right  arm  with  a  fail  so  much,  that  he  could 
never  recover  the  use  of  it :  he  learned  to  write,  however, 
«o  well  with  the  left,  as  to  be  able  to  compose  near  a  hun- 
dred publications,  without  the  help  of  an  amanuensis,  but 
they  are  chiefly  theses  upon  subjects  of  ecclesiastical  his-^ 
tory.  One  of  his  pieces  is  entitled  "  Arcana  dominationiv 
in  rebus  gestis  Oliverii  Cromwelli ;"  another  is  against  a 
book,  supposed  to  be  Le  Clerc's,  with  this  title,  **  Liberii 
tie  sancto  amore  Epistolae  Theologicee.'*  He  translated  Par- 
die's  "  Elements  of  Geometry"  out  of  French  iqto  Latin. 
He  died  in  1 726  ;  and  his  funeral  oration  was  made  by  John 
Laurence  Mosheim,  who  speaks  very  highly  in' bis  praise.* 

SCHN'EBBELIE  (Jacob),  was  son  x)f  a  native  of  Zu- 
rich, in  Switzerland,  lieutenant  in  the  Dutch  army  at  the 
memorable  siege  of  Bergen-op-Zoom  in  1747  ;  when,  after 
a  gallant  resistance  of  two  montfhs,  it  was,  as  generally  be- 
lieved, surprised  by  the  French  under  marshal  LowendaK 
Upon  quitting  the  service  Mr.  Schnebbelie  carae  over  to 
£ngiand,  and  settled  in  the  business  of  a  confectioner,  iii 
which  capacity  he  had  frequently  the  h©f>our  of  attending 
on  king  George  II.  He  afterwards  opened  a  shop  at  Ro-* 
cihester,  where  one  of  his  sons  still  resides  ;  and  the  same 
profession  his  son  Jacob  (who  was  born  Aug.  30,  1760,  in 
Duke's  Court,  in  the  parish  of  St  Martin  in  the  Fields) 
followed  for  some  time,  first  at  Canterbury,  and  afterwards 
at  Hammersmith  ;  till,  nature  pointing  out  to  him  the  pro- 
per road  to  fame  and  credit,  he  quitted  his  shop  and  com- 
menced self-taught  teacher,  at  Westminster  and  other 
public  schools,  of  the  art  of  drawing,  in  which  he  made  a 
proficiency  which  introduced  him  to  the  notice  of  many 
among  the  learned  and  the  great.     To  the  earl  of  Lei- 

1  Moreri. — Diet.  Hist.  *  Moreru 


SCHNEBBELIE.  245 

cester^s  notice  he  was  first  introduced  by  accidentally 
sketching  a  view  in  his  park  near  Hertford,  and  was  em* 
ployed  b^  him  in  taking  some  of  the  most  picturesque 
landscapes  about  Tunbridge  Wells,  with  a  view  to  their 
publication  for  his  benefit.  At*  their  noble  president's  ex- 
press recommendation  he  was  appointed  draughtsman  of 
the  society  of  antiquaries  ;  and  Biled  that  office  with  equa) 
credit  to  himself  and  his- patron.  The  merits  of  his  pencil 
are  too  generally  known  and  acknowledged  to  require  any. 
exaggerated  eulogium.  Happy  in  a  quick  eye  and  a  dis- 
criminating taste,  he  caught  the  most  beautiful  objects  in 
the  happiest  points  of  view;  and  for  fidelity  and  elegance 
of  delineation,  may  be  ranked  high  among  the  list  of  first*. 
rate  artists.  The  works  put  forth  on  his  own  account  are 
not  numerous.  In  17S1  he  intended  to  publish  six  views 
of  St.  Augustine's  Monastery,  to  be  engraved  by  Mr.  Ro- 
gers, &c. ;  five  of  which  were  completed,  and  one  small 
view  of  that  religious  house  was  etched  by  himself.  In 
17S7  he  etched  a  plate  representing  the  Serpentine  River,f 
part  of  Hyde  Park,  with  the  house  of  earl  Bathurst,  a  dis- 
tant view  of  Westminster  Abbey,  &c.  now  the  property 
and  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Jukes,  intended  to  be  aqua- 
tinted  for  publication.  Mr.  Jukes  purchased  also  from  him 
several  views  of  Canterbury  cathedral,  St.  Augustine's  mo- 
nastery, &c.  In  March  1788  he  published  four  views  of 
St.  Alban's  town  aiul  abbey,  drawn  and  etched  by  himself; 
which  in  the  November  following  were  published,  aqua* 
tinted  by  F.  Jukes.  About  the  same  time  that  he  set  oa 
foot  the  ^'Antiquaries  Museum,*'  he  became  an  associate  with 
the  late  James  Moore,  esq.  F.  S.  A.  and  Mr.  Parkyns,  in  the 
*^  Monastic  Remains*;"  which,  after  five  numbers  had  ap- 
peared, be  relinquished  to  his  coadjutors.  The  assistance 
he  occasionally  gave  to  ^^  The  Gentleman's  Magazine,"  the 
smallest  part  of  his  merit,  it  will  be  needless  to  particu- 
larize ;  bis  masterly  hand  being  visible  on  whatever  it  was 
exerted.  It  is  of  more  consequence  to  his  fame  to  point 
out  the  beauties  of  many  of  the  plates  in  the  second  and 
third  volumes  of  the  "  Vetusta  Monumenta"  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries;  and  in  the  second  volume  of  the  ^^  Sepul- 
chral Monuments  of  Great  Britain  f,"  the  far  greater  part 
of  the  numerous  plates  in  which  are  after  him  ;  or  in  the^ 
very  many  drawings  he  had  finished,  and  the  sketches  he 

*  See  Gent.  Mag.  voK  LXI.  pp.  743,  1118,  1207. 

f  lo  the  preface  te  which  b«  n  gratefally  coQuaeiDonted. 


m  S  C  H  O  E  P  F  L  I  N. 

•  '  .  '  • 

Paris  he  wetft  to  Italy,  stajed  at  Rome  six  months,  reV 
ceived  from  the  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies  a  copy  of  thef* 
*'  Antiquities  of  Herculaneum,"  and  fronn  the  duke  of 
Parrtia  the  *^  Mirseum  Florentinum."  He  came  to  Eng^ 
land  at  the  beginning  of  the  late  krng*s  reign,  and  left  it 
the  day  that  Fere  Courayer,  driven  out  of  Paris  by  theolo- 
gical disputes,  arrived  in  London.  He  was  now  honoured* 
with  a  canonry  of  St.  Thomas,  one  of  the  roost  distinguished 
Lutheran  chapters,  and  visited"  Paris  a  third  time  in  1728, 
Several. dissertations  by  him  are  inserted  in  the  "  Memoiraf 
of  the  academy  of  inscriptions  and  belles  lettres  j'*  one, 
ascribing  the  invention  of  moveable  types  to  Guttenberg  of 
Strasbou-rg,  1440,  against  Meerman, 

In  1733,  he  narrowly  escaped  from  a  dangerous  illnes»« 
tie  had  long  meditated  one  of  those  works,  which  alone,  by 
their  importance,  extent,  and  difficulty,  might  immortalise 
a  society,  a  "  History  of  Alsace."  To  collect  materials 
for  this,  he  travelled  into  the  Low  Countries  and  Oermany 
in  1738,  and  into  Switzerland  1744.  At  Prague  be  found 
that  the  fragment  of  St.  Mark's  Gospel,  so  carefully  kept 
there,  is  a  continuation  of  that  at  Venice.  The  chancellor 
D'Aguesseau  senc  for  hioi  to  Paris,  1746,  with  the  sain<» 
view.  His  plan  was  to  write  the  History  of  Alsace,  and  to 
illustrate  its  geography  and  policy  before  and  under  the 
Romans,  under  the  Franks,  Germans,  and  its  present  go-* 
vernors;  and,  in  1751,  he  presented  it  to  the  king  of 
France,  who  had  before  honoured  him  with  the  title  of 
**  Historiographer  Royal  and  Counsellor,"  and.  tl>en  gave 
him  an  appointment  of  2000  livres,  and  a  copy  of  the  cata* 
logne  of  the  royal  library.  He  availed  himself  of  this  op-» 
portunity  to  plead  the  privileges  of  the  Protestant  univer-^ 
sity  of  Strasbourg,  and  obtained  a  confirmatit^n  of  them. 
His  second  volume  appeared  in  1761;  and  be  had  prepared, 
as  four  supplements,  a  collection  of  charters  and  record*, 
im  ecclesiastical  history,  a  literary  history,  and  a  li»t  of 
authors  who  had  treated  of  Alsace:  the  publication  of  thesd 
he  recommended  to  Mr.  Koch,  his  assistant  and  successor 
in  his  chair.  Between  these  two  volumes  he  published  fats 
**  Vindicise  Cdticae,'*  in  which  he  examities  the  origin, 
revolution,  and  language  of  the  Celts.  The  **  History  of 
Baden'*  was  his  last  considerable  work,  a  duty  which  be 
thought  he  owed  his  country.  He  completed  ibis  history 
in  seven  volumes  in  four  years  ;  the  first  appeared  in  176^ 
the  last  in  1766.     Having  h^  this  history  illustrated  bis 


S  C  H  O  E  P  F  L  I  N.  4« 

country,  he  pfevaiied  upon  the  marquis  of  Baden  to  build 
^  room,  in  which  all  its  anciertt  monuments  were  deposited 
in  1763.  He  engaged  with  the  elector  palatine  to  found 
the  academy  of  Manheim.  He  pronounced  the  inaugural 
discourse,  and  furnished  the  electoral  treasury  with  an- 
tiques. 'He  opened  the  public  meetings  of  this  academy, 
which  are  held  twice  a  year,  by  a  discourse  as  honorary 
president.  He  proved  in  two  of  these  discourses,'  that  no 
electoral  house,  no  court  in  Germany,  had  produced  a 
greater  number  of  learned  princes  than  the  electoral  house. 
In  1766,  he  presented  to  the  elector  the  first  volume  af  the 
**  Memoirs  of  a  Rising  Academy,"  and  promised  one  every 
two  years. 

A  friend  to  humanity,  and  not  in  the  least  jealous  of  his 
literary  property,  he  made  his  library  public.     It  was  the 
most  complete  in  the  article  of  history  that  ever  belonged 
to  a  private  person,    rich  in  MSS.  medals,  inscriptions, 
figures,    vases,    and  ancient  instruments   of  every   kind, 
colieeled  by  him  with  great  judgment  in  his  travels.     All 
these,  in  bis  old  age,  he  presented  to  the  city  of  Strasbourg, 
without  any  other  condition  except  that  bis  library  shauld 
be  open  both  to  foreigners  and  his  own  countrymen.     The  / 
city,  however,  rewarded  this  disinterested  liberality  by  a 
pension  of  a  hundred  louis.     He  was  admitted  to  the  de\ 
bates  in  the  senate  upon  this  occasion,  and  there  compli- 
inented  the  senate  and  the  city  on  the  favour  they  had 
shewn  to  literature  ever  since  its  revival  in  Europe.     No- 
vember 22,   1770,  closed  the  fiftieth  year  of  the  professor- 
ship of  Mr.  S. ;  this  was  celebrated  by  a  public  festival : 
the  university  assembled,  and  Mr.  Lobstein,  their  orator, 
pronounced  before  them  a  discourse  in  praise  of  this  ex- 
traordinary man,  and  the  whole  solemnity  concluded  with 
a  grand  entertainment.     Mr.  S.   seemed    born   to   outlive 
himself.     Mr.  Ring,  one  of  his  pupils,  printed  his  life  in 
1769.     In  1771,  be  was  attacked  by  a  slow  fever,  occa- 
sioned by  an  obstruction  in  his  bowels  and  an  ulcer  in  hii 
lungs,  after  an  illness  of  many  months.   He  died  August  7, 
the  first  day  of  the  eleventh  month  of  his  seventy-seventh 
year,  sensible  to  the  last.     He  was  buried  in  the  colle<* 
giate  church  of  St.  Thomas,  the  city,  in  his  favour,  dis- 
pensing with  the  law  which  forbids  interment  within  its 
limits.  * 

1  Gent.  Mag.  1783,  by  Mr,  Goos^,  aj^pMtwktr  ff^n^  H«tl«i  de  Vitis  PhllOs 
lofforam,  toL  III.  or  from  Ring'i  Life. 


350  SCHOMBERG. 

SCHOMBERG  (Alexander  Crowcher),  a  learned 
English  clergyman,  was  born  July  6,  1756,' and  educated 
at  Southampton-school,  where  he  laid  the  foundation  of  his 
classical  learning,  and  displayed  his  taste  in  some  juvenile 
performances  which  were  much  approved.  He  afterwards 
cultivated  these  attainments  under  Dr.  Warton  at  Winches- 
ter-school, whence  he  removed  to  Magdalen -college,  Ox- 
fordj  of  which  he  became  M.  A.  in  1781,  and  fellow  and 
tutor.  Although  formed  to  excel  in  polite  literature,  his 
inclination  led  him  into  other  pursuits,  and  the  whole  oeco- 
pomy  of  human  life  became  the  subject  of  his  observation. 
The  interests  of  nations,  the  relations  of  arts,  the  cir- 
cuitous channels  and  the  secret  recesses  of  commerce,  and 
the  wide  range  of  operations  in  manufactures  and  agri- 
culture, were  open  to  his  intuition.  His  "  Chronological 
View  of  the  Rornan  Laws,"-  published  in  1785,  was  the  in- 
troduction to  a  larger  work,  for  which  he  had  furnished 
himself  with  ample  materials,  by  his  study  of  juridical  an- 
tiquities. Connected  with  this,  was  his  "  Treatise  on  the 
Maritime  Laws  of  Rhodes,"  in  which  he  clearly  investi- 
gated the  origin,  and  elegantly  described  the  nature,  of  the 
piaritime  codes  which  bore  an  analogy  to  the  Rhodiaii 
laws.  During  the  intervals  of  his  occupation  as  tutor  of 
the  college,  he  visited  the  principal  seats  of  commerce  and 
manufactures  in  England  and  on  the  continent.'  There* 
suit  of  these  researches  was  given,  in  1787,  in  his  *^  Histo- 
rical and  Political  Remarks  on  the  Tariff  of  the  Commer- 
cial Treaty  with  France,**  which  proved  the  very  enlight- 
ened progress  he  had  made  in  the  science  of  political 
iteconomy.  From  that  time  he  had,  with  minute  attention, 
observed  the  effects  of  that  famous  treaty  upon  both  na- 
tions ;  and  he  had  made  a  considerable  progress  in  print- 
ing a  series  of  facts  and  collateral  deductions,  under  the 
title  of  *'  Present  State  and  Manufactures  in  France,'* 
'when  he  was  interrupted  by  an  excruciating  disorder, 
>vhich  proved  fatal  April  6,  1792,  at  Bath,  whither  he  had 
gone  in  hopes  of  relief  from  the  waters.  He  was  a  man 
of  an  amiable  disposition,  and  greatly  lamented  by  hi^ 
friends.  He  had  taken  orders,  but  had  no  preferment  in 
the  church.  * 

SCHOMBERG  (Frederic  duke  of),  a  distinguished  ge- 
neral, was  descended  of  a  noble  family  iii  Germany^  and  w^ 

'   »  Q^nt.  Mas.  t©1.  IXlh 


S  C  H  O  M  B  E  R  G,  251 

the  son  of  count  Schomberg,  by  hisfirst  wife,  anEnglisb  lady, 
daughter  of  the  lord  Dudley;  which  count  was  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Prague  in  Bohemia  in  1620,  together  with  seve- 
ral of  bis  sons.  The  duke  was  born  in  1608.  He  served 
first  in  the  army  of  the  United  Provinces,  and  afterwards 
became  the  particular  confident  of  William  IL  prince  of 
Orange ;  in  whose  last  violent  actions  he  had  so  great  a 
share,  and  particularly  in  the  attempt  upon  Amsterdam, 
that,  on  the  prince's  death  in  1650,  he  retired  into  France. 
Here  be  gained  so  high  a  reputation,  that,  next  to  the 
prince  of  Cond^,  and  Turenne,  he  was  esteemed  the  best 
general  in  that  kingdom ;  though,  on  account  of  his  firm 
adherence  to  the  Protestant  religion,  he  was  not  for  a  con- 
siderable time  raised  to  the  dignity  of  a  marshal.  In  Nov. 
1659  he  offered  his  service  to  Charles  II.  for  his  restora- 
tion to  the  throne  of  England  ;  and,  the  year  Following, 
the  court  of  France  being  greatly  solicitous^for  the  interest 
of  Portugal  against  the  Spaniards,  he.  was  sent  to  Lisbon; 
and  in  his  way  thither  passed  through  England,  in  order 
to  concert  measures  with  king  Charles  for  the  support  of 
Portugal.  Among  other  discourse  which-  he  had  with  that 
prince,  he  advised  his  majesty  to  set  up  for  the  head  of 
the  Protestant  religion ;  which  would  give  him  a  vast  as- 
cendant among  the  princes  of  Germany,  make  him  umpire 
of  all  their  affairs,  procure  him  great  credit  with  the  pro- 
testants  of  France,  and  keep  that  crown  in  perpetual  fear 
of  him«  He  urged  him  likewise  not  to  part  with  Dunkirk, 
the  sale  of  which  was  then  in  agitation ;  since,  considering 
the  naval  power  of  England,  it  could  not  be  taken,  and  th6 
possession  of  it  would  keep  both  -  France  and  Spain  in  a 
dependence  upon  his  majesty. 

In  Portugal  he  performed  such  eminent  services  to  that 
kingdom  that  he  was  created  a  grandee  of  it,  by  the  title 
of  count  Mertola,  with  a  pension  of  5000^.  to  himself  and 
his  heirs.  In  1673  be  came  over  again  into  England,  to 
command  the  army ;  but,  the  French  interest  being  then 
very  odious  to  the  English,  though  he  would  at  any  othet 
time  of  his  life  have  been  acceptable'  to  them,  he  was  at 
that  crisis  looked  on  as  one  sent  over  from  France  to  bring 
pur  army  under  French  discipline.  Finding  himself,  there- 
fore, obnoxious  to  <the  nation,  and  at  the  same  time  not 
loved  by  the  court,  as  being  found  not  fit  for  the  designs  of 
the  latter,  he  soon  returned  to  France.  In  June  1676,  he 
ivas  left  by  the  king  of  France,  upon  bis  return  to  Parish 


il52  SCHOMBERG. 

with  the  command  of  bis  army  in  Flanders ;  and  doon  after 
obliged  the  prince  of  Orange  to  raise  the  siege  of  Maesr* 
tricbt,  and  was  made  a  marshal  of  Frai>ce.  But,  when 
the  prosecution  against  those  of  the  reformed  religion  wa^ 
begun  in  that  kingdom,  he  desired  leave  to  return  into  his 
own  country ;  which  was  denied  him,  and  all  the  favour  be 
«ould  obtain  was  to  go  to  Porlugal.  And,  though  he  had 
preserved  that  nation  from  falling  under  the  yoke  of  Cas^ 
tile,  yet  now,  when  he  came  thither  for  refuge,  the  inqui- 
sition represented  that  matter  of  giving  harbour  to  an 
heretic  so  odiously  to  the  king,  that  he  was  forced  to  send 
i^he  marshal  away.  He  went  thence  to  England ;  and, 
passing  through  Holland,  entered  into  a  particular  con* 
fidence  with  the  prince  of  Orange ;  and,  being  invited  by 
the  etector  of  Brandenburgh  to  Berlin,  was  made  governor 
of  Prussia,  and  placed  at  the  head\of  all  tl^  elector's 
armies.  He  was  treated  likewise  by  the  young  elector 
with  the  same  regard  that  his  father  had  shewn  him ;  and, 
in  1688,  was  sent  by  him  to  Cleves,  to  commaod  the 
troops  which  were  raised  by  the  empire  for  the  defence  of 
Cologne. 

When  the  prince  of  Orange  was  almost  ready  for  his  ex- 
pedition into  England,  marshal  Schomberg  obtained  leave 
of  the  elector  of  Brandenbonrg  to  accompany  bis  highness 
in  that  attempt ;  and,  after  their  arrival  at  London,  he  is 
mipposed  to  have  been  the  author  of  that  remarkable  stra* 
tagem  for  trying  the  affections  of  the  people,  by  raising 
«n  universal  apprehension  over  the  kingdom  of  tbe  ap- 
proach of  tbe  Irish  with  fire  and  sword.  Upon  the  prince's 
advanceuheut  to  the  throne  of  England,  he  was  appointed 
master  of  the  ordnance,  and  general  of  his  majesty's  forces  ^ 
in  April  16H9,  knight  of  the  garter,  and  the  same  month  na- 
turalized by  act  of  parliament ;  and,  in  May,  was  created  a  ba^^ 
ro»,  earl,  marquis,  and  duke  of  this  kingdom,  by  the  name 
and  title  of  baron  Teys,  earl  of  Brentford,  marquis  of  Har- 
wich, and  duke  of  Schomberg.  Tbe  House  of  Commons  like- 
wise voted  to  him  100,000/.  for  the  services  wliich  he  had 
done;  but  be  received  only  a  small  part  of  that  sum,  tbe  king 
after  his  death  paying  his  son  5000/.  a  year  for  the  remain- 
der. In  Ajug.  1689  he  sailed  for  Ireland,  with  an  arnnyy 
for  the  redaction  of  that  kingdom  ;  and,  having,  mustered 
$11  bis  forces  there,  and  finding  them,  to  be  not  above 
14,000  men,  among  whom  there  were  but  2000  horse,  he 
oAitrched  to  X>midaU;>  where  ho  posted  hiouolf ;  img  J^mcB 


^CHOMBEBG  25S 

1>«in£  oome  to  Ardee.  within  fire  or  »x  miles  of  him,  with 
4tbove  thrice  his  number.  Scbomberg^  therefore,  being 
<lisapp<Mfited  of  the  supplies  from  England,  which  had  been 
f>ro«iised  him,  and  his  arni}^  being  so  greatly  inferior  to  the  ^ 
Irish,  resolved  to  keep  himself  on  the  defensive.  He  lay 
there  six  weeks  in  a  rainy  season  ;  and  his  men,  for  want 
of  due  management,  contracted  such  diseases  that  almost 
one  half  of  them  perished. 

He  was  censured  by  some  for  not  making  a  bold  attemjit ; 
and  «uch  complaints  were  sent  of  this  to  king  William,  'that 
iiis  majesty  wrote  twice  to  him,  pressing  him  on  the  sub- 
ject. But  the  duke  saw  that  tbe  enemy  was  well  posted 
and  .well  provided,  and  had  several  good  officers  among 
them;  and  knew  that,  if  he  met  with  a  check,  his  whole 
army,  and  consequently  all  Ireland,  had  been  lost,'  since 
he  could  not  have  made  a  regular  retreat.  The  surest  me* 
thod  was  to  preserve  his  army ;  which  would  save  Ulster, 
and  although  his  conduct  exposed  hini  to  the  reproaches  of 
tome  persons,  better  judges  thought,  that  bis  management 
of  this  campaign  was  one  of  the  greatest  actions  of  his  life. 
At  the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  July  I,  1690,  he  passed  the 
river  in  his  station,  and  immediately  rallied  and  encou- 
raged the  French  Protestants,  who  had  been  left  exposed 
by  the  death  of  their  commander,  with  this  short  harangue; 
*^  Allons,  messieurs,  voiR  vos  pers^cuteurs,^'  pointing  to 
the  French  Papists  in  the  enemy's  army.  But  these  word« 
were  scarcely  uttered,  when  a  few  of  king  James's  guards, 
who  retdrned  full  speed  to  their  main  body,  after  the 
slaught«er  of  their  companions,  and  whom  the  French  re-  ' 
fugees  suffered  to  pass,  thinking  them  to  be  of  their  own 
party,  fell  furiously  upon  the  duke,  and  gave  him  two^ 
wounds  over  the  head,  which,  however,  were  not  mortal. 
Upon  this,  the  French  regiment  acknowledged  their  erroi^ 
by  committing  a  greater;  for,  firing  rashly  on  the  enemy, 
tbey  shot  him  through  the  neck,  of  which  wound  he  in^ 
ftantly  died.  He  was  buried  in  St  Patrick's  cathedral,* 
where  die  dean  and  chapter  erected  a  small  monument  ta 
his  honour,  at  their  own  expence,  with  an  elegant  inscrip- 
tion by  I>r.  Swift,  which  is  printed  in  the  Dean's  works. 

Burnet  tells  us,  that  he  was  ^^  a  calm  man,  of  great  ap<^' 
plication  and  conduct,  and  thought  much  better  than  he* 
apoke ;  of  true  judgment,  of  exact  probity,  and  of  an  hum-* 
ble  and  obliging  temper."     And  another  writer  observes-, 
that  he  had  a  thorough  experience  of  the  world ;  knew 


854  S  C  H  O  M  B  E  R  O. 

men  and  things  better  than  any  nian  of  his  pFofession  e^et 
did  ;  and  was  as  great  in  council  as  at  the  head  of  an  army. 
He  appeared  coprteous  and  affable  to  every  person,  and 
yet  had  an  air.  of  grandeur  that  commanded  respect  from  alL 

.In  king  William's  cabinet  are  the  dispatches  of  the  duke 
of  Scbomberg  in  Ireland  to  king  William^  which  sir  John 
Dalrympie  has  printed  in  the  second  volume  of  his  me- 
moirs ;  "  because/'  he  remarks,  *^  they  paint  in  lively  co- 
lours the  state  of  the  army  in  that  country ;  clear  Scbom- 
berg of  inactivity,  which  has  been  unjustly  thrown  upon 
him ;  and  do  honour  to  the  talents  of  a  man,  .who  wrotd 
with  the  elegant  simplicity  of  Caesar,  and  to  whose  repu- 
tation and  conduct,  next  to  those  of  king  William,  the 
English  nation  owes  the  revolution.  ^ 

SCHOMBERG  (Isaac),  one  of  a  family  of  physicians  of 
^ome  note  in  their  day,  w«s  the  son  of  Dr.  Meyer  Scbom^ 
berg,  a  native  of  Cologne,  a  Jew,  and,  as  it  was  said, 
librarian  to  some* person  of  distinction  abroad,  which  oc- 
cupation he  left,  and  came  and  settled  in  London,  where 
be  professed  himself  to  be  a  physiician ;  and,  by  art  and 
address,  obtained  a  lucrative  situation  amidst  the  faculty* 
In  1740  he  had  outstripped  all  the  city  physicians,  and 
was  in  the  annual  receipt  of  four  thousand  pounds.  He 
died  March  4,  1761.  This,  bis  son,  was  born  abroad^ 
and  at  the  age  of  two  or  three  years  was  brought  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  received  a  liberal  education,  and  afterwards 
studied  at  Leyden.  After  his  retui*n  to  London  he  set  up 
in  practice,  but  had  a  dispute  with  the  college  of  physi- 
cians, as,  we  are  told,  his  father  had  before  him.  The 
partic^ilars  of  this  dispute  are  not  uninteresting  in  the 
history  of  the  college. 

After  Dr.  Schomberg  had  practised  some  years  as  a  phy- 
sician in  London,  he  received  a  notice  from  the  college  of 
their  intention  to  examine  him  in  the  usual  form,  and  to 
admit  him  a  licentiate.  This  notice  he  was  thought  to 
have  trieated  with  contempt ;  for,  instead  of  submitting  to 
the  examination,  be  objected  to  the  names  of  some  persons 
who  were  to  be  examined  at  the  same  time,  and  behaved,  it 
is  said,  with  some  haughtiness  to  those  of  the  college  who,- 
hexornplained,  had  used  him  ill,  in  ordering  him  to  be 
axat^ined  in   such  company.      The   college  considering 

themselves'  the  sole  judges  of  what  persons  they  should 

.  .      ••        ' 

J  BirA^s  Liv«*.— Burnet's  Own  Times.— Swift's  Workt.    Sec  to^tz. 


8  C  H  O  M  B  E  R  O.  iBS 

tall  upooy  refused  to  attend  to  the  doctor-s  objection,  but 
examined  the  persons  against  whom  he  seemed  most  to 
except ;  but  this  not  tending  to  make  up  the  dispute,  tbejr 
proceeded  to  interdict  the  doctor  from  practice  until  he 
bad  given  such  satisfaction  as  his  conduct  required.  la 
the  mean  time  the  doctor  submitted  to  be  examined,  and 
in  1750  procured  the  degree  of  doctor  of  physic  to  be  con«- 
ferred  on  him  by  the  university  of  Cambridge ;  and,  thug 
supported,  demanded  his  admittance  a  second  time,  not 
as  a  licenciate,  but  one  of  the  body.  This  demand  was  re^* 
fused  to  be  complied  with,  and  it  was  objected,  that  the 
doctor,  though  naturalized,  eould  not  hold  the  office  of 
censor  of  the  college,  which  was  an  office  of  trust ;  and 
this  refusal  brought  the  determination  of  the  business  tQ 
the  decision  of  the  lawyers.  A  petition  was  presented  to 
the  king,  praying  him,  in  the  person  of  the  lord  chancellor^ 
to  exercise  his  visitatorial  power  over  the  college,  and  re« 
•tore  the  licenciates  to  their  rights,  which,  by  their  arbi* 
trary  proceedings,  the  president  and  fellows  had  for  a  sue-' 
cession  of  ages  deprived  them  of.  This  petition  came  on 
to  be  heard  at  Lincoln's  Inn  hall,  before  the  lord  chie^ 
justice  Willis,  baron  Smythe,  and  judge  Wilmot,  lords 
commissioners  of  the  great  seal ;  but  the  allegations  therein 
contained  not  being  established,  the  same  was  dismissed. 
This,  attack  on  the  college  was  the  most  formidable  it  ever 
$ustaii>ed. 

In  this  dispute  Dr.  Schomberg  was  supposed  to  have 
employed  his  pea  against  his  adversaries  with  considerable 
effect.  It  is  certain  he  was  well  supported  by  bis  friends ; 
one  of  whom,  Moses  Mendez,  esq.  exposed  bis  opponents 
to  ridicule,  in  a  performance  entitled  *^  The  Battiad,"  since 
reprinted  in  Dilly*s  Repository. 

From  thi*s  period  Dr.  Schomberg  took  his  station  in  the 
medical  profession,  with  credit  and  approbation,  though 
without  the  success  that  inferior  talents  sometimes  expe« 
rienced.  On  the  last  illness  of  David  Garrick,  he  waa 
called  in,  and  hailed,  by  his  dying  friend,  in  the  affectionate 
terms  of — <'  though  last  not  least  in|our  dear  love."  He  sur- 
vived Garrick  but  a  short  time,  dying  at  his  house  in  Con- 
duit-street, the  4th  of  March,  1780  J  and  the  following 
character  was  given  of  him  by  one  who  seems  to  have 
known  him  well : 

**  His  great  Jtalents  and  knowledge  in  his  profession, 
were  universally  acknowledged  by  Uie  gentlemen  of  the 


isB  S  C  H  O  M  B  E  R  G. 

.  faculty ;  aod  his  t€«<Jerrie98  abd  humanity  recomm^niledl 
bim  to  the  friendship  and  esteem,  a«  well  as  veneration,  of  ' 
his  patieqts.  He  was  endued  with  uncommon  quickness 
und  sagacity  in  discovering  the  sources,  and  tracing  the 
progress,  of  a  disorder  ;  and  though  in  general  a  friend  to 
jprudent  regimen,  rather  than  medicine,  vfet,'  in  emergent 
cases,  he  prescribed  with  a  correct  ahcf  happy  boldness 
equal  to  the  occasion.  He  was  so  averse  from  that  sordid 
avarice  generally  charged,  perhaps  often  with  great  injus- 
tice, on  th«  faculty,  that  many  of  his  friends  in  affluent  cir* 
cumstanoes  found  it  impossible  to  force  on  him  that  rewarcl 
for  bis  services  which  he  had  so  fairly  earned,  and  which 
iiis  attendance  so  well  merited.  As  a  man  he  wis  sincere 
«nd  just  In  his  principles,  frank  and  amiable  in  his  temper^ 
instructive  and  lively  in  conversation;  his  many  singulari- 
ties endearing  him  still  further  to  his  acquaintance,  as  they 
proceeded  from  an  honest  plaiii-ness  of  mannerj  and  visibly 
Slowed  from  a  benevolent  simplicity  of  heart.     He  was,  for 

V  flnany  days,  sensible  of  his  approacbirig  6nd,  which  been* 
countered  with  a  calmness  and  resignation,  not  easily  to 
be  imitated  by  those  who  now  regret  the  loss  of  so  good  a 
inan,  ^o  valuable  a  friend,  and  so  skilful  a  physician.'* 

Dr.  Schomberg  had  a  younger  brother,  Ralph  Schoat- 
£ER6,  M.  D.  who  first  settled  at  Yarmouth  ^$  a  physidiari, 
and  published  some  works  on  pr6fession^l  Subjects  that'  in- 
dicated ability,  and  others  from  which  he  derived  little  rfi- 
putation.  Of  the  former  kind  are,  1.  •*'Aphorisnii  prac- 
tici,  sive  observationes  medicse/'  for  the  u^e  of  studentfj; 
und  in  alphabetical  order,  1750,  ^vo.  2.  "  Prbsperi  Mar- 
tiani  Anpotationes  in  csecas  pracnotationes  synopsis,"'! 751. 

5.  "'Van  Swieten's  Commentaries"  abridn;ed.  '  4.-  **  A 
Treatise  of  the  Colica  Pictonum,  or  Dry  Belly-ache,*'  f764; 
Svo.  5.  **  Diiport  de  signis  morborum  trbrl  quatuor,'* 
4766.  Of  tlie  latter,  are  sonie  dramatic  pieces  of  very 
little  valufe,  and  6.  "  An  Ode  on  thfe  present  rebeJliort,*^ 
1746.     7.  "  An  Account  of  the  present  rebellion,"  1746; 

6.  "The  Life  of  Maecenas,"  1767,  12mo,  taken  without 
Bckiiowledgment  from  Meibonvius.  9.  *'  A  critical  Disser- 
tation on  the  characters  and  writings  of  Pindar  and  Hdrace; 
in  a  letter  to  the  right  bon.  ,the  earl  of  B — ,"  also  a  shame- 
ful instance  Xif  plagiarism  from  Blondell's  "  Comparison  de 
Pindare  et  D' Horace."  It  would  have  been  well  if  his  piU 
ferings  had  only  been  from  books ;  but  after  he  had  removed 
to  iBakb,  and  practised  there  some  years  with  considerAbi* 


\i 


S  C  H  O  M  B  E  R  0.  tfS7 

success^  be  tried  bis  skill  upon  ^he  funds  of  a  public  cba* 
rity^  and,  detection  following,  was  obliged  to  make  a  pre* 
cipitate  retreat  from  Bath,  aiid  from  public  practice.  He 
appears  to  have  hid  himself  first  at  Paugbourn  in  Berkshire, 
and  afterwards  at  Reading,  where  he  died  June  29,  1792* 
In  the  obituary  be  is  called  "  Ralph  Schomberg,  I!sq.\^^ 

SCHONER  (Joim),  a  noted  German  philosopher  and 
mathematician,  was  born  at  Carolostadt  in  1477,  and  died 
in  J  547,  aged  seventy.    From  bis  uncommon  acquirements, 
he  was  chosen  matheipatical  professor  at  Nuremberg  when 
he  was  but  a  young  man.     He  wrote  a  great  many  works, 
and  was  particularly  famous  for  his  astronomical  tables, 
which  he  published  after  the  manner  of  those  of  Regiomon-* 
tan  us,  and  to  which  he  gave  the  title  of  Resolutay  on  ac-* 
count  of  their  clearness.     Bur,  notwithstanding  his  great 
knowledge,  he  was,  after  the  fashion  of  the  times,  much 
addicted  to  judicial  astrology,  which  he  took  great  pains 
to  improve.     The  list  of  his  writings  is  chiefly  as  follows  : 
J.  "  Three  Books  of  Judicial  Astrology."     2.  "  The  astro- 
nomical' tables    named  Resolutas,'*      3.    ^  De  Usu  Globi 
Stelliferi;  De  Compositione  Globi  Coelestis ;  De  Usu  Globi 
Terrestris,  et  de  Compositione  ejusdem.'*     4.  *^  iEquato- 
rium  Astronomicum.^'     5.  '<  Libellus  de  Distantiis  Loco- 
rum  per  Instrumentum  et  Numeros  investigandis.'*  6.  *^  De 
Compositione  Torqueti."    7.  "  In  Constructionem  et  Usum 
Rectanguli    sive    Radii   Astronomic!  Annotationes.*'      8. 
'^  Horarii  Cylindri  Canones.^'      9.  ^  Pianisphserium,   sea 
Meteoriscopium.*'     10.  "  Orgahum  Uranicum."     11.**  In- 
strumentum Impedimentorum  Lunse.**     All  printed  at  Nu- 
remberg, in  1551,  folio.     Of  these,  the  large  treatise  of 
dialling  rendered  bim  more  known  in  the  learned  world 
than  all  his  other  works  besides,  in  which  he  discovers  a 
surprising  getiius  and  fund  of  learning  of  that  kind ;  but 
some  have  attributed  this  to  his  son.* 

8CHONNING,  SCHOENING,  or  SCHONING  (Ger- 
rard),  a  learned  Norwegian,  was  born  at  Skatnss,  in  Nord- 
tand,  in  1722.  He  went  in  1740  to  the  school  of  Dron- 
tbeim,  the  rector  of  which  conceived  so  high  an  opinion  of 
his  ti^lents,  as  to  assist  him  in  carrying  ou  his  studies  a( 

1  Eurob.  Mag.  Ibr  1803.— Kiobols*8  Bowyer.— Minutes  of  Proceedings  of  tbt 
RoTal  college  of  Physicians,  relating  to  X>r.  Isaac  Scbomberg,  from  Feb.  5, 
1146,  to  Bt&  99,  1/753,  tvo,  1754. 

s  Martin's  Biog.  PbiL— Hutton't  Pictionar7.«-Fnh«ri,Tb«atruiii.— Saxii  On*" 
vatticon. 

Vol.  XXVIT.  S   . 


Si5d  S  G  H  O  N  N  I  N  G.* 

Copenhagen,  wbe^e  in  1758,  be  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  aoademy  of  sciences  at  Copenhagen.  In  1764  be  was. 
appointed  professor  of  history  and  eloquence^t  Sera,  and. 
received  literary  honours  from  various  societies.  ,  In  1773, 
1774,  and  1775,  be  went  on  a  tour,,  at  the  king^s  expence, 
through  various  parts  of  Norway,  to  examine  the  remsiiot 
of  antiquity,  but  was  recalled  to  Copenhagen  to  be  keeper 
of  the  archives,  and  in  1776  was  appointed  a  member  of 
the  society  formed  for  publishing  Icelandic  works  from  the 
collection  of  Arnas  Magnseus.  He  died  July  18,  178p. 
He  is  said  to  have  passed  his  time  and  employed  his 
thoughts  entirely  on  bis  peculiar  studies,  having  an  utter 
aversion  to  theological  controversy,  and  being  equally  par* 
tial  to  men  of  merit  of  all  persuasions.  Hi&  works  are.nu-* 
roerous,  but  many  of  them  are  academical  disser|;atiQns« 
Among  those  of  a  more  permanent  form  are  ^^  An  Essay 
towards  the  ancient  Geography  of  the  Northern  Countries^ 
particularly  Norway  ;"  "  Observations  on  th^  old  Nprthertt 
Marriages  and  Weddings  ;"  **  De  Anni  Ratione  apud  ve- 
leres  Septentrionales ;"  "  History  of  Norway  from  tbo 
foundation  of  the  kingdom  till  the  time  of  Harold^  Haar- 
feger,"  1771 — 1781,  4  vols.  4to,  the  last  vohirne  edited 
by  Sahm ;  **  Travels  through  Norway,"  &c.  He  was  aka 
the  contributor  of  many  papers  to  tbe  Transactions  of  the 
Norwegian  society,  and  of  the.  academy  of  sciences  at  Co-* 
penhagen,  on  subjects  of  antiquity,  bearing  sonfie  relation 
to  the  northern  nation«.^ 

SCHOOCKIUS  (Martin),  a  learned  and  v^ry  laborious 
writer,  was  born  April  1,  1614,  at  Utcecht,  and  was  sue- 
cessively  professor  of  languages,  rbetqric,  hi^tony,  natural 
philosophy,  logic,  and  experimental  philqsopby  in  that 
Qity,  at  Deventer,  Groningen,  and  lastly,  at  Franoford 
upon  Oder,  where  he  died  in  1665,  aged  (ifty-one.  Scbooc** 
kius  delighted  in  singular  subjects,  and  has  left  a  prodi-* 
gious  number  of  works.  Burman  says  he  never  knew  a 
man  who  published  so  much  and  acquired  so  little-  fame^  ia 
the  learned  worlds  Some  of  his  works  are  qritijcal^  others 
on  philosophy,  divinity,  history,  and  literature,  chiefly  in 
12GDO  or  8vQ,  &c.  The  mo.st  known  atre,  tri^ts  on  turfs, 
*^  De  Turffis,  sen  de  cespitibus  Bituminosis ;''  *^  On  But- 
ter f*  "  On  Antipathy  to  Cheese ;"  "  On  Eggs  and  Chic^ 
kens  ^**  ^^  On  Inundations ;''  *^  De  Harengi^  seu  Haleci^ 

»  Diet.  Hist  1 


S  C  H  O  O  C  K  lU  S.  2S9 

hm  ;^*  «  De  Sigiiaturis  fotus  f  "  De  Ciconiw ;"  «  De  Ni- 
hilo  ;**  "  De  Sternutatione  ;'*  "  De  figmento  legis  Regi»  ;'* 
"  De  Bodtii  Ecclesiasticis  et  Canonicis/*  4to ;  "  De  Statu 
Reipublicft  foedecati  Belgii/'  &c*  &c.  He  vrrote  also  agaiDi^t 
Des  CarteS)  at  the  request  of  the  famous  VoetiuSy  with 
whom  be  was  much  connected.  Some  other  pieces  on  sin- 
golar  subjects  are  in  his  "  Exercitationes  varia,''  1663, 4to, 
reprinted  under  the  title  of  **  Martini  Themidis  exercitii- 
tiohes,"  1688,  4to,  &c.* 

SCHOOTEN  (Francis),  professor  of  mathematii^s  at 
Leyden  about  the  middle  of  the  Seventeenth  century, '  i^as^ 
a  very  acute  proficient  in  that  science.  He  published,  in' 
1649,  an  edition  of  Descartes's  geometry,  with  learned 
and  elaborate  annotations  on  that  work,  as  also  those  of 
Beaunnie,  Hudde,  and  Van  He^uralt<  Schooten  pablisbed 
also  two  very  useful  and  learned  works  of  his  own  compo^i-' 
tioft ;  "  Principia  Matheseos  universalis,"  1651,  4to;  and 
"  Exercitationes  Matbematicae,"  1657,  4to.* 

8CHOTT  (Andrew),  a  very  learned  German,  to  wh6m 
the  republic  of  letters  has  been  considerably  indebted,^  utras 
born  at  Antwerp,  Sept.  12,  1552;  and  educated  at  Lou- 
vain.  Upon  the  taking  and  sacking  of  Antwerp  in  1577^ 
he  retired  to  Douay ;  and,  after  some  stay  there,  went  to 
Paris,  where  Busbequius  received  him  into  bis  house,  and 
fnade  him  partner  of  his  studies.  Two  years  after,  he  went 
into  Spain,  and  was  at  first  at  Madrid  ;  then  he  removed 
to  Alcala,  and  then  in  1580  to  Toledo,  where  his  great' 
reputatioii  procured  hira  a  Greek  professorship.  The  car- 
dinal Gaspar  Quiroga,  abp.  of  Toledo,  conceived  at  the 
same  time  stich  an  esteem  for  him,  that  he  lodged  him  in 
Kis  psilace,  and  entertained  him  as  long  as  be  remained  in 
that  placev  tn  1 584,  he  was  invited  to.Saragossa,  to  testch 
rhetoric  aftd  the  Greek  latiguage  r  atyd,  two  years  after, 
entered  into  the  society  of  Jestiits,  and  was  called  by  Che 
general  of  the  order  iht6  Italy  ta  teach  rhetoric  at  Rotoe. 
He  continued  thre6  years  thercj  and  then  returned  to  hisi 
own  country,  where  he  spertt  ihk  remainder  of  a  long  life 
in  study  and  writing  books.  He  was  not  only  well  skilled 
in  Latin  and  Greek  learning,  but  had  also  in  him  a  candour 
Md  generosity  seldom  to  be  found  among  the  men  of  hirf 
<^der.     He  had  an  earnest  desire  to  oblige  all  mankind,  of 

-  '  Kkeroiiy  Yot.-  XII. — Burman  Traj*  £radU.r-|^ico}8i's  Vittt  Professoruia 
Grooingee. 
*  Hutton*s  Diet,  new  edit.  1815. 

S   2 


260  S  C  H  O  T  T. 

•.  « 

what  religion  oi^  country  soever ;  and  would  freeljr  cemmii^ 
ilicate  even  with  heretics,  if  the  cause  of  letters  could  be 
served :  hence  protestant  writers  every  where  mention  him 
with  respect  He  £ed  at  Antwerp  Jan.  23»  1629,  after 
having  published  a  great  number  of  books.  Besides  works 
more  immediately  connected  with  and  relating  to  his  owo 
profession,  he  gave  editions  of,  and  wrote  notes  upon,  se** 
veral  of  the  classics ;  among  which  were  Aureiius  Victor^ 
Pomponius  Mela,  Seneca  Rhetor,  Cornelius  Nepos,  Vale« 
ritts  Flaccos,  kc.  He  wrote  the  life  of  Francis  di  Borgia, 
and-  ^*  Hfspania  illustrata,"  4  vols,  folio,  but  there  are  rea- 
sons for  doubting  whether  the  '*  Bibliotheca  Hispana9^^.S 
vols,  in  one,  4to,  was  a  publication  of  hia  own ;  it.  seema 
rather  to  have  been  compiled  from  his  MSS.  He  published,; 
howevetj  an  edition  of  BasiPs  works,  and  is  said  to  havei 
triMislated  Photius;  but  this  has  been  thought  to  be  so  modi 
below  the  abilities  and  learning  of  Schott,  that  some  have 
questioned  bis  having  been  the  author  of  it.^ 

SCHOTT  (Caspar),  a  learned  Jesuit,  was  bom  in  1608, 
in  the.  diocese  of  Wurtzburg.  His  favourite  studies  were 
philosophy  and  mathematics,  which  he  taught  till  his  death* 
He  passed  several  years  at  Palermo,  whence  be  removed* 
t»  Rome,  where  he  contracted  an  intimacy  with  the  cele-^ 
brated  Kircher,  who  communicated  to  bira  several  of  hir 
observations  on  the  arts  and  sciences.  Schott  wasLauthor 
of  several  works,  of  which  the  most  remarkable  are,  1^' 
'*  Pbysica  curiosa ;  stve  Mirabilia  Natures  et  arti»,"  J  667|r 
4to.  2.  <<  Magia  naturalis  et  artificialis,''.  1657^^59^  4  vel& 
4to,  reprinted  in  1677.  3.  "Technica  curiosa,"  Norim* 
berg,  1664,  4to,  in  which  is  foimd  the  first  idea  of  the  air*«^ 
pump.  4.  ^<'Anat6mia  Physico-hydrostatica  Foatium  ei 
Fluminum.'*  5.  ^^  Organum  Mathematicum."  In  the  va» 
rious  writings  of  this  Jesuit  are  to  be  met  with  the  germa  of 
the  greater  part  of  modern  experiments'in  pbysics*  Coa<^ 
plete  sets  of  them  should  consist  of  20  vols,  but  they  are 
not  easily  procured,  as  they  were  almost  entirely  forgotten, 
till  brought  to  notice  in  1785  by  the  abbe  Mercier,  in  hisi 
**  Notice  des  ouvrages  de  Caspar  Schott.-'  * 

SCHREVELIUS  (CoaNEUUs),  a  Dutch  commentator, 
was  the  ion  of  Theodore  Schrevelius,  first  rector  of  the 
school  at  Haerlem,  the  lustory  of  which  city  lie  published^ 

.  1  Dapin.— NiceroD»  Tpl.  XXVL-*Marehaii4  lo  Psregriaos.*— Foppea's  Bikti 
lel)^.— Sanii  Onoinaft. 
K  0i«t  Hist — BniB«t  Maniisl  4u  Ubraire* 


S  C  H  R  E  V  E  L  I  U  S.  261 

t 

i 

tnd  afterwards  rector  of  that  of  Leyden.  He  waa  born  pro- 
bably at  the  former  place,  and  removed  to  Leyden  with  biis 
father  in  1625,  who  being  then  advanced  in  years  resjgfied 
hi^  office  in  favour  of  Cornelius  in  1642.  Cornelius  ap- 
pears before  this  to  have  atudied  and  took  his  degrees  in 
medicine,  but  bis  promotion  to  the  school  turned  his  at- 
tention to  classical  pursuits,  in  the  course  of  which  he  pub- 
lished editions  vamrum  of  Hesiod,  Homer,  Ctaudiitn,  Vir.* 
gil,  Lucan,  Martial,  Juvenal  and  Perfiius,  Erasmus's  col- 
loquies, &c.  none  of  which  have  been  so  fortunate  as  to 
obtain  the  approbation  of  modern  critics.  He  applied^ 
however,  to  lexicograpby  With  more  success,  and  besides 
a  good  edition  of  the  Greek  part  of  Hesychius*s  Lexicon, 
published  himself  a  Greek  and  Latin  Dictionary,  which  has 
been  found  so  useful  to  beginners,  that  perhaps  few  works 
of  the  kind  hare  gone  through  so  many  editions.  Those  <^ 
this  country,  where  it  still  conttniies  to  be  printed,  have 
been  enlarged  and  improved  by  Hill,  Bowyer,'aad  others. 
Schrevelius  died  in  1667.' 

SCHULTENS  (Albert),  a  German  divine,  was  born  $t 
Grooingen,  where  he  studied  till  1706,  and  greatly  <}iatin« 
guisbed  himself  by  taste  and  skill  in  Arabic  learnings  Hw 
became  a  minister  of  Wassenar,  and  professor  of  tbe  orien- 
tal tongues  at  Franeker.  At  length  he  was  invited  to  Ley* 
4en, '  where  he  taught  Hebrew  and  the  oriental  languages 
with  reputation  till  his  death,  which  happened  in  1750. 
There  are  roatiy  works  of  Schukens,  which  shew  profound 
learning  and  just  criticism  ;  as,  ^  Commentaries  upon  Job 
and  the  Proverbs  ;^*  a  book, .  entitled  **  Vetus  et  regia  via 
Hebraieandi ;''  *<  A  Treatise  of  Hebrew  Roots,^'  &c.  ,He 
had  a  son  John  Jacob  Schultens,  who  was  professor  of  divi- 
nity and  oriental  languages  at  Leyden,  in  his  room.^^  This 
John  Jacob  was  father  to  the  subject  of  the  following  m^ 
tide.*     - 

SCHULTENS  (  Henuy  Albert  ),  was  born  Feb.  15, 
1749,  at  Herborn  (where  his  father  was  at  that  time  divinity* 
professor),  and  was  educated  at  tbe  university  at  Leyden, 
where  he  applied  himself  with  great  diligence  to  the  Ara^^ 
faic,  under  his  father*^  instmcdions,  and  those  of  Scheie 
dfais^  who  then  lodged  in  his  house*  By  his  fiber's  wir^ 
vice,  he  commenced  his  study  of  the  eastern  langui^g^es  by 

1  Jopptn  Bibl.  Belg.-*BaiUct  Jttf cmeDS.*-Moreri.  * 

s  Mor«n.-^Dict.  Hilt  *      -*- 


^$»  S  C  H  U  L  T  E  N  «. 

JearniQg  the  Arabic,  to  which  he  applied  during  two  ycnira, 
:before  be  began  the  Hebrew.  This»  among  other  reasouf, 
may  account  for  the  preference  which  he  always  gave  to 
th^  Arabic  literature,  and  which  was  so  great  that  he  was 
oftea  heard  to  wish  that  the  duties  of  bis  station  woujd  al« 
low  him  to  devote  the  whole  of  his  time  to  it.  He,  however, 
studied  the  Greek  and  Latin  classics  with  the  utmost  dili- 
gence under  Hemst^rhuis,  Bhunkenius,  and  Vaikenaar* 
He  alio  cultivated  an  acquaintance  with  the  best  modern 
/^friters,  among  whom  he  in  general  gave  the  preference  to 
.^he  English ;  he  was  remarkably  fond  of  JPope^  and  of 
.Sbakspeare  he  was  an  enthusiastic  admirer. 

In  m2f  when  only  in  his  twenty-^third  year,  he  pub* 
Jibbed  a  wprk  entitled  ^^  Antbolpgia  Sententiarum  Arabica* 
•TQio,''  with  a  Latin  translation  and  notes,  of  which  sir  Wilr 
liam  Jones  testified  his  approbation.  Soon  after  this  ScbuU 
^ena  went  tp  England,  in  order  to  examine  the  Arabic  MSS. 
in  the  Bodleian  library,  and  resided  for  some  time  at  Oz*^ 
ford,  as  a  gentleman  commoner  of  Wadham  college.  Here 
W  less  than  three  months  during  the  short  winter  days,  he 
triauseribed  Pocock's  ^^  Meidanuis''  with  his  translation  and 
9ates,  a  work  which,  took  up  no  Less  than  646  folio  pages* 
The  late  professor  White,  in  a  letter  to  the  father  of  ScbuU 
teas,  says  of  him :  **  It  is  impossible  for  any  one  to  be 
morie  geoecally  respected  in  this  place,  or  indeed  to  be 
mode  deserving  of  it.  Hia  abilities,  his  amiable  disposition, 
and  Us  polite  behaviour,  recomcqeod  him  strongly  to  alt 
tbos^  among  us  who  know  him  only  by  reputation,  and  en* 
dear  him  toallwboare  personally  acquainted  with  him.^* 
The  university:  testified  its  sense  of  his  extraordinary  merit, 
by  conferring  on  him  ](in  May  1773)  the  degree  of  M.  A. 
'by  diploma.  He.  also  visited  Cambridge,  where  he  spent 
a  fortmght ;  during  which  time  he  corrected  several  errors 
in  the' catalogue  of  Arabic  manuscripts,  and  made  several 
additions  to  it.  In  London  be  published  a  specimen  of 
Pocock's  *^  Meidanius/'  Dr.  Morton  offered  to  make  him 
Ilia  assistant  at  the  'British  Museum,  and  to  secure  to  him 
the  reversion  of  his  own  place ;  but  the  ambition  of.  Scbulr 
tens  was  to  be  a  professor  of  Ed^stern  languages  >  and  as 
there  was  no  probability  of  thii  appointment  in  England, 
be  determined  to  return  to  Holland.  Sir  William  Jones, 
whose  friendship  he  assiduously  cultivated,  advised  him  to 
study  the  Persian,  which  he  did  with  great  diligence ;  but 
he  complained  that  this  pursuit  was  often  interrupted  by 


S  C  H  U.  L  T  ENS.    ,  26S 

Qtfaer  avocations,  and  that  be  «vas  not  able  to  devote  so 
mucb  time  to  it  as  he  wi&bed. 

Soon  after  bis  arrival  in  tlie  United  Provinces,  he  was 
chosen  professor  of  oriental  languages  in  the  acadeifiical 
school  of  Amsterdam,  where  he  resided  during  five  years, 
and  enjoyed  the  esteem  and  friendship  of  a  numerous  ac- 
quaintance.    Besides  Latin  lectures  to  the  students,  he  de« 
livered  some  in  Dutch,  on  the  Jeyvish  antiquities  and  ori- 
ental history,  which  were  much  frequented  and  greatly  ad- 
mired.    On  the  death  of  jhis  father,  in  1778,  he  was  cabled 
to  Leyden  as  his  successor.     In  Nov.  1792,  he  was  attack* 
ed  by  a  malignant  catarrhal  fever  that  terminated  in  a  con- 
Mmption,  of  which  he  died  in  August  179$.     Some  time 
before  his  death,  his  physician  found  him  reading  the  latter 
part  of  St.  John's  gospel,  of  which  he  expressed  the  warmest 
'admiration,  and  added,  *^It  is  uo  small  consolation  to  me, 
.  that,  in  the  vigour  of  health,  I  never  thought  less  htgfaty  of 
the  character  and  religion  of  Christ,  than  I  do  tioWi,  in  the 
debility  of  sickness.    Of  the  truth  and  esfcellence  of  Chris- 
tianity I  have  always  been  convinced,  and  have  always,  f^s 
far  as  human  frailty  would  allow,  endeavoured  so  to  express 
tbia  conviction  that,  in  these  my  last  hours,  I  might  with 
confidence  look  forwards  to  a  blessed  immortality."  Scbul- 
tens,    in   his  private  character,    was  in  every  respect  an 
amifl^ble  and  worthy  man. 

.    As  a  teacher,  professor  Schultens  had  the  happy  talent 
of  rendering  the  driest  subjects  plain  and  interesting  to  his 
pupils.     This  was  particularly  the  case  with  the  principles 
of  the  Hebrew  grammar, >  an  intimate  and  accurate  know- 
ie^dge  of  which  be  recommended  as  indispensably  necessary 
to  all  who  wished  to  understand  the  Old  Testament  in  the 
original  language.    In  translating  and  explaining  the  Bible, 
be  preserved   a  judicious    medium    between   those    who 
ithought  the  Hebrew  text  too  sacred  ^o  be  the  subject  of 
criticism;  and  those  whO|  like  Houbigant,  without  a sufH- 
ioient  acquaintance  with  the  genius  of  the  language^  ven- 
tured on  needless  alterations. «    Hence  be  was  much  dis- 
pleased with  a  work  by  professor  Kocberus  of  Benie,  en- 
titled '^  VindicisB  sacri  textua  Hebrsei  Esaies  vatis,  adversus 
R.  Lowthi  criticam;''  concerning  which  he  said,  in  a  letter 
to  Dr.  Findlay,  of  Glasgow,    ^'  It  violates  the  bounds  of 
.moderation  and  decency  by  the  assertion  that  the  text  of 
Isaiah  could  not  gain  any  thing  by  Dr.  Lowt^i's  conjectures. 
I  am  of  a  vefy  different  opinion.     When  at  Oxford  and 


264;  SCHULTENS. 

London,  I  was  intimately  acqaainted  with  bisbpp  Lowtfa^i 
hud  an  opportunity  of  knowing  fais  excellent  dispositioHt' 
and  am  therefore  much  vexed  that  Kocherus,  from  bis  fiery 
zeal  against  innovation,  should  have  been  induced  to  treat 
him  with  severity,  aa  if  the  bishop  had  been  a  rash  and  pe* 
thlant  critic,"  Scbultens^s  sentiments  on  this  subject  are 
more  fqily  expressed  iti  some  articles  wiiich  he  wrote  for 
the  ^'  Bibliotheca  Critica,"  published  by  Wyuenbach,  par- 
ticularly in  tlie  review  of  Kennicot's  Bible.  These  judi*^ 
cious  sentiments,  together  with  bis  extensive  abilities  and 
knowledge  of  the  subject,  his  ejulogist  observes,  rendered 
him  admirably  qualified  to  have  given  a  new  version  of  the 
Old  1  estameut.  This  at  one  time  he  designed,  and  nearly 
finished  a  translation  of  the  book  of  Job,  which  was  pub- 
lisihed  after  his  deathly  Herman  Muntinge,  1794,  8vq,  bu^ 
bis  sentiments  of  this  portion  of  sacred  writ  are  so  much,  at 
varianqe  with  those  of  the  most  able. and  popular  comment 
tatqrs,  that  we  question  if  it  will  meet  with  general  appro-» 
bation. 

Professor  Schulteos,  though  a  very  industrious  student^ 
published  little  besides  the  ^^  Antbologia"  already  meution* 
ed,..and  the  following,  V  Pars  versionis  Arahicse  Ubri  Co* 
laili  Wa  Dimnab,  sive  Fabularum  Bilpai;''  a  supplement 
,  to  D'Uerbelot's  ^^  Bibliotbeque  Orientate;''  a  Dutqh  trails-* 
lation  of  Eichorn  on  the  literary  merits  of  Miobaelis ;  and 
three  Latin  orations.  He  at  one  time  resumed  his  intended 
editipn  of  Meidaoius,  the  care  of  which  he  left  to.profes- 
sor  Schroeder,  who  published  a  volume  4to,  under  the  title 
^^  Meidani  pvoverbiorum  Arabicorj^m  piars.  Latiiie  vertit  et 
notis  illustravit  H.A.  Scultens.  Opus  postbumum,"  1795. 
It  ought  to  consist  of  two  more  volumes,  but  we  know  not 
that  they  have  appeared*' 

SCHULTETUS.     See  SCULTETUS. 

SCHURMAN  (Akna  Maria  a),  a  most  learned  German 
lady,  was  the  daughter  of  parents  who  were  both  descended 
from  noble  Protestant  families,  and  was  born  at  Cologne,  in 
1607.  She  discovered  from  her  infancy  ah  uncommon  fa- 
cility in  acquiring  various  accomplishments,  as  cutting  with 
her  scissors  upan  paper  all  sorts  of  figures,  without  any 
model,  designing  Bowers,  embroidery,  music  vocal  and  in- 
^rumental,  painting,  sculpture,  and  engraving ;  and  is  said 
to  have  succeeded  equally  in  all  these  arts.     Mr.  Evelyn, 

1  Kantelaar'a  Euloj^y,  Amst.  1794;  8vo,  in  Montk.  Rev.  vol.  XV,  N.  S. 


S  C  H  U  R  M  A  N.  265 

in  hh  <*  History  of  Chaleograpby/'  has  obserred,  that  **  tbe 
very  knomng  Anna'  Maria  a  Schurnian  is  skilled  in  this  art 
witb  ionuncierable  others,  even  to  a  prodigy  of  her  sex.** 
Her  hand -writing  in  all  languages  was  intmitable ;  and  some 
curious  persons  have  preserved  8f>eoiinens  of  it  in  their 
cabinets.  M.  Joby,  in  his  journey  to  Munster^  relates,  that 
he  was  an  eye<* witness  to  the  beauty  of  her  writing,  ia 
French,  Greek,  Hebre%v,  Syriac,  and  Arabic ;  and  of  her 
skill  in  drawing  in  miniature,  and  making  portraits  upoft 
glass  witb  tbe  point  of  a  diamond.  She  painted  her  own 
picture  by  means  of  a  looking-glass;  and  made  artificial 
pearls  so  like  natural  ones,  that  they  could  not  be  dtstin^ 
guished  but  by  pricking  them  with  a  needle. 

The  powers  of  b^  understanding  were  not  inferior  ta 
her  skill  in  those  arts :  for  at  eleven,  when  her'  brothbi^ 
were  examined  in  Latin^  she  often  whispered  to  them  what 
they  were  to  answer,  though  she  was  only  a  casual  hearef 
of  their  lessons.  Her  Either  therefore  began  to  instruct 
her  more  perfectly  in  that  knowledge  which  made  her  so 
justly  celebrated;  and  very  soon  the  Latin,  Greek,  and  He* 
hreiML  languages  became  so  familiar  to  her,  that  she  not 
only  wrote,  but  spoke  them,  in  a  manner  which  surprised 
tbe  most  learned  men.  She  made  a  great  progress  also  in 
the  Syriac,  Chaldee,  Arabic,  and  Ethiopic ;  and  'of  the 
livtDg  languages,  she  understood  and  spoke  readily,  tbe 
French,  English,  and^Italian.  She  was  competently  versed 
in  geography,  astronomy,  philosophy,  and  th^  sciences, 
so, as  to  be  able  to  judge  of  them  with  exakstness :  but  aM 
these  accomplishments  yielded  at  last  to  divinity,  and  the 
study  of  tbe  scriptures.  • 

Her  father,  who  had  settled  at  Utrecht  while  she  was  an 
infant,  and  afterwards  removed  to  Franeker  for  the  more 
convenient  education  of  his  children,  died  there  in  1623. 
His  widow  then  returned  to  Utrecht,  where  Anna  Matia 
cooftinuedher  studies  very  intensely ;  wbi^h  pfobabty  pre- 
vented her  from  marrying,  as  she  might  have  done  advan^- 
tageously  with  Mr.  Cats,. pensionary  of  HoHand,  and  a 
cdebrated .  poet,  who  wrote  verses  in  her  praise  when  she 
was  only  fourteen.  Her  modesty,  which  was  as  great  as 
hec  knowledge,  would  have  kept  her  in  obscurity,  if  Rive^ 
tiis,  Spanheim,  and  Vossius,  had  not  made  her  merit  known. 
Saluiasius  also,  Beverovicius,  and  Huygens,  maintaijied  a 
literary  correspondence  with  her;  and,  by  shewing  her 
letters,  spread  her  fame  into  foreign  countries.    This  pro- 


36«  S  C  H  U  HM  A  Nv 

cured  ber  a  correspondence  with  Balzac,  Gassendi,  Mer^ 
sennus^  Bochart,  Conrart,  and  other  emkient  men  ;  personsr 
6f  the  first  rank  paid  her  visits^  and  cardinal  Richeliea 
likewise  shewed  her  marks  of  his  esteem.  About  1650,  a 
great  alteration  took  place  in  her  religious  system.  She 
performed  her  devotions  in  private,  without  frequenting 
any  church,  upon  which  it  was  reported  that  she  was  in- 
clined to  popery ;  but  she  attached  herself  to  the  famous 
mystic  Labadie,  and  embracing  his  principles  and  practice, 
lived  some  time  with  him  at  Altena,  in  Holstein,  and  at-* 
tended  him  at  his  death  there  in  1674.  Sh^  afterwards 
retired  to  Wiewart,  in  Friseland,  where  the  famous  Penn, 
the  Quaker,  visited  her  in  1677  ;  she  died  at  this  place  in 
1 678*  She  took  for  her  device  these  words  of  St,  Ignatius : 
<*  Amor  meus  crucifixus  est" 

She  wrote  '^De  vitsB  humanee  termino,"  Ultra}.  1639; 
i*  Diasertatio  de  ingenii  muliebris  ad  dootrinam  et  meliores 
literasaptitudine,",L.  Bat  1641,  ,12mo.  These  two  pieces^ 
with  letters  in  French,  Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew,  to  her 
learned  correspondents,  were  printed  in  1643,  under  the 
title  of  **  A.  M.  a  Schurman  Opnscula  •  Hebrsesii,  Gneca^ 
Latina,  Gallica;  prosaica  &  metrica;*'  enlarged  in  a  2d 
edition  at  Leyden,  1650,  ]2mo.  She  wrote  afterwards^ 
^^  Eukleria,  seu  melioris  partis  electio.*'  This  is  a  defence 
of  her  attachment  to  Labadie,  and  was  printed  at  Altena  in 
1673,  when  she  was  with  him.^ 

SCHURTZFLEI8CH  (Conrad  Samuei,),  a  learned 
German,  was  bora  December  1.641,  at  Corback,  in  the 
county  x>f  Waldeck^  Having  taken  a  doctor^s  deigree  in 
philosophy  at  Wittemberg,  in  1664,  he  returned  to  Corbao, 
where  he  taught  during  some  time  instead  of  his  father, 
'and/  then  returning  to  Wittemberg,  published  a  learned 
piece,  entitled /'Judicium  de  novissimis  prudenties  civilis 
•criptoribus,''  &c^  under  the  assumed  name  of  **  Eubulus 
Tb^odatus  Sarckmasius.^^  In  this  little  work,  which  con^ 
sifits  but  of  a  leaf  and  half,  the  author  passes  judgment  very 
freely  on  fifteen  German  lawyers,  or  political  writers,  whidi 
•raised  him  many  enemies,  and  engaged  him  in  a  literary 
war,  which-  produced  a  great  number  of  pieces  collected 
lijr  Crusius,  8vo,  under  the  title  of  *'  Acta  Sarckmasiana,** 
.and  even  occasioned  his  being  struck  out  from  the  list  of 

1  Gen.  Diet — Niceroa,  vol.  XXXIIL— Bullart's  Academie  des  Sciences. — 
Bttrman  Traject  Erudrt. 


S  C  H  U  K  T  Z  F  L  E  I  S  C  H.  IJCT 

doctors  by  the  university  of  Wittembcrg,  He  was,  faovr- 
evety  not  only  riestor^d  to  that  title  two  y^ars  after,  but 
appointed  professor  of  history,  then'  of  poetry,  and  at 
]ength  of  Greek.  Jn  1 700,  Scburtzfleisch  succeeded  to  the 
rhetorical  chair,  and  became  counsellor  and  librarian  to  the 
duke  of  Saxe-Weimar,  and  died  July  7,  170S.  He  left  a 
great  number  of  learned  works  on  history,  poetry,  criticism^ 
hterature,  &c.  the  most  celebrated  of  which  are,  **  Dispu* 
tationes  bistoricsB  civiles,*'  Leipsic,  1j699,  3  tom.4to.  Henry 
Leonard  Schurtzfleisch,  his  brother,  Was  also  author  of 
some  works,  among  which  is,  *^  Historia' Ensiferorum  ordi** 
wis  Tieutonici,"  Wittemberg,  1701,   l2mo.' 

SCHWARTZ  (Bertholet),  who  passes  for  being  the 
discoverer  of  that  fatal  composition  so  well  known  by  the 
name  of  gun-powder,  was  born  at  Friburg  in  Germany  in 
the  thirteenth  century,  and  is  said  to  have  discovered  this 
dangerous  secret  in  pfison,  as  he  was  making  some  chemi- 
cal experiments.  Albertus  Magnus  speaks  of  him  as  a 
Cordelier,  and  says  that  he  invented  stole  sorts  of  fire* 
arms.  The  discovery  of  this  fatal  secret  has  been  attributed 
by^ome  to  the  Chinese,  and  by  others  to  our  countryman, 
Roger  Bacon.:  however,  the  use  of  artillery  was  introduced 
about  the  time  of  the  battle  of  Crecy,  1346,  and  made  an 
absolute  change  in  the  whole  art  of  war ;  whether  a  benefit 
eial  one,  has  not  yet  been  decided.' 

SCIOPPIUS  (Gaspar),  a  learned  German  writer,  and 
one  of  the  most  arrogant  and  contentious  critics  of  his  time, 
was  born  about  1576  ;  and  studied  first  at  Amberg,  then  at 
Heidelberg,  afterwards  at  AltdoFf,  at  the  charges  of  the 
elector  palatine.  Having  m^de  a  considerable  stay  at  In* 
golstadt,  he  returned  to  Altdorff,  where  he  began  to  publish 
some  of  his  works.  Ottavia  Ferrari,  a  celebrated  professor 
at  Padua,  says,  that  he  ^^  published  books  when  he  was  hut 
sixteen,  whi^h  deserved  to  be  admired  by  old  men  ;'*  some, 
however,  of  his  early  productions  do  not  deserve  this  en- 
comium. He  took  a  journey  into  Italy;  and,  after  he  had 
beeo  some  time  at  Verona,  returned  into  Germany,  whence 
he  went  again  into  Italy,  and  published  at  Ferrara  a  pane- 
gyric upon  the  king  of  Spain  and  pope  Clement  Vlll.  In 
1599,  he  embraced  the  Roman  catholic  religion,  but  had 
an  extraordinary  antipathy  to  the  Jesuits ;  against  wh6m, 
Baillet  tells  us,  he  wrote  about  thirty  treatises  under  ficti- 

}  KiQCfOB,  Tol.  I,— Moreri.  *  Bullart*i  Acadebile  des  Sciences.— Moreri. 


aes  S  C  I  O  P 1?  I  U  S. 

iious  Dames.    Nor  was  he  more  lenient  to  the  Protestant^ 
and  solicited  the  princes  to  extirpate  them  by  the  mo^t 
bloody  meansy  in  a  book  which  he  published  at  Pavia  in 
1619,  Udder  the  title  of  '^(^^sp.  Scioppii  Consiliarii  Regii 
Classicum  belli  sacri,  -  sive,  Heldus  Redivivus."     The  fol;> 
lowing  is  the  title  of  another,  printed  at  Mentz  in  1612^ 
against  Philip  Mornay  du  Plessis;  and  which,  as  he  telliL 
us  in  the  title-page,  he  sent  to  James  I.  Of  England,  by 
way  of  new-year's  gift :  "  Alexipbarmacum  Regium  felli 
draconum  et  veueno  aspidum  sub  Philippi  Mornaei  de  Ples- 
sis nuper  Papatus  historic  abdito  apposituro,  et*sereniss* 
Jalcobo  Magnae  Britanniae  Regi  strensB  JanuarisD  loco  mu^ 
neri  missum/'  He  had  before  attacked  the  king  of  England^ 
by  publishing  in  1611,  two  books  with  these  titles  :  '*  £c<- 
clesiasticus  auctoritati  Sereniss.  D.  Jacobi,  &c.  oppositus,** 
and  "  Collyrium  Regium  Britanhiae  Regi  graviter  ex  oculis 
Jaboranti  muneri  missum  :"  that  is,  *^  An  Eye-salve  for  the 
use  of  his  Britannic  majesty/'     In  the  first  of  these  pieces 
he  ventured  to  attack  Henry  IV.  of  France  in  a  most  violent 
manner;  which  occasioned  his  book  to  be  burnt  s^t  Paris, 
He  gloried,  however,  in  this  disgrace ;  and,  according  to 
bis  own  account,  had  the  farther  honour  of  being  hanged 
in  effigy  in  a  farce,  which  was  acted  before  the  king  of 
England.     He  did  not,  however,  always  escape  with  impu- 
nity;  for,  in  1614,  the  servants  of  the  English  ambassajdoc 
are  said  to  have  beaten  him  with  great  severity  at  Madrid, 
Of  the  wounds  he  received  in  this  conflict,  he,  as  usu^l^ 
made  his  boasts,  as  he  also  did  of  having  beeii  tne  princi- 
pal  contriver  of  the  Catholic  league,    which  proved   so 
ruinous  to  the  Protestants  in  Germany.     In  his  way  through ' 
Venice  in   1607,  he  had  a  conference  with  father  Paul,  ' 
whom  be  endeavoured  by  promises  and  threats  to  bring  over 
to  the  pope's  party;  which,  perhaps,  with  other  circum- 
stances, occasioned  his  being  imprisoned  there  three  or  four 
d^ys.     After  he  had  spent  many  years  in  literary  contests, 
he  applied  himself  to  the  prophecies  of  holy  scripture,  and 
flattered  himself  that  he  had  discovered  the  true  key  to. 
them.     He  sent  some  of  these  prophetical  dispoveries  to 
cardinal^iyiazarine,  who  paid  no  attention  to  them.     It  baa 
been  said  that  he  had  thoughts  at  last  of  going  back  to  tha  • 
communion  of  Protestants ;  butithis,  resting  upon  the  sin- 
gle testimony  of  Hornius,  has  not  been  generally  believed^ 
He  died  in  1649. 
He  was  indisputably  a  very  learned  man ;  and,  bad  his 


SCIOPPIUS.  26» 

« 

jnoderation  and  probity  been  eqaal  to  his  learning,  might 
justly  have  been  accounted  ah  ornament  to  the  republic  of 
letters  :  his  application  to  study,  his  memory,  the  multitude 
af  his  books,  and  his  quickness  of  parts,  are  surprising. 
Ferrarius  tells  us  that  he  studied  day  and  night ;  that,  dur« 
itig  the  last  fourteen  years  of  his  life,  he  kept  himself  shut 
Qp  in  a  little  room,  and  that  his  conversation  with  those 
who  went  to  visit  hiYn  ran  only  upon  learning ;  that,  like 
another  Ezra,  he  might  haverestored  the  holy  scripture,  if 
it  had  been  lost,  for  that  he  could  repeat  it  almost  by  heart; 
and  that  the  number  of  his  books  exceeded  the*  number  of 
his  years.  He  left  behind  him  also  several  manuscripts, 
which,  as  Morhoflf  tells  us,  **  remained  in  the  hands  of 
Picruecius,  professor  at  Padua,  and  are  not  yet  published, 
to  the  no  small  indignation  of  the  learned  world/'  He  wa« 
nevertheless  a  man  of  a  malignant  and  contentious  spirit^i 
and  lived  in  continual  hostility  with  the  learned  of  his  time, 
nor  did  he  spare  the  best  writers  of  ancient  Rome,  even 
Cicero  himself,-  whose  language  he  censured  for  impropri- 
eties and  barbarisms.  Niceron  enumerates  upwards  of  an 
hundred  different  publications  by  Scioppius,  all  of  which 
are  now  fallen  into  oblivion,  or  only  occasionally  consulted. 
They  are  mostly  polemical,  on  subjects  of  criticism,  reli- 
gious opinions,  the  Jesuits,  Protestants,  &c.  many  of  them 
under  the  fictitious  names  of  Nicodemi^s  Macer,  Oporinus 
Grubinius,  Aspasius  Crosippus,  Holofernes  Krigsoederus, 
and  other  barbarous  assumptions/ 

SCOPOLI  (John  Anthony),  an  eminent  naturalist,  was 
born  in  1725,  at  Cavalese,  in  the  bishopric  of  Trent.  He 
studied  at  Inspruck,  and  at  twenty  years  old  obtained  tlie 
degree  of  licentiate  in  medicine,  and  afterwards  was  in- 
tmsted  with  the  care  of  the  hospitals  of  Trent,  and  of  his 
native  town  Cavalese ;  but  as  this  stage  was  too  small  for  hit 
anibition,  he  requested  that  his  parents  would  permit. him  , 
fo  go  to  Venice^  In  that  city,  under  the  auspices  of  Lo- 
taria  Lotti,  he  extended  bis  knowledge  of  nredicine,  and 
added  to  it  a  more  intimate  acquaintance  with  pharmacy^ 
botany,  and  natural  history.  On  his  return  he  traversed 
the  mountains  of  Tirol  and  Carniola,  where  he  laid  the 
foundation  of  his  "  Flor^"  and  •'  Entoraologia  Camiolica." 
In  1754  be  accompanied  count  de  Firmian,  prince  bishop, 
'  and  afterwards  cardinal^  to  Gratz,  from  whence  he  went  to 


470  s  c  o  p;  0  t  I. 

J 

Vienna  to  obtain  a  diploma  to  practice  in  the  Ausfrian  do*, 
tninions.  His  examinatioii  ia  said  to  have  been  rigproos^ 
and  bis  thesis  on  a  new  method  of  classing  plants  to  havte 
been  received  with  great  regard*  The  friendship  of  Via^ 
Swieten^  if  in  this  instance  it  can  be  called  friendships  pro-, 
cured  him  the  office  of  first. physician  to  the  Austrian  mioem 
ofTirol*  In  this  banishment  he  continued  more  than  ten 
years ;  for  it  was  only  in  1766,  after  repeated  solicitations^ 
that  he  obtained  the  post  of  counsellor  in  the  mining  de- 
partment, and  professor  of  mineralogy  at  Schemnitz ;  but 
in  this  interval  he  produced  his  *'  Anpi  tres  Historico-na« 
turales,"  1769  to  1771,  8^o.  In  this  new  office  he  was 
indefatigable  iiv  teaching,  exploring  new  mines,  composing 
different  works  on  fossils,  and  improving  the  method  of 
treating  minerals  ;  but  after  ten  years'  labour^  be  was  not 
able  to  obtain  the  newly-established  chair  of  natural  bis-* 
tory  at  Vienna ;  yet  soon  after  his  attempt,  about  the  end 
of  1776,  be  was  appointed  professor  of  chemistry  and  bo- 
tany at  Payia.  In  this  situation  he  published  some  pharma- 
ceutical essays,  translated  and  greatly  augmented  Macquer's 
dictionary,  and  explained  tbe  contents  of  the  cabinet  of 
natural  history  belonging  to  the  university,  under  the  title 
of  ^^  Deliqise  Florse  et  Faunae  Insubricse/'  the  last  part  of 
which  he  did  not  live  to  complete,  Tbe  president  of  the 
Linnsean  society,  who  dedicated  the  Scopolia  to  his  memory^ 
informs  us  that,  after  some  domestic  chagrin,  and  mucb 
public  persecution,  he  died  at  Pavia^  May  8,  1788.  Ha 
had  been  concerned  with  all  tbe  most  eminent  men  of  that 
university,  Volta,  Fontana,  and  others,  in  detecting  the 
misconduct  of  their  colleague,  the  celebrated  Spallanzani^ 
who  bad  robbed  the  public  museum.  But  the  emperor^ 
loth  to  dismiss  sq  able  a  professor,  contented  himself  with 
a  personal  rebuke  at  Vienna  to  the  culprit,,  and  his  accusers 
were  silenced,  in  a  manner  which  was  supposed  to  have 
caused  the  death  of  Scopoli.  The  survivors  told  theif 
story,  as  explicitly  as  they  durst,  in  a  circular  letter  to  tbe 
learned  of  Europe.' 

SCOTT  (David),  was  born  near  Haddington,  in  East 
Lothian,  1675,  and  brought  up  to  the  law  in  Edinburgh  ^ 
but  never  made  any  figure  at  the  bar.  Attached  to  the  royal 
family  of  Stewart,  he  refused  to  take  the  oaths  to  the  revo- 
lution-settlement, which  brought  bioi  into  many  difficulties^ 

1  Crit.  RcT.  vol.  l^VIt— Reo^s  Cyclppttai»Bi<t  Scopolis. 


SCOTT-  271 

smd  soiD^iaies  imprisonmetit.  fie  had  no  great  knowledge 
o£  bistory ;  but  an  t>pibion  of  bis  own  abilities  induced  him 
to  write  that  of  Scotland^  which  was  published  in  1727^  iti 
one  volume  folio.  It  is  a  performance  of  not  much  value. 
He  died  at  Haddington,  1742,  aged  sixty -seven  .^ 

SCOTT  (Daniel),  a  dissenting  mini&ter,  was  the  son  of 
a  merchant  in  London,  and  was  educated  with  Butler  and 
Seeker,  afterwards  eminent  prelates  in  the  church  of  Eng- 
land,   under  the  learned  Mr.  Jones,  at  Tewkesbury,  in 
Gloucestershire,    from    whose    seminary' be    removed    td 
Utrecht,  in  HoHand,  pursued  his  studies  with  indefetigable 
«eal,  and  took  his  degree  of  doctor  of  laws.     While  he  was 
ill  this  city,  be  changed  his^  opinion  concerning  the  mode 
of  baptism,  and  became  a  baptist,  but  occasionally  joined 
in  communion  with  other  denominations.     On  his  retiirn  to 
England,  he  settled  in.  London  or  Colchester,  and  devoted 
his  timeto varions  learned  and  useful  treatises.     In  172r^ 
appeared  his  ^^  Essay  towards  ^  Demonstration  of  the  Scrip- 
ture Trinity,''  without  his  name,  which  was  for  some  timci 
ascribed  to  Mr.  James  Pierce,  of  Exeter.  -  In  1738,  a  se- 
cond '  edition,  with  some  enlargements,  was  sent  out  from 
the  press^  and  in  both  editions  the  author's  friends  have 
laboured  to  prove  that  dishonourable  methods  were  taken  to 
prevent  the  spread  of  it.  A  new  edition  of  this  Essay,-  freed 
from  the  learned  quotations  with  which  it  abounded,  wa) 
printed,  some  years  back,  in  4to,  and,  without  any  disho- 
nourable means,  added  very  little  to  the  So<^inian  cause. 
In  1741,  he  appeared  to  more  advantage  in  f*  A  New  Ver- 
sion of  St.  Matthew^s  Gospel,  with  Critical  Note$;  and  an 
Examination  of  Dr.  Mill's  Various  Readings ;"  a  very  learn- 
ed and  accurate  performance.     At  the  persuasion  of  his 
dignified  friends.  Seeker  and  Birtler,  to  whom  he  dedicated 
his  work,  .be  published,  in  1745,  in  two  volumes,  folio,  an 
*^  Appendix  to  H.  Stephen's  Greek  Lexicon ;"  a  monument 
9f  bis  aosazing  diligence,  critical  skill,  and  precision.     He 
l^t  sevesal  hundred  pounds  by  this  publication,  and,  by 
bis  close  application  to  it  for  many  years,  broke  his  health 
and  spirits.     He  was  never  married,  and  died  suddenly,  in 
a  retirement  near  London^  March  2.9,  1759. 

His  father,,  by  his  first  wife,  had  a  son,  Thomas  Scott,  a 
dissenting  minister  at  Norwich,  who  published  several  ocr 
csQidfial  Bermons,  and  died  in  1 746,  leaving  two  sons,  one 

(  Preceding  edition  of  this  Diet. 


?72  SCOTT. 

TbonOas  Scott,  a  dissenting  minister  at  tpswichi  authoi^  of 
a  poetical  version  of  the  Book  of  Job,  a  ^second  editioo  of 
which  was  printed  in  1774.  This  has  been  thought  nnore 
Taluable  as  a  commentary  than  as  a  translation.  His  other 
son  was  Dr.  Joseph  Nicol  Scott,  who  was  first  a  dissenting 
minister,  and  published  2  vols,  of  sermons  *'  preached  in 
defence  of  all  religion,  whether  natural  or  revealed.^'  He 
was  a  strenuous  opponent  of  the  doctrine  of  eternal  punish- 
ments. He  afterwards  pcactised  pbjsic  in  London,  and 
died  about  1774.' 

SCOTl^  (George  Lewis),  a  learned  member  of  the 
royal  society^  and  of  the  board  of  longitude,  was  the  eldest 
son  of  Mr.  Scott,  of  Bristow,  in  Scotland,  who  married 
Miss  Stewart,  daughter  of  sir  James  Stewart,  lord  advo- 
cate of  Scotland  io  the  reigns  of  WiiUam  UI.  and  queen 
Anne.  That  lady  was(*  also  his  cousin-german,  their  mo« 
Ihers  being  sisters,  and  both  daughters  of  Mr.  Robert 
Trail,  one  of  the  ministers  of  Edinburgh,  of  the  same  fa- 
mily as  the  rev.  Dr.  William  Trail,  the  learned  auibor  of 
the  ^^  Life  of  Dr.  Robert  Simson,  professor  of  mathematics 
at  Glasgow/' 

Mr.  Scott,  the  father,  with  bis  family,  lived  many  years 
abroad,  in  a  public  character ;  and  he  had  three  sons  born 
while  residing  at  the  court  of  Hanover.  The  eldest  of  these 
was  our  author,  George  Lewis,  named,  in  both  these  natnes^ 
after  his  god*father,  the  elector,  who  was  afterwards  George 
I.  George  Lewis  Scott  was  a  gentleman  of  considerable 
talents  and  general  learning  ;  he  was  well-skilled  alsoio  .tbe 
mathematical  sciences  *,  for  which  he  manifested  at  times 
a  critical  taste,  as  may  be  particularly  seen  in  some  letters 
which,  in  1764,  passed  between  him  and  and  Dr.  Simson^ 
of  Glasgow,  and  are  inserted  in  Dr.  Trail's  account  of  ^'  The 
Life  and  Writings  of  Dr^  ^irnsoii.'*  Mr.  Scott  was  also  the 
author  of  the  ^^  Supplement  to  Chambers's  Dictionary,**  in 
2  large  folio  volumes,  which  was  much  esteemed,  and  for 
which  be  received  1,500/.  from  the  booksellers,  a  consi- 
derable price  at  the  time  of  that  publication.  Mr. 
Scott  was  sub-preceptor,  for  the  Latin  language,  to  hia 
present  majesty  when,  prince  of  Wales.    After  thia^t  he  was 

^  From  the  preface  to  a  new  edition  of  **  An  Essay  towards  a  demonstration 
of  the  Trinity  ,»>  reprinted  in  1775  or  1779. 

*  Dr.  Bunieyi  in  tbe  Cydopsdia,  speaks  of- Dr.  Scott  as  an  exeellant  A«* 
sician,  and  the  autboj'  of  some  valaable  articles  on  that  subjecti  in  th«  Suppie« 
meat  to  Cbambers^s  Dictionary. 


S  C  O  T  T;  273^ 

appointed  a  Commissioner  of  excise ;  a  situation  which  Kis 
friends  considered  as  not  adequate  to  bis  past  deserts,  and 
inferior  to  what  he  probably  would  have  had,  but  for  the 
freedom  of  his  political  of/inions.  From  some  correspond-* 
enoe  *with  Gibbon,  to  whom,  in  particular,  he  wrote  an 
ejLCelient  letter  of  directions  for  mathematical  studies,-  we 
may  infer  that  he  did  not  differ  much  from  that  gentleman 
in  matters  of  religfous  beliet^.  Mr.  Scott  died  Dec.  1780.- 
He  was  elected  F,  S.  A.  in  1736,  and  F.  R:  S.  in  1737. 
.  Mrs.  Scott,  his  widow,  survived  him  about  fifteen  years, 
and  (lied  at  Catton,  near  Norwich,- in  Nov.  1795.  She  was 
sister  to  the  late  celebrated  Mrs;  Montagu,  of  Portman- 
square.  From  the  pen  of  a  very  intelligent  and  equally 
candid  writer,  we  have  the  following  account  of  this  lady : 
^^  She  was'  an  excellent  historian,  -of  great  acquirements, 
eKtraordinany  hiemory,  and  strong  sense;  and  constantly 
emplbyed  in  literary  labours ;  yet  careless  of  faniie,  and* 
free  from  vanity  and  ostentation.  Owing  to  a  disagreement 
of  tempers,  she  soon  separated  from  her  husband  ;  but  in 
e%!ery  other  rellition  of  life  she-was,  with  some  peculiarities,' 
a  woman  of  exemplary  conduct,  of  sound  principles,  en- 
livened by  -the  warmest  sense  of  religion,  and  of  a  charity 
so  unbounded,  so  totally  regardless  of  herself,  as  to  be 
almost  excessive  and  indiscriminate.  Her  talents  were  not 
so. brilliant,  nor  her  genius  so  predominant,  as  those  of  her 
sister,  Mrs.  Montagu  :  but  in  some  departments  of  litera-' 
ture  she  was  by  no  means  her  inferior.  When  she  left  her 
husband  she  united  her  income  with  that  9f.ber  intimate 
friend,  lady  Bab  Montagu,  the  sister  of  lord  Halifax,  and 
they  continued  to  live  together  to  the  death  of  the  Matter. 
From  that  period  Mrs.  Scott  continually  changed  her  ha- 
hitation,  for  restlesst^ss  was  one  of  her  foibles.  Her  in* 
tercoiirse  with  the  world  was  various  and  extensive ;  and 
there  .were  few  ikerary  people  of  her  day  with  whom  she 
had  not  either  an  acquaintance  or  a  correspondence.  Yet 
when  she  died,  not  one  of  her  contemporaries  who  knew 
her  literary  habits  came  forward  to  preserve  the  slightest 
memorial  of  her;  and  she  went  to  her  grave  as  unnoticed 
as  the  most  obscure  of  those  who  have  done  nothing  worthy 
of  reniembrance.  Under  these  circumstances,  the  writer 
of  this  article  trusts  to  a  candid  reception  of  this  imperfect 
memoir^  while  he  laments  that  Mrs.  Scott  herself  shut  out 
some  of  the^best  materials,  by  ordering  all  her  papers  and 
voluminous  correspondence,  which  came  into  the  hands  of 
Vol.  XXVII.  T 


?74  SCOTT. 

ber  executrix,  to  be  burnt ;  an  order  fpacb  to  be  lamented^ 
because  there  is  reason  to  believe,  from  the  fragments 
\i^hich  remain  in  other  hands,  that  her  letters  abounded  with 
literary  anecdote,  and  acute  observations  on  character  and 
life.  Her  style  was  easy,  unaffected,  and  perspicuous ; 
her  remarks  sound,  and  her  sagacity  striking*  Though  her 
fancy  was  not  sufficiently  powerful  to  give  the  highest  at-^ 
traction  to  a  novel,  she  excelled  in  ethical  remarks,  and 
the  annals  of  the  actual  scenes  of  human  nature.  In  dra* 
naatic  effect,  in  high-wrought  passion,  and  splendid  imagery^ 
perhaps  she  was  deficient.*' 

The  following  is  given  on  the  same  authority,  as  an  im«. 
perfect  list  of  Mrs.  Scott's  works,  all  published  at  London, 
without  her  namey  and  one  with  a  fictitious  name,  1.  <^The 
History  of  Cornelia,"  a  novel,  1750,  12mo.  2.  "A' Jour- 
ney through  ev^ry  stage  of  Life,"  1754,  2  vols.  ]2mo.  3. 
*^  Agreeable  Ugliness ;  or,  the  triumph  of  the  graces,"  &c. 
1754,  }2mo.  4.  ^^  The  History  of  Gustavus  Ericson,  king 
of  Sweden,  with  an  introductory  history  of  Sweden,  fronn 
the  middle  of  the  twelfth  century.  By  Henry  Augustus 
Raymond,  esq."  1761,  8vo.  5.  "  The  History  of  Meck-^ 
lenburghj"  176?^  8vo.  6.  "  A  Description  of  Milleniun^ 
Hs^li,"  second  edition,  1764,  12mo.  7.  "The  History  of 
sir  George  Ellison,"  1776,  2  vols.  12mo.  8.  "The  test  of 
Filial  Duty,"  1772,  2  vols.  12mo.  9.  "  Life  of  Theodore 
Agrippa  D'Aubigne,"   1772,  8iV0. ' 

SCOTT  (Dr.  John),  a  learned  English  divine,  was  son 
of  Mr.  Thomas  Scott,  a  substantial  grazier,  and  was  born 
ip  tijie  parish  of  Cbippingham,  in  Wiltshire,  in  1638.  Not 
being  intended  for  a  literary  profession,  be  served  an  ap- 
prenticeship in  London,  much  against  his  will,  for  about 
tbr^e  years  i  but,  having  an  inclination  as  well  as  talents 
for  learning,  be  quitted  his  trade  and  went  to  Oxford. 
He  wa^  admitted  a  commoner  of  New  Inn  in  1657,  and 
mac^e  a.  great  progress  in  logic  and  philosophy ;  but  left 
the  university  without  taking  a  degree,  and  being  ordained, 
caod^  to  London,  where  he  officiated  in  the  perpetual  cu- 
racy of  Trinity  in  the  Minories,  and  as  minister  of  St. 
Thoips^'s  in  Southwark.  In  1677  oe  was  presented  to  the- 
rf  ctory  of  St.  Peler  Le  Poor ;  and  was  collated  to  a  prebend 
in  St  Paul's  cathedral  in  1684.  In  1685  he  accumulated 
the  degrees  of  bachelor  and  doctor  in  divinity,  having  be<» 

^  Ilutton's  Dictionary,  new  edit.r— Censura  Literaria,  vols.  I.  and  XL— Shef- 
aeki's  Life  of  Gibbon.— Geat,  Mag«  vol,  UCVllL  and  LXXV.  whti e  are  some  •f 
Mrs*  Scott's  Iflten. 


SCOTT.  27* 

fore  taken  no  degree  in  any  otheif  faculty.  Ih  1^91  6e 
sacceeded  Sharp,  afterwards  archbishop  of  York,  in  Che 
rectory  of  St.  Giles  in  the  Fields ;  and  the  satnie  year  wds 
made  canon  of  Windsor.  Wood  says  that  **'  he  might  sot)ri 
have  been  a  bisliop,  had  not  some  scruples  hinderecl  him  ;" 
alid  Hicfces  has  told  us  that  he  refused  the  bishopric  of 
Chester,  because  he  could  not  take  th^  oath  of  homage ; 
and  afterwards  another  bishopric,  the  deanery  of  Wor- 
cester, and  a  prebend  of  the  church  of  Windsor,  because 
they  were  aU  places  of  deprived  faen.  This,  however,  _ 
Dr.  Isham  attributes  entirely  to  his  growing  infirmities. 
He  died  in  1694,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Giles's  church  :  his 
funeral  sermon  was  preached  by  Dr.  Isham,  and  afterwards 
printed  in  1695.  In  this  sermon  we  are  told  that  "  he  had 
niany Virtues  ih  Him  of  no  ordinary  growth :  piety  towards 
God;  kindness,  friendship,  affability,  sincerity,  towards 
men  ;  zeal  and  consta/ncy  in  th6  discharge  of  the  pastoral 
office ;  and,  in  a  word,  all  those  graces  and  virtues  which 
matke  the  good  Christian  and  the  good  man."  When  po- 
pery was  encroacbihg  under  Charles  II.  and  JamesII.  he  was 
one  of  those  champions  who  opposed  it  with  great  warmth 
and  courage,  particularly  in  the  dedication  of  a  sermoa 
preached  at  Guildhall  chapel,  Nov.  5,  1683,  to  sir  Wil- 
liam Hooker,  lord-mayor  of  London,  where  he  declares 
that  *'  Domitian  and  Dioclesian  w^ere  but  puny  persecu- 
tors and  bunglers  in  cruelty,  compared  with  the  infal- 
lible cut-throats  of  the  apostolical  chair.'* 

This  divine  wrote  an  excellent  work,  called  "  The  Chris- 
tian Life,"  vyhich  has  been  often  printed,  and  much  read. 
The  first  part  was  published  1681,  in  8vo,  with  this  title, 
**  The  Christian  Life,  from  its  beginning  to  its  consumma- 
tion in  glory,  together  with  the  several  means  and  instru- 
ments or  Christianity  conducing  thereunto,  with  directions 
for  private  devotion  and  forms  of  prayer,  fitted  to  the  se- 
veral states  of  Christians;"  in  1635,  another  part,  "whereiri 
the  fundamental  principles  of  Christian  duty  are  assigned, 
e'Xplained,  and  proved  ;*'  in  1686,  another  part,  "wherein 
th6  doctrine  of  pur  Saviour's  mediation  is  explained  and 
proved."  To  these  volunies  of  the  "  Christian  Life"  the 
pfious  author  intended  a  continuation,  had  not  long  infir- 
mity, and  afterwards  death,  prevented  him.  This  work  is 
itot  now  much  read,  although  the  ninth  edition  was  pub- 
lished in  1729*  Mr.  Orton,  in  his  "  Letters  to  young  Mi- 
-fiisters/'  seems  tq  recommend  the  first  volume  only, 

T  2 


276  SCOTT* 

> 

Dr.  Scott  published  two  pieces  against  the  papists:  Ic 
^*  Examination  of  Bellarmine's  eighth  note  concerning  sane* 
tity  of  doctrine."  2.  **  The  texts  examined,  which  papists 
cite  out  of  the  Bible  concerning  prayer  in  an  unknown 
tongue."  Both  these  pieces  were  printed  together,  Oct. 
1688;  while  king  James  was  upon  the  throne.  He  wrote 
also  ^^  Certain  Cases  of  Conscience  resolved,  concerning  the 
lawfulnese  of  joining  with  forms  of  prayer  in  public  wor« 
ship,"  i683,  in  two  parts;  which  were  both  reprinted,,  and 
inserted  in  the  second  volume  of  a  work  entitled  ^*  A  col- 
lection of  Cases  and  other  Discourses  lately  written  to  re- 
cover Dissenters  to  the  Communion  of  the  Church  of  £ng« 
land,"  1685,  4to.  His  whole  works,  including  sermons, 
&c.  were  published  in  2  vols.  fol.  1704.  ^ 

SCOTT  (John),  a  poet  of  considerable  genius,  and  a 
very  amiable  man,  was  the  youngest  son  of  Samuel  and 
Martha  Scott,  and  was  born  January  9,  1730,  in  the  Grange* 
Walk,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Mary  Magdalen,  Bermondsey. 
His  father  was  a  draper  and  citizen  of  London,  a  man  of 
plain  and  irreproacliable  manners^  and  one  of  tlie  society 
of  the  people  called  quakers,  in  which  persuasion  our  poet 
was  educated,  and  continued  during  the  whole  of  his  life, 
although  not  with  the  strictest  attention  to  all  the  pecu- 
liarities of  that  sect.  In  the  seventh  year  of  his  age  he  waa 
put  under  the  tuition  of  One  John  Clarke,  a  native  of  Sc6t- 
land,  who  kept  a  School  in  Bermondsey-street,  attended 
young  Scott  at  his  father's  house,  and  instructed  him  in  the 
rudiments  of  the  Latin  tongue.  In  his  tenth  year  his  father 
retired  with  his  family,  consisting  of  Mrs.  Scott  and  two 
SODS,,  to  the  village  of  Amwell  in  Hertfordshire^  where,  for 
some  time,  he  carried  on  the  malting  trade.  Here  our 
poet  was  sent  to  a  private  day-school,  in  which  he  is  said 
to  have  had  few  opportunities  of  polite  literature,  and  those 
few  were  decUned  by  his  father  From  a  dread  of  the  small-  . 
pox,  Which  neither  be  nor  his  son  bad  yet  caught.  This 
terror,  perpetually  recurring  as  the  disorder  made  its  ap- 
pearance in  one  quarter  or  another^  occasioned  such  fre-, 
quent  removals  as  prevented  his  son  from  the  advantages 
of  regular  education.  The  youth,  however,  did  not  neg- 
lect to  cultivate  his  mind  by  such  means  as  were  in  bis 
power.  About  the  age  of  seventeen  he  discovered  an  in- 
clination to  the  study  of  poetry,  with  which  he  combined  a 

>  B'log.  Brit.^Atb.  Ox.  vol.  IL         ' 


SCOTT.  «77 

'delight  in  viewing  the  appearances  of  rural  nature.  At 
this  time  he  derived  much  assistance  from  the  conversation 
and  opinions  of  one  Charles  Frogley,  a  person  in  the  hum- 
ble station  of  a  bricklayer,  but  who  had  improved  a  natural 
taste  for  poetry,  and  arrived  at  a  considerable  degree  of 
critical  discernment.  This  Mr.  Scott  thankfully  acknow- 
ledged when  he  had  himself  attained  a  rank  among  the  wri- 
ters of  his  age,  and  could  return  with  interest  the  praise 
by  which  Fro'gley  had  cheered  his  youthful  attempts.  The 
only  other  adviser  of  his  studies,  in  this  sequestered  spot, 
was  a  Mr.  John  Turner,  afterwards  a  dissenting  preacher. 
To  him  he  vvas  introduced  in  1753  or  1754,  and,  on  the 
Temoval  of  Mr.  Turner  to  London,  and  afterward^  to  Col- 
leton in  Devonshire,  they  carried  on  a  friendly  corre- 
spondence on  matters  of  general  taste. 

Mr.  Scott's  first  poetical  essays  were  published  in  the 
Gentleman's  Magazine,  "  the  great  receptacle  for  the  ebul- 
litions of  youthful  genius."     Mr.  Hoole,  his  biographer, 
has  not  been  able  to  discover  all  the  pieces  inserted  by 
him  in  that  work,  but  has  reprinted  three  of  them,  whieh 
are  added  to  his  works  in  the  la^e  edition  of  the  English 
poets.  With  the  taste  of  the  public  during  his  retirement 
at   Amwell  he  could   have  little  acquaintance.     He  had 
lived  here  about  twenty  years,  at  a  distance  from,  any  lite- 
rary  society  or  information.     His  reading  was  chiefly  con- 
fined to  books  of  taste  and  criticism;  but  the  latter  at  that 
time  were  not  many  nor  very  valuable.     In  the  ancient  or 
modern  languages  it  does  not  appear  that  he  made  any 
progress.     Mr.  Hoole  thinks  he  knew  very  little  of  Latin, 
and  had  no  knowledge  of  either  French  or  Italian.     Those 
who  know  of  what  importance  it  is  to  improve  genius  by 
study,  will  regret  that  such  a  man  was  left,  in  the  pliable 
days  of  youth,  without  any  acquaintance ,  with  the  noble 
models  on  which  English  poets  have  been  formed.     They 
will  yet  more  regret,  that  the  cause  of  this  distance  frooi 
literary  ^society,    the  source  of  all    generous  and  useful 
emulation,    was  a  superstitious  dread  of  the   small-pox^ 
already  mentioned   as  obstructing  his  early  studies,  and 
which  continued  to  prevail  with  his  parents  to  such  a  de- 
gree, that  although  at  the  distance  of  only  twenty  miles^ 
their  son  had  been  permitted  to  visit  London  but  once  in 
twenty  years.    His  chief  occupation,  when  not  in  a  humour 
10  study,  was  in  cultivating  a  garden,  for  which  he  had 


a??  SCOTT*. 

a  particular  fondness^  and  at  length  rendered  one  of  tb^ 
ipost  attractive  objects  tp  the  visitors  of  Amwell. 

About  the  year  1760,  be  began  to  make  occasional, 
though  cautious  and  short  visits  to  Loudon ;  and  in  tbc 
spring  of  this  year,  published  his  **  Four  Elegies,  DfBscrip- 
tive  and  Moral/'  epithets  which  may  be  applied  to  almost 
all  bis  poetry.  These  were  very  favourably  received,  and 
not  only  praised  by  the  public  critics,  but  received  the  va- 
Juable  commendations  of  Dr.  Young,,  Mrs.  Talbot,  and 
Mrs.  Carter,  who  ]pved  poetry,  and  loved  it  roost  when  in 
cpnjqnction  vyith  piety.  But  for  many  years  he  abstained 
from  farther  publication,  determined  to  put  in  np.  claiais 
that  were  not  strengthened  by  the  utmost  industry  and  frer 
fjueqt  and  careful  revisal.  This,  probably,  in  soipp  Cfkse^ 
checked  his  enthusiasm,  ai)d  gave  to  his  longer  poen^  an 
fipp^^r^nce  of  labour.  ♦, 

In  1761,  during  the  prevalence  of  the  ^mall-pox  at 
llYar^y  he  re^ioved  to  St.  Margaret's,  a  small  hamlet  about 
tvvo  milos  distant  from  Amwell,  where,  Mr.  Hool^  informs 
V9^  he  became  first  acquainted  with  him,  and  s£^w  the  first 
jsketph  of  bis  poem  of  Amwell,  to  which  he  th^n  gave  the 
title  of  **  A  Prospect  of  Ware  J^nd  the  Country  a^acent." 
Ip  1 76^,  he  becamp  sensible  of  (he  many  disadvantages  h^ 
labpured  upder  by  living  in  continual  dread  of  the  spiall- 
pox,  and  h^(l  the  courage  to  submit  to  the  operation  of 
inoculation,  which  was  successfully. performed  by  t^ie  lat^ 
^aron  Dim^d^le.  He  now  visited  London  more  frequently^ 
and  Mr.  Hoole  had  the  satisfaction  to  introduce  him,  among 
others,  tp  J)r,  Johnson.  <^  Notwithstanding  the  great  dif*- 
ferf  qce  of  their  political  principles,  Scott  had  too  much 
)ovp  ifor  gopdness  and  genius,  npt  to  be  highly  gratified  ip 
the  opportunity  of  cultivating  a  friendship  with  that  grei^t^ 
lexemplar  of  human  virtues,  and  that  great  veteran  of  hur 
paan  learning ;  while  the  doctor,  with  a  mind  sujperior  t9 
the  distinction  of  party,  delighted  with  equ^l  cprpplacency 
ii^  the  amiable  qualities  pf  Scott,  of  whqm  he  ^Iwfiys  spokf 
with  feeling,  regard." 

In  1767,  he  married  Sarah  Frogley,  tfae^'daughter  of  bi« 
early  friend  and  adviser  ^harles  Frogley-  l^he  bride  wa% 
previous  to  her  nuptials,  admitted  a  member  of  the  society 
of  quakers.  For  her  father  he  ever  preserved  the  highest 
^respect,  and  seems  to  have  written  bis  Eleventh  Ode  with 
a  view  to  relieve  the  mind  of  that  worthy  man  from  the 


SCOTT.  ft» 

apprehension  of  being  neglected  by  him.  The  eonnec-^ 
tton  be  bad  formed  in  bis  family^  bowever,  was  not  of  long 
duration.  His  vrife  died  in  childbed  in  1768|  and  tbe  same 
year  be  lost  his  father  and  bis  infant-child.  For  some  time 
be  was  inconsolable^  and  removed  from  Amwell^  where  so 
many  objects  excited  the  bitter  remembrance  of  all  he  held 
dear,  to  the  bouse  of  a  friend  at:  Upton.  Here^  when  time 
and  reflection  bad  mellowed  his  grief,  be  hononred  tbe 
memory  of  his  wife  by  an  elegy  in  which  tenderness  and 
Jove  are  expressed  in  ^he  geonine  language  of  nature*  As 
he  did  not  wish  to  make  a  parade  of  bis  private  feelings,  a 
few  copies  only  of  this  elegy  were  given  to  his  friends,  nor 
would  be  ever  suffer  it  to  be  published  for  sale.  It  pro* 
cured  him  the  praise  of  Dr.  Hiiwkeswortfa,  and  the  friend^ 
ship  of  Dr.  Langborne^  who,  about  this  time^  bad  be^ii 
viiifed  by  a  similar  calamity.  His  mother,  it  ought  to  bav# 
b^en  mentioned,  died  in  1766;  and,  in  1769^  be  lost  bis 
friend  and  correspondent  Mr.  Turner. 

In  November  1770,  be  married  his  second  wife,  Mary  d^ 
HornCy  daughter  of  tbe  late  Abraham  de  Home :  *'  a  lady 
whose  amiable  qualities  promised  bim  many  years  of  un^ 
interrupted  happiness.*'  During  bis  visit  in  London^  fae 
increased  his  literary  circle  of  friends  by  an  introduction 
io  Mrs.  Montagu's  parties.  Among  those  who  principally 
noticed  bim  with  respect,  were  lord  Lyttelton^  sir  William 
Jones,  Mr.  Potter,  Mr.  Micklcj  and  Dr.  Beattie^  who  paid 
bim  a  cordial  visit  at  Amwell  in  1773,  and  again  in  1781, 
and  became  one  of  bis  correspondents. 

Although  we  have  bitberto  contemplated  our  author  as  a 
student  and  occasional  poet»  be  rendered  himself  more 
conspicuous  as  one  of  tbose  reflectors  on  public  affiurs 
who  employ  mocb  of  their  time  in  endeavouring  to  be  use>- 
ful.  Among  other  subjects,  his  attention  bad  often  been 
called  to  that  glaring  defect  in  human  polity,  the  state  of 
tbe  poor;  and  having  revolved  the  subject  in  bis  mind^ 
vritb  the  assistance  of  many  personal  inquiries,  be  published 
in  177S  ^<  Observations  on  tbe  present  state  of  tbe  paro^ 
cbial  and  vagrant  Poor."  It  is  needless  to  add,  that  bis 
advice  in  this  matter  was  rather  approved  than  followed. 
Some  of  his  propositions,  indeed,  were  incorporated  in 
Mr.  Gilbert^s  Bill,  in  1782 ;  but  the  whole  was  lost  for  want 
of  parliamentary  support 

In  1776  he  published  bis  <' Amwell/'  a  descriptive  poemy 
which  be  had  long  been  preparing,  and  in  wbicb  be  fondly 


tM  •  SCOTT. 

hoped  to  immortalize  his  favoarite  viHage.  Hii  bibgrap^ 
pher,  however;  has  amply  demonstrated  the  impossibitity 
df  communicating^  local  enthusiasm  by  any  attempt  of  this 
kind.  The  reflections  occasionally  introduced,  and  the 
historical  or  encomiastic  digressions,  are  generally  selected 
as  the  most  pleasing  passages  in  descriptive  poetry ;  but  all 
that  '|s  really  descriptive,  all  that  would  reiiK)ve  us  from 
the  closet  to  the  scene,  is  a  hopeless  attempt  to  do  that  by 
the  pen  which  can  only  be  done  by  the  pencil. 

At  such  intervals  as  our  author  could  spare,  he  wrote 
various  anonymous  pamphlets  and  essays,  on  miscellaneous 
subjects,  and  is  said  to  have -appeared  among  the  enemies 
of  the  measures  of  government  who  answered  Dr.  Johnson's 
<*  Patriot,"  "  False  Alarm,"  and  "  Taxation  no  Tyranny." 
On  the  commencement  of  the  Rowleian  controversy^  he 
tooji  the  part  of  Chatterton,  and  was  among  the  first  who 
questioned  the  authenticity  of  the  poems  ascribed  to  Row- 
ley. This  he  discussed  in  some  letters  inserted  in  tbe.Gen* 
tleman's  Magazine.  Of  course  he  was  led  to  admire  the 
wonderful  powers  of  the  young  impostor,  and  in  his  XXIst 
ode  pays  a  poetical  tribute  to  his  memory^  in  which,  with 
others  of  his  br^ren  at  that  time,  he  censures  the  unfeel- 
ing rich  for  depriving  their  country  oC  a  new  Sbakspeare 
or  Milton.  - 

These,  however,  were  his  amusements ;  the  more  valu- 
able part  of  his  time  was  devoted  to  such  public  business  as 
is  ever  best  conducted  hy  men  of  his  pure  and  independent 
character.  He  gave  regular  attendance  at  turnpike-meet- 
ings^ navigation  trusts,  and  commissions  of  land  tax"*,  and 
proposed  and  carried  various  scheme^of  local  improvement^ 
.particularly  the  fine  road  between  Ware  and  Hertford,  and 
some  useful  alterations  ii\  the  streets  dF  Ware.  AmK)ng  bia 
neighbours  he  frequently,  by  a  judicious  interference  or 
.arbitration,  ^checked  that  spirit  of  litigation  which  destroys 
the  felicity  of  a  country  life.  During  the  meritorious  em- 
^ployments  of  his  public  and  political  life,  it  can  only  be 
imputed  to  him  that  in  bis  zeal  for  the  principles  he  es*- 
poused,  he  sometimes  betrayed  too  great  warmth ;  and  in 

» 

*  When  once  asked  whether  he  was  that  an  oath  and  an  affirmatWe  are  sub- 
in  the  commission  of  the  peace,  he  stantialty  the  same,  and  that  the  mode 
answered  without  hesitation  that  his  of  appeal,  to  the  Searcher  of  hearts  is 
principal  objection  to  taking  the  oath,  of  little  consequence,  though  he  cer- 
was  the  offence,  which  it  would  give  to  tainly  preferred  the  ktter.  Monthly 
ihM  Socieiy.     His   own  opinion  was,  KeTiew,  toI.  YII.  N.  S.  p.  dd*7. 


a.  C  O  T  T.  £«1 

answering  Dr.  Johnson's  pamphlets,  it  Jias  been  altowed 
that  he  made  use  of  expressions  which  would  better  beconae 
those  who  did  not  know  the  worth  of  that  excellent  cba- 
racten 

In  1778^  he  published  a  work  of  great  labour  and  oti« 
lity»  entitled  ^^  A  Digest  of  the  Highway  and  general  Turn- 
pike laws."  In  this  compilation,  Mr.  Hoole  informs  us, 
all  the  acts  of  parliament  in  force  are  collected  together, 
and  placed  in  one  point  of  view;  their  contents  are  ar- 
ranged under  distinct  heads,  with  the  addition  of  many 
notes,  and  an  appendix  on  the  construction  and  preserva- 
tion of  public  roads,  probably  the  only  scientific  treatise  on 
the  subject  A  part  of  this  work  appeared  in  1773,  ui^der 
the. title  of  a  ^^ Digest  of  the  Highway  Laws.'*  In  the 
fiipring  of  1782,  be  published  what  he  had  long  projected,  a 
volume  of  poetry,  including  his  elegies,  Amwell,  and  a 
great  variety  of  hitherto  unpublished  pieces.  On  this  vo« 
lunxe  it  is  evident  he  had  bestowed  great  pains,  and  added 
the  decorations  of  some  beautiful  engravings.  A  very  fa- 
vourable account  was  given  of  the  whole  of  its  contents  in 
the  Monthly  Review ;  but  the  Critical  having  taken  some 
personal .  libertjes  with  the  author,  hinting  that  the  orna-  . 
jsients  were  not  quite  suitable  to  the  plainness  and  simpli* 
city  of  a  quaker,  Mr.  Scott  thought  proper  to  publish  a  let- 
ter addressed  to  the  authors  of  that  journal,  in  which  he 
expostulated  with  them  on  their  conduct,  and  defended  his 
poetry.  Every  friend,  however,  must  wish  he  had  passed 
over  their  strictures  in  silence.  .His  defence  of  bis  poetry 
betrays  him  into  the  error  of  which  he  complained,  and  we 
see  far  more  of  the  conceited  egotist  than  could  have  been, 
supposed  to  belong  to  his  simple  and  humble  character. 

After  this  contest,  he  began  to  prepare  a  work  of  the 
critical  kind.  He  had  been  dissatisfied  with  some  of  Dr. 
Johnson's  Lives  of  the  Poets,  and  had  aoutssed  in  the  course 
of- bis  own  reading  and  reflection,  a  number  of  observations 
on  Denham,  Milton,  Pope,  Dyer,  Goldsmith,  andvThoni- 
son,.  which  he  sent  to  the  press,  under  the.  title  of  "Cri- 
tical'Essays,"  but  did  not  live  to  publish  them.  On  the 
25ih  of  October  1783,  he  accompanied  Mrs.  Scott  to  Lon- 
don for  the  benefit  of  medical  advice  for  a  complaint  under 
which  she  laboured  at  that  time ;  but  on  the  1st  of  Decem- 
ber, while  at  his  house  at  RadclifF,  he  was  attacked  by  a 
putrid  fever,  which  proved  fatal  on  the  12th  of  that  mouth, 
and  he  was  interred  on  the  18th  in  the  Quaker  burying- 


S82  SCOT  T. 

ground  at  Radcliff.  He  bad  arrived  at  his  fifty-fourth  year, 
and  left  behind  a  widow  and  a  daughter,  their  only  childi 
then  about  six  years  old.  His  death  was  the  more  lament-* 
ed  as  he  was  in  the  vigour  of  life,  and  had  the  prospect  of 
many  years  of  usefulness.  ^'  In  his  person  he  was  tall  and 
ulender,.  but  his  limbs  were  remarkably  strong  and  museum 
Jar :  he  was  very  active,  and  delighted  much  in  the  ezer-* 
cise  of  walking ;  his  countenance  was  cheerful  and  ani« 
mated.''  The  portrait  prefixed  to  bis  works  is  not  a  very 
correct  likeness,  nor  was  .he  himself  satisfied  with  it. 
-  His  public  and  private  character  appears  to  have  been  ia 
every  respect  worthy  of  imitation,  but  what  his  religious 
opinions  were,  except  that  he  cherished  a  general  reve- 
rence for  piety,  is  somewhat  doubtful.  Professedly,  he 
was  one  of  the  society  called  Quakers,  but  the  paper  which 
that  society,  or  some  of  his  relations,  thought  it  necessary 
to  publish  after  his  death,  seems  to  intimate  that  in  their 
opinion,  and  finally  in  his  own,  bis  practice  had  not  in  all 
respects  heen  consistent. 

His  <^  Critical  Essays"  were  published  in  1795  by  Mr. 
Hoole,  who  prefixed  a  life  written  with  much  affection,  yet 
¥ritb  impartiality.  As  a  poet,  Mr.  Scott  seems  to  rank 
fuaiong  those  who  possess  genius  in  a  moderate  degree,  who 
please  by  short, efforts  and  limited  inspirations,  but  whose 
taleuts^  are  better  displayed  in  moral  reflection  and  pathetie 
sentiment  than  flights  of  fancy.  His  **  Elegies,'*  as  they 
vrere  the  first,  are  among  the  best  of  his  perforiodniees. 
Simplicity  appears  to  have  been  his  general  aim,  and  he 
was  of  opinion  that  it  was  too  little  studied  by  modern 
ifriters«  In  the  *^  Mexican  prophecy,"  however,  and  in 
.  *^  Serim/'  there  is  a  fire  and  spirit  worthy  of  the  highest 
•chool.  Hifs  *^  Amwell"  will  ever  deserve  a  distinguished 
place  among  descriptive  poems^  but  it  is  liable  to  all  the 
objections  attached  to  descriptive  poetry.  His  feeblest 
effort  is  the  *^  Essay  on  Painting,"  a  hasty  sketch,  in  which 
be  professed  himself,  and  that  not  in  very  humble  term^, 
to  be  the  rival  of  Hayley.  Upon  the  whole^  however,  the 
vein  of  pious  and  moral  reflection,  and  the  benevolence 
and  pbiknifhropy  which  pervade  all  his  poems,  will  con* 
tini»e  to  make  them  acceptable  to  those  who  read  to  be  im- 
proved, and  are  of  opinion  that  pleasure  b  not  the  sole  end. 
«f  poetry.* 

>  JUC»  bf  Mr,  JBoQl«.-*£D9lii)i  Poets,  1810.  mw  tdiW  31  vsli.  Sva. 


s  CO  T,  m 

t 

SCOT  {Micju^i),  of  Balwirie,  a  learoed  Scotch  autiior 
of  the  fifteenth  century^  made  the  tour  of  France  ^nd  Ger«> 
jDiany,  and  was  receivi^d  with  spme  diitinction  at  tho  court 
of  thq  eqf^p^rqr  Frederick  II.  Having  travailed  enough  to 
gratify  his  curiosity,  b^  returned  to  Scotland,  and  gave 
himself  up  to  study  afid  ^jontemplatioo.  Ha  was  ^killed  in 
Unguages;  and^  considering  the  age  iti  which  be  livedo 
vlfi^  no  mean  proficient  in  philosophy,  mathenaatics,  and 
fnedicine.  He  transUlod  into  L^atin  from  the  Arabic^  the 
history  of  animals  by  the  celebrated  physician  Avicenna. 
He  published  the  whole  works  of  Aristotle,  with  notes,  and 
aflfected  much  to  reason  on  the  principles  of  that  great  phir 
losopber,  He  wrote  a  book  concerning  ^'  The  Secrets  of 
Nature,"  and  a  tract  on  ^^►The  nature  of  the  Stm  and  Moon," 
in  \yhich  be  shews  bis  belief  in  tho  philosopher's  stpne. 
He  likewise  published  what  he  called  *^  Mensa  Philosoi- 
phica,"  a  treatise  replete  with  a9trology  and  chiromancy. 
He  was  much  admired  in  his  day,  and  was  even  suspected 
of  magic,  and  had  Roger  Bacon  and  Cornelius  Agrippa 
for  his  panegyrists.' 

SCOT  (R£ynoldb),  a  learned  English  gentleipan,  waa 
a  younger  son  of  sir  John  Scot,  of  Scot's-ball,  near  Smeeth 
in  Kent»  where  he  was  probably  born ;  and,  at  about  seven*^ 
teen,  sent  to  Hart-hall,  in  Oxford.  He  retired  to  his  native 
country  without  taking  a  degree,  and  settled  at  Smeeth ; 
and,  marrying  soon  after,  gave  himself  up  solely  to  read- 
ing, to  the  perusing  of  obscure  authors,  which  bad  by  the 
generality  of  scholars  been  neglected,  and  at  times  of  lei^- 
sure  to  husbandry  and  gairdening.  In  157^,  he  published 
a  second  edition,  for  we  know  nothing  of  the  first,  of  "A 
perfect  platform  of  a  Hop* garden,''  &c.  iii  4to;  and,  in 
1584,  another  work,  which  shewed  the  great  depth  of.hia 
researches,  and  the  uncommon  extent  of  bis  learning,  en^- 
titled ."  The  Discoverie  of  Witchcraft,"  &c.  reprinted  in 
1651,  4to,  with  this  title:  **  Scot's  Discovery  of  Witch- 
craft ;  proving  the  common  opinion  of  witches  contracting 
with  devils,  spirits,  familiars,  and  their  power  to  kill,  tor- 
pient,  and  consume,  the  bodies  of  tnen,  women,  and  chil- 
dren, or  other  creatures,  by  diseases  or  otherwise^  their 
flying  in  the  air,  &c*  to  be  but  imaginary  erroneous  concept 
tioos  a,nd  novelties.  Wherein  also  the  practices  of  witch* 
mongers,,  conjurors,  inchanters,  soothsayers,  also  the  de* 

1  EQcycL  3rltsimica.-»Hac](enzi«'s  Lifes* 


284  SCOT. 

Idsions  of  astrology,  alchemy,  legerdemain,  and  many  other 
things,  are  opened,  that  have  long  lain  hidden,  though 
very-  necessary  to  be  known  for  the  undeceiving  df  judges, 
justices,  and  juries,  and  for  the  preservation  of  poor  peo- 
ple, &c.  ,  With  a  treatise  upon  the  nature  of  spirits  and 
devils,"  &c/  In  the  preface  to  the  reader  he  declares,  that 
4iis  design' in  this  undertaking,  was  "  first,  that  the  glory 
of  God  be  not  so  abridged  ana  abased,  as  to  be  thrust  into 
the  hand  or  lip  of  a  lewd  old  woman,  whereby  the  work^of 
the  Creator  should  be  attributed  to  the  power  of  a  crea- 
ture :  secondly,  that  the  religion  of  the  gospel  may  be  seen 
to  stand  Without  such  peevish  trumpery  :  thirdly,  that  fa- 
vour and  Christian  compassion  be  rather  used,  towards 
these  poor  souls,  than  rigour  and  extremity,'*  &c. 

A  doctrine  of  this  nature,  advanced  in  an  age  when  the 
reality  of  witches  was  so  universally  believed,  that  even 
the  great  bishop  Jewel,  touching  upon  the  subject  in  a 
sermon  before  queen ' Elizabeth,  could  "pray  God  they 
-might  never  practise  farther  than  upon  the  subject,"  ex- 
posed the  author  to  every  species  of  obloquy  and  persecu- 
tion ;  and^ccordingly  Voetius,  a  foreign  divine,  informs 
lis  in  his  **  Disput.  Theolog."  vol.  III.  p.  564,  though  Wood 
says  nothing  of  it,  that  his  book  was  actually  burnt.     It 
'was  also  opposed,  and,  as  it  should  seem,  by  great  autho- 
rity too :    for,  James  I.  in  the  preface  to  his  **  Demono- 
iogie,"  printed  first  at  Edinburgh  in  1597,  and  afterwards 
•at  London  in  1603,  observes,  that  he  "  wrote  that  book 
x'hiefly  against  the  damnable  opinions  of  Wierus  and  Scott; 
the  latter  of  whom  is  not  ashamed,"  the  king  says,  **  in 
public  print  to  deny,  that  there  can  be*  such  a  thing  as 
Witchcraft,  and  so  maintains  the  old  error  of  the  Sadducees 
in  the  denying  of  spirits,"  an  inference  which  by  no  means 
follows  from  Scot*s  premises.     Dr.  John  Rayiiolds,  in  his 
*'  Prselectiones  upon  the  Apocrypha,"  animadverts  on  se- 
veral passages  in  Scot's  "  Discovery ;"   Meric  Casaubon 
treats  him  as  an  illiterate  person;  and  Mr. Joseph  Glanvil, 
one  of  the  greatest  advocates  for  witchcraft,  aflSrms,  that 
'<  Mr.  Stot  doth  little  but  tell  odd  tales  and  silly  legends, 
which  he  confutes  and  laughs  at,  and  pretends  this  to  be  a 
confutation  of  the  being  of  witches  and  apparitions:  in  all 
which  his  reasonings  are  trifling  and  childish ;  and,  when 
iie  ventures  at  philosophy,  he  is  little  better  than  absurd." 
Scot  did  not  live  to  see  the  full  effects  of  his  endeavours  to 
abate  the  prejudices  of  the  times/  nor  could  this  indeed  ht 


SCOT.  285  . 

the  work  of  a  single  hand,  contending  against  the  king  on  * 
the  throne,  many  very  learned  men,  almost  the  whole  body 
of  the  people,  and  what  was  the  last  to  yield,  the  .statute-* 

'  law  of  the  land.  His  work,  however,  was  reprinted  in  16^1, 
4to,  and  in  1665,  folio,  with  additions,  and  was  translated 
into  German. 

Thi9  sensible,  learned,  upright,  and  pious  man  (for  we 
know  ths^t  he  possessed  the  two  first  of  these  qualities,  and 
be  is  universally  allowed  to  have  had  also  the  two  last)  died 
in  1599,  add  was  buried  among  his  ancestors  in  the 
church  at  Smeeih. ' 

SCOT,  alias  ROTH&IIAM  (Thomas),  a  munificent, 
benefactor  to  Lincoln  college,  .OsCford,  was  born  at  Rother* 
am,  in  Yorkshire^  from  whence  he  took  his  name,  but  that- 
of  his  family  appear^  to  have  been  Scot.  He  rOse  by  bis 
talents  and  learning  to  the  highest  ranks  in  church  and. 
state,  having  been  successively  fellow  of  King's  college, 
Cambridge,  master  of  Pembroke  Hall,  chancellor  of  that 
university,  prebendary  of  Sarum,  chaplain  to  kjng  Edward. 
ly.  provost  of  Beverley,  keeper  of  the  Privy  Seal,  seqre- 
tary  to  four  kings,  bishop  of  Rochester  and  Lincoln,  arch«. 

.  bishop  of  York,  and  lord  chancellor.  His  buildings  at 
Cambridge,  Whitehall,  Southwell,  and  Thorp,  are  eminent 
proofs  of  his  magnificent  taste  and  spirit. 

He  was  promoted  to  the  see  of  Lincoln  in  1471,  and  we 
learn  from  his  preface  to  his  body  of  statutes,  that  a  visit  . 
through  his  diocese,  in  which  Oxford  then  was,  proved  the 
occasion  of  his  liberality  to  Lincoln  college.  On  his  ar- 
rival there,  in  1474,  John  Tristroppe,  the  third  rector  of 
that  society,  preached  the  visitation  sermon  from  Psalm 
Ixxx.  14,  15.  ^^  Behold  and  visit  this  vine,  and  the  vine- 
yard which  thy  right  hand  hath  planted,  &c."  In  this 
discourse,  which,  as  usual,,  was  delivered  in  Latin,  the 
preacher  addressed  his  particular  requests  to  the  bishop, 
exhorting  him  to  complete  his  college,  now  imperfect  and 
defective  both  in  buildings  and  government.  Rotheram  is 
said  to  have  been  so  well  pleased  with  the  application  of 
the  text  and  subject,  that  he  stood  up  and  declared  that  he 
would  do  what  was  desireci  Accordingly,  besides  what  be 
contributed  to  the  buildings,  he  increased  the  number  of 
fellows  from  seven  to  twelve,  and  gave  them  the  livings  of^ 
of  Twyford  in  Buckinghamshire^    and  Long    Combe  in 

»  Ath.  Ox.  vol.  I.— Oldys's  Librarian,  p.  213.— See  his  epitaj^h  on  Sir  Thomas 
Scot^  ip  Peck^a  CronweU  ColUctions^  p.  3S.^Q«ii»  Diet, 


286  s  o  o  r. 

Ozfordflhire.  He  formed  ako  in  1479,  a  body  of  statute, 
in  which,  after  noticing  with  an  apparent  degree  of  dts-* 
pleasure,  that  although  Oxford  was  in  the  diocese  of  Lin- 
coln, no  college  bad  yet  made  provision  for  the  natives  of 
that  diocese,  be  enjoined  that  the  rector  should  be  of  the 
diocese  of  Lincoln  or  York,  and  the  fellows  or  scholars 
should  be  persons  born  in  the  dioceses  of  Lincoln  and 
York,  and  one  of  Wells,  with  a  preference,  as  to  those 
from  the  diocese  of  York,  to  his  native  parish  of  Rotheram. 
This  prelate  died  in  1500  at  Cawood,  and  was  buried  in 
the  Chapel  of  St.  Mary,  under  a  marble  tomb  which  he  . 
had  built.  *  .  • 

SCOUGAL  (Hrkry),  an  eminent  Scotch  divine,  and 
second  son  of  Patrick  Scougal,  bishop  of  Aberdeen,  was 
born  June  1650,  at  Salton,  in  East  Lothian,  where  bis 
father,  the  immediate  predecessor  of  Bishop  Burnet,  was 
rector.  His  father,  designing  bim  for  the  sacred  ministry, 
watched  over  his  infant  mind  with  peculiar  care,  and  soon 
bad  the  satisfaction  of  perceiving  the  most  amiable  dispo- 
.sttions  unfold  themselves^  and  his  jinderstanding  rise  at 
once  into  the  vigour  of  manhood.  Relinquishing  the 
amusements  of  youth,  young  Scotigal  applied  to  his  studies 
with  ardour:. and,  agreeably  to  his  father's  wish,  at  an 
early  period  directed  his  thoughts  to  sacred  literature, 
ile  perused  the  bistorical  parts  of  the  bible  with  peculiar 
.pleasure,  and  then  began  to  examine  its  contents  more 
minutely.  He  was  struck  with  the  peculiarities  of  the 
Jewish  dispensation,  and  felt  an  anxiety  to  understand  why 
its  rites  and  ceremonies  were  abolished.  The  nature  and 
evidences  of  the  Christian  religion  also  occupied  his  mind. 
He  perused  se<*mons  with  much  attention,  committed  to 
writing  those  passages  which  must  affected  him,  and  could 
comprehend  and  remember  their  whole  scope.  Nor  was  he 
inattentive  to  polite  literature.  He  read  the  Roman  clas- 
sics, and  made  considerable  proficiency  in  the  Greek, 
Hebrew,  and  other  oriental  languages.  He  was  also  well 
versed  in  bistory  and  mathematics.  His  diversions  were  of 
a  manly  kind.  Afcer  becoming  acquainted  with  Roman 
bistory,  he  formed,  in  concert  with  some  of  his  companion?, 
a  little  senate,  where  orations  of  their  own  composition  were 
delivered. 

At  the  age  of  fifteen  he  entered  the  university,  where 

1  Wood's  Colleges  and  Halls.— -Chalmerses  Hist.  ofOxfurd. 


S  0  O  U  G  A  L.  28T 

he  behaved  with  great  modesty,  sobriety,  and  diltgence. 
He  disliked  the  philosophy  then  taught^  and  applied  him- 
self to  the  study  of  natural  philosophy  :  and  in  conse* 
quence  of  this,  when  he  was  only  about  eighteen  years  of 
age,  he  wrote  the  reflections  and  short  essays  since  pub- 
lished :  which,  though  written  in  his  youth,  and  some  of 
them  left  unfinished,  breathe  a  devotion,  which  show» 
that  his  mind  was  early  impressed  with  the  most  important 
ooRcerns  of  humau  life.  In  all  the  public  meetings  of  the 
students  he  was  unanimously  chosen  president,  and  had  a 
lingular  deference  paid  to  his  judgment.  No  sooner  had 
he  finished  his  courses,  than  he  was  promoted  to  a  profes- 
sorship in  the  university  of  Aberdeen,  where  he  conscien- 
tiously performed  his  duty  in  training  up  the  youth  under 
his  care  in  such  principles  of  religion  and  learning  as  might 
fender  them  ornaments  to  church  and  state.  When  any 
divisions  and  animosities  happened  in  the  society,  he  was 
very  instrumental  in .  reconciling  and  bringing  them  to  a 
good  understanding.  He  maintained  his  authority  among 
the  students  in  such  ^  way  as  to  keep  them  in  awe,  and  at 
the  same  time  to  gain  their  love  and  esteem.  Sunday 
evedings  were  spent  wkh  his  scholars  in  discoursing  of, 
am)  encouraging  religion  in  principle  and  practice.  He 
allotted  a  considerable  part  of  bis  yearly  income  for  the 
poor ;  and  many  indigent  families  of  different  persuasions, 
were  relieved  in  their  difficulties  by  his  bounty,  although 
so  secretly  that  they  knew  not  whence  their  supply  came. 

Having  been  aj  professor  of  philosophy  for  four  years^ 
be  was  at  the  age  of  twenty-three  admitted  into  holy  orders,* 
and  settled  at  Auchterless,  a  small  village  about  twenty 
miles  from  Aberdeen.  Here  his  zeal  and  ability  in  his^ 
great  Master's  service  were  eminently  displayed.  He 
catechised  with  great  plainness  and  affection,  and  used  the 
oiost  endearing  methods  to  recommend  religion  to  his 
bearers;.  He  endeavoured  to  bring  them  to  a  close  attend- 
ance on  public  worship,  and  joined  with  them  himself  at 
the  beginning  of  it  He  revived  the  use  of  lectures,  look- 
ing upon  it  as  very  edifying  to  comment  upon  and  expound 
large  portions  of  scripture.  In  the  twenty-fifth  year  of  hisi 
age,  he  was  appointed  professor  of  divinity  in  the  King's 
college^  Aberdeen,  which  he  at  first  declined,  but  when 
indcicad  to  accept  it,  he  applied  himself  with  zeal  and  dili- 
gence to  the  exercise  of  this  office.  After  he  had  guarded 
bis  pupils  against  th^  common  artifices  of  th^  Roousb  mit-^ 


288  .      S  C  O  tT  G  A  L. 

sionarles  in  making  proselytes,  be  proposed  two  subjects' 
for  public  exercise :.  the  one,  of  the  pastoral  care,  the 
other,  of  casuistical  divinity. 

The  inward  dispositions  of  this  excellent  man  are  best 
seen  in  his  writings,  to  which  his  pioi\s  and  blameless  life 
was  wholly  conformable.     His  days,  however,  were  soon 
numbered :  in  the  twenty-seventh  year  of  his  age,  be  fell 
into  a^  consumption,  which  wasted  him  by  slow  degrees : 
but  during  the  whole  time  of  his  sickness  he  behaved  with, 
the  utmost  resignation,  nor  did  he  ever  shew  the  least  im- 
patience.    He  died  June  20,  1678,  in   the  twenty-eighth 
year  of  his  age,  and  was  buried,  in  King's  college  church,, 
in  Old  Aberdeen.     His  principal  work  is  entitled  ''.  TUei^ 
Life  of  God  in  the  Soul  of  Man,"  which  has  undergone 
many  editions,  and  has  been  thought  alike  valuable  for  the, 
sublime  spirit  of  piety  which  it  breathes,  and  for  the  purity, 
and  elegance  of  its  style.     He  left  his  books  to  tb^,  library^ 
of  his  college,  and  five  thousand  marks  to  the  odice  of  pro- 
fessor of  divinity.     He  composed  a  form.of  morning  and 
evening  service  for  the    cathedral  church   of  Aberdeen, 
which  may  be  seen  in  Orem*s  *'  Description  pf  the  Cha- 
nonry  of  Old  Aberdeen,"  printed  In  No.  3  of.  the  ".  Biblio.-: 
theca    Topographica    Britannica."      His   treatise  on    the 
"  Life  of  God,"  &c.  was  first  printed  in  his  life-time  by 
bishop   Burnet   about    1677,  without  a  name,  which  the 
author's  modesty  studiously  concealed.     It.  went  through. 
sever*nj   subsequent  editions,  and   was  patronised  by  the. 
society   for  promoting  Christian  knowledge,  and  w^  i^e-* 
printed  in   1726  with  the  addition  of  ^'  Nine  discourses,  ou 
important  subjects,"  by  the  same  author,  and  bis  funer^. 
sermon,  by  Dr.  G.  G.  * 

SCRIBONIUS  (Largus),  a  Roman  physician/,  lived  in 
the  reign  of  Claudius,  and  is  said  to  have  accompanied  this, 
emperor  in  his  campaign  in  Britain.     He  wrote  a  treatise 
"  De  Compositione  Medicamentorum,"  which  is*Very  often 
quoted  by  Galen,  but  was  pillaged  by  Marcellus  the  em- 
piric, according  to  Dr.  Freind.     At  a  time  when  it  was  the^ 
practice  of  many   physicians  to   keep  their  compositions 
secret,  Scribonius  published  bis,  find  expressed  great  con- 
fidence in  their  efficacy ;  but  many  of  them  are  trifling,, 
and  founded  in  superstition,  and  his  language  is  so  inferior^, 
to  that  of  bis  age,  that  some  have  supposed  be  wrote  bis 

^  Bibl.  Topo|p.  Britan.-^asd  Encyclop.  Britannica. 


8  C  R  t  B  O  K  t  U  8.      «  88t 

^fot\i  in  Greek,  and  that  it  was  tfanslated  into  Latiti  bj 
tome  later  hand :  but  Freind  and  others  seem  of  a 
difFereftt  opinion^  The  treatise  of  Scribonms  has  been 
»everal  times  reprinted,  and  stands  among  the  *^  Medical 
Artis  Principes'*  of  Henry  Stephens,  1567.^ 

SCRIMZ£Oft  (H£NRY),  one  of  the  most  learned  caeil 
t>f  the  sixteenth  century^  was  born  at  Dundee  in  Scotland^ 
in  1506,  and  after  making  great  progress  in  the  Greek  and 
Latin  languages  at  the  grammar  school  of  that  place,  studied 
}>failosopby  at  St«  Andrew's  university  with  equal  succes$i 
He  afterwards  studied  civil  law  at  Paris  and  Bourges.  At 
this  latter  city  be  became  acquainted  with  the  Greek  pro^ 
fessot*,  James  Amiof,  who  recommended  him  to  be  tutor  to 
Iwoyoting  gentlemen;  and  this  served  also  to  introduce  hiok 
to  Bernard  Bometei,  bishop  of  Rennes,  a  celebrated  poIiti-»> 
cal  character)  who  invited  Mr.  Scrimzeor  to  accompanj^ 
him  to  Italy.  There  he  became  acqtiainted  with  the  most 
distinguished  scholars  of  the  country.  The  death  of  the 
noted  Francis  Spira  *  happened  during  his  visit  at  Padua^ 
and  as  the  charatter  and  conduct  of  this  remarkable  person 
at  that  time  engaged  the  attention  of  the  worId>  Mu 
Scrimzeor  is  said  to  have  collected  memoira  of  him^  which> 
iM>wev^  does  not  appear  in  the  catalogue  of  his  works. 

After  he  had  stored  his  mind  with  the  literature  of  foreign 
countries^  and  satisfied  his  curiosity  as  a  traveller^  it  was 
his  intention  to  have  revisited  Scotland ;  but,  on  his  jour« 
ney  horheward,  through  Geneva,  the  syndics  and  other 
naagistrates  requested  him  to  set  up  the  professipn  of  phi* 
losophy  in  that  city  ;  promising  a  suitable  compensation. 
He  accepted  the  proposal,  and  established  the  philosophical 

#  Francis  ^pira  «ra8  a  lawyer  of  g^eat  p\ie&%  Shoitly  after  he  fell  into  a 
Irepi^tatton  at  Cittadella  in  the  Venetian  deep  iQelancholy,  lost  bis  health,  and 
State,  at  the  fateginnifkg  pf  th«  sixteenth  was  reiQoyed  to  Padaa  for  the  ad- 
ceotury.  He  bad  imbibed  the  prin«  tice  of  physicians  and  divines;  but 
eiplet  of  the  Aefbmiation,  and  was  ac»  bis  disorders  augmented.  The  re- 
cused before  iobn  de  la  Cas8>  areh-  canlation,  which  he  said  he  had  mada 
bisbo^  of  BeneventOy  the  pope*ii  nuA-  Anom  cowardice  and'  interest,  AUed  hit 
vio  at  Venice.  He  made  aome  coti-  mind  with  continual  horror  and  remorse^ 
cessionSi  and  asked  fmtdon  of  the  pa^^  and  no  means  being  found  to  restore 
jpal  mififilKcfr  for  Mf  crirorsw  But  the  teither  his  health  or  peace  of  mind,  ha 
mincio  inSHttetfapova  public  rtfcanta-  fell  a  victim  to  his  miserable  situatiou 
tkfa*  Spira  was  exceedingly  averse  to  in  1548.-«^Collier's  Diet.  art.  Spira. 
Ifala  meaauris  but  at  the  pressing  in-  There  have  been  many  editions  of  a 
fftancea  of  hh  wife  and  his  friendli,  who  '*■  Life  of  Spira^  published  in  England 
represented  to.  him,  that  he  must  lose  and  Scotland,  as  a  *^  warning  to  apos- 
his  practice  and  rtfin  bis  affairs  by  tatesv" 
ptfftisting  against  it,  he  at  last  com- 

1  Freiad's  Hiftw  of  Pbysi<!.-^EIoy  Diet.  Hiil. 

Vol.  XXVII.  W 


290  S  C  R  I  M  Z  £  O  Rr 

chair  ;  but  after  he  had  taught  for  some  time  at  Genera,  a 
fire  broke  out  in  his  neighbourhood,  by  which'  bis  hodse 
was  consumed',  and  he  himself,  reduced -to  great  distress. 
At  this  time  flourished  at  Augsburg  that  famous  mercantiie 
family,  the  Fuggers.  Uiric  Fugger,  its  then  represents* 
live,  a  man  possessed  of  prodigious  wealth,  and  a  munifi- 
cent patron  of  learned  men,  having  heard  of  the  misfor" 
tune  which  had  be/alien  Mr.  Scrimzeor,  immediately  sent 
him  a  pressing  invitation.to  accept  an  asylum  beneath  his 
roof  till  his  affairs  could  be  re-established.'  Mr.  Scrinazeor, 
gladly  availing  himself  of  such  a  hospitable  kindness,  lostnio 
time  in  going  to  Germany. 

Whilst  residing  at  Augsburg  with  -Mr.  Fugger,  he  was 
much  employed  in  augmenting  his  patron's  library  by  vast 
collections,  purchased  from  every  corner  of  Europe,  par- 
ticularly manuscripts  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  authors.  He 
also  composed  many  works  of  great  learning  and  ingenuity, 
whilst  he  continued  in  a  situation  so  peculiarly  agreeable 
%o  the  views  and  habits  of  a  scholar ;  and  when  he  was  de- 
sirous of  returning  to  Geneva  to  print  them,  Fugger  re- 
C^ommended  him,  for  this  purpose,  to  the  very  learned 
flenry  Stephens,  one  of  his  pensioners. 

Immediately  on  bis  arrival  at  Geneva,  1563,  be  was 
earnestly  solicited  by  the  magistrates  to  resume  the  chair 
of  philosophy.  With  this  he  complied,  and  notwithstand- 
ing the  dedication  of  much  of  his  time  to  the  study  of  phy- 
sics, he,  two  years  afterwards,  instituted  a  course  of  lectures 
in  the  civil  law,  and  had  the  honour  of  being  its  first  pro- 
fessor at  Geneva.  Being  now  settled  here,  he  intended 
to  have  printed  his  various  works,  but  a  suspicion  which 
Henry  Stephens  entertained,  that  it  was  his  intention  to 
set  up  a  rival  press  at  Geneva,  occasioned  great  dissentions 
between  them.  The  result  of  the  dispute  was,  that  almost 
all  Scriinzeor's  publications  were  ppsthumous.  Among 
Uiem  are  critical  and  explanatory  notes  upon  Athenaeus*; 
>*  Deipnosophists,"  published  by  Isaac  Casaubon  at  Ley* 
den  in  1600,  but  without  distinguishing  his  own  notes  from 
those  of  Scrimzeor;  also  a  commentary  and  emendations 
of  Strabo,  which  were  published  in  Casaubon's  edition  of 
that, geographer^  1620,  but  likewise  without  acknowledging 
the  assistance  he  derived  from  Scrimzeor.  Scrimzeor  col- 
lated different  manuscripts  of  all  the  works  of  Plutarch, 
probably  with  a  view  to  an  edition  of  that  author,  and  also 
the  ten  books  oti  Diogenes  Laertius  on  the  lives  of  the  phi- 


S  C  R  I  M  2  E  O  R.  .  fl9t 

losophers.  <  His  corrected  text  of  this  autbor,  with  t^otei 
full  of  erudition,  came  into  Casaubon's  possession,  and  is 
supposed  to  have  contributed  much  to  the  value. of  his 
edition  of  Laertius,  printed  at  Paris  in  1593.  The  works 
of  Phornutus  and  Palaephatus  were  also  among  the  collar' 
ttons  of  Mr.  Scrimzeor.  To  the  latter  of  these  authors  he 
made  such  cotlsiderable  additions  that  the  work  became 
partly  his  oWn;  The  manuscripts  of  both  these  were  for 
some  time  preserved  in  the  library  of  sir  Peter  Young,  after 
that  of  liis  uncle  Scrimzeor,  which  was  brought  into  Scot- 
land in  1573,  had  been  added  to  it.  What  became  of  this 
valuable  bequest  at  the  death  of  the  former,  is  not  known« 
Our  learned  philologer  left  also  behind  him,  in  manuscript, 
the  orations  of  Demosthenes,  ^schines,  and  Cicero,  and  the 
Ecclesiastical  History  of  Eusebius,  all  carefully  collated ; 
and  among,  his  literary  remains^  vyas  a  collection  of  his' 
Latin  epistles.  But  of  the  many  performances  which  had 
exercised  his  pen,  'it  does  not  appear  that  any  were  pub- 
lished by  himself  but  his  translation  of  ^^Justinian's  Novels'' 
into  Greek.  This  was  printed  at  Paris  in  1558,  and  agaii\^ 
with  Holoahder's  Latin  version  at  Antwerp  in  1575.  This 
work  has  been  highly  extolled  both  for  the  purity  of  its 
language  and  the  accuracy  of  its  execution.  He  wrote 
also  a  Latin  translation  of  *'  The  Basilica,"  or  Basilics,  a 
collection  of  Roman  Laws,  which  the  Eastern  emperors 
Basil  and  Leo,  who  reigned  in  the  fifth  century,-  com- 
manded to  be  translated  into  Grefek,  and  which  preserved 
their  authority  till  the  dissolution  of  the  Eastern  empire. 

Almost  the  whole  of  his  life,  although  he  arrived  at  old 
age/  was  spent  in  his  library.  The  time  of  his  death  is 
uncertain ;  but  it  appears  most  likely,  from  a  comparison 
of  different  accounts,  that  it  happened  very  near  the  ex- 
piration of  1571,  or  at  the  beginning  of  the  succeeding 
year,  about  the  sixty-sixth  year  of  his  age.  He  died  in.th^ 
city  of  Geneva/ 

•  SCRIVERIUS,  or  SCHRYVER  (Peter),  a  consider- 
able philologer  and  poet,  was  born  at  Harlem  in  1576. 
He  was  educated  at  Harlem  and  at  Leyden,  where  he  read 
law  in  his  early  days,  but  devoted  himself*  afterwards  to  a 
private  and  studious  life^  which  ended  April  30,  1660,  in 
the  .eight}'-fourtb  year  of  his  age.     His  works  are  :  ^*  Ba- 

I  Mackenzie's  Scatck  Writers,  vol.  lI.^Life  by  Mr.  Lettice,  in  Euroyu  Mef. 
Ar  1795. 

U  3 


t»9  S  C  R  I  Y  E  R  I  U  S. 


tavia  illustrata.''     ^*  Batarise  comitiimq;.  ooiDiuti  Historia*^ 
**  M iscellafiea  Philobgica.'*    <^  GarmFina  Latb»a  &  Belgioai'^ 
^<  Poputare  HoliandisB  Ghronicoo."     <f  CoUecfcanea  Yete* 
rum  Tragicoruou^*     He  likewise  corrected  the  copy  0l 
*<  Yegetius,"  and  enlarged  and  wrote  itetet  ujpw  AqitiUu^a 
**  Chronicoii  Grddricum  ;*'  and  was  the  author  or  editor  of 
various  other  works,*  clastical  and  historical. ' 
'  SGUDERI  (George  db),  a  French  writer  of  eminfeiice 
in  his  day,    was  descended  from  an  aacieot  audi  nobli^ 
fiftniily  ,of  Apt  in  Provence,  and  born  at-  Havre-de-Gmce 
in  1603*.*  He  spent  part  of  his  youth  at  Apt^  and.  after- 
wards came  and  settled  at  Paris,  where  at  first  be  subsisted 
by  the  efforts  of  his  pen,  particularly  in  poetry^  and  dm* 
matic  pieces,  none  of  which  are  now  isi  any  estimatioui^ 
and  we  may,  therfefore^  be  spared  the  trouble  of  giving 
tbeir  titles*     In  1627  be  published  observations  upon  the 
**  Cid'*  of  Comeille,  with  a  vieir  of  making  bis  court  to 
cardinal  Richelieu,  whe  was  absurdly  enTious  of-  that  great 
]}oet,  and  did  every  thing  he  could  to  oppMe  the  vast  re« 
putation  and  success  of  the  *^  Gid  :*'  and  by  his  influence 
alone  enabled  even  such  a  man  as  Scuderi  ^^  to  balance^** 
aa  Ypltaire  says,  '<  for  some  time,  the  reputation  of  Cor«» 
iieille;'*     Scuderi  was  received  a  member  of  the  acadeasy 
is  1650,     He  had  before  been  made  governor  of  the  castle 
of  Notre- Dame  de  la  Garde,  in  Proveuc^;  and  although 
this  was  a  situation  of  very  little  profit,  Scuxler^  who  was 
still  more  vain  than  indigent,  gave  a  pompous  description 
of  it  in  a  poem,  which  drew  upon  him  the  raillery  of  Gha- 
pelle  and  Bachaumont.     Scuderi  died  at  Paris,  May  14, 
1667,  leaving  a  name  now  better  known  than  his  works.* 

SCUDERI  (Magdeleine  de),  sister  of  the  precedmg, 
Itnd  his  superior  in  talents,  was  born  at  Havre^de-Graee  in 
1607,  and  became  very  eminent  for  her  wit  and  her  wri« 
tings.  She  went  early  to  Paris,  where  she  gained  admit* 
sion  into  the  assemblies  of  learning  and  fasbioot.  Having 
recourse,  like  her  brother,  to  the  pen,  she  gratified  the  taste 
of  the  age  for  romances,  by  various  productions-  of  that 
kind,  which  were  very  eagerly  read,  and  even  procured 
her  literary  honours.  The  celebrated  academy  of  the 
Ricovrati  at  Padua  complimented  her  with  a  place  in  their 
spcicfty;  and  some  great  personages  showed  their  regard 

^  Foppen  Bibl.  Belg.'—Saxii  OnomMt. 
3  'Mpr«ii— Diet.  Bift-^Niceree,  tqI.  XV.— Voltaire's  SiccU  d«  Uuit  XiV  . 


C  U  D  E  R  L  aw 

^'hf  pretentSi  and  other  marks  of  esteenii..  The  prince  of 
Paderbom,  bishop  of  Mtinster,  sent  her  his  works  and  a 
tnedal ;  and  Christina  of  Sweden  often  wrote  to  her,  set- 
tied  ofi  her  a  pension,  aad  sent  her  her  picture.  Cardinal 
MazariTi  left  her  an  annuity  by  his  will :  and  Lewis  XIV. 
in  1663,  at  the  solicitation  of  M.  de  Matntenon,  settled 
a  good  pension  upon  her,  which  was  punctually  paid. 
His  majesty  also  appointed  her  a  special  audience  to  receire 
^  faer  acknowledgments,  and  paid  her  some  %'ery  flattering 
'  compliments,  She  had  an  extensive  correspondence  with 
tnen  of  learning  and  wit  i  and  her  bouse  at  Paris  was  the 
rendewous  of  all  who  would  be  thought  to  patronize  gc- 
niusw  She  died  in  1701,  aged  94;  and  two  churches  con- 
tended for  the  honour  of  possessing  her  remains,  which 
was  thought  a  point  of  so  much  consequence,  that  nothing 
less  than  the  autfa'ority  of  the  cardinal  de  Noailles,  to  whom 
the  affair  was  referred,  was  suflBcient  to  decide  it.  She 
was  a  very  voluminous  writer  as  well  as  her  brother,  but  of 
snore  merit ;  and  it  is  remarkable  of  this  lady^  that  she  ob- 
tained the  first  prize  of  eloquence  founded  by  the  acade- 
my. There  is  much  common-^place  panegyric  upon  her 
in  the  ^^  Menagiana,'*  from  the  personal  regard  Menage 
had  for  her :  but  her  merits  su*e  better  settled  by  Boileau, 
in  the  '*  Disoours^'  prefixed  to  his  dialogue  entitled  ^^Les 
Hero  des  Roman.V  Her  principal  works  ane,  ^^  Artamene, 
on  le Grand  Cyras,"  1650,  10  vols.  «vo;  "  Clelie,"  1660, 
1 0  vols.  8vo;  "  Celanire,  ou  la  Promenade  de  Versailles^'* 
1698,  12nio ;  <<  Ibrahim,  ou  Tlllustre  Bassa,''  1^41,  4  vols. 
Svo  ;  "  Almahide,  ou  I'Esclave  Reine," :  1660,  8  vols.  Bvo ; 
^*  Celine,"  1661,  Svo;  "  Mathilde  d'Aguilar,"  1667,  Bvo; 
**  Conversations  et  Entretiens,"  10  vols.  &c.  These  last 
conversations  are  thought  the  heat  of  Mad.  Scuderi^s  works, 
but  there  was  a  time  when  English  translations  of  her  prolii^ 
romances  were  read.  What  recommended  them  to  the 
Flinch  public  was  the  traits  of  living  characters  which  she 
occasionally  introduced.  ^ 

SCULTETUS  (Ab^ham),  an  eminent  protestant  di* 
vine^  was  born  at  Grumberg  in  Silesia,  Aug.  24,  1556,  and 
after  having  studied  there  till  15Bt2,  was  sent  to  Bresiaw  to 
continue  his  progress  in  the  sciences.  He  was  recalled 
•oon  after,  his  father,  who  had  lost  all  his  fortune  in  the 
fire  of  Grif Qb|»Fg,  being  no  longer  able  to  maintain  him  fit 


294  S  C  U  L  T  E  T  U  S. 

the  college,  and  therefore  intending  to  bring  him  iip  to 
«ome  trade.  The  young  man  was  not  at  all  pleased  with 
snch  a  proposal ;  and  looked  put  for  the  place  of  a  tutor, 
which  he  found  in  the  family  of  a  burgomaster  of  Freistad, 
^nd  this  gave  liim  an  opportunity  of  hearing  the  sermons  of 
Melancthon  and  of  Abraham  Bucholtzer.  In  1584  he 
took  a  journey  into  Poland,  and  went  to  Gorlitz  in  Lusatia 
the  year  following,  and  resided  there  above  two  years, 
constantly  attending  the  public  lectures,  and  reacling  pri- 
vate lectures  to  others.  He  employed  himself  in  the  same 
manner  in  the  university  ofWittemberg  in  1588  and  1589, 
and  afterwards  in  that  of  Heidelberg  till  he  was  admitted 
into  the  church  in  1594.  He  officiated  in  a  village  of  the 
palatinate  for  some  months ;  after  which  he  was  sent  for 
by  the  elector  palatine  to  be  one  of  his  preachers.  In 
1598  be  was  appointed  pastor  of  the  church  of  St.  Francis 
at  Heidelberg,  and  two  years  after  was  made  a  member  of 
the  ecclesiastical  senate.  He  was  employed  several  times 
in  visiting  the  churches  and  schools  of  the  palatinate, 
and  among  these  avocations  wrote  some  works,  which  re- 
quired great  labour.  He  attended  Uie  prince  of  Anbalt  to 
the  war  at  Juliers  in  1610,  and  applied  himself  with  great 
prudence  and  vigilance  to  the  re-settlement  of  the  affairs  of 
the  reformed  church  in  those  parts.  He  attended  Fre- 
deric V.  prince  palatine  into  England  in  1612,  and  con- 
tracted an  acquaintance  with  the  most  learned  men  of  that 
kingdom,  bu!  Wood  speaks  of  his  having  resided  some 
time  at  Oxford  in  1598.  He  took  a  journey  to  Branden- 
burg in  1614,  the  elector  John  Sigismond,  who  was  about 
renouncing  Lutheranism,  being  desirous  of  concerting 
measures  with  him  with  respect  to  that  change  ;  and  on  his 
return  to  Heidelberg  he  accepted  the  place  of  court- 
preacher,  which  he  relinquished  when  appointed  prOf 
fessor  of  divinity  in  1618.  He  was  deputed  soon  after  to 
the  synod  of  Dort,  where  he  endeavoured  at  first  to  pro- 
cure a  reconciliation  of  the  contending  parties ;  but  finding 
nothing  of  that  kind  was  to  be  expected,  he  opposed  vi- 
gorously the  doctrines  of  the  Arminians.  He  preached  at 
Francfort  the  year  following  during  the  electoral  diet  held 
there,  his  master  having  appointed  him  preacher  to  the 
deputies  whom  he  sent  thither.  He  also  attended  that 
prince  in  his  journey  into  Bohemia;  and  retiring. into  Sile- 
sia after  the  fatal  battle  of  Prague,  resolved  to  return  to 
Heidelberg  in  order  to  discharge  the  functions  of  his  pro- 


S  C  U  L  T  E  T  U  ».  2d5 

faisorship  there ;  but  the  fury  of  the  war  having  dispersed 
tlie  K^dentS)  he  went  to  Bretten,  and  afterwards  to  Schorn- 
dorf  in  the  country  of  Wirtemberg,  whence  he  removed  t6 
Eoibden  in  August  1622.  '  The  king  of  Bohemia  his  mas- 
ter had  consented  that  the  city  of  Embden  should  offer 
SQultetus  the  place  of  preacher,  but  he  did  not  enjoy  it 
very  long;  for  he  died  October  the  24th,  1625. 

The  principal  works  of  this  learned  divine,  who,  as  Fre- 
faer  says,  was  reckoned  another  Chrysostom,  are,  1.  ^^  Con- 
futatio  disputationis  Baronii  de  baptismo  Constantini,^* ' 
Neost.  1607,  4to.  2.  "  Annales  Evangelii  per  Europam 
15  Seculi  renovati,  Decad.  I  et  2,"  Heidelberg,  1618,  8vo. 
In  these  annals  of  the  reformation  he  has  shown  himself  a 
very  candid  and  credible  historian.  3.  ^^  Axiomata  con- 
cionandi,"  Han.  1619,  Bvo.  4.  "  Obseryationes  in  Pauli 
£pistolas  ad  Timotheum,  Titum,  etPhilemonem."  5.  "  Me- 
dulla Patrum,''  1634,  4to.  So  indefatigable  was  his  ap-  « 
plication,  that  be  wrote  the  following  lines  over  his  study 
door : 

Anuce:  quisquis  hue  venis> 

Aut  agito  paucis^  aut  abi : 

Aut  me  laborantem  adjuva.^ 

SCULTETUS,  or  SCULTZ  (John),  a  distinguished 
surgeon,  .was  born  in  1595,  at  Ulm,  and  studied  medicine 
at  Padua,  where  he  took  his  degrees  in  that  faculty  in  1621. 
On  his  return  to  his  native  city,  he  practised  with  great 
reputation  for  twenty  years,  until  being*  called  to  Stutgard 
to  a  patient,  he  was  there  attacked  with  a  fit  of  apoplexy^ 
which  terminated  his  life  December  1,  1645.  He  appears 
to  have  practised  surgery  extensively,  and  with  great  bold- 
ness in  the  operations  of  bronchotomy,  of  the  trephine,  and 
for  empyema.  His  principal  work  is  entitled  ^*  Armamen- 
tarium Chirurgicum,  43  labuiis  spre  incisis  ornatum ;''  and 
was  published  after  bis  death,  at  Ulm,  in  1653,  It  subse- 
quently passed  through  many  editions,  and  was  translated 
into  most  of  the  European  languages.^ 

SGYLAX,  an  ancient  mathematician  and  geographer^ 
was  a  native  of  Caryanda,  in  Caria,  and  is  noticed  by  He- 
rodotus, and  by  Suidas,  who,  however,  has  evidently  con* 
founded  different  persons  of  the  same  name.  There  is  a 
Periplus  which  still  remains,  bearing  the  name  of  Scylax, 
and  which  is  a  brief  survey  of  the  countries  along  the  shores 

1  Freberi  Theatrum.— Gto*  Diet.  ^  £loy  Diet.  Hiii.  d«  M«dicJa(i. 


f^f  «  C  Y  L  A  X;    ; 

m 

pf  thp  Aj[edUerraQean  apd  .£uxine  s^^p^ .  tpgf  tibt^r  witb  P9fl 
pf^the  vHe3tern  coasi  of  Afriqa  surveyed  by  HannQ;<butii 
fi€eti)$  doubtful  to  what  Scylax  it  belongs.  Tbis  Periplua 
hs^  coaie  dowo  to  us  in  a  corrupted  state :  it  ws^^  first  pub^r 
)isfaed  from  a  palatine  MS  by  Hoeticbelius  and  others  in 
;i,600.  It  was  afterwards  e^it^d  by  Isaac  Vossius  in  163£>; 
by  Hudson  in  1698,  and  by  Gronovius  in  170Q.' 
\  SCyUTZA,  or  SCYWTZES  (John),  called  also  Cu- 
£OPALAT£S|  from  an  office  be  held  in  tbe  ho^isehold  of  tbe 
emperor .  of  that  name,  was  a  Greel^  historian,  knowa  fof 
|)is  abridgment  of  history  from  tbe  death  of  Nicepboruf 
Logptbetes,.  in  SUs  tp  the  deposition  of  Nicepborus  9oto^ 
liiates,  in  1081.  This  history,  from  1067)  is  the  same  as 
that  of  Cedrenus,  which  has  raised  a  doubt  whether  Cedre^ 
pu^  or  Scylitssa  was  the  original  autbpr*  Scylitya  is  thought 
to  have  beeii  a  native  of  l^esser  A^ia»^  and  a  prefect  of  tbe 
guards  before  he  attained  the  dignity  of  curopalatea.  K 
]|^ajtiQ  tran9lation.of  his  history  entire,  was  published  ait  Ve^t 
liice  in  157Q;  and  tbe  part  concerning  which  there  is  no 
dispute  was  printed  in  Greek  and  Latin  conjointly  with  that 
futbor,  at  Paris,  in  1647.* 

8EBA  (Albert),  an  apothecary  of  Amsterdam,  who  died 
in  1736,  prepared  a  splendid  description)  with  plates,  of 
bis  own  pipseum,  in  four  l^rge  folio  volumes,  whiph  cam^ 
qut  between  1734  and  1765.  Histhre^  latter  volumes  wer^ 
posthumous  publication^.  Many  Cape  plapts  ar^  b^re  eq-r 
graved}  and  aquongst  them  one  of  tbe  gienMs  Seb^a^  so  calle4 
in  honoA^r  of  bim^  Yi^t  Seba  does  not  deserve  to  rank  asa 
^i^ntific  botanist. ;  nor  did  }J\nn^w^  who  Jifiew  him,  and 
by.  wbo^e  repoipmendat^on  he  employed  A^xteAi  to  arraoge 
^  .fisbes^  ever  think  him  worthy  to  be  commemorated  in  % 
g;^ni4S.  If, . however,  we  compare  him  w|th  numbers  who 
ba^e  been  so  cpmm€Q9orated,  be  wi)l  not  appear  to  so  mucb 
^^sadvantage ;  for  $ts  a  collector  he  ^stai^ds  rather  big^*'* 
,  ^SEBASTIAN,     See  PIOMBO. 

SECKENDORF  (Vitus  l.ouis  d»),  a  very  learned Gert 
p^n^  vpasd^spPHd^cJ  from  ancient  and  noble  families;  and 
born  2iX  Aj|^raq)ji9  ,  ft  town  of  f  ranconia»  Pec.  20,  1626.  Ho 
inade  good  yse  of  ft  liberal  education,  and  wfis  not  Qply  ^ 
QEi^er  of  the  French^  Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew  Iaqgiiagps» 
buj;  had  also  some  skill  in  inatb§rna(ics  $^nd  tb^  s<?(pfiQes» 

^  Mr.'  I>ewhurat  in  Atheosenm,  vol.  IV. 

*  Vossius  de  Hist,  Gr«c.--CsTe,  Tol.  Il.-rrrFal^ric.  {libL  Gnpc. 

s  Rcet*i  Cyc|op»diav 


8  E  C  K  E  N  D  O  R  p.  SM 

Vh^  f^r^ut  progress  he  made  in  his  youth  coming  to  the  eara 
of  Erneit  ihe  pious,  dukeof  Saxe>Gotha,  this  prince  sent 
4br  htm  from  Cobourg,  where  he  then  wa^,  to  be  educateit 
with  his  children.  After  remaining  two  years  at  Gotha,  he 
wenty  in  1642,  to  Strasburg;  but  returned  to  Gotha  in 
•1646,  and  was  made  honorary  librarian  to  the  duke.  Iq 
1651,  be  was  made  auHc  and  ecclesiastical  counsellor; 
atid,  in  1663,  a  counsellor  of  state,  first  minister,  and 
Sovereign  director  of  the  consistory.  The  year  after,  he 
vpent  into  the  service  of  Maurice,  duke  of  Saxe«Zeist,  as 
counsellor  of  state  and  chancellor ;  and  was  no  less  regarded 
by  this  new  master  than  he  had  been  by  the  duke  of  Saxe- 
i^otha.  He  continued  with  htm  till  his  deuth,  which  hap» 
pened  in  16dl ;  and  then  preferred  a  life  of  retirement^ 
fduring  which  he  composed  a  great  many  works ;  but  Fre« 
deric  illr  elector  of  Brandenburg,  again  brought  him  into 
public  lite,'and  made  him  a  counsellor  of  state  and  chancellor 
of  the  university  of  Halle,  dignities  which  he  did  not  enjoy 
long,  for  he  died  at  Halle  Dec.  18,  1692,  in  the  sixty-sixth 
year  of  his  age.  He  was  twice  married,  but  had  only  one 
son,  who  survived  him.  Besides  his  knowledge' of  languages^ 
he  was  learned  in  law,  history,  divinity;  and  is  also  said  to 
have  been  a  tolerable  painter  and  engraver.  Of  bis  liume* 
rous  writings,  that  in  most  estimation  for  its  utility,  was 
published  at  Francfort,  1692,  2  vols,  folio,  usually  bound^ 
mp  in  one,  with  the  title,  **  Commentarius  Historicus  & 
j^poiogeticus  de  Lutberanismo,  sive  de  Reformatione  RelLn 
gionis  ductu  D.  ]V(artini  Lutberi  in  magna  Germania,  aliis* 
que  regionibtis,  &  speciatim  in  Saxonia,  recepta  &  stabi* 
lita,^'  8f,c,  This  work,  which  is  very  valuable  on  many  ac^ 
counts,  and  particular^y  curious  for  several  singular  piecei 
and  extracts  that  are  to  be  found  in  it,  still  holds  its  repu^ 
tation,  and  is  referred  to  by  all'  writers  on  the  reformation.' 
SECKER  (Thomas),  an  eminent  English  prelate,  waa 
born  in  1693,  at  a  small  village  called  Sibthorpe,  in  the 
yale  of  Belvoir, Nottinghamshire.  His  father  was  a  Protes- 
tant dissenter,  a  pious,  virtuous,  and  sensible  man,  who^ 
having  a  small  paternal  fortune,  followed  no  profession* 
His  mother  was  the  daughter  of  Mr.  George  Brought  of 
8helton,  in  the  county  of  Nottingham,  a  substantial  gen- 
tleman farmer.  He  received  his  education  at  several  pri« 
vate  schopls  in  the  country,  being  obliged  by  various  acci« 

« 


tB$  S  E  C  K  E  R. 

dents  to  change  bis  masters' frequently ;  yet  at  the.  age  <^ 
nineteen  he  had  not  only  made  a  considerable  progress  i^ 
Greek  and  Latin,  and  read  the  best  and  most  di65cult 
writers  in  both  languages,  but  had  acquired  a  knowledge 
of  French,  Hebrew,  Chaldee,  and  Syriac,  had  learned 
geography,  logic,  algebra,  geometry,  conic  sections,  and 
gone  through  a  course  of  leGt;ures  on  Jewish  antiquities, 
and  other  points  preparatory  to  the  study  of  tlie  Bible.  At 
the  same  time,  in  one  or  other  of  these  academies,  he  had 
an  .opportunity  of  forming  an  acquaintance  with  several 
persons  of  great  abilities.  Among  the  rest,  in  the  academy 
pf  Mr.  Jones  at  Tewkesbury,  he  laid  the  foundation  of.  a 
Atrict  friendship  with  Mr.  Joseph  Butler,  afterwards  bishop 
of  Durham.  ^ 

Mr.  Seeker  bad  been  designed  by  his  father  for  orders 
among  the  dissenters.  With  this  view,  his  studies  were 
directed  chiefly,  and  very  assiduously,  to  divinity,  but  not 
being  able  to  decide  upon  certain  doctrines,  or  determine 
absolutely  what  communion  he  should  embrace,  he  resolved 
to  pursue  some  profession,  which  should  leave  him  at  liberty 
to  weigh  these  things  more  maturely  in  his  thoughts,  and 
therefore,  about  the  end  of  1716,  he  applied  himself  to 
the  study  of  physic,  both  at  London  and  Paris.  During 
bis  stay^  at  Paris,  he  kept  up  a  constant  correspondence 
with  Mr.  Butler,  who  was  now  preacher  at  the  Rolls,  Mr. 
Butter  took  occasion  to  mention  his  friend  Mr,  Seeker, 
lyithout  his  knowledge,  to  Mr.  Edward  Talbot,  who  pro- 
mised, in  case  he  chose  to  take  orders  in  the  church  of 
England,  to  engage  the  bishop,  his  father,  to  provide  for 
him.  This  was  communicated  to  Mr.  Seeker,  in  a  letter, 
about  the  beginning  of  May  1720.  He  had  not  at  that 
time  come  to  any  resolution  of  quitting  the  study  of  physic, 
but  he  began  to  foresee  many  obstacles  to  his  pursuing  that 
profession:  and  having  never  discontinued  his  application 
t.Q  theology,  his  former  difficulties,  both  with  regard  to  con- 
formity, and  some  other  doubtful  points,  had  gradually 
lessened,  as  his  judgment  became  stronger,  and  his  reading 
and  knowledge  more  extensive.  It  appears  also  from  two 
of  his  letters  from  Paris,  both  of  them  prior  to  the  date  of 
Mr.  Butler's  communication  above  mentioned,  that  he  was 
greatjy  dissatisfied  with  the  divisions  and  disturbances  which . 
at  that  particular  period  prevailed  among  the,  dissenters, 
In  this  state  of  mind  Mr.  Butler's  unexpected  proposal 
found  him,  a^nd  after  deliberating  carefully  on  the  subject' 


S  E  C  K  E  R.  2^9 

of  such  a  change  for  upwards  of  two  month*;,  he  resolved 
to  embrace  the  offer,  and  for  that  purpose  quitted  France 
about  July  1720. 

Mr  Talbot  died  a  few  months  after  his  arrival  in  England, 
but  not  without  recommending  Mr.  Seeker,  Mr.  Benson, 
and  Mr.  Butler,  to  his  father's  notice.  Mr.  Seeker  having, 
notwithstanding  this  loss,  determined  to  persevere  in  his 
new  plan,  and  it  being  judged  necessary  by  his  friends  that 
he  should  have  a  decree  at  Oxford,  and  he  being  informed 
that  if  he  should  previously  take  the  degree  of  doctor  in 
physic  at  Leyden,  it  would  probably  help  him  in  obtaining 
the  other,  he  went  thither  for  that  purpose,  and  took  his 
degree  at  Leyden,  March  7,  1721,  and  as  a  thesis  wrote 
and  printed  a  dissertation  de  viedicina  statica.  On  Jiis  re- 
turn, he  entered  himself,  April  1,  a  gentleman  commoner 
of  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  about  a  year  after  which  be 
obtained  the  degree  of  B.  A.  without  any  difficulty,  in  con« 
sequence  of  a  recommendatory  letter  from  the  chancellor. 
In  Dec.  1722,  bishop  Talbot  ordained  him  deacon, -and  pot 
long  after  priest  In  St.  James's  church,  where  he  preached 
his  first  sefmon,  March  28,  1723.  In  1724,  the  bishop 
gave  him  the  rectory  of  Houghton  le  Spring,  and  this  va- 
luable living  enabling  him  to  settle  in  the  world,  in  a  man- 
ner agreeably  to  his  inclinations,  he  married  Oct.  2S,  1725, 
Miss  Catherine  Benson,  sister  to  bishop  Benson.  At  the 
earnest  desire  of  both,  Mrs.  Talbot,  widow  to  his  friend 
Mr.  Edward  Talbot,  and  her  daughter,  consented  to  live 
with  them,  and  the  two  families  from  that  time  became 
one. 

At  Houghton  Mr.  Seeker  applierl  himself  with  alacrity  to 
all  the  duties  of  a  country  clergyman,  omitting  nothing 
which  be  thought  could  be  of  use  to  his  flock.  He  brought 
down  his  conversation  and  his  sermons  to  the  level  of  their 
understandings;  visited  them  in  private,  catechised  the 
young  and  ignorantj  received  his  country  neighbours  and 
tenants  Jcindly  and  hospitably,  and  was  of  great  service  to 
the  poorer  sort  by  his  skill  in  physic,  which  was  the  only 
use  he  ever  made  of  it  Though  this  place  was  in  a  very 
remote  part  of  the  world,  yet  the  solitude  of  it  perfectly 
suited  his  studious  disposition,  and  the  income  arising  frona 
it  bounded  his  ambition.  Here  he  would  have  been  con- 
tent to  live  and  die :  here,  as  he  has  often  been  heard  to 
declare,  he  spent  some  of  the  happiest  hours  of  his  life»: 
and  it  was  no  thought  or  choice  of  his  own  that  remove4 


too  «  E  C  K  E  H. 

,  bkn  to  a  higher  and  more  public  sphere.  But  Mn.  SedcerS 

.  betUby  which  was  thought  to  have  been  injured  by  the 
dampness  of  the  situation^  obliged  him  to  think  of  exchange 

.  ing  it  for  a  more  healthy  one.  On  this  account  he  prbcured 

.  an  exchange  of  Houghton  for  a  prebend  of  Durham,  and 
the  rectory  of  Ryton,  in  1727  ;  and  for  the  two  following 

r  years  be  lived  chiefly  at  Durham^  going  over  ei^ery  week 
to  officiate  at  Ryton,  and   spending  there  two  or  three 

.  months  together  in  the  summer.  In  July  1732>  the  duke 
ofGrafton,  then  lord  chamberlain,  appointed  him  chap* 
lain  to  the  king.    For  this  favour  be  was  indebted  to  bishop 

.  Sherlock,  who  having  heard  him  preach  at  Bath,  thought 
his  abilities  worthy  of  being  brought  forward  into  public 

•  notice.  From  that  time  an  intimacy  commenced  betwixt 
ihem,  and  he  received  from  that  prelate  many  solid  proofs 
of  esteem  and  friendship.  This  preferinent  produced, him 
also  the  honour  of  a  conversation  with  queen  Caroline.  Mr. 
Seeker's  character  was  now  so  well  establi^ed,  that  on  the 
resignation  of  Dr.  Tyrwhit,  he  was  instituted  to  the  rectory 

.  of  St.  James's,  May  18,  1732,  and  in  the  beginning  of  July 
wenn  to  Oxford  to  take  his  degree  of  doctor'of  law9,  not 

-being  of  sufficient  standing  for  that  of  divinity.  On  this 
occasion  he  preached  his  celebrated  Act  sermon,  on  the 
advantages  and  duties  of  academical  education,  which  was 
printed  at  the  desire  of  the  heads  of  houses,  and  quickly 
passed  through  several  editions.  The  queen,  in  a  subse? 
quent  interview,*  expressed  her  high  opinion  of  this  sermon, 
which  was  also  thought  to  have  contributed  not  a  little  to 
his  promotion  to  the  bishopric  of  Bristol,  to  which  he  was 
ffonftecrated  Jan.  1 9,  1735. 

Dr.  I^ecker  immediately  set  about  the  visitation  of  his  dio- 
cese, confirmed  in  a  great  many  places,  preached  in  several 
churches^  sometimes  twice  a  day,  and  from  the  information 
received  in  his  progress,  laid  the  foundation  of  a  parochial 
lioccFunt  of  his  diocese,  for  the  benefit  of  his  successors. 
Finding  at  the  same  time,  the  affairs  of  his  parish  of  St. 
James's  io  great  disorder,  he  took  the  trouble,  in  concert 
With  a  few  others,  to  put  the  accounts  of  the  several  officeiH 
into  a  regular  method.  He  also  drew  up  for  the  use  of  bis 
parishioners  that  course  of  *'  Lectures  on  the  Church  Cate^ 
efaism,''  which  have  since  been  so  often  reprinted.  ^^Tbe 
Bermona,'*  says  bishop  Porteus,  *<  which  he  set  himself  to 
compose  were  truly  excellent  and  original.  His  faculties 
were  now  in  their  full  vigour,  und  he  had  Un  audience  tp 


9  E  C  K  £  It  Sot 

l]le»k  Vefqre  that  rendered  the  utmosl^  eYeriioa  of  thcsi  ne^ 
9e888ury.  He  did  DQt,  however*  9eek  to  gratify:  the  higher 
part  by  amusing  them  with  refined  specuUtionsvor  ingenio 
^,us  essays,  unintelligible  to  the  lower  part,  and  unprofitft*^ 
hie  to  both ;  but  he  laid  before  them  all,  with  equal  freedom 
and  plainness,  the  great  Christian  duties  belonging  to  th«ir 
respective  stations,  and  reproved  the  follies  and  vieea  of 
every  rank  amongst  them  without  distinction  or  palliation/* 
He  was  certainly  one  of  the  most  popular  preachers  of  hit 
time*  and  though,  as  his  biographer  observe,  hia  teniions 
may  not  now  afford  the  same  pleasure, , or  produce  the  Muno 
effects  in  the  closet,  as  they  did  from  tfae.pul|>it,  aeeompO'^* 
nied  as  they  then  were  with  all  the  advahtagies  of  his  deUk 
very,  yet  it  will  plainly  appear  that  the  applause  they  met 
with  was  founded  no  less  on  the  matter  they  eontaioed^ 
than  the  manner  in  which  they  were  spoken* 

On  {he  translajtion  of  Dr.  Potter  to  the  archbisboprie  of 
Canterbury,  Dr.  S.ecker  was  translated  to  the  bisboprie  of 
Oxford,'  in  May  1737*     When  the  unfortuante  breach  hap*^ 

Eened  between  the  late  king  and  the  prince  of  Walesy  Ui 
ighness  having  removed  to  Norfolk-house,  ki  .tbeiparisb 
of  St.  Jame^^s,  attended  divine  service  consliantly  at  that 
chureh.  Two  stories  are  told  of  this>  matter,  ^htch,  al^ 
though  without  much  foundation,  served  to  amuse  the-pisb^* 
lie  for  a  while.  The  one  was,  that  the  first  tim^  the  prinoe* 
made  bis  appearance  at  churchy  the  clerk  in  orders^  Mr4' 
Bonney,  began  the  service  with -the  sentence^  ^^I  wiUariw 
and  go  to  my  father,"  &c.— The  other,  that  Dr^  Seeker 
preaehed  from  the  text,  ^^  Honour  thy  father  and  thy  mo*' 
ther,''  &c.— Dr.  Seeker  had  the  honoor  of  baptizing  all  hir 
4ugbness*s  children  except  two,  and  though  be  did  not  at« 
tend  his  cour^  which  was  forbidden  to  those  who  went  to 
the  kit)gfs,  yet  on  every  proper  occasion  he  behaved  with- 
all  the  submission  and  respect  due  to  his  illustrious  rank* 
In  consequence  of  this,  his  influ^snce  with  the  prince  beings 
supposed  much  greater  than  it  really  was,  he  was  sent,  by^ 
the  king's  direction,  with  a  message  to  his  royal  highness  $ 
iKhieh  not  producing  the  effects  expected  from  it,  he  bad 
the  oiisfortujie  to  inc^r  his  majesty's  displeasure,  who  had' 
been  uuhappily  persuaded  to  tbink  that  be  might  harve  dona- 
more  with  the  prince  than  he  did^  .though  indeed  he  could 
not.  For  this  reason,  and  because  he  sometimes  acted' 
with  those  who  opposed  the  court,  the  king  did  not  speak 
tp  kim  fot  a  great  number  of  years.    Tba  whole  of  Dr« 


ifoe  8  E  C  K  E  R. 

Secker^s  parliamentary  conduct  appears  to  have  been  loytL]^ 
manly,  and  independent.  His  circular  letter  to  his  clergy, 
and  bis  sermon  on  the  subject  of  the  rebellion  in  1745,  rank 
among  the  best  and  most  efficacious  documents  of  the  kind 
which  that  melancholy  event  produced.  In  the  spring  of 
1748  his  wife  died,  to  whom  he  had  now  been  married  up- 
wards of  twenty  years. 

'  In  December  1750,  he  was  promoted  to  the  deanery  of 
St.  Paul's,,  in  exchange  for  the  rectory  of  St.  James's  and 
the  prebend  of  Durham.  Having  now  more  leisure  both  to 
prosecute  his  own  studies,  and  to  encourage  those  of  others, 
he  g^ve  Dr.  Church  considerable  assistance  in  his  <*  first 
and  second  Vindication  of  the  Miraculous  powers,"  against 
Dr.  Middleton,  and  in  his  *^  Analysis  of  Lord  Bolingbroke's 
Works,"  which  appeared  a  few  years  afterwards.  He  like- 
wise assisted  archdeacon  Sharpe  in  his  controversy  with  the 
Hatchinsonians,  which  was  carried  on  to  the  end  of  the 
year  1755. 

.  During  the  whole  time  that  be  was  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  he 
'  attended  divine  service  constantly  in  that  cathedral  twice 
every  day,  whether  in  residence  or  not;  and  in  concert 
with  the  three  other  residentiaries,  established  the  custom 
of  alwHys  preaching  their  /own  turns  in  the  afternoon,  or 
exchanging  with  each  other  only,  which,  excepting  the  case 
•of  illness,  or  extraordinary  accidents,  was  very  punctually 
observed.  He  also  introduced  many  salutary  regulations  in 
the  financial  concerns  of^he  church,  the  keeping  of  the  re- 
gisters, &c.  &c.  In  the  summer  months  he  resided  con- 
stantly at  his  episcopal  house  at  Cuddesden,  the  vicinity  of 
which  to  Oxford  rendered  it  very  pleasing  to  a  man  of  his 
literary  turn.  His  house  was  the  resort  of  those  who  were ' 
most  distinguished  for  academical  merit,  and  his  cdnversa* 
tion  such  as  was  worthy  of  his  guests,  who  always  left  him 
with  a  high  esteem  of  his  understandmg  and  learning.  And 
though  in  the  warm  contest  in  1754,  for  representatives  of 
the  county  (in  which  it  was  sci^rce  possible  fur  any  person 
of  eminence  to  remain  neuter),  he  openly  espoused  that  side 
which,  was  thought  most  favourable  to  the  principles  of  the"^ 
revolution ;  yet  it  was  without  bitterness  or  vehemence, 
without  ever. departing  from  the  decency  of  his  profession, 
the  dignity  of  his  station,  or  the  charity  prescribed  by  his 
religion. 

His  conduct  as  a  prelate  was  in  the  strictest  sense  of  the 
word,  exemplary.     In  his  chargels,  he  enjoined  no  <luty9 


S  E  C  K  E  IL  ZQ3 

^nd  imposed  no  burthen,  on  those  under  his  jurisdiction^^ 
which  he  had  not  formerly  undergone,  or  was  not  still  ready, 
as  far  as  became  him,  to  undergo.  He  preached  constant- 
ly in  his  church  at  Cuddesden  every  Sunday  morning,  and 
read  a  lecture  on  the  catechism  in  the  evening  ;^both  which 
be  continued  to  do  in  Lambeth  chapel  after  he  became 
archbishop)  and  in  every  other  respect,  within  his  own  pro« 
per  department,  was  himself  that  devout,  discreet,  disin- 
terested, laborious,  conscientious  pastor,  which  he  wished 
and  exhorted  every  clergyman  in  his  diocese  to  become. 
At  length  such  distinguished  merit  prevailed  over  all  the 
political  obstacles  to  his  advancement ;  and  on  the  death  of 
archbishop  Hutton,  he  was  appointed  by'the  king  to  suc- 
ceed him  in  the  diocese  of  Canterbury,  and  was  accordingly 
confirmed  at  Bow-church  on  April  21,  1758.  The  use  he 
made  of  this  dignity  very  clearjy  shewed  that  rank,  and 
wealth,  and  power,  had  in  no  other  light  any  charms  for 
him,  than  as  they  enlarged  the  sphere  of  his  active,  and 
industrious'  benevolence. 

In  little  more  than  two  years  after  his  grace's  promotion 
to  the  see  df  Canterbury,  died  the  late  George  IL  Of 
what  passed  on  that  occasion,  and  of  the  form  observed  in 
proclaiming  our  present  sovereign  .(in  which  the  archbishop 
of  course  took  the  lead),  his  grace  has  left  an  account  ia 
writing.  He  did  the  same  with  regard  to  the  subsequent  cere- 
monials of  marrying  and  crowning  their  present  majesties, 
which  in  consequence  of  his  station  he-bad  the  honour  ta 
solemnize,  and  in  which  he  found  a  great  want  of  proper 
precedents  and  directions.  He  had  before,  when  rector  of 
St.  Jameses,  baptized  the  new  king  (who  was  bom  in  Nor-* 
fblk-boqse,  in  that  parish)  and  he  was  afterwards  called 
upon  to  perform  the  same  office  for  the  greatest  part  of  his 
iQajesty*s  children  ;  a  remarkable,  and  perhaps  unexampled 
concurrence  of  such  incidents  in  the  life  of  one  man. 

As  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  Dr.  Seeker  considered 
himself  as  the-  natural  guardian,  not  only  of  that  church 
over  which  he  presided,  but  of  learning,  virtue,  and  reli-» 
gion  at  large;  and,  from  the  eminence  on  which  he.  was. 
placed,  looked  round  with  a  watchful  eye  on  every  thing 
that  concerned  them,  embracing  readily  all  opportunities 
to  promote  their  interests,  and  opposing,  as  far  as  he  was 
able,  all  attempts  to  injure  them.  Men  of  real  genius  or 
extensive, knowledge,  he  sought  out  and  encouraged.  Even 
those  of  humbler  talents,  pjx)vided  their  industry  was  great. 


S04  ,S  £  C  tC  £  R. 

and  tbeir  ititehtions  good^  be  treated  with  kitidtiess  atid 
condescension.  Both  sorts  be  would  frequently  employ  in 
undertakings  suited  to  tbeir  respective  abilities,  and  re^ 
warded  them  in  ways  suited  to  tbeir  respective  wants*  He 
assisted  tbem  with  books,  promoted  subscriptions  to  tbeir 
works,  contributed  largely  to  them  himself,  talked  with 
them  on  tbeir  private  concerns,  entered  warmly  into  tbeir 
interests,  used  his  credit  for  tbem  with  the  great^  and  gave 
them  preferments  of  bk  own»  He  expended  upwards  of 
300/.  in  arranging  and  improving  the  MS  library  at  Lam-« 
betb.  And  having  observed  vtriib  concern,  that  the  library 
of  printed  books  in  that  palace  bad  received  no  accessions 
aince  the  time  of  archbishop  Tenison,  he  made  it  bis  bu^ 
siness  to  collect  books  in  ail  languages  from  most  parts  of 
Europe,  at  a  very  gr^at  expence,  wi»b  a  view  of  supplying 
that  chasm  ;  which  be- accordingly  did,  by  leaving  thecn  to 
the  library  at  bis  death. 

All  designs  and  institupons  that  tended  to  advance  good 
morals   and    true   religion    he  patronized   with   seal    and 
generosity.   He  contributed  largely  to  the  maintenance  o^ 
schools  for  the  poor,  to  rebuilding  or  repairing  parsonage^ 
houses  and  places  of  worship,  and  gave  at  one  lime  do  less 
than  500/.  towards  erecting  a  chapel  in  the.parishof  Lattibetb^ 
to  which  he  afterwards  added  near  100/.  more.     To  the  so-» 
ciety  for  promoting  Christian  knowledge  be  was  a  liberal 
benefactor ;  and  to  that  for  propagating  the  gOspel  in  fo* 
reign  parts,  of  which  be  was  the  president,  he  paid  mttcb 
attention,  was  constant  at  the  meetings  of  its  members^  and 
•nperintended  tbeir  deliberations  with  consummate  pru^* 
dence  and  tempen     He  was  sincerely  desirous  to  improve 
to  the  utmost  that  excellent  institution,  atkl  to  diffuse  the 
Ifinowledge  and  belief  of  Christianity  as  wide  as  tberevenues 
of  the  society,  and  the  extreme  difficulty  of  establishing 
schools  and  missions  amongst  the  Indians,  and  of  making 
any  effectual  and  durable  impressions  of  religion  on  ibeit 
uncivilized  minds,    would  admit.     But  Dr.  Mayhew,  of 
Boston  in  New  England,  having  in  an  angry  pamphlet  ae^ 
cused  the  society  of  not  suflBciently  answering  these  good 
purposes,  and  of  departing  widely  from  the  spirit  of  their 
charter,  with  many  injurious  reflections  interspersed  on  the 
church  of  England,  and  the  design  of  appointing  bishops 
in  America,  bis  grace  on  all  these  accounts  thought  himself 
called  upon  to  confute  biss  invectives,  wbicl|  be  did  in  a 
short  ananyoiotts  piece,  entitled  '^An  Answer  to  Dr.  May^ 


\ 


iS  E  C  k  E  1(.  .30^ 

fiew's  Observations  ou  the  charter  and  conduct  of  the  So« 
ciety.for  propagating  the  Gospel,"  London,  1 764-,  reprinted 
in  America.  The  strength  of  argument,  as  well  as  fairnesd 
and  good  temper,  with  which  this  answer  was  written,  had 
aconsiderable  effect  dti  all  impartial  men  ;  and  even  on  th^ 
dpctor  himself,  who  plainly  perceived  that  he  had  no  com- 
moB  adversary  to  deal  with ;  and  could  not  help  acknow-^ 
ledgi-ng  him  to  be  ^*  a  person  of  excellent  sense,  and  of  a 
happy  talent  at  writing;  apparently  free  from  the  sordid 
illiberal  spirit  of  bigotry;  one  of  a  cool  temper,  who  oftea 
shewed  much  candour,  was  well  acquainted^  with  the  affairs 
of  the  society,  and  in  general  a  fair  reasoner."  He  was 
therefore  so  far.  wrought  upon  by  his  "  worthy  answerer,'* 
as  to  abate  much  in  his  reply  of  his  former  warmth  ,a.nd 
acrimony.  But  as  he  still  would  not  allow  himself^  to  b6 
V  wrong  in  any  material  point,'^  nor  forbear  giving  way  too 
much  to  reproachful  language  and  ludicrous  misrepresenta- 

-tioDS,  be  was  again  animadverted  upon  by  the  late  Mr: 
'Apthorpe,  in  a  sensible  trpt,  entitled,  "  A.  Review  of.Dr. 
Jklayjiievv's  K^/BU^arjss,"  &c.  1765.  This  put  an  end  to  the 
di^^te.;  The  dogtor,  on  reading  it,  declared  he  should  not 
an$wqr  it(|.and  tba  following  year  he  died. 
.<  U  appeared  evidently  in  the  course  of  this  controversy 
that  Dr,  Mayb«?w,  and  probably  many  other  worthy  men 

^anu>i}gst  thp  Dissenters,  both  at  home  and  abroad,  had 
can geixed^i  very;  unreasonable  and  groundless  jealousies  of 
tl|^,  chuVfrh  of  Eogland,  and  its  governors;  and  had,  in 
paftipuiar^  greatly  misunderstood  the  proposal  for  appoint- 
ing .bishops  in  some  of  the  colonies.  The  nature  of  that 
fhh  is;. fully  explained  in  bishop  Porteus's  life  of  our 
4^rchbi$ho3^,  to.  which  we  refer^  The  question  is  now  of 
J^ss.  importance,  for  notwithstanding  the  violent  opposition 
to  lulie  measure,  when  Dr.  Seeker  espoused  it,  no  sooner 
di,d..  the  American  provinces  become  independent  stateSj< 
|:ban  application  was.  made  to  the  English  bishops  by  some 

'  of  those  states  to  consecrate  bishops  for  them  according  to 

•  the  rites  of  the  church  of  England,  and  three  bishops  were 
'actually  consecrated  in  London  some  years  ago:  one  for 

•  Pennsylvania^  another  for  New  York,  and  a  third  for  Vir- 
ginia. . 

Whenever  any  publications  came  to  the  archbishop^s 
knowledge  that  were  manifestly  calculated  to  corrupt  good 
morals,  or  subvert  the  foundations  of  Christianity,  he  did 
bis  utmost  to  stop  the  circulation  of  them ;  yet  the  wretched 

Vol.  XXVII.  X 


SOS  S  E  C  K  E  R. 

9.atibors  rbemselves  he  was  so  far  frovs^  wasting  to  trefit  wU& 
any  undue  rigour,  that  he  ba«  more  than  once  extende4 
)i}is  bounty  to  them  in  distress.  And  when  their  writing$^ 
l^ould  not  properly  be  suppressed  (99  was  too  often  the 
case)  by  lawful  authority,  he  engaged  men  of  abilities  tQ 
answer  them,  and  rewarded  them  for  their  trouble.  His 
attention  was  everywhere.  Even  the  falsehoods  and  mis^ 
representations  of  writers  in  the  newapapera,  on  religious 
or  ecclesiastical  subjects,  he  generally  took  care  to  have 
eo&tradicted  :  and  when  they  seenied  likely  to  injure,  ia 
^ny  npaterial  degree,  the  <;ause  of  virtue  and  religion,  or 
jtbe  reputation  of  eminent  and  worthy  men,  he  would 
sametiiaes  tak<e  the  trouble  of  answeriug  them  himself^ 
fOi>e  insti^nce  of  this  kind,  which  does  him  lionour,  and 
4eserves  memtiou,  'was  his  defence  of  Bishop  Builer,  wliQi 
in  a  pamphlet,  published  in  1767,  was  accused  pf  haying 
jdiied  a  papist. 

The  conduct  which  hie  observed  towards  the  several  dir 
visiions  and  denominations  of  Christians  in  this  kingdom^, 
was  such  as  shewed  his  way  of  thinking  to  be  truly  liberal 
mid  catholic.     The  dangerous  spirit  of  popery,  indeed,  he 
thought  should  always  be  ikept  under  proper  legal   rer 
•straipts,  on  account  of  its  natural  opposition,  not  only  to 
the  religious,  but  the  civil  rights  of  mankind.     He  there-- 
foiie  observed  its  movements  with  care,  and  exhorted  his 
.cJe^gy  to  do  the  same,  especially  those  who  were  aituated 
<ifi  the  mid»t  of  Roman  catholic  families :  against  whose 
influence  they  were  charged  to  be  upoo  U>eir  guard,  and 
were  furnished  with  proper  books  or  instructions  for  the 
purpose.     He  took  all  opportunities  of  combating  th^  er- 
;]K>fs.ofthe  church  of  Rome,  in  his  own  wrutings;  and  tlii^ 
,  best  answers  that  were  published  to  son^e  bold  apologies* 
{or  popery  yirere  written  at  his  iustance,  and  under  bi^  'di- 
rection. 

With  the  dissenters  his  grace  was  sincerely  desirous  oi 
.  cultiyajting  a  good  understanding.     He  considered  them,, 
in  general,  as  a  conscientious  and  valuable  class  of  men. 
With  some  of  the  most  eminent  of  them,  Wf^tts,  Dod- 
dridge^>  Lel9ind,  Chandler,  and  Lard^er,  be  maintained  ^xk 

^  The  biographers  of  eminent  dts-  dridge's  Letters,"  in  bis  zeal,  has  pii»- 

^  Mnters,  with  all  ikieir  prgudiees  against  docetl  two  letters  from  archbishop  Seek- 

the  i)ieroFchy,   seem   aever  to  exult  er  to  that  dirinc, forgetting  ibat  he  ii|is 

wore  thap  when  *  tbey   can   produce  not  archbish<^  until  several  years  after 

the  correspondence  of  a  distinfuished  Doddridge^s  death. 

:  |ii«Urt«,     But  the  ^^il^r  of  **  Dr.  Dod- 


8  E  C  K  E  R.  ^7 

lAtercotSfse  of  friendship  or  civility.  By  the  most  capdid 
and  considerate  part  of  them  he  was  highly  reverenced  and 
esteemed :  and  to  such  among  theni  as  needed  help  hQ 
shewed  no  less  kindness  and  liberality  than  to  those  of  Jbis 
own  communion. 

Nor  was  his  concern  for  the  Protestant  cause  confined  to- 
his  own  country ;  be  was  well  known  as  the  great  patroa 
and  protector  of  it  in  various  parts  of  Europe :  from 
whence  he  had  frequent  applications  for  assistance^  which 
never  failed  of  being  favourably  received.  To  several 
foreign  Protestants  he  allowed  pensions,  to  others  he  gav^ 
occasional  relief,  and  to  some  of  their  universities  was  an 
annual  benefactor. 

In  public  affairs,  his  grace  acted  the  part  of  an  honest 
cttizen»  and  a  worthy  member  of  the  British  legislature* 
From  bis  entrance  into  the  House  of  Peers,   his  parlia- 
mentary conduct  was  uniformly  upright  and  noble.     Ha 
kept  equally  clear  from  the  extremes  of  factious  petulance 
and  servile  dependence :  never  wantonly  thwarting  admi- 
nistration from  motives  of  party  zeal  or  private  pique^  or 
personal  attachment,  or  a  passion  for  popularity  :  nor  yet 
going  every  length   with  every  minister,  from  views  of 
interest  or  ambition.      He  seldom,    however,    spoke   ia 
parliament,  except  where  the  interests  of  religion  and  vir^- 
)t;ue  seemed  to  require  it :  but  whenever  he  did,  he  spoke 
with  propriety  and  strength,  and  was  heard  with  attentiom 
and  deference.    Though  he  never  attached  himself  blindly 
to  any  set  of  men,  yet  his  chief  political  connebtions  were 
yf\\\i.  the  late  duke  of  Newcastle,   and  lord    chancellor 
Hardwicke.     To  these  he  owed  principally  his  advahce- 
xnent :  and  he  lived  long  enough  to  shew  bis  gratitude  to 
them  or  their  descendants. 

.  Puring  more  than  ten  years  that  Dr.  Seclser  enjoyed 
the  see  of  Canterbury,  he  resided  constantly  at  bis  archie*- 
piscopal  house  at  Lambeth.  A  few  months  before  bis 
death,  the  dreadful  pains  he  felt  had  compelled  him  to 
thiok  of  trying  the  Bath  waters :  but  that  design  was 
;itoj>.ped  by  the  fatal  accident  which  put  an  end  to  his  life* 
JSxs  grace  had  hee.n  for  many  years  subject  to  the  gou^ 
mbicbj  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  returned  with  mor^  . 
frequency  and  violence,  and  did  not  go  off  in  a  regular 
inanner,  but  left  thp  parts  affected  for  a  long  time  veiy 
Weak,  and  was  succeeded  by  pains  in  different  parts  of  the« 
*body.    About  a  year  and  a  half  before  be  died^  after  ^  fit 

Z  2 


J0«  S  E  C  K:  E  R. 

of  the  gout,  he  was  attacked  with  a  pain  in  the  artn,  near* 
the  shoulder,  which  having  continued  about  twelve  months^ 
a  similar  pain  seized  the  upper  and  outer  part  of  the  oppo- 
site thighy  and  the  arm  soon  became  easier.  This  was 
much  more  grievous  than  the  former,  as  it  quickly  disabled* 
him  from  walking,  and  kept  him  in  almost  continual  tor- 
ment, except  when  he  was  ip  a  reclining  position.  During 
this  time  he  had  two  or  three  fits  of  the  gout :  but  neither 
tli^  gout  nor  the  medicines  alleviated  these  pains,  which, 
with  the  want  of  exercise,  brought  him  into  a  general  bad 
habit  of  bt)dy. 

On  Saturday  July  30,  17fi8,  he  was  seized,  as  he  sat  at 
dinner,  with  a  sickness  at  his  stomach.  He  recovered  be- 
fore night  :  but  thfe  next  evening,  while  his  physicians  were 
attending,  his  servants  raising  him  on  his  couch,  he  sud- 
denly cried  out  that  his  thigh-bone  was  broken.  He  lay 
for  some  time  in  great  agonies,  but  when  the  surgeons 
lirrived,  and  discovered  with  certainty  that  the  bone  was 
broken,  he  was  perfectly  resigned,  and  never  afterwards 
asked  a  question  about  the  event.  A  fever  soon  ensued  : 
on  Tuesdaj^  he  became  lethargic,  and  continued  so  tilt 
about  five  o'clock  on  Wednesday  afternoon,  when  he  ex- 
pired with  great  calmness,  in  the  seventy- fifth  year  of  his 
age.  On  examination,  the  thigh-bone  was  found  to  be 
carious  about  four  inches  in  length,  and  at  nearly  the  same 
distance  from  its  head.  He  was  buried,  pursuant  to  his 
own  directions,  in  a  covered  passage,  leading  from  a  pri- 
vate door  of  the  palace  to  the  north  door  of  Lambeth 
church  :  and  he  forbade  any  monument  or  epitaph  to  be 
placed  over  him. 

In  person,  Dr.  Seeker  was  tall  and  comely  :  in  the  early 
part  of  his  life  slender,  and  rathei;  consumptive  :  but  as  he 
advanced  in  years,  his  size  increased,  yet  never  to  a  degree 
of  corpulency  that  was  disproportionate  or  troublesome. 
'His  countenance  was  open,  ingenuous,  and  expressive. 

By  his  will,  he  appointed  D^.  Daniel  Burton,  and  Mrs. 
'Catherine  Talbot  (daughter  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Edward  Tal- 
bot), his  ex'ecntors ;  arid  left  thirteen  thousand  pounds  in 
the  three  per  cent,  annuities  to  Dr.  Portens  and  Dr.  Stinton 
his  chaplains,  in  trust,  to  pay  the  interest  thereof  to  Mrs. 
'Talbot  and  her  daughter  during  their  joint  lives,  or  the  life 
of  the  survivor;  and,  after  the  decease  of  both  those 
ladies,  eleven  thousand  to  be  transferred  to  the  following 
charitable  purposes:  ^      ■    • 


SEC  K  E  R.  aod. 

•  •  • 

To  the  society  for  propagation  of  the  gospel  in  foreigpn- 
parts,  for  the  general  uses  of  the  society,  lOOO/. ;  to  the 
same  society,  towards  the  establishment  of  a  bishop  or 
bishops  in  the  king^s  dominions  in  America,  1000/.;  to  the 
society  for  promoting  Christian  knowledge,  600/. ;  to  the 
Irish  protestant  working  schools,  500/. ;  to  the  corporation 
af  the  widows  and  children  of  the  poor  clergy,  500/.;  to 
the  society  of  the  stewards  of  the  said  charity,  200/. ; 
to  Bromley  college  in  Kent,  500/. ;  to  the  hospitals  of  the 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  at  Croydon,  St.  John  at  Canter- 
bury, and  St.  Nicholas  Harbledown^  500/.  each;  to  St. 
George's  and  London  hospitals,  and  the  lying-iti-hospital 
in  Brownlow-street;,  500/.  each;  to  the  Asylum  in  the 
parish  of  Lambeth,  400/. ;  to  the  Magdalen-hospital,  the 
Lock-hospital,  the  ScpalUpo^  and  Inocnlation-Ji  )spital,  to 
each  of  which  bis  grace  was  a  subscriber,  300/.  each ; 
to. the  incurabi^es  at  St.  Luke^s  hospital,  500/. ;  t.owards  tlie 
repairing  or  rebuilding  of  houses  belonging  to  poor  livings 
in  the  diocese  of  Canterbury,  2^000,/. 

Besides  these  donations,  he  left  1000/.  to  be  distributed 
amongst  his  senvi)nts  ;  200/.  to  such  poor  persons  as  he 
assisted  in  bis  life-time;  5000/.  to  the  two  daughters 
of  his  nephew  Mr.  Frost ;  500/.  to  Mrs.  Seeker,  the 
widow  of  his  nephew  Dr.  George  Seeker,  and  200/.  to  Dr. 
Daniel  Burton.  After  the  payment  of  those  and  some  other 
smaller  legacies,  he  left  his  real  and  the  residue  of  his 
personal  estate  to  Mr.  Thomas  Frost  of  Nottinj^ham.  The. 
greatest  part  of  his  very  noble  collection  of  books  he  be- 
queathed to  the  Archiepiscopal  library  at  Lambeth,  the 
i;est  betwixt  his  two  chaplains  and  two  other  friends.  To 
the  manuscript  library  in  the  same  palace,  he  left  a  large 
i;iuml>er  of  very  learned  and  valuable  MSS.  written  by  him- 
self on  a  great  variety  of  subjects,  critical  and  theological. 
His  well-known  catechetical  lectures,  and  his  MS  sermons 
he  left  to  be  revised  by  his  two  chaplains,  Dr.  Stinton  and. 
Dr.  Porteus,  by' whom  they  were  published  in  1770.  His. 
options  he  gave  to  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  the 
bishop  of  London,  and  the  bishop  of  Winchester  for  the 
time  being,  in  trust,  to  be  disposed  of  by  them  (as  they 
became  vacant)  to  such  persons  as  they  should  in  their, 
consciences  think  it  would  have  been  most  reasonable  for, 
him  to  have  given  them,  had  he  been  living. 

The  life  prefixed  to  his  works  was  written  by  Dr.  Por- 
teiis/  the  late  very  amiable  and  much  admired  bishop  of 


gia  8  E  C  K  E  R. 

London,  and  reprinted  separately  by  his  lordship  in  1797, 
in  consequence  of  bishop  Hurd's  having,  in  his  life  of 
Warburton,  **  judged  it  expedient  to  introduce  into  his  Kfe 
of  bishop  Watburton,  such  observations  on  the  talents^ 
learning,  and  writings  of  archbishop  Seeker,  as  appeared, 
both  to  Dr.  Porteus  and  to  many  other  of  bis  grace'ar 
friends  extremely  injurious  to  his  literary  character,  and 
the  credit  of  his  numerous  and  useful  publications;  and 
therefore  highly  deserving  of  some  notice  from  those  wbor 
loved  him  in  life,  and  revered  him  after  death."  These 
observations  are  indeed  fully  refuted  in  this  excellent  piece' 
of  biography,  as  well  as  the  other  slanders  which  the  steady 
and  upright  conduct  of  archbishop  Seeker  drew  upon  him. 
from  persons  notoriously  disaffected  to  religion  and  the 
church  ;  and  time,  which  never  fails  to  do  ample  justice  to 
such  characters  as  his,  has  almost  effaced  the  remembrance 
of  them.  Yet,  as  some  have  lately  attempted  to  revive  the 
dalumny,  and  suppress  the  refutation,  we  have  given  some 
references  in  the  note  on  this  subject,  not  without  confi-^ 
dence  that  archbishop  Secker*s  character  will  suffer  little 
while  he  has  a  Porteus  for  his  defender^  and  a  Hollis,  a 
Walpole,  a  Blackburn,  and  a  Wakefield  for  his  accusers.  ^ 

SECOUSSE  (Denis  Francis),  a  French  historian,  waa 
liorn  January  8,  1691,  at  Paris.  He  began  to  study  the 
law  in  obedience  to  his  father's  desire,  who  was  an  able  ad- 
vocate ;  but  losing  both  his  parents  shortly  after^  hie  quitted 
the  bar,  for  which  he  had  not  the  least  taste,  and  devoted 
himself  wholly  to  the  belles  lettres,  and  French  history. 
His  unwearied  application  to  books,  which  no  other  passion 
interrupted,  soon  made  him  known  among  the  learned ;  and 
he  was'  admitted  into  the  academy  of  inscriptions  in  1723^ 
and  chosen  by  chancellor  d'Aguesseau  five  years  after,  tcy 
continue  the  great  collection  of  statutes,  made  by  the 
French  kings,  which  M.  de  Laurier  had  begun.  As  Se- 
cousse  possessed  every  talent  necessary  for  such  an  impor- 
tant undertaking,  the  volumes  which  he  published  were 
received  with  universal  approbation.  He  died  at  Paris, 
March  15,  1754,  aged  sixty-three,  leaving  a  librarj^  the 
largest  and  most  curious,  in  French  history,  that  any  pri- 
vate person  had  hitherto  possessed.  His  works  are,  the 
continuation  of  the  collection  of  statutes  before  mentioned, 

1  Life  by  PorteuL—Gent.  Meg.  volt;  LVIII.  LXVIII.— See  alio  Index.—. 
Many  of  bit  LeUert  are  in  Kippit*!  Life  of  Lardner,  Batler'i  life  of 
HUdeiley,  Doddridge's  LeCCera,  Ibe.  ftc. 


$  £  c  o  0  s  s  e.  zn 

|0  the  ninth  volume  inclusively,  wbieh  was  printed  iMidet 
the  inspection  of  M.  de  Villevault,  counsellor  to  the  court 
of  aids^  who  succeeded  M.  Secousse,  and  published  a  table', 
ferining  a  tenth  volume,  and  since,  an  eleventh  svpd  twelfth. 
Secousse  also  wrote  many  dissertations  in  the  inemoii^  of 
the  academy  of  inscriptions ;  edition*  of  several  works,  and 
of  several  curious  pieces ;  '^  Memoirs  for  the  History  of 
Charles  the  Bad,*'  2  vols.  4to.* 

SECUNDUS,  John.  See  EVERARD. 
'  SEDAINE  (M^OHAEL  John),  a  French  dramatic  writer, 
was  born  at  Paris,  June  4,  1719.  Abandoned  by  his  friends, 
he  was^  at  the  age  of  thirteen,  obliged  to  quit  his  studies^ 
in  which  he  was  little  advanced,  and  to  practise  a  trade  for 
bis  subsistence.  He  was  first  a  journeyoian,  and  then  a 
master  mason,  and  architect ;  which  businesses  he  con- 
du<tted  with  nncdmmon  probity.  Natural  inclination  led 
bfm  to  cultivate  literature,  and  particularly  the  dniiiia,  for 
which  he  wrote  various  small  pieces  and  comic  operas,  the 
most  popular  of  which  were,  '*  LeD^erteur ;''  and  '*  Richard 
CcBur  de  Lion.''  All  of  them  met  with  great  success,  add 
still  continue  to  he  performed,  but  the  French  critics  think 
that  his  poetry  is  not  written  in  the  purest  and  most  eorroct 
style,  and  that  his  pieces  appear  to,  more  advantage  on  th^ 
atage  than  in  the  closet.  He  possessed,  however,  a  quality 
of  greater  consequence  to  a  dramatic  writer-— ^the  talent  of 
producing  stage  eiiect.  He  was  elected  into  the  French 
academy,  in  consequence  of  the  success  of  his  **  Richard 
Codur  de  Lion,^  and  was  intimately  connected  with  all  the 
men  of  letters,  and  all  the  artists  of  his  time.  He  died  in 
May  1797,  aged  seventy-eight.' 

SEDGWICK  (Obadiah),  a  nonconformist  divine,  was 
born  at  Marlborough  in  Wiltshire,  in  1600,  and  educated 
Urst  aC  Queen's  college,  and  then  at  Magdalen-ball,  Ox- 
(otd.  After  taking  his  degrees  in  arts,  he  was  ordained, 
and  became  chaplain  to  lord  Horatio  Vere,  whom  he  ac« 
<ioaipanied  into  the  Netherlands.  After  bis  return,  he 
went  again  to  Oxford,  and  was  admitted  to  the  reading  of 
the  sentences  in  16:29:  Going  then  to  Londoii  he  preached 
at  St.  Mildred's,  Bread-'Street,  until  interrupted  by  the 
bishop,'  and  in  1639  became  vicar  of  Goggeshall  in  Essex, 
where  he  continued  three  or  four  years.  The  commence* 
ment  of  the  rebellion  allowing  men  of  his  sentiments  un- 

^  Diet.  Hist. 


fin  S  E  D  G  W  I  e  K. 

\ 

t 

ponstrained  liberty,  he  returned  to  London,  ^d  preadlie4 
jre<}uently  before  the  parliament,  inveighing  with  extreme 
violeiice  against  the  church  and  state  :  to  the  overthrow  of 
both,  bis  biographers  cannot  deny  that  he  contributed  his 
full  share,  in  the  various  characters  of  one  of  the  assembly 
of  divines,  a  chaplain  in  the  army,  one  of  the  triers,,  and 
pne  of  the  ejectors  of  those  who  were  called  *' ignorant  and 
scandalous  ministers/' — In  1^46  be  became  preacher  at 
St.  Paul's,  Coventrgarden,  where  he  appears  to  have  con- 
tinued until  the  decay  of.  his  health,  when  he  retired  to 
Marlborough,  and  died  there  in  January  1658.  As  a  dir 
vine,  he  was  much  admired  in  his  day,  and  his  printed 
)vorks  bad  considerable  popularity.  The  principal  of  tbeai 
are>  *^  The  Fountain  opened,'-  1657;  ^*  An  exposition  of 
Psalm  xxiii."  1658,  4to  ;  "The  Anatomy  of  Secret  Sins," 
1660  ;  "  The  Parable  of  the  Prodigal,"  166Q  ;  "  Synopsis 
of  Christianity,'?  &c.  &c. — He  had  a  brother,  John,  an  ad-r 
herent  to  the  parliamentary  cause,  and  a  preacher,  but  of 
less  note;  and  another  brother  Joseph,  who  became  batler 
in  Magdalen  college  in  1634,  and  B.A.  in  1637,  and  then 
went  to  Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  master's- degree,  and 
was  elected  fellow  of  Christ's  college.  After  the  restora-; 
tion  he  conformed,  and  was  beneficed  in  the  church ;  in 
1675  he  was  made  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  and  was  also 
rector  of  Fisherton,  where  he  died  Sept,  22,  1702,  in  the 
^eventy-four.th  year  of  his  age,  leaving  a  son  John  Sedg- 
wick,  who  succeeded  him  in  the  prebend,  and  was  vicar  of 
Burton  Pedwardine  in  Lincolnshire,  where  he  died  in  1717.* 
SEDLEY,  or  SIDLEY  (SiR  Charles),  a  dramatic  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  the  son  of  sir  John  Sedley,  of 
Aylesford  in  Kent,  by  a  d?iughter  of  sir  Henry  Savile,  and 
was  born  about  1639.  At  seventeen,  he  became  a/fellow- 
commoner  of  Wadham  college  in  Oxford;  but,  taking  no 
4iegree,  retired  to  his  own  country,  withoiit  either  travell- 
ing, or. going  to  the  inns  of  court. .  At  the  restoration  he 
came  to  London,  and  commenced  wit,  courtier,  poet,  and 
man  of  gallantry.  As  a  critic,  he  was  so  much  admired, 
that  he  became  a'  kind  of  oracle  among  the  poets  ;  and  no- 
performance  was  approved  or  condemned,  till  sir  Charles. 
Sedley  had  given  judgment.  This  made  ki«g  Charles  jest*- 
ingiy  say  to  him,  that  Nature  had  given  him  a  pateot  to  be 

}  Ath.  Ox.  vol.  II. — Brooks's  Puritans,— Wood's  MS  papers  in  Bibl.  Ashmol.' 
—Willis's  Catbtdrals. 


:    S  E  D  L  E  Y.  SIS 

ApoIlo^s  viceroy;  and  lord  Rochester  placed  him  in.tbc^ 
j[irst  rank  of  poetical  critics.  With  these  accomplishments, 
be  impaired  his  estate  by  profligate  pleasures,  and  was  one 
pf  that  party  of  debauchees  whom  we  have  already  men- 
tioned in  our  account  of  Sackville  lord  Buckhurst,  who 
having  insulted  public  decency,  were  indicted  for  a  riot^ 
and  all  severely  fined  ;  sir  Charles  in  500/.  The  day  foe 
payment  being  appointed,  sir  Charles  desired  Mr.  Henry 
JCilligrew  and  another  gentleman,  both  his/riends,  to  apply, 
to  the  king  to  get  it  remitted  ;  which  they  undertook  to  do; 
but  at  the  same  time  varied  the  application  so  far  as  to  beg 
it  for  themselves,  and  they  made  Sedley  pay  the  full  sum. 

After  this  affair,  his  mind  took  a  more  serious  turn  ;  and 
)ie  began  to  apply  himself  to  politics.    He  bad  been  chosen 
to  serve  for  Romney  in  Kent,  in  the  parliament  which  be* 
gun  May  8,  }661,  and  continued  to  sit  for  several  parlia* 
ments  after.     He  was  extremely  active  for  the  revoljution, 
ivhich  was  at  first  thought  extiraordinary,  as  he  had  receiv- 
ed favours  from  James  II.  but  those  were  cancelled  by  that 
prince's  having  taken  his  daughter  into  keeping,  whom  be 
i:reated   countess    of    Dorchester.      This  ^honour  by  nov 
means    satisfied    sir  Charles,    who^  libertine  as  he  had 
been,  considered  his  daughter's  disgrace  as  being  thereby 
made  more  conspicuous.     Still  his  wit  prevailed  over  his 
resentment,  at  least  in  speaking  on  the  subject;  for,  being 
asked,  why  he  appeared  so  warm  for  the  revolution,  he  is. 
$aid  to  have  answered,  '^  From  a  principle  of  gratitude;, 
for,  since  his  majesty  has  made  my  daughter,  a  countess,^ 
it  is  fit  I  should  do  all  I  can  to  make  his  daughter  a  queen." 
He  died  Aug.  20,  1701. 

His  works  were  printed  in  1719,  2  vols.  8vo  ;  and  consist, 
of  plays,  translations,  songs,  prologues,  epilogues,  and  smaU. 
occasional  pieces.  His  poems  are  generally  of  the  licen- 
tious kind,  and  do  not  afford  great  marks  of  genius,  and. 
his  dramas  are  quite  forgotten.  Pope,  according  to  Spence, 
thought  him  very  insipid,  except  in  some  of  his  little  love- 
verses.  Malone  thinks 'he  was  the  Lisideius  of  Dryden's 
^^  Essay  on  dramatic  poetry,"  and  Dryden  certainly  shewed 
his  respect  for  him  by  dedicating  to  him  his  "Assignation."* 

SEDULIUS  (Cifiuus,  or  C«cilius)j  a  priest  and  poet,, 
either  Irish  or  Scotch,  of  the  fifth  century,,  is  recorded  as 

1  Atb.  Ox.  vol.  II. — Biog.  Brit.'-^alone's.DrydeOj  roL  I.  p.  64;  II.  p.  34» 
p*}!. — Spenoe's  Anecdtftea,  MS. 


514  S  E  D  U  L  I  U  S. 

the  writer  of  an  heroic  poem,  called  "Carmen  Paschale,* 
divided  into  five  books.     The  first  begins  with  the  creatiort 

-  of  the  world,  and  comprehend?  the  more  remarkable  pas- 
sages of  the  Old  Testament.  The  next  three  describe  th^ 
Mfe  of  Jesus  Christ.  This  performance  has  been  highly 
eommended  by  Cassiodorus,  Gregorius  Turrinensis,  and 
Others.  Sedulius  afterwards  wrote  a  piece  on  the  same 
subjects  in  prose.  The  poem  was  printed  by  Aldus  in  th(i 
collection  of  sacred  poets,  in  1502.  It  is  also  in  Maittaire's 
^  Corp.  Poet."  and  has  since  been  published  by  itself,  with 
teamed  notes,  by  Arntzenius,  1761,  8vo,  and  by  Arevale 
at  Rome,  1794,  4to'.* 

SEED  (jEREivirAH),  an  English  divine,  who  was  borh  a^ 
Clifton,  near  Penrith,  in  Cumberland,  of  which  place  hi^ 
father  was  rector,  had  his  school- education  at  Lowther,  and 
his  academical  at  Queen's  college,  in  Oxford.  Of  this  so- 
ciety he  was  chosen  fellow  in  1732.  The  greatest  part  of 
bis  life  was  spent  at  Twickenham,  where  he  was  assistant  or 
curate  to  Dr.  Wateriand.  In  1741,  he  was  presented  by 
his  college  to  the  living  of  Enham  in  Hampshire,  at  which 
j5lace  he  died  in  1747,  without  ever  having  obtained  any 
higher  preferment,  which  he  amply  deserved.  He  was 
exemplary  in  his  morals,  orthodox  in  his  opinions,  had  an 
afble  head,  and  a  most  amiable  heart.  A  late  romantic 
writer  against  the  Athanasian  doctrines,  whose  testipiony 
we  choose  to  give,  as  it  is  truth  extorted  fi'om  an  adversary, 
speaks  of  him  in  the  following  terms:  <<  Notwithstanding 
this  gentleman's  being  a  contender  for  the  Trinity,  yet  he 
was  a  benevolent  man,  an  upright  Christian,  and  a  beauti- 
ful writer ;  exclusive  of  his  zesd  for  the  Trinity,  he  was  in 
every  thing  else  an  excellent  clergyman,  and  an  admirable 
^holar.  1  knew  him  well,  and  on  account  of  his  aftiiable 
qualities  very  highly  honour  his  memory ;  though  no  two 

'  ever  diflfered  more  in  religious  sentiments.^'  He  published 
in  his  lifb-time,  *^  Discourses  on  several  important  Sub- 
jects,'* 2  vols.  8vo ;  and  his  **  Posthumous  Works,  consist* 
itig  of  sermons,  letters,  essays,  &c.'*  in  2  vols.  8vo,  were 
published  from  bis  original  manuscripts  by  Jos.  Hall,  M.  A. 

^fellow  of  Queen's  college,  Oxford,  1750.  They  are  all 
very  ingenious,  and  filll  of  good  matter,  but  abound  too 
much  in  antithesis  and  point.*  ' 

1  Voiilus  de  Poet.  Lat.<^CaTe,  vol.  I.-««Mackeiizie'8  Sc6tbh  writerf«  tol.  I^ 
•  SuppUnitiit  to  tht  first  edition  of  tbii  Diet  published  iH  ltS7. 


S  E  G  £  R  d«  M 

'  9EGERS,  or  SE6HERS  (G^rAr^),  m  eminfent  pgin* 
€er,  was  born  at  Antwerp  rn  1*589.  Under  the  infllrttCtioMi 
of  Henry  van  Balen,  and  Abrabsm  Jsnssens,  he  had  naNihe 
considerable  progress  in  the  art  before  bef  went  to  Icaiy^  On 
bts  arrival  at  Rome,  he  became  th«  discipte  of  Battoiomaieo 
Manfred!  ;  and  from  him  adopted  n  taste  for  the  vigorooa 
style  of  Michael  AngeK>  Caravagg^o,  to  which  bfe  added 
somewhat  of  the  tone  and  colour  he  had  brought  with  hini 
from  his  native  country ;  producing  the  p^werfal  effect  of 
candle-light,  though  often  faisety  applied  in  subjecta  whick 
appertain  to  the  milder  illumination  of  the  day.  He  at 
length  accepted  tbe  invitatiofn  of  cardinal  Zapara,  tlM 
Spanish  ambassador  at  Rom^,  to  accompany  hii»  to  Ma- 
drid, wlrere  he  wa[s  presented  to^the  king,  and  was  engaged 
in  his  service,  with  a  considerable  pension^  After  some 
jrears  he  retbrned  to  Flanders,  and  his  fellow-citfzens  weM 
impatient  to  possess  some  of  bis  productions  ;  but  they  who 
had  been  accustomed  to  the  style  of  Rubens  and  Vandyke^ 
were  tinabie  to  yield  him  that  praise  to  which  be  had  been 
accustomed,  and  he  was  obliged  to  change  bis  manner^ 
^bich  he  appears  to  have  done  with  facility  and  advantage, 
as  many  of  his  latter  pictures  bear  evident  testimony,  Hisr 
fnost  esteemed  productions  are,  the  principal  altar-piece  \x» 
the  church  of  the  Carmelites  at  Antwerp,  the  subject  of 
which  is  the  marriage  of  the  virgin ;  and  the  adoration  of 
the  magi,  the  altar-piece  in  the  cathedral  of  Bruges.  Th^ 
former  is  much  after  the  manner  of  Rubens.  Vandyke 
painted  his  portrait  among  the  eminent  artists  of  his  coun** 
try,  which  is  engraved  by  Pontius.  He  died  in  1651,  aged 
aixty-two. — Ris  son  Daniel,  who  was  born  at  Antwerp^in* 
1590,  was  a  painter  of  fruit  and  flowers,  which  he,  being 
a  Jesuit,  executed  at  his  convent  at  Rome.  He  appearsi 
indeed,  to  have  painted  more  for  the  benefit  of  the  society 
to  which  he  had  attached  himself,  than  for  his  private  ad- 
vantage :  and  when  he  had  produced  bis  most  celebrated 
picture,  at  the  command  of  the  prince  of  Orange,  it  was 
presented  to  that  monarch  in  the  name  of  the  society, 
which  was  munificently  recompensed  in  return.  He  fre^ 
quently  painted  garlands  of  flowers,  as  borders  for  pictures, 
which  were  filled  up  with  historical  subjects  by  the  fiiTst 
painters.     He  died  at  Antwerp  in  1660,  aged  seventy.^ 

t  ArgeiiTiUe»  vol.  IIL— PilkiDgtoii.-^r  J.  Reyotlds't  Worki.^Recs'f  Cy. 
tlopadia. 


Sl$  8  £  G  N  I. 

.  SEGNI  (Bernard),,  an  early  Italian  writer,  was  born 
at  .Florence  about  the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century.  He 
was  educated  at  Padua,  where  he  became  an  accomplished 
classical  scholar,  but  appears  afterwards  to  have  gone  into 
public  life,. and  was  employed  in  various  embassies  and 
negociations  by  duke  Cosmo,  of  Florence.  He  wrote  an 
excellent  history  of  Florence  from  1527  to  1555,  which, 
however,  remained. in  MS.  until  1723,  wben  it  appeared, 
together  with  a  life  of  Niccolo  Capponi,  gonfalonier  of 
Florence,  Segni*s  uncle.  He  likewise  translated  Aristotle^s 
JXhics.  "  L'Etica  d*Aristotele,  tradotta  in  volga  Fioren- 
tioo,"  Florence,  1550,  4to,  a  very  elegant  book ;  and 
^^  Deir  Anima  d'Aristotele,"  1583,  also  the  Rhetoric  and 
Poetics  6f  the  same  author,  &c.     He  died  in  1559.' 

SEGRAIS  (JoijN  Renaud  de),  a  French  poet,  was  born 
at  Caen  in  1624,  and  first  studied  in  the  college  of  the 
Jesuits  there.  As  he  grew  up,  be  applied  himself  to 
French  poetry,  and  was  so  successful  as  to  be  enabled  to 
rescue  himself,  four  brothers,  and  two  sisters,  from  the 
unhappy  circumstances  in  which  the  extravagance  of  a 
father  bad  left  them.  In  his  twentieth  year  he  met  with  a 
patron  who  introduced  him  to  Mad.  de  Montpensier,  and 
this  lady  appointed  him  her  gentleman  in  ordinary,  in 
which  station  he  remained  many  years,  until  obliged  to 
quit  her  service,  for  opposing  her  marriage  with  count  de 
Lauzun.  He. immediately  found  a  new  patroness  in  Mad. 
de  la  Fayette,  who  admitted  him  into  her  house,  and  as- 
signed him  apartments.  Her  he  assisted  in  her  two  ro- 
mances, "  The  princess  of  Cleves"  and  "  Zaida."  After 
seyen  years,  he  retired  to  his  own  country,  with  a  resolur 
lion  to  spend  the  rest  of  his  days  in  solitude ;  and  there 
married  his  cousin,  a  rich  heiress,  aboiit  16711.  Mad.de 
Maintenon  invited  him  to  court,  as  tutor  to  the  duke  of 
Maine:  buthedid  not  choose  to  exchange  theindependenceof 
a  retired  life  for  the  precarious  favours  of  a  court,  and  there- 
fore continued  where  he  was.  He  was  admitted  of  the 
French  academy  in  1662;  and  was  the  means  of  re>esta- 
blishing.tbat  of  Caen.  He  died  at  this  place,  of  a  dropsy, 
in  1701.  Me  was  very  deaf  in  the  last  years  of  his  Ufe,  bu( 
was  much  courted  for  the  sake  of  his  conversation,  which 
was  replete  with  such  anecdotes  as  the  polite  world  had 
furnished  him  with.     A  great  number  of  these  are  to  be 

i  Tiraboscbi.— Haym  Bibl.  d'Ua!. 


S  E  G  R  A  I  S.  Sl'f 

found  in  the  ''  Segraisiana  ;*'  which  was  published  many 
years  after  his  deaib^  with  a  preface  by  Mr.  de  la  Mon- 
noye;  the  best  edition  of  it  is  tliat  of  Amstefdam,  1723, 
12mo. 

The  prose  writings  of  Segrais,  though  for  the  most  part 
frivolous  enough,  yet  have  great  merit  as  to  their  style, 
which  may  be  considered  as  a  standard.  Of  this  kind  are 
bis  "  Nouvelles  Francoises  ;"  but  he  was  chiefly  admired 
for  his  poems,  which  consist  of  "  Diverses  Poesies,"  printed 
at  Paris  in  1658,  4to;  '^  Athis,"  a  pastoral ;  and  a  transla- 
tion of  Virgil's  Georgics  and  iEneid.  Of  his  eclogues, 
and  particularly  of  his  translation  of  Virgil,  Boileau  and 
D'Alembert  speak  very  highly,  but  his  Virgil  is  no  longer 
read . ' 

SEJOUR.     See  DIONIS. 

SELDEN  (John),  one  of  the  most  learned  men  of  th« 
seventeenth  century,  was  the  son  of  John  Selden,  a  yeo- 
man, by  Margaret  his  wife,  only  daughter  of  Mr.  Thomas 
Baker  of  Rusbington,  descended  from  the  family  of  the 
Bakers  in  Kent.  He  was  born  Dec.  16,  1584,  at  a  house 
called  the  Lacies  at  Salvinton,  near  Terring  in  Sussex,  and 
educated  at  the  free-school  at  Chichester,  where  he  made  a 
very  early  progress  in  learning.  In  1598,  at  fourteen  years 
of  age,  as  some  say,  but  according  to  Wood,  jn  1600,  he 
was  enter^ed  of  Hart-hall,  Oxford,  where  under  the  tuition 
of  Mr.  Anthony  Barker  (brother  to  his  schoolmaster  at  Chi-« 
Chester)  and  Mr,  John  Young,  both  of  that  hall,  he  studied 
about  three  years,  and  then  removed  to  CliflFord's  Inn, 
London,  for  the  study  of  the  law,  and  about  two  yearg 
afterwards  exchanged  that  situation  for  the  Inner  Temple. 
Here  he  soon  attained  a  great  reputation  for  learning,  and 
acquired  the  friendship  of  sir  Robert  Cotto»,  sir  Henry 
Spelman,  Camden,  and  Usher.  In  1606,  when  only  twenty- 
two  years  of  age,  he  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  civil  govern- 
ment of  Britain,  before  the  coming  in  of  the  Normans, 
which  was  esteemed  a  very  extraordinary  performance  for 
bi^  years.  It  was  not  printed,  however,  until  1615,  and 
then  very  incorrectly,  at  Francfort,  under  the  title  **  Ana- 
lecttuy  Anglo-Britaniiictfv  libri  duo,  de  civile  administratione 
Britanniss  Magnae  usque  ad  Normanni  adventum,'*  4ta, 
Micolson  is  of  opinion  that  these  ^*  Analecta^*  do  not  so 

1  Nic^ron,  ▼ol.  XVL—Segraisiftna.— D'Alcmbart's  Hiit.  pf  iht  Members,  af 
Jtkt  Fi-eoch  Aca<leiDj« 


^S  5  E  L  D  £  N. 

cjearly  actoant  for  the  religiao,  government,  and  revotu* 
tioiis  of  state  among  our  Saxoo  aacestors,  as  th^j^re  re- 
ported to  do.  It  was  ao  eX;CeIlent  spec^inen,  however^  of 
what  might  be  expected  from  a  youth  of  such  talents  and 
application. 

In  1610  he  printed  at  London,  his  ^' Jani  Anglorum  fa- 
cies  altera,'*  8vo,  reprinted  in  16S1,  and  likewise  trans* 
)ated  into  English  by  Dr.  Adam  Littleton,  under  his  family 
name  of  Redman  Westcot,  1683,  fol.  It  consists  of  all  - 
that  is  met  with  in  history  concerning  the  common  and 
statute  law  of  English  Britany  to  the  death  of  Henry  IL 
Selden  had  laid  the  foundation  in  a  discourse  which  he 
published  the  same  year  and  in  the  same  form,  entitled 
^^  England's  Epinomis ;"  and  this  is  also  in  Dr.  Littfetoa's 
volume,  along  with  two  other  tracts^  "The  Original  of  Ec- 
clesiastical Jurisdiction  of  Testaments,''  and  "  The  Dispo- 
sition or  ad^ministration  of  Intestate  goods^"  both  afterwards 
the  production  of  Selden's  pen.  In  the  same  year,  1610, 
be  published  his  "Duello,  or  single  combat;^'  and  in  1612^ 
notes  and  illustrations  on  Drayton's  "  Poly-Olbiop,"  folio. 
He  seems  to  have  been  esteemed  for  his  learning  by  the 
poets  of  that  time ;  and  although  he  had  no  great  poetical 
t4jrn  himself,  yet  in  1613  he  wrote  Greek,  Latin,  and  Eur 
glish  verses  on  Browne's  "  Britannia's  Pastorals,"  and  con- 
tributed other  efforts  of  the  kind  to  the  works  of  several 
authors,  which  appear  to  have  induced  Suckling  to  intro- 
duce him  in  his  ^^  Sessioh  of  the  Poets,"  as  sitting  "  close 
|>y  the  chair  of  Apollo." 

In  1^14  he  published  a  work  which  has  always  been 
pi;aised  for  utility,  his  "  Titles  of  Honour,"  Lond.  4tOj  with 
an  encomiastic  poem  by  his  friend  Ben  Jonson.  It  was  re- 
printed with,  additions  in  1631,  fol.  and  again  in  1671,  and 
trasH^lated  into  Latin  by  Simon  John  Arnold,  Francfort, 
1.696.  Nicolson  remarks  that  "  as  to  what  concerns  our 
nobility  and  gentry,  all  that  come  within  either  of  those 
lists  will  allow,  that  Mr.  Selden's  Titles  of  Honour  ought 
first  to  be  perused,  for  the  gaining  of  a  general  notion  of 
the  distinction  of  a  ^legree  from  an  emperor  down  to  a 
country  ^lentleman."  In  1616  appe^ired  his  notes  on  si^ 
John  Fortescue's  work  "  De  laudibus  legum  Angliae,"  and 
w  Ralph's  Hengbam's  "  Sums,"  Lond.  8vo.  In  1617  he 
drew  up  a  dissertation  upon  the  state  of  the  Jews  formerly 
liWng  in  England,  f<yt  the  use  of  Purchas,  wlio  printed  it, 
although,  as  Selden  complained,  very  defectively,  in  fail 


S  £  L  D  E  N.  2iP 

^*  Pilgrimage.**  In  the  same  year  be  published  bis  Ttery 
learned  work,  "  De  Diis  Syriis  syntagmata  duo/*  This  is 
not  only  a  treatise  on  the  idolatry  of  the  ancient  Syrians, 
but  affords  a  commentary  on  all  the  passages  in  the  Old 
Testament,  wh6re  mention  is  made  of  any  of  the  heathen 
deities^  This  first  edition  (Lond.  8vo.)  being  out  of  print, 
Ludovicus  de  Dieu  printed  an  edition  at  Leydeo  in  1629^ 
which  was  revised  and  enlarged  by  Selden.  Andrew  Beyer 
afterwards  publisbed  two  editions  at  Leipsic,  in  1668  and 
1672,  with  some  additions,  but,  according  to  Le  Clerc,  4>f 
little  importance.  Le  Clerc  ofiTers  aisp  some  objections  io 
the  work  itself,  which,  if  just,  imply  that  Selden  had  not 
always  been  judicious  |n  bis  chdice  of  his  authorities,  nor 
in  the  mode  of  treating  the  subject.  It  contributed,  how«- 
/ever,  to  enlaige  the  reputation  which  he  already  enjoyed 
both  at  home  and  abroad. 

In  bis  next,  and  one  of  his  most  memorable  perforon- 
»nces,  he  did  not  earn  the  fame  of  it  without  some  dan^ 
jger.     This  was  his  "  Treatise  of  Tythes,"  the  object  of 
which  was  to  pi:ove  that  tithes  were  not  due  by  divine 
right  under  Christianity,  although  the  clergy  are  entitled 
to  them  by  the  laws  of  the  land.  ^This  book  was  attacked 
^y  sir  James  Sempili  in  the  Appendix  to  his  treatise  en« 
.titled  '*  Sacrilege  sacredly  handled/'  London,  1619,  and 
by  Dr.  Richard  Tillesley,  archdeacon  of  Rochester,  in  his 
"Animadversions  upon  Mr.  Selden's  History,  of  Tithes/' 
London,  1621,  4to.     Selden  wrote  an  ajiswer  to  Dr.  Til- 
lesley, which  being  dispersed  in  manuscript,  the  doctor 
publL^ed  it  with  remarks  in  the  second  edition  of  his 
*^  Animadversions,**  London,  1621,  4to,  under  this  title, 
<^  Animadversions  upon  Mr.  Selden'^  History  of  Tithes,  jand 
his  Review  thereof.     Before  which  (in  lieu  of  the  two  first 
chaptiers  purposely  prs&termitted)  is  premised  a  catalogue  of 
72  authors' before  the  yeare  1215,  maintaining  the  Jus  di- 
vinum  of  Ty thes,  or  more,  to  be  paid  to  the  Priesthood 
^noder  the  Gospell.'*     Selden's  book  was  likewise  answered 
by   Dr.  Richard  Montague  in   his   ^^  Diatribe,'*  London, 
1621,  4to;  by  Stephen  Nettles,  B.  D.  in  bis  '^Answer  to 
^he  Jewish  Part  of  Mr.  Selden's  History  of  Tythes,"  Ox- 
ford,'1625;  and  by  William  Sclater  in  bis  ^^  Arguments 
about  Tithes,"  London,  1623,  in  4to.    Selden's  work  hav- 
ing been  reprinted  in  1680,  4to,  with  the  eld  date  put  to 
it.  Dr.  Thomas  Comber  answered  it  in  a  treatise  entitled^ 
<^  An  Historical  Vindication  of  the  Divine  Right  {&  Tith^^ 
&c."  London,  1681,  in  4to* 


820  S  E  L  D  E  I^. 

This  work  also  excited  the  displeasure  of  the  coiirt,  and 
the  author  was  called  before  some  of  the  lords  of  the  high 
commission,  Jan.  28,  1618,  and  obliged  to  make  a  public 
submission,  which  he  did  in  these  words :  "  My  good  Lord^, 
I  most  humbly  acknowledge  my  errour,  which  1  have  com^ 
mittedin  publishing  the  *  History  of  Tithes,'  and  especially 
in  that  I  have  at  all,  by  shewing  any  interpretation  of  Holy 
Scriptures,  by  meddling  with  Councils,  Fathers,  (ir  Canons, 
or  by  what  else  soever  occures  in  it,  offered  any  occasion 
of  argument  against  any  right  of  maintenance  *  Jure  divino' 
of  the  Ministers  of  the  Gospell ;  beseeching  ygur  Lord- 
ships to^eceive  this  ingenuous  and  humble  acknowledg- 
ment, together  with  the  unfeined  protestation  of  my  griefe, 
for  that  through  it  I  have  so  incurred  both  his  M^jestie^s 
a!nd  your  Lordships'  displeasure  conceived  against  mee  in 
behalfe  of  the  Church  of  England."  We  give  this  literally^ 
because  some  of  Mr.  Selden's  admirers  have  asserted  that 
he  never  recanted  any  thing  in  his  book.  The  above  is  at 
least  the  language  of  recantation;  yet  he  says  himself  in 
his  answer  to  Dr.  Tillesley,  "  I  confesse,  that  I  did  most 
willingly  acknowledge,  not  only  before  some  Lords  of  the 
High  Commission  (not  in  the  High  Commission  Court)  but 
also  to  the  Lords  of  his  Majesty's  Privy  Council,  that  I 
was  most  sorry  for  the  publishing  of  that  History,  because 
it  had  offended.  And  his  Majesty's  most  gracious  favour 
towards  me  received  that  satisfaction  of  the  fault  in  so  un- 
timely printing  it;  and  L profess  still  to  all  the  world,  that 
I  am  sorry  for  it.  And  so  should  I  have  been,  if  I  had 
published  a  most  orthodox  Catechisnfi,  that  had  offended. 
But  what  is  that  to  the  doctrinal  consequences  of  it,  which 
the  Doctor  talks  of?  Is  there  a  syllable  of  it  of  less  truth, 
because  I  was  sorry  for  the  JDublishing  of  it?  Indeed, 
perhaps  by  the  Doctor's  logic  there  is;  and  just  so  might 
lie  prove,  that  there  is  the  more  truth  in  his  animadversions, 
because  he  was  so  glad  of  the  printing  them.  And  be- 
cause he  hopes,  as  he  says,  that  my  submission  hath  cleared 

•my  judgment  touching  the  right  of  tithes:  what  dream 
made  him  hope  so?  There  is  not  a  word  of  tithes  in  that 
submission  more  than  in  mentioning  the  title;  neither  was 
my  judgment  at  all  in  question,  but  my  publishing  it;  and 
this  the  Doctor  knows  too,  as  I   am   assured."     Seiden, 

'  therefore,  if  this  means  any  thing,  was  not  sorry  for  what 
he  had  written,  but  because  he  had  published  it,  and  be 
wa,s  sorry  he  had  published  it^  because  it  gave  offence  to 
the  court  and  to  the  clergy.     > 


S  E  L  D  E  N. 


d2i 


I  td  1621)  kiog  James  having,  in  bis  speech  to  the  par-^ 
^iaoient,  asserted  that  their  privileges  were  originally  gi^antt 
from  the  .crown,  Selden  was  consulted  by  the  Hoiise  of 
JLords  on  that  question^  and  gave  bis  opinion  in  favour  of 
parliament;  which  being  dissolved  soon  after,  he  was  com- 
knitted  to  the  custody  of  the  sheriff  of  London^  as  a  princi- 
.pal  proilioter  of  .the  famous  protest  of  the  House  of  |C0m<i' 
4QOII8,  previojUs  to  its  dissolution*  From  this  confinement^ 
jwbich  .lasted  only  five  weeks,  be  was  released  by  the  in- 
terest of  Dr.  Andrews,  bhhop  of  Winchester,  and  returned 
to  his  studies,  the  first  fruits  of  which  were,  a  learned  epis* 
tie  prefixed  to  Vincent's  ^'  Discovery  of  errorf  in  two  edi« 
.tioQS  ,Qjf  the  Catalogue  of  Nobility  by  Ralph  Brooke,'' 
Lond.  1622,  and  the  year  following  his  <^  Spicilegium  ift 
.£ad;)(ieri  sex  libros  Historiarum,*'  fol. 

Altbough  he  had  already  been  consulted  by  parliameti^t 
x>n  account  of  bis  knowledge  of  constitutional  antiquities^ 
he  bad  not  yet  obtained  a  seat  in  that  assembly;  but  in 
,1628  he  was  chosen  a  member  for  Lancaster,  and  in  the 
parliament  called  in  1625,  on  the  accession  of  Charles  I* 
be  was  chosen  for  Great  Bedwin  in  Wiltshire,  and  now 
took  an  active  part  in  opposition  to  the  measures,  of  th« 
court  ^»     In   16<26  he  was  chosen  of  the   committee  fg^r 


♦  In  I'rinitjr   term,   16^4,   he  was 
)?hoseii  reader  of  Lyoh's-Inn,  but  re- 
.feted  to  perform  that  office.     Id  the 
register  of  the  Inner  Temple  Is  the  fol- 
lowing passage:  **  Whereas  an  order 
was  made  at  the  Bench-Table  this  term, 
•ince  the  last  |>arl  lament,  and  entered 
into  the  buttery-book  in  these  words  ; 
Jovis  ti  die  OeUAm  1624.    Memoran" 
'duM^  that  whereas  John  Selden,  esq. 
906  of  the  utter  barristers  of  this  house, 
'Was  ill  Trinity  term  last,  chosen  reader 
■  of  LyonVIttii  by  the  gentlemen  of  the 
^aame  house,  according  to  the  order  of 
their  house,  which  he  then  refused  to 
'take  upon'hfdi,  and  perform  the  same, 
'Without  tome  su^cieut  cause  or  good 
reason,  notwithstandhig  many  courte- 
cms  and  fair  persuasions  And  isdmoni- 
tions  by  the  masters  of  the  bench  made 
to  him  i  for  which  cause  he  having  been 
twice  convented  before  the  masters  of 
the  Vedoh,  it  was  then  ordered,  that 
there  should  be  a  ne  rttipiatur  entered 
upon  his  name,  which  was  done  accord- 
Jngly;  and  in  respect  the  beneb  was 
'fK>t  then  full,  the  farther  piroceediiigt 

Vgi.  XXVIL 


conderning  him  were  respited  until  thia 
term.  Now  this  day  being  called  again 
to  the  table,  he  doth  absolutely  refuse 
to  read.  The  masters  of  the  .  bench, 
taking  into  cbhstderation  his  cbntiempt 
and  offence,  and  for  that  it  is  wiihoQt 
precedent,  that  any  man  elected  to 
read  in  chancery  has  been  discharg^ 
in  like  case,  much  less  has  with  such 
wilfulness  refused  kb^  same,  have  or* 
dered,  that  he  shall  pr^ntly  pay  to 
the  US6  of  this  house  the  sunt  of  201. 
for  his  fine,  and  that  he  stand  add  be 
disabled  ever  to  be  called  to  the  bench, 
or  to  be  a  reader  of  this  house,  ^ow 
at  this  parliament  the  said  order  Is  con* 
firmed;  and  it  is  further  ordered,  that 
if  any  of  this  house,  which  hereafter 
shall  be  chosen  to  reiul  in  chancery, 
shall  refuse  to  read,  every  such  offender 
shall  be  fined,  and  be  disabled  to  be 
called  to  the  bench,  or  to'  be  a  reader 
of  this  hoiise.**  However,  in  Michael- 
mas term  1632,  it  was  ordered^  that 
Mr.  Selden  «  shall  stand  enabled  and 
be  capable  of  any  preferment  in  .the 
House,  in  such  a  manner  as  other 

utter 

Y  -        -    - 


S2d 


S  E  L  Di  E  N. 


drawing  up  articles  of  impeachment  against  the  doke  of 
Buckingham,  and  was  afterwards  appointed  one  of  the  ma^ 
nagers  for  the  House  of  Commons  on  his  trial.  '  In  1627 
he  opposed  the  loan  which  the  king  endeavoured  to  raiset^ 
and  although  he  seldom  made  his  appearance  at  the  bar, 

r leaded  in  the  court  of  King's  Bench  for  Hampden,  who 
ad  been  imprisoned  for  revising  to  pay  his  quota  of  that 
loan.  After  the  third  parliament  of  Charles  I.  in  which  be 
aat  for  Lancaster,  had  been  prorogued,  he  retired  to  Wrest 
in  Bedfordshire,  a  seat  belohginglto  the  earl  of  Kent,  where 
lie  finished  his  edition  of  the  *'  Marmora  Arundelliana,** 
-Lend.  1629,' 4to,  reprinted  by  PrideauK,  with  additions  at 
Oxford,  in  1676,  folio,  and  by  Maittaire,  at  London,  1732, 
«n  folio. 

In  the  next  session  of  parliament  he  continued  his  ac^ 
livity  against  the  measures  of  the  court,  to  which  he  had 
made  himself  so  obnoxious,  that  after  that  parliament  wa^ 
dissolved,  he  was  committed  to  the  Tower  by  an  order  ctf 
the  Privy-council,  where  he  remained  about  eight  months, 
«nd  as  he  then  refused  to  give  security  for  his  good  be«* 
haviour,  he  was  removed  to  the  King's  Bench  prison,  hot 
was  allowed  the  rules.     It  was  about  this  time  that  he  wrote 
his  piece  <*  De  successionibus  in  bona  defuncti^   secundunh 
leges  Hebrseorum,^*  Lond.  1634,  4to;  and  another,  *' De 
auccessipne  in   pontificatum   Hebrasorum  libri  duo,''  re- 
printed at  Leyden,  1638,  8vo,  and  Francfort,  by  Beckmanr^ 
1673,  4to,  with  some  additions  by  the  author.     In  May 
1630  he  was  removed  to  the  Gate-house  at  Westminster ; 
9ind  in  consequence  of  this  removal,  he  found  means  to 
pbtain  so  much  iuddlgenqe,  as  to  pass  the  long  vacation  iq 
Bedfordshire;  but  when  his  habeas  corpus  was  brought,  as 
usual,  in  "Michaelmas  term  ensuing,  it  was  refused  by  the 
court,  and  the  judges  complaining  of  the  illegality  of  hk^ 
removal  to  the  Gate-house,  he  was  remanded  to  the  KingV-* 
bench,  where  he  continued  till  May  1631,  when  be  was 
fbdmitted  to  bail,  and  bailed  from  term  to  term,  until  he 

Setitioned  the  king,  in  July  1634,  and  was  finally  released 
y  the  favour  of  archbishop  Laud  and  the  lord  treasurer. 
During  his  confinement,  having  been  always  much  attached 
^  the  study  of  Jewish  antiquities,  he  wrote  bis  treatises,  *^De 
Julrenaturali  et  gentium,  juxta  disci plinam  Hebrs^orum,'* 

ptter  bamristers  of  tfait  House  are  to  «ll     itanding^  and  acoordiogly  he  wa$  calldl 
Intents  'and  purposes,  any  rortner  act     to  tiht  beach  Michaelnai  foUowiag." ' 
•f  parliaacnt  to  tht  coatrary  notwUh- 


^        . 


6  fi  L  13  fe  K.  S2t 

Md  his'^  tJxbr  tliebraica,^^  on  %he  marriages,  dtvbrces,  Sco^ 
of  the  ancient  Hebrews*  In  1633  he  was  one  of  the  com** 
mittee  appointed  for  preparing  the  mask  exhibited  by  the 
gentlemen  of  the  Inns  of  Court,  before  the  king  and  queea 
on  Candlemas  night,  in  order  to  show  their  disapprobation 
of  Prynne's  bGiok  against  stage-plays,  called  *^  Histriomas* 
tix:^*  so  various  were  Selden^s  pursuits,  that  he  could  even 
auperintend  mummery  of  this  kind,  while  apparently  Undef 
the  displeasure  of  the  court.  His  next  publication^  how^ 
ever»  effectually  reconcii'ed  the  court  and  ministers. 

During    king    Jaa)es^»    i^ign,    Selden    had  been    or* 
defed    by    his    majesty    to     make    such    collections    at 
knight  shew  the  right  of  the   crawn  of  England  to  the 
dominion  of  the  sea,  and  he  had  undertaken  the  work^ 
buty  in  resentment  for  being  imprisoned  by  Janaes^  de** 
clined  the  publication^     J^n  occasion  ofFered  now  in  whick 
it  might  appear  to  advantage.     In   1634,  a  dispute  having 
ttrisen  between   the   English  and  Dutch  concerning  the 
herring-fi^ibery  upon  the  British  coast,  to  which  the  Dutch, 
laid  claim,  and   had  their  claims  supported  by  Grotius^ 
who,  in  his  **  Mare  liberum^'  contended  that  fishing  off  the 
seas  was  a  matter  of  common  fight,  Selden  now  published 
his  celebrated  treatise  of  ^^  Mare  Clausum>'^  Lond»  1635^  foL 
In  this  he  effectually  demonstrated,  from  the  law  of  nature 
and   nations,   that  a   dominion  over  the  sea  may  be  ac-^ 
quired  :  and  from  the  most  authentic  hbtories^  that  such  a 
dominion  has  been  claimed  and  enjoyed  by  several  nations^ 
and  submitted   to  by  others^  for  their  common  benefit: 
that  this  in   facj:  was  the  case   of  the  inhabitants  of  this 
island,  who,  at  all  times,  and  under  every  kind  of  govern* 
ment,  had  claimed,  exercised,  and  constantly  enjoyed  such 
a  daminion)  which  had  been  confessed  by  their  neighbours 
frequently,  and  in  the  most  solemn  mannen     This  treatise^ 
in  the  publication  of  which  Selden  is  said  to  have  been  en- 
couraged  by  ai^chbishop  Laud,  greatly  recommended  him 
to  the  court,   and  was  considered  as  so  decisive  on  tb^ 
qQestion>  that  a  copy  of  it  was  placed  among  the  records  of 
the  crown,  in  the  exchequer,  and  in  the  court  of  admiralty. 
This  work  was  reprinted  in  1636,  8vo.     An  edition  also 
appeared  in  Holland,   12mo,  with  the  title  of  London,  but 
was  prohibited   by  the  king,  because  of  some  additions, 
and  a  preface  by    Boxhornius.     It  was  translated  into 
English,  by  the  noted  Marchamont  Needham,  1652,  foL 
with  some  additional  evidence  and  discourses^  by  special 

Y  2 


i2i  S  E  L  D  E  N. 

command^  and  a  dedication  of  eighteen  j)agesy  addreisetl 
to  ^^  The  supreme  authoritie  of  the  nation  and  parliament 
of  the  Cc^inonwealth  of  England,'^  which  is  of  course  hot 
prefixed  to  the  translation  by  J.  H.  Gent  published  after 
.the  restoration  in  1663.  Nicolson  observes,  that  whea 
Selden  wrote  this  book,  he  was  not  such  an  inveterate 
enemy  to  the  prerogative  doctrine  of  ship-money,  as  after-a- 
wards :  for  he  professedly  asserts,  that  in  the  defence  of 
their  sovereignty  at  sea^  our  kings  constantly  practised  the 
levying  great  sums  on  their  subjects  without  the  concur- 
rence of  their  parliaments.  The  work  having  been  attacked 
by  Peter  Baptista  Burgus,  Selden  published  in  1653,  4to> 
a  treatise  in  its  defence^  with  rather  a  harsh  title,  *^  Vin- 
dicisB  secundum  ihtegritatem  existimationis  suie  per  con* 
vitium  de  scriptione  Maris  clausi  petulantissimum  et 
mendaclssimuixi  Maris  liberi,  &c." 

In  1640,  Seldett  published  another  of  those  works 
which  were  the  fruit  of  bis  researches  into  Jewish  antiqui- 
ties, already  noticed  under  the  title  *^  De  Jure  Naturali  et 
Qentium  juxta  disciplinam  Hebrsorum,'*  folio.  PufFendorfF 
applauds  this  work  highly  ;  but  his  translator  Barbeyrac  ob- 
serves, that  ^*  besi'des  the  extreme  disorder  and  obscurity 
which  are  justly  to  be  censured  in  his  manner  of  writing,  he 
does  not  derive  his  principles  of  nature  from  the  pure  light  of 
reason,  but  merely  from  the  seven  precepts  giv^n  to  Noah ; 
and  frequently  contents  himself  with  citing  the  decisions 
of  the  Rabbinsi  without  giving  himself  the  trouble  to 
examine  whether  they  be  just  or  not.**  Le  Clerc  says, 
that  in  this  book  Selden  ^^has  only  copied  the  Rabbins, 
and  scarcely  ever  reasons  at  all.  His  rabbinical  principles 
are  founded  upon  an  uncertain  Jewish  tradition,  namely, 
that  God  gave  to  Noah  seven  precepts,,  to  be  observed  bj 
all  mankind;  which,  if  it  should  be  denied,  the  Jews 
would  find  a  difficulty  to  prove :  besides,  his  ideas  are 
very  imperfect  and  embarrassed.**  There  is  certainly  some 
foundation  for  this ;  and  what  is  said  of  his  style  may  be 
more  or  less  applied  to  all  he  wrote.  He  had  a  vast 
memory  and  prodigious  learning  ;'*which  impeded  the  use 
of  his  reasoning  faculty,  perplexed  and  embarrassed  his 
ideas,  and  crowded  his  writings  with  citations  and  authori- 
ties, to  supply  the  place  of  argument. 

In  this  same  year,  1640,  Selden  was  chosen  member  for 
the  university  of  Oxford,  and  that  year  and  the  following 
continued. to  oppose  the  measures  of  the  court;  but  bis  coh^ 


8  E  L  D  E  N.  W# 

4iu9t  may  to  some  appear  unsteady.  In  truth,  he  attempted 
what  in  those  days  was  impossible,  to  steer  a  middle  Qourse;  > 
He  supported  the  republican  party  in  the  measures  pre<- 
paratory  to  the  sacrifice  of  the  ear)  of  Strafford,  but  was  not 
one  of  their  Committee  for  managing  the  impeachment^ 
and  his  name  was  even  inserted  in  a  list  of  members^  posted 
up  in  Old  Palace  Yard  by  some  party  zealots,  and  branded^ 
wit|i  the  appellation  of  **  enemies  of  justice/'  On  the 
subject  of  church-goveroment,  although  he  seems  to  have 
entiertained  some  predilection  for  the  establishment,  yet 
he  made  no  effort  to  prevent  its  fall^  at  all  commensurate 
to  his  knowledge  and  credit  In  the  debates  on  the 
question  whether  bishops  sat  in  parliament  as  barons  and 
peers  of  the  realm,  or  as  prelates,  he  gave  it  as  his  opinioi^ 
that  they  sat  as  neither,  but  as  representatives  of  the  clergy ; 
and  this  led  to  the  expulsion  of  them  from  parliament* 
Afterwards  we  find  him  concurring  with  other  members  of 
the  House  of  Commons  in  a  protestation  that  they  would 
xnaint^ain  the  protestant  religion  according  to  the  doctrine 
pf  the  church  of  England,  and  would  defend  the  person  and 
authority  of  the  king,  the  privileges  of  parliament,  and 
the  rights  of  the  subject.  In  the  prosecution  of  arch- 
bishop Laud,  Selden  was  among  those  who  were  appointed 
to  draw  up  articles  of  impeachment  against  bim^  an  olGce  . 
yi^hicb  must  have  produced  a  severe  cQUtest  between  his 
private  feelings  and  his  public  duties. 

Notwithstanding  all  this^  the  royalists  were  unwilling  to 
believe  that  41  man  so  learned  and  90  well  informed  as 
Selden  could  be  seriously  hostile,  and  there  .were  ,evea 
^ome  thoughts  of  taking  the  great  seal  from  the  lord 
keeper  Littleton,  a^d  giving  it  to  him.  Clarendon  tells  us^ 
that  lord  Falkland  and  hiqisel^  to  whooi  his  majesty  re- 
ferred the  consideration  of  this  measure,  ^^  did  not  doubt 
^f  Mr.  Selden's  affection  to  the  king;  but  withal  they 
knew  him  so  well,  that  they  concluded  he  would  absolutely 
refuse  the  place,  if  it  were  offered  to  him.  H^  yras  in 
years,  and  of  a  tender  constitution :  he  bad  for  many 
^  years  enjoyed  his  ea^e,  which  he  loved ;  was  rich,  and 
would  not  have  made  a  journey  to  York,  or  have  lajn  out 
of  bis  own  bed,  for  any  preferment,  which  he  had  never 
affected.*'  But  in  all  probability  bis  majesty's  advisers  saw 
jtjtiat  hJLs  want  of  firmness,  and  bis  love  of  safety,  yvere  the 
real  imped^inaents.  When  the  king  .found  bimopposing  ia 
parliamept  the  comimidsioo  of  array,  be  desijred  lord  Falk« 


S26  S  E  L  D  E  1^, 

Iftnd  to  wiite  to  Selden  on  the  subject,  who  Tindicated' 
bis  conduct  on  that  point,  but  declared  his  intention  to  be 
equally  hostile  to  the  ordinance  for  the  militia,  which  was 
idioyed  by  the  factious  party,  and  which  he  justly  declarec) 
to  be  without  any  shadow  of  law,  or  pretence  of  precedent, 
and  most  destructive  to  the  governoienc  of  the  kingdom. 
Accordingly  he  performed  his  promise,  but  this  remarkable 
difference  attended  his  efforts,  that  his  opposition  to  the 
Commission  of  array  did  the  king  great  injury  among 
many  of  his  subjects,  while  the  ordinance  which  armed  the 
parliamentary  leaders  against  the  crown  was  carried  :  and, 
according  to  Whitelocke,  Selden  himself  was  made  s^ 
deputy-lieutenant  under  it.  There  was  an  equally  re-r 
markable  difference  in  the  treatment  he  received  for  this 
double  opposition.  The  king  and  his  friends,  convinced 
that  be  acted  honestly,  bore  no  resentment  against  him  ; 
but  the  popular  leaders,  roost  characteristically,  infeirred 
from  this,  that  he  must  be  hostile  to  their  cause,  and  made 
tain  endeavours  to  induce  Waller  to  implicate  him  in  the 
plot  which  he  disclosed  in  1 643.  Nor  was  his  exculpation 
sufficient :  for  he  was  obliged,  by  an  oath,  to  testify  his 
hostility  against  the  traitorous  and  horrible  plot  for  the  sub-* 
fersion  of  the  parlian^ent  and  state. 

In  1643,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  lay-members  tq 
sit  in  the  assembly  of  divines  at  Westminster,  in  which,  his 
admirers  tell  us,  he  frequently -perplexed  those  divines 
ivith  '!ii?f '  vast  learning ;  and,  as  Whitelocke  relates^ 
'*  sometimes  when  they  had  cited  a  text  of  scripture  to 

{>rove  their  assertidn,  he  would  tell  them,  *  perhaps  in  your 
ittle  pocket-bibles  with  gilt  leaves,'  which  they  would 
often  pull  out  and  read,  <  the  translation  may  be  thus ;'  but 
the  QreeH  sind  the  Hebrew  signify  thus  and  thus ;  and  sci 
would  totally  silence  th^m'^  This  anecdote,  which  has 
often  been  repeated  to  Selden's  praise,  may  afford  a  proof 
of  his  wit,  such  as  it  was ;  but  as  a  reflection  on  the  divines 
bf  that  assembly,  it  can  do  him  no  credit,  many  of  theoi 
certainly  understanding  the  originaf  languages  of  the  Bible 
Its  well  as  himself.  It  was  in  truth,  as  an  able  critic  ha^ 
pbserved,  a  piece  of  wanton  insolence. 

It  is  now  necessary  to  revert  to  his  publications,  whicti 
were  seldom  long  interrupted  by  bis  pplitical  engagements. 
In  164^,  he  published  <<  A  brief  discoui^e  concerning  the 
power  of  peers  and  commons  in  parliament  in  point  of 
^udicaturfe;^"  4to,  whici;  sQm^  tiave,  faQw^^r^  i^scril^ed  t«r 


S  E  L  D  E  N.  J2T 

mr  Btmonds  D'Ewes.  It  wat  followed  by  **  A  discoarte 
concerning  the  rights  and  privileges  of  the  subjects,  in  a 
conference  desired  by  the  lords  in  1G28/'  Lond.  1642, 4to: 
*'  Privileges  of  the  Baronage  of  England,  when  they  sit  it» 
parliament,"  ibid.  1642,  and  1681,  8vo;  and  an  edition  of 
Eutycbius^s  **  Origines,"  with  a  translation  and  notes, 
Lond.  4to,  under  this  title,  "  Eutychii  iEgyptii,  Patriarcbsr 
orthodoxorum  Alexandrini,  EcclesioB  suss  origines  ex  ejas-^ 
dem  Arabico,  nunc  primum  edidit  ac  versione  et  commen- 
tario  auxit  Joannes  Seldenus."  Pocock  (see  Pocock^' 
Vol.  XXV.  p.  91)  inserted  this  work  in  bi«  edition  of  the 
annals  of  Entycbius,  which  he  translated  at  the  desire  of 
Mr.  Selden,  at  whose  expence  they  were  printed  at  Oxford, 
in  1656,  4to.  Mr,  Selden^s  book  has  been  aninkadverted 
upon  by  several  writers,  particularly  Abraham  Ecchellensis, 
John  Morin,  and  Eusebius  Kenaudot, 

In  1643,  he  ^0brded  every  proof  of  his  adherence  to  the 
republican  party,  by  taking  the  covenant ;;  and  the  same 
year,  vi^s  by  the.  parliament  appointed  keeper  of  the  re^- 
^ords  in  the  Tower,  In  1644,  he  was  elected  one  of  the 
twelve  eoftimissioners  of  the  admiralty ;  and  nominated  to 
the  maste^hip  of  Trinity  •college,  in  Cambridge,  which  he 
did  not  think  proper  to  accept.  In  this  year,  be  published 
his  treatise^  ^  De  Anno  civili  et  Calendario  Judaico,**  4to. 
In  1 646,  tbe  parliament  was  so  sensible  of  his  seryices  tba( 
they  voted  him  the  sum  of  5000/.  in  consideration  of  his 
sufferings.  What  these  were  we  have  already  reWltedi.  Iil 
1647,  he  published  his  learned  *'  Dissertation  annexed  to 
(a  book  called)  Fleta,''  which  he  discovered  in  the  Cot* 
V>nian  library.  A  second  edition  was  published  in  1685^ 
but  in  both  are  said  to  be  many  typographical  errors.  In 
1^71,  R.  Kelham  Esq.  published  a  translation  tt^ith  notes; 
^k  virork  contains  many  curious  particulars  relating  to 
those  ancient  authors  on  the  laws  of  England,  Bracton, 
i^ritton,  Fleta,  and  Thornton,  and  shews  what  use  was 
ifiadeof  the  imperial  law  in  England,  whilst  the  Romans, 
governed  here,  at  what  time  it  was  introduced  into  this 
nation,,  vvbat  use  our  ancestors  made  of  it,  how  long  it  con- 
tinued,* and  when  the  use  of  it  totally  ceased  in  the  king*s 
eourts  at  Westminster, 

Selden  continued  to  sit  in  Parliament  after  the  mur- 
der of  the  king,  and  was  the  means  of  doing  some  good  to 
learning,  by  his  own  reputation  and  influence  in  that  re- 
spectt    {le  preserved    archbishop    Usher's  library  from 


S28  S  E  L  D  E  N. 

being  soldi  and  rendered  considerable  services  to  ^bemiiirerW: 
sity  of  Oxford)  taking  all  occasions,  as  in  the  cases  of  Pocockk 
asd  Greaves,  to  moderate  the  tyranny  of  the  parliamentary- 
visitors,  and  often  affording  a  generous  protection  .to* 
dtber  eminent  men  who  were  about  to  be  ejected  for  their 
adherence  to  the  king.  He  also  was  instrumenul  in  pre- 
serving the  books  and  medals  at  .St  James's,  -by  persuad-^ 
ifig  bis  friend  Whitelocke  to  accept  the  charge  of  them.> 
Of  his  conduct  while  the  death  of  the  king  was  peoding^ 
we  have  no  account ;  at  that  critical  period,  he  retired,  it  ia 
said,  as  far  as  be  could :  and  it  is  certain  that  he  refused 
to  gratify  Cromwell  by  writing  an  answer  to  the  Eikon: 
IQasilike.  In  1650,  he  published  bis  iirst  book,  '<  De 
Syoedriis  et  prsefecturis  Hebrasorum,'*  4to;  the  second  ap«^ 
peared  in  1653,  and  the  third  after  his  death,  in  1655,r 
Many  passages  in  this  work  have  been  animadverted  upoa 
by  several  eminent  writers,  especially  what  relates  to  ^x- 
€<Miimantcatioo.  Dr.  Hammond,  in  pacticMlar,  bas  ex^ 
amined  Selden's  notion  concerning  the  power  of  binding 
and  loosing,  in  bis  treatise  concerning  *^  The.powei:  of  tb€^ 
Keys.'*  In  1652,  be  contributed  a  preface  to  the  ^^  De«^ 
cem  Scriptores  Histories  Anglicaoaei,''  printed  H  lMOndo» 
that  year,  in  folia   . 

.  In  the  beginning  of  1654  his  health  began  to  decline^ 
and  he  began  to  see  the  emptiness  of  all  human  learning  ; 
and  .owned,  that  out  of  the  numberless  volumes  be  bad 
r^d  andiiligested,  nothing  stuck  so  cIosq  to  his  hearty  w 
gtve  him  such  solid  satisfaction  as  a  single  passage  out  of 
St.  Paul's  Epistle  to  Titus,,  ii.  U,  12,  13,  14.  On  Nov^ 
XOof:that  year,  be  sent  to  his  friend  Bulst^rode  Whitelocke^ 
in  order  to  make  some  alterations  in  bis  will,  but  when  hft 
camethe  found  Selden*s  weakness  to  be  sq  much  jncresise^ 
that  he  was  not  able  to  perform  bis  intention  ^».  He  iti^ 
Nov.  3Q,  in  the  seventieth  year  of  his  age,  in  White  Friara^ 
at  tlie  bpuse.pf  Elizabeth,  countess  of  Kent,  ^ith:  whom  b^ 
bad  lived  some  years  in  such  intimacy,  that  tbeywere  r^ 

P  Hia  lelter  m^y  be  aubjoined,  «s  '<  Most  bumble  S^anl^ 

fbe  last  memoriat  of  this  great  man.  '*  J.  Seldeo^ 

"My  Lord.   •  ««  Whire  Friers,  Nov.  10,  lS54.»' 

*'  I  am  a  most  humble  suitor  to  your  *'  I  went  to  lifi«»"  «ay»  Mr.  Whilft* 

Lordsbip.  tbat  you  will   be  pleased,  locke,  "  anU  was  advised  with  about 

that  I  might  have  your  presence  for  a  settling  his  estate,  and  altering  his  m\\\^ 

KUle    time   lo«iniOrrow  or  next  day.  and  to  be  one  of  his  eveculora ;  boiht# 

Th«s  much  wearies  the  most  weak; hand  weakness  ao  increased,  that  bU  V#%) 

Md  body  of    Your  Lprdship^s  tious  were  preyenled.** 


.  S  E  L  D  E  N.  S9» 

ported  to  be  man  and  wife*,  and  Dr.  Wilkint;  sopposeS)  that 
the  weaUby  which  be  left  at  his  death,  was  chieHy  owing  to. 
the  generosity  of  that  countess :  but  there  is  no  good  reasoa 
for  either  of  these  surmises.  He  was  buried  in  tne  Temple 
church,  where  a  monument  was  erected  to  him  ;  and  abp. 
Usher  preached  his  funeral  sermon.  He  left  a  most  valua^ 
ble  and  curious  library  to  his  executors,  Matthew  Hale, 
John  Vaughan,  and  Rowland  Jewks,  esqs.  which  they  gene* 
rously  would  have  bestowed  on  the  society  of  the  Inner 
Temple,  if  a  proper  place  should  be  provided  to  receive  it: 
but,  this  being  neglected,  they  gave  it  to  the  university  of 
Oxford.  Selden^  himself,  had  originally  intended  it  for 
Oxford,  and  had  left  it  so  in  his  willf,  but  was  offended, 
because  when  he  applied  for  a  manuscript  in  the  Bodleian 
Kbrary,  they  asked,  according  to  usual  custom,  a  bond  of 
lOOO/.  for  its  restitution.  This  made  him  dedlare,  with  some 
passion,  that  they  should  never  have  his  collection.  The 
executors,  however,  considered  that  they  were  executors 
of  his  will  and  not  of  his  passion,  and  therefore  destined 
the  books,  amounting  to  8000  volumes,  for  Oxford,  where, 
a  noble  room  was  added  to  the  library  for  their  reception.' 
Burnet  says,  this  collection  was  valued  at  some  thousands 
of  pounds,  and  was  believed  to  be  one  of  the  most  curious 
in  Europe.  It  is  supposed  that  sir  Matthew  Hale  gave  some 
of  Selden*8  MSS  respecting  law  to  L«incolnVInn  library,  as 
there  is  nothing  of  that  kind  among  what  were  sent  to  the 
Bodleian ;  and  a  few  Mr.  Selden  gave  to  the  lihrLB^  of  the 
college  of  physicians. 

Selden  was  a  man  of  extensive  learning,  and  had  as  much 

skill  in  the  Hebrew  and  Oriental  languages  as  perhaps  any 

:>man  of  his  time,  Pocock  excepted.     Grotius,  over  whom 

Jh^  triumphed  in  his  ^^  Mare  clausum,^*  styles  him  ^*  the  glor j 

*  Aobrey  My t  be  married  the  coun-  whole  to  Oxford."    We  know  not  on 

tess  when  a  wid<)w,  but  we  know  of  no  what  authority  this  report  t»  ^iven,  but 

•ther  authority  for  this.     Aubrey  says  it  is  contradictory  t#  etery  other  eti* 

nlso  that  he  never  would  own  the  mar-  dence.     The  aqeount  in  the  text  ap« 

riage  until  after  her  death,  and  then  pears  to  be  the  true  one.    See  the  terms  ' 

Vpon  some  law  account.  on  which Selden's  library,  was  sent  to 

f  In  Mr.  Nichols's  **  Literafy  Anec-  Oxford  in  a  note  on  A,  Wood's  Life, 

4otet/>  it  is  said  that  "Selden  had  sent  1773,  p.  131.     Wood  and  Barlow  as- 

bis  library  to  Oxford  in  his  life-time,  sisted  in  ranging  the  books,  in  opening 

but  hearing  that  they  bad  lent  out.  a  seme  of  which.  Wood  tells  at,  they: 

book  without  a  sufficient  caution,  he  found  several  pairs  of  spectacles,  **  an4 

sent  for  it  back  again.    After  his  death,  Mr.  Thomas  Barlow  gave  A.  W.  a  pairj' 

it  continued  some  time  at  the  Temple,  which  he  kept  in  memorie  of  3elde||  t^ 

vhere  it  suffered  some  diminution :  at  his  last  day." 
Jast  tb»  ezecatorty  &c.  Ice,-  tent  the 


330  S  E  L  D  E  N* 

of  the' English  nation."  He  was  knowing  in  all  lavrs^  buman 
and  divine,  yet  did  not  greatly  trouble  himself  with  tbd 
practice  of  law :  be  seldom  appeared  at  the  bar,  but  some* 
times  gave  counsel  in  his  chamber.  ^*  His  mind  also,*'  saya 
Whitelocke,  ^^  was  as  great  as  bis  learning ;  he  was  as  hos- 
pitable and  generous  as  any  man,  and  as  good  company  to 
those  be  liked.^'  Wilkins  relates,  that  he  was  a  man  of 
iHioommon  gravity  and  greatness  of  soul,  averse  to  flattery, 
liberal  to  scholars,  charitable  to  the  poor ;  and  that,  though 
he  bad  a  great  latitude  in  his  principles  with  regard  to  eccle- 
siastical power,  yet  he  had  a  sincere  regard  for  the  cburcb 
of  England.  Baxter  remarks,  that  ^*  he  was  a  resolved  se- 
rious Christian,  a  great  adversary,  particularly,  to  Hobbes*s 
errors ;''  and  that  sir  Matthew  Hale  affirmed,  ^  how  he  had 
seen  Selden  openly  oppose  Hobbes  so  earnestly,  as  either 
to  depart  from  ^im,  or  drive  him  out  of  the  room.''  But 
the  noblest  testimony  in  his  favour  is  that  of  his  intimate 
friend  the  earl  of  Clarendon,  who  thus  describes  him  in  all 
parts  of  his  character :  ^<  Mr.  Selden  was  a  person,''  says 
be,  *^  whom  no  character  can  flatter,  or  transmit  in  any 
expressions  equal  to  his  merit  and  virtue.  He  was  of  socb 
stupendous  learning  in  all  kinds  and  in  all  languages,  as 
may  appear  from  his  excellent  and  transcendsnt  writings, 
that  a  Hian  would  have  thought  he  had  been  entirely  con*- 
versant  among  books,  and  bad  never  spent  an  hour  but  ia 
reading  or  writing ;  yet  his  humanity,  courtesy,  and  aflfa** 
bility,  was  such,  that  he  would  have  been  thought  to  have 
been  bred  in  the  best  courts,  but  that  his  good*nature,  cha- 
rity, and  delight  in  doing  good,  and  in  communicating  all 
he  knew,  exceeded  that  breeding.  His  style  in  all  his 
writings  seems  harsh,  and  sometimes  obscure  ;  which  is  not 
wholly  to  be  imputed  to  the  abstruse  subjects  of  which  be 
commonly  treated,  out  of  the  paths  trod  by  other  men,  bu| 
to  a  little  undervaluing  the  beauty  of  a  style  *,  and  too  much 
propensity  to  the  language  of  antiquity:  but  in  his  conver-* 
sation  he  was  the  most  clear  discourser,  and  had  the  best 
faculty  in  making  hard  things  easy,  and  present  to  the  un^ 
derstanding,  of  any  man  that  hath  been  known.''  His 
lordship  also  used  to  say,  that  ^'he  valued  himself  upon 
nothing  more  than  upon  having  had  Mr.  Selden's  acquaint-t 
ance,  from  the  time  be  was  very  young ;  and  held  it  with 

*  Selden's  style  is  particularly  la-     and  made  many  alteratioBS  and  tnh 
boil  red   and  uncouth,    and  from  his     tares  ^cfora  Jut  could  |ilesM  ]iiillMl& 
sVSS  it  appears  tbat  be  wf  s  fasiidioas» 


S  E  L  D  E  N.  $81 

great  delight  as  long  as  they  were  suffered  to  continue  to«* 
gether  in  London  :  and  be  was  very  much  troubled  always 
when  he  heard  him  blamed,  censured,  and  reproached  for 
staying  in  i«ondon,  and  in  the  parliament,  after  they  were 
in  rebellion,  and  in  the  worst  times,  which  his  age  obliged 
him  to  do ;  and  how  wicked  soever  the  actions  were,  which 
were  every  day  done,  he  was  conliJent  he  had  not  given  his 
consent  to  them,  but  would  have  hindered  them  if  he  could 
with  bis  own  safety,  to  which  he  was  always  enough  induU 
gent.  If  he  had  some  infirmities  with  other  men,  they 
were  weighed  down  with  wonderful  and  prodigious  abilities 
and  excellences .  in  the  other  scale."  The  political  part  of 
Selden^s  life,  is  that  which  the  majority  of  readers  will  con* 
template  with  least  pleasure ;  but  on  this  it  is  unnecessary 
to  dwell.  The  same  flexibility  of  spirit,  which  made  him 
crouch  before  the  reprehension  of  James  I.  disfigured  the 
rest  of  his  life,  and  deprived  him  of  that  dignity  and  im- 
portance which  would  have  resulted  from  his  standing  erect 
in  any  place  he  might  have  chosen.  Clarendon  seems  to 
have  hit  the  true  cause  of  all,  in  that  anxiety  for  his  own 
fiafety  to  which,  as  he  says,  ^^  he  was  always  indulgent 
enough.'* 

Several  other  works  of  his  were  printed  after  his  death, 
or  left  in  manuscript,  K  **  God  made  man.  A  Tract  prov- 
ing the  nativity  of  our  Saviour  to  be  on  the  25th  of  Decem- 
ber,*' Lond.  1661,  8vo,  with  his  portrait.  This  was  an- 
swered in  the  first  postscript  to  a  treatise  entitled  *^  A 
brief  (but  true)  account  of  the  certain  Year,  Month,  Day, 
and  Minute  of  the  birth  of  Jesus  Christ/'  Lond.  1671,  8vo, 
by  John  Butler,  B.  D.  chaplain  to  James  duke  of  Qrmonde, 
and  rector  of  Litchborow,  in  the  diocese  of  Peterborough. 
2.  "  Discourse  of  the  office  of  Lord  Chancellor  of  England,'^ 
London,  1671,  in  fol.  printed  Vith  Dugdale's  catalogue  of 
lord  chancellors  and  lord  keepers  of  England  from  the  Nor- 
man conquest.  3.  Several  treatises,  viz.  **  England's  Epi- 
nomis;"  already  mentioned,  published  1683,  in  fol.  by 
Jledman  Westcot,  alias  Littleton,  with  the  English. transla- 
tion of  Selden's  **  Jani  Anglorum  Facies  altera."  4.  "  Ta- 
ble talk  :  being  the  discourses  or  his  sense  of  various  mat-^ 
ters  of  weight  and  high  consequence,  relating  especially  to 
Jleiigion  and  State,"  London,  1689,  4to,  published  by 
Bichard  Milward,  amanuensis  to  our  author.  Dr.  Wilkins 
pbserveSy  that  there  are  many  things  in  this  book  inconsist- 
m%  yf\t\i  Seldiea's  gresi^  learning,  principl^s^  and  cbaracten 


332 


S  E  L  D  E  N. 


It  has,  bo wever,  acquired  popularity,  and  jsttll  continues  t^ 
be  printed,  as  an  anausing  and  edifying  manuaL  5.  ^^  Let- 
ters to  learned  men;''  among  which  several  to  archbi3bQp 
Usher  are  printed  in  the^  collection  of  letter^  at  the  end  of 
Parr's  life  of  that  prelate ;  and  two  letters  of  his  to  Mr* 
Thomas  Greaves  were  first  published  from  the  originals  by- 
Thomas  Birch,  M.  A.  and  F.  R.  S.  ir>  the  life  prefixed  to 
Birch's  edition  of  the  ^'  Miscellaneous  works  of  Mr.  Joha 
Greaves,"  Lond.  1737,  in  two  volumes,  8vo.  6.  "  Speechesi, 
ArguD^ents,  Debates,  &c.  in  Parliament.*''  7,  He  h?Kl  a 
considerable  hand  in,  and  gave  directions  and  advice  tOr. 
wards,  the  edition  of  **  Plutarch's  Lives,"  printed  in  1657, 
with  an  addition  of  the  year  of  the  world,  and  the  year  of 
our  Lord,  together  with  many  chronological  notes  and  ex-* 
plications.  His  works  were  collected  by  Djr.  David  WiU 
kins,,  and  printed  at  Loudon  in  three  volumes  fol.  1726. 
The  two  first  volumes  contain  his  Latin  works,  and  thei 
tiiird  his  English.  The  editor,  has  prefixed  a  long  life  of 
the  author,  and  added  several  pieces  never  published  be^- 
fore,  particularly  letters,  poems,  3cc.  In  1675  (here  was 
printed  at  London  in  4to,  **  Joannis  Seldeni  Angli  Lib«r 
de  Nummis,  &c.  Huic  accedit  Bibliotheca  Nummaria.". 
Put  this  superficial  tract  was  not  written  by  our  author,  but 
by  Alexander  Sardo  of  ferrara,  and  written  before  Seldeo 
was  born,  being  published  at  Mentss,  1575,  in  4tQ.  The 
**  fiiibliotheca  Niimmaria".subjoined  to  it  was  written  by  fa^ 
ther  Labbe  the  Jesuit' 

SELKIRK  (Alexander),  whose  adventures  have  given 
rise  tp  the  popular  romance  of  Robinson  Crusoe,'  was  born 
at  Largo,  in  Fifeshire,  in  Scotland,  about  167^,  and  was 
bred  a  seannan.  He  left  England  in  1703,  in  the  capacity 
of  sailing-master  of  a  small  vessel,  called  the  Cinque- Ports* 
Galley,  Charles  Pickering  captain ;  and  in  the  month  of 
September,  the  same  year,  he  sailed  from  Cork,  in  com- 
pany with  another  ship  of  26  guns  and  1^0  men,  called  the 
St.  George,  commanded  by  captain  William  Dampier,  in- 
tended to  cruise  against  the  Spaniards  in  the  South  sea.  Oil 
the  coast  of  Brasil,  Pickering  died,  and  was  succeeded  in 
the  command  by  lieutenant  Stradling.  They  proceeded 
round  Cape  Horn  to  the  island  of  Juan  Fernandez,  whence 
they  were  driven  by  the  appearance  of  two  French  ships  of 

*  Biog'.  Brit. — Gen.  Diet.— Life  by  Vtrilkinf.— Usher's  Life  and  Lettere. — Let- 
ten  of  emaineiit  Periont,  1&13,  3  vols.  St*.— Twells'*  Li^  of  Pocgck,  p.  4$-aai 
j^.— Aikia'i  I#im  dC  Sel4«B  %ni  Vtlmr.^-'JBrit.  C^it,  vol.  X^»^ 


SELKIRK.  33S. 

-96  guns,  each,  and  left  five  of  Stradling^s  men  on  tthore^ 
who  were  taken  off  by  the  French.  Hence  they  sailed  to 
the  coast  of  America,  where  Dampier  and  Stradling  qnar*- 
reliedy  and  separated  by  agreement.  This  was  in  the  month 
^f  May  1704;  and  in  the  following  September,  Stradling 
came  to  the  island  of  Juan  Fernandez,  where  Selkirk  and 
bis  captain  having  a  quarrel^  he  determined  to  remain  there 
alone.  But  when  the  ship  was  ready  to  sail^  his  resolution 
was  shaken,  and  he  desiiPed  to  be  taken  On  board ;  but  now 
the  captain  refused  his  request,  and  he  was  left  with  \ki% 
clothes,  bedding,  a  gun,  and  a  small  quantity  of  powder 
end  ball,  some  trifling  implements,  and  a  few  books,  with 
certain  mathematical  and  nautical  instruments.  Thus  left 
sole  monarch  of  the  island,  with  plenty  of  the  necessariea 
of  life,  he  found  himself  at  first  in  a  situation  scarcely  sup« 
pbruble ;  and  such  was  his  melancholy,  that  he  frequently 
determined  to  put  an  end  to  his  existehce.  It  was  full 
eighteen  months,  according  to  his  own  account,  before  he 
could  reconcile  himself  to  his  lot.  At  length  his  mind  be^ 
came  calm,  and  fully  reconciled  to  his  situation :  he  grew 
happy,  employed  his  time  in  building  and  decorating  his 
huts,  chasing  the  goats,  whom  he  soon  equalled  in  speedn 
and  scarcely  ever  failed  of  catching  them.  He  also  tamed 
young  kids,  and  other  animals^  to  be  his  companions.  Whea 
his  garments  were  worn  out,  he  made  others  from  the  skins 
of  the  goats,  whose  flesh  served  him  as  food.  His  only 
liquor  was  water.  He  computed  that  he  had  caught,  dur^ 
ing  his  abode  in  the  island,  about  1000  goats,  half  of  which 
he  had  suffered  to  go  at  large,  having  first  inarked  them 
with  a  slit  in  the  ear.  Commodore  Anson,  who  went  there 
30  years  after,  found  the  first  goat  which  they  shot,  had 
been  thus  marked ;  and  hence  they  concluded  that  it  had 
been  under  the  power  of  Selkirk.  Though  he  constant! j^ 
performed  his  devotions  at  stated  hours,  and  read  aloud, 
yefwfaen  he  was  taken  from  the  island,  his  language,  from 
disuse  of  conversation,  had  become  scarcely  intelligible. 
In  this  solitude  he  remained  four  years  and  four  months, 
<)uring  which  only  two  incidents  occurred  which  he  thought 
worthy  of  record.  The  first  was,  that  pursuing  a  goat  ea- 
gerly, hie  caught  at  the  edge  of  a  precipice,  of  which  he 
was  not  aware,  and  he  fell  over  to  the  bottom,  where  he 
lay  some  time  senseless ;  but  of  the  exact  space  of  time 
in  which  he  was  bereaved  of  bis  active  powers  he  could  not 
form  ati  accurate  estimate.    When,  however,  be  came  to 


854  S  £  L  It  1  R  a. 

fciAiseKy  be  found  thef  goat  lying  under  him  dead,  tt  wif 
with  difficulty  that  be  cojild  crawl  to  his  habitation,  and  it 
was  not  till  after  a  considerable  time  that  be  entirely  recch* 
yered  from  his  brAiises*  The  other  event  was  the  arrival 
of  a  ship,  which  he  at  first  supposed  to  be  French^  but^ 
upon  the  crew^s  lauding,  he  found  them  to  be  Spaniards, 
of  whom  he  hadtoo  great  a  dread  to  trust  himself  in  their 
]iand#«  They,  however,  had  seen  him,  and  he  found  it, 
extremely  difficult  to  make  his  escape.  In  this  solitude 
Selkirk  remained  until  the  2d  of  February^  1709,  when  he 
•aw  two  ships  come  to  the  bay,  and  knew  them  to  be  Eng«* 
lish*  He  immediately  lighted  a  fire  as  a  signal,  and  he 
founds  upon  the  landing  of  the  men,  that  they  were  two 
|>rivateerB  from  Bristol,  commanded  by  captains  Rogers  and 
Courtney.  These^  after  a  fortnight^s  stay  at  Juan  Fernan- 
dez, embarked,  taking  Selkirk  with  them,  and  returned  by 
way  of  the  East  Indies  to  England,  where  they  arrived  on 
the  1st  of  October,  1711;  Selkirk  having  been  absent  eight 
years.  The  public  curiosity  being  much  excited,  he,  after 
his  return,  di'ew  up  some  account  of  what  had  occurred 
during  his  solitary  exile,  which  he  put  into  the  hands  of 
Defoe,  who  made  it  the  foundation  of  his  welUkoow« 
work^  entitled  **  Robinson  Crusoe.^'  The  time  and  place 
•f  SelkirkV  death  are  not  on  record.  It  is  said,  that  so 
late  as  179S,  the  chest  and  «Qusket,  which  Selkirk  had  with 
bim  on  the  island,  were  in  possession  of  a  grand  nephew^ 
John  Selkirk,  a  weaver  in  Largo,  North  Britain.  Such  are 
the  particulars  of  this  man's  history  as  recorded  in  "Theh 
Englishman,''  No.  26,  and  elsewhere^  but  what  credit  is 
due  to  ity  we  do  not  pretend  to  say.' 

SENAC  (John),  a  distinguished  French  physician,  wa# 
born  in  Gasco»y  about  the  close  of  the  seTenteenth.  cen* 
turj%  and  is  said  to  have  been  a^doctorof  the  faculty  of 
physic  of  Rheims,  and  a  bachelor  of  that  of  Paris  ;  which 
last  degree  he  obtained  in  1724  or  1725«  He  was  a  mai^ 
of  profound  erudition,  united  with  great  modesty,  and  be* 
came  possessed,  by  his  industry  in  the  practice  of  his  pro* 
fessjon,  of  much  sound  medical  knowledge.  His  merits 
obtained  for  him  the  favour  of  the  court,  and  he  was  ap-^ 
pointed  consulting  physician  to  Louis  XV.  and  subse-* 
quently  succeeded  Chicoyneau  in  the  office  of  first  pbytt'* 
cian  to  that  monarch.     He  was  also  a  member  of  tha^yal^ 

^  Sinclair's  SUtistkal  Reports  of  Scotia nd.^^Cbalfflers^t  Life  af  Defoe,  Ibc*. 


S  £  N  A  a  SU 

tkcadbmy  of  sciences  at  Paris,  atid  of  th«  royal  society  of 
Nancy.  He  died  in  December  1770,  at  the  age  of  about 
ieventy-seven  years. 

This  able  physician  left  some  works  of  great  reputation, 
|>articularly  his  '<  Trait6  de  la  Structure  du  Cceur,  de  sofi 
iAction,  etde^es  Maiadies^'^  Paris,  1749,  in  two  volumes, 
4to.  An  essay  '*  De  recondite  febrium  intermittentium  et 
remittentium  naturft,'^  Amst.  1759,  is  generally  ascrilfed  fo 
Senac.  He  also  published  an  edition  of  Heister^s  Anatomy, 
Paris,  1724,  and  afterwards  '<  Discours  sur  la  M€thode  de 
Franco,  et  sur  celle  de  M.  Rau  toQchant  ^Operation  de  In 
Taille,^^  1727^  <*Trait£  des  Causes,  des  Accidens,  et  de 
la  Cure  de  la  Peste,"  1744.  A  work  under  the  assumed 
tiame  of  Julien  Morison,  entitled  **  Letjtres  sur  la  Choix  det 
Saign^eS)*'  1730,  was  from  his  pen;  but  the  ^'^Nouveaii 
Cours  de  Cbymie  suivant  les  Principes  de  Newton  et  de 
Stahl,^'  Paris,  1722  and  1737,  has  been  attributed  by  mis- 
take-to Senac ;  it  was  in  fact  a  compilation  of  notes  takefi 
«it  the  lectures  of  GeofFroy  by  some  students,  and  is  un* 
worthy  of  his  pen. 

His  son  Gabriel  Senac  de  Meilhan  possessed  political 
talents  which  promoted  him  in  the  reigns  of  Louis  XV.  and 
XVL  to  the  places  of  master  of  the  requests,  and  intendant 
/or  several  provinces*  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  revolu*- 
tion,  he  left  France,  and  was  received  at  some  of  the  Ger« 
fiian  courts  with  distinction.  He ,  afterwards  went  to  Sc 
Petersburgh,  where  Catherine  IL  gave  him  a  pension  of 
€000  roubles,  and  wished  him  to  write  the  aoinals  of  her 
ceign.  On  her  death  he  removed  to  Vienna,  where  he 
died  Aug.  16,  1603.  He  published,  <<  Memoires  d^Ann^ 
de  Gonzague,''  '^  Consideration  sur  les  Richesses  et  le 
Luxe;'*  a  translation  of  Tacitus ;  and  some  political  works 
on  the  revolution,  with  two  volumes  8vo,  of  **  Oeuvres  phi- 
losophiques  et  litteraires.^' ' 

SENAULT  (John  Francis),  an  eloquent  French  divinoi 
was  bom  in  1601,  at  Paris,  and  was  the  son  of  Peter  Sen- 
ault,  secretary  to  the  council  of  the  League.  He  entered 
young  into  the  congregation  of  the  oratory,  then  newly 
established  by  cardinal  de  BeruUe,  and  was  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  preachers  and  best  directors  of  his  time. 
He  preached  with  uncommon  reputation  during  forty  years, 
^^iTiris,  and  in  the  principal  cities  of  France,  and  wrote 

.    *  I  SlQy,  Diet  Bist,  4o  llsaime.-»Reeft*t  Cyclop8idia.-^2)ict  Hiit. 


tie  S  E  N  A  U  L  T. 


N 


several  books  on  pious  and  moral  subjects^  which  wer9 
much  esteemed  by  pious  catholics^  He  appears  to  have 
been  a  disinterested  man,  for  be  refused  some  considerable 
pensions,  and  two  bishoprics,  but  was  elected  general  of 
the  oratory  in  1662.  He  died  August  3,  1672,  at  Paris, 
aged  seventy-one.  His  priiicipal  works  are^  ^^  A  Para- 
phrase on  the  Book  of  Job,*'  8vo;  "  L' Usage  des  Passions,*' 
i2fn>9;  "L'Hbmme  Chretien,"  4to;  **  L'Homme  criminel,** 
4tp ;  *^  Le  Monarque,  ou  les  Devoirs  du  Souverain,*'.12mo; 
**  Panegyrics  on  the  Saints/'  3  vols.  8vo ;  and  the  Lives  of 
several  persons  illustrious  for  their  piety,  &c.  It  was  this 
•father,  says  UAvocat,  who  banished  from  the  pulpit  that 
empty  parade  of  profane  learning,  and  that  false  taste,  by 
which  it  was  degraded;  and  who  introduced  a  strong,  sub* 
lime,  and  majestic  eloquence,  suited  to  the  solemnity  of 
our  mysteries,  and  to  the  truths  of  our  holy  religion.' 

SENECA  (Lucius  Anmaub),  an  eminent  JStoic  phtioso^ 
pher,  was  born  at  Cordoba  in  Spain,  the  year  before  the 
.beginning  of  the  Christian  sera,  of  an  equestrian  family, 
which  had  probably  been  transplanted  thither  in  a  colony 
from  Rotne.  He  was  the  second  son  of  Marcos  Annseus 
Seneca,  commonly  called  the  rhetorician,  whos^  remains 
^re  printed  ui^der  the  title  of  "  Suasoriie  &  Controversise, 
cum  Declamationum  Excerptis;"  and  his  youngest  brother 
J^nnesus  Mela  (for  there  were  three  of  them)  was  memora- 
ble for  being  the  father  of  the  poet  Lucan.  He  was  re- 
moved to  Rome,  while  be  was  yet  in  his  infancy,  by  his^ 
aunt,  who  accompanied  him  on  account  of  the  delicacy  of 
his  healths  There  be  was  educated  in  thei  most  liberal 
manner,  alid  under  the  best  masters.  .  He  learned  his  elo- 
«quence  from  bis  father ;  but  preferring  philosophy  to  the 
declamations  of  the  rhetoricians,  he  put  himself  under  the 
stoics  Attalus)  Sotion,  and  Papirius  Fabian  us,  of  whom  he 
^has  made  honourable  mention  in  his  writings.  It  is  pro^ 
bable  too,  that  be  travelled  when  he  was  young,  since  we 
£nd  in  several  parts  of  his  works,  particularly  in  his 
•*  Quoestiones  Natnrales,*'  some  correct  and  curious  obser^ 
vations  on  Egypt  and  the  Nile.  But  these  pursuits  did  not 
at  all  cQrrespoud  with  that  scheme  of  life  which  his  father 
designed  ;  and  to  please  him,  Seneca  engaged  in  the  busi* 
ness  of  the  courts,  with  considerable  success,  although  be 
was  rather  an  argumentative  than  an  eloquent  pleadfer.  .  A« 


*o  t-orsica,  whsri. »:     .  "^ff®  and  th*.  «.    . ''''«a»  Seneca  wa* 
^'»  mother  i„  I® '**'  ^'"ed  eiVh!,  ^ """'"Bent, and ^;l!i 

J*«.  for  we  find  ^°''*"**''«nJhaT„^""*J''>e  qui! 
,^'«'^«  on  account  '?!>  '"^^ber  1 "  '""^  «''*^«  '"  2l 
r'"""  '■"  «  straTn  of  '''' "'''fortune  a^'/^P"**^"?  «»"cli 

'^««mperorVrXf^*'''ofMessfffP'''*  '^'^  ""ried  to 
wa"*'  procured  J«^' Seneca  froa,  ijjj/^  Prevailed  with 

«'«s  Burrhu,,  a  Z?  ^ '"^r  to  her  2in  ^^"^ '  and  after. 
tb»»icSporta„tchf/  ^;:i*»  Prefect  1    "  .^^°'  *nd  Afra- 

?^'i  B«rrhn,  !f  L^^'^ony,  and  S*P^"  executed  theit 
'ng  him  with  fJ^o    °'^'°'ne  discinHn  J    *''*  ""''itwy  "t,  and 


^*»«tin  C    *'  *<>"«*»  and  wf.tP***'-    «'tb  honour*     a 
<>««  inS^!'.""*'*ehadi„al^^^  ^^--e  the  most  i«ag, 

^c^x.  XXn,!''^''-^-.,  ^o^^Lr  with  the  luxury 


338  SENECA. 

.effeminacy  of  a  court,  are  said  not  to  have  produced  any 
improper  effect  upon  the  temper  and  di9positiQn  of  Seneca.^ 
He  continued  abstemiousi  correct  in  bis  \  niaQners,  and» 
above  ail,  free  from  flattery  and  ambition*  ^^  I  had  rather,^' 
.said  he  to  Nero,  **  offend  you  by  speaking  the  truth,  than 
pleasre  you  by  lying  and  flattery/*  It  is  certain  that  while 
he  bad  any  influence,  that  is,  during  the  first  five  years  of 
Nero^s  reign,  that  period  had  always  been  considered  as  a 
pattern  of  good  government.  But  when  Poppaea  and  Tigelli* 
Dus  had  insinuated  themselves  into  the  confidence  of  the 
etpperor^  and  hurried  him  into  the  most  extravagant  and 
abominable  vices,  he  naturally  grew  weary  of  his  master, 
whose  life  ipust  indeed  have  been  a  constant  rebuke  to 
hiii^.  When  Seneca  perceived  that  his  favour  declined  at 
•courts  and  that  he  had  many  accusers  about  the  prince, 
tivho  were  perpetually  whispering  in  his  ears  his  great  riches; 
his  magnificent  houses,  his  fine  gardens,  and  his  dangerous 
popularity,  h^  offered  to  return  all  his  opulence  and  favours 
to  the  tyrant,  who,  however,  refused  to  accept  them,  and 
assured  bint  of  the  continuance  of  his  esteem  ;  but  the  phi- 
losopher knew  his  disposition  too  well  to  rely  on  his  pro-* 
mises,  and  as  Tacitus  relates,  '' kept  no  more  levees,  de- 
elined  the  usual  civilities  which  had  been  paid  to  him,  and, 
under  a  pretence  of  indisposition  or  engagement,  avoided 
as  much  as  possible  to  appear  in  pubUc«"  It  was  not  long 
before  Seneca  was  convinced  that  he  bad  made  a  just>esti* 
;mate  of  the  sincerity  of  Nero,  who  now  attempted,  by 
means  of  Cleonicus,  a  freedman  of  Seneca,  to  take  him  off 
by  poison  ;  but  this  did  not  succeed.  In  the  mean  time 
Antonius  Natalis,  who  had  been  concerned  in  the  conspi* 
racy  of  Piso,  upon  his  examination,  in  order  to  court  the 
favour  of  Nero,  or  perhaps  even  at  his  instigation,  men- 
tioned Seneca  among  the  number  of  the  conspirators,  and 
to  give  some  colour  to  the  accusation,  pretended,  that  he 
had  been  sent  by  Piso  to  visit  Seneca  whilst  he  was  sick, 
and  to  complain  of  his  having  refused  to  see  Piso,  who  as  a 
friend  might  have  expected  free  access  to  him  upon  all  oc- 
casions ;  and  that  Seneca,  in  reply,  had  said,  that  frequent 
conversations  could  be  of  no  service  to  either  party,  but 
that  he  considered  his  own  safety  as  involved  in  that  of 
Piso.  Granius  Sylvanus,  tribune  of  the  praetorian  cohort, 
was  sent  to  ask  Seneca,  whether  he  recollected  what  had 
passed  between  himself  and  Natalis.  Seneca,  whether  by 
accident  or  design  is*  uncertain,  had  that  day  left  Campa- 


i^  £  N  £  0  A«  33f 

nia,  and  Wa&  at  his  country-seat^  about  four  miles  from  tbe 
eity.  In  the  evening,  while  he  was  at  supper  with  his  wife 
I'aullina  and  two  friends,  the  tribune,  with  a  military  band| 
came  to  the  house,  and  delivered  the  emperor*s  message. 
Seneca's  answer  was,  that  he  had  received  no  complaint 
from  Piso,  of  his  having  refused  to  see  him ;  and  that  the 
state  of  bis  healthy  which  required  repose^  had  been  bis 
apology^  He  added,  that  he  saw  no  reason  why  he  should 
prefer  the  safety  of  any  other  individual  to  his  own ;  and 
that  no  one  was  better  acquainted  than  Nero,  with  bis  in* 
dependent  spirit. 

This  reply  Icindled  the  emperor^s  indignation,  and  learn- 
ing from  the  messenger  that  Seneca  betrayed  no  symptoms 
of  terror  or  distress,  sent  him  a  peremptory  command  im- 
mediately to  put  himself  to  death.  This  too  Seneca  receiv<^ 
ed  with  perfect  composure,  and  asked  permission  of  the 
officer  who  brought  the  command,  to  alter  his  will ;  but  that 
being  refused,  he  requested  of  his  friends,  that  since  he  was 
not  allowed  to  leave  them  any  other  legacy,  they  would 
preserve  the  example  of  his  life,  and  exhorted  them  to  ex- 
ercise that  fortitude,  which  philosophy  taught.  After  some 
farther  conversation  with  these  friends,  be  embraced  his 
wife^  and  intreated  her  to  console  herself  with  the  recol* 
lection  of  his  virtues :  but  Paullina  refused  every  consola-^ 
tion,  except  that  of  dying  with  her  husband,  and  earnestly 
solicited  the  friendly  band  of  the  executioner.  ^Seneca, 
after  expressing  his  admiration  of  his  wife's  fortitude,  pro- 
ceeded to  obey  the  emperor's  fatal  mandate,  by  opening  a 
vein  in  each  arm  :  but,  through  his  advanced  age,  the  vital 
stream  flowed  so  reluctantly,  that  it  was  necessary  also  to 
open  the  veins  of  his  legs.  Still  finding  his  strength  ex^ 
hausted  without  any  prospect  of  a  speedy  release ;  in'  order 
to  alleviate,  if  possible,  the  anguish  of  his  wife,  who  was 
a  spectator  of  the  scene,  and  to  save  himself  the  torture  of 
witnessing  her  distress,  he  persuaded  her  to  withdraw  to 
another  chamber.  In  this  situation,  Seneca,  with  wonder- 
ful recollection  and  self-command,  dictated  many  philoso- 
phical reflections  to  his  secretary*  After  a  loQg  interval, 
his  friend  Statins  Anneus,  to  whom  be  complained  of  the 
tedious  delay  of  death,  gave  him  a  strong  dose  of  poison ; 
bi^t  even  this,  through  the  feeble  state  of  his  vital  powers^ 
produced  little  eflect.  At  last,  he  ordered  the  attendanu 
to  convey  him  into  a  warm  baib;  and,  as  he  entered,  be 
sprinkled  those  who  stood  near,  saying,  <^  (  offer  this  liba^ 


340  S'E-  N  E  C  A. 

tioti  to  Jtipitei'  the  delirerer.*'  Then,  plunging  inlf6  th^ 
bath,  be  was  soon  suffdcated.  His  body  was  consumed,* 
according  to  his  own  Express  order,  in  a  will  which  he  had 
made  in  the  height  of  his  prosperity,  without  any  funeral 
pomp. 

The  character,  the  system,  and  the  writings  of  this  phi- 
losopher have  been  subjects  of  much  dispute  among  the 
learned.  Concerning  his  character,  a  candid  judge,  who 
considers  the  virtuous  sentiments  with  which  his  writings 
abound,  the  temperate  and  abstemious  plan  of  Kfe  whicti 

\  be  pursued  in  the  midst  of  a  luxurious  court,  and  the  for«« 
titude  with  which  he  met  his  fate,  will  not  hastily  pro- 
DODnce  him  to  have  been  guilty  of  adultery,  upon  the  evi- 
<ience  of  the  infamous  Messalina ;  or  conclude  his  wealths 
to  have  been  the  reward  of  a  servile  compliance  with  the 
base  passions  of  his  pritice.  It  has  been  questioned  whe- 
ther Seneca  ought  to  be  ranked  among  the  stoic  or  the 
eclectic  philosophers  ;  and  the  freedom  of  judgment  which 
he  expressly  claims,  together  with  the  respect  which  he 
pays  to  philosophers  of  different  sects,  clearly  prove,  that 
be  did  not  implicitly  addict  himself  to  the  system  of  Zeno ; 
nor  can  the  contrary  be  inferred  from  his  speakiug  of  our 
Chrjsippus,  atid  our  Cleanthes  ;  for  he  speaks  also  of  our 
Demetrius,  and  oftr  Epicurus.  It  i^  evident,  however, 
from  the  general  tenor  and  spirit  of  his  writings,  that  be 
adhered,  in  the  main,  to  the  stoic  system.  With  respect  to 
his  Writings^  be  is  justly  censured  by  Quintilian,  and  other 
critics,  as  among  the  Romans  the  first  corrupter  of  style; 
yet  his  works  are  exceedingly  valuable,  on  account  of  the 
great  number  of  just  and  beautiful  moral  sentiments  which 
they  contain,  the  extensive  erudition  which  they  discover, 
and  the  happy  mixture  of  freedom  and  urbanity,  with 
which  they  cetisure  vice,  and  inculcate  good  morals.  The 
writings  of  Seneca,  except  his  books  of  ^'  Physical  Ques.- 

\   fions,"  are  ebiefly  of  the  moral  kind  :  they  consist  of  one 

hundred  and  twenty  •'four  ^^  Epistles,^*  and  distinct  treatises, 

■**  On  Anger;  Consolation;   Providence;    Tranquillity  of 

Mind;    Cpnstancy;    Clemency;*  the   Shortness  of  Life; 

a  Happy  Life ;  Retirement ;  Benefits." 

From  the  excellence  of  many  of  his  precepts,  some  barci 
imagined,  tliat  be  was  a  Cbriatian,  and  it  has  been  reported 
that  he  held  a  correspondence  with  St.  Paul  by  letters ;  but 
although  he  must  have  heard  of  Christ  and  his  doctrine, 
tjid  his  curiosity  might  tea4  him  U>  make  som^  io^uity 


$  E  N  E  C  A.  S4l 

0 

ahottt  tbem,  the  Ijetters  published  under  tbe  names  of  the 
Philosopher  and  Apostle,  have  long  been  declared  spurious 
by  the  critics,  and  perfectly  unworthy  of  either  of  tfaem. 
A  number  of  tragedies  are  extant  under  the  name  of  Se- 
neca,  written  in  a  bad  style,  but  it  is  uncertain  whether 
the  whole  or  any  of  them  were  by  this  Seneca.  Of  his  ;a6* 
know^ledged  works  Justus  Lipsius  published  the  first  good 
edition,  which  was  succeeded  by  the  Variorum,  1672,-3  vols. 
8vo,  and  others.  Of  the  tragedies,  the  best  are  those  of 
Scriverius,  1621,  the  Variorum,  1651,  &c.  and  Schroeder'Sf 
1728,  4to.* 

SENNERTUS  (Daniel),  an  eminent  pbysiciati  of  Ger- 
many, was  born  at  Breslaw,  where  his  father  was  a  shoe- 
maker, Nov.  25,  IS72.  He  was  sent  ip  the  university  of 
Wittemberg.  in  1593,  and  there  made  a  great  progress  in 
philosophy  and  physic,  after  which  he  visited  the  univer^ 
pities  of  Leipsic,  Jena,  and  Francfort  upon  the  Oder ;.  ^nd 
went  to  Berlin  in  1601,  whence  he  returned  to- Wittem- 
berg the  same  year,  and ,  was  promoted  to  the  degree  of 
doctor  in  physic,  apd  soon  after  to  a  professorship  in  the 
same  faculty.  He  was  the  first  who  introduced  the  study  of 
chemistry  into  that  university.  He  gained  great  reputa- 
tion by  his  writings  and  practice ;  patients  came  to  him 
from  all  parts,  among  whom  were  persons  of  the  first 
r^nk ;  bis  custom  Was  to  take  what  was  offered  >him  for  his 
advice,  but  demanded  iiothing^  and  restored  to  the  iEKX>r 
what  they  gavie  him.  The  plague,  was  about  neren  times 
at  Wittemberg  while  he  was  professor  tb^re ;  but  he  never 
retired^  nor  refused  to  assist  the  sick :  and  tbe  elector  of 
Saxony^  whom  he  had /cured  of  a  dangerous  illness. in  1638, 
thaugii  be  bad  appoi^nted  him  one  of  bis  pbysiciatis  in  ordi- 
n^ry^  yst  gave  him  leave  to  continue  at  Witteaiberg.  He 
probably  feUa^  sacrifice  to  his  hutpanity,  JEbrhe  died  of  the 
plague  at  Wittemberg,  July  21,  1637. 

Seonertus  was. »  vx)lttmio<HiA<  writer,  and  has  been  cha« 
racterized,  by  souve  critics,  as  a  mere  comfMler  from  tbe 
wor^s  of  tbe  ancients.  It  is  true  that  his  writings  contain 
an  epitome,  but,  it  must  be  addod^  a  most  comprehensive, 
(^lear,  and  judicious  epitome,  of  the  learning  of  tbe  Greeks 
K^  Arabians,  wbiQh  renders  them,  even  at  this  day,  of 
cpii^tderable  value  as  books  of  reference, ' and  is  highly, 
creditable*  considering  tbe  age  in  which  they  were  com-** 


842  S  E  N  N  E  K  T  U  S. 

posed,  to  bis  learning  and  discrimination.  It  must  not  be^ 
forgot  that  he 'also  attained  some  fame  as  a  philosopher, 
•  and  was  the  first  restorer  of  the  Epicurean  system  among 
the  moderns.  In  a  distinct  chapter  of  his  ^<  Hypomnemata 
Physica,"  or  "  I)eads  of  Physics,"  treating  of  atoms  and 
mixture,  he  embraces  the  atomic  system,  which  he  derives 
from  Mocbus  the  Phoenician.  He  supposes  that  the  pri- 
mary corpuscles  not  only  unite  in  the  formation  of  bodies, 
but  that  in  their  mutual  action  and  passion  they  undergo 
such  modifications,  that  they  cease  to  be  what  they  were 
before  their  union ;  and  maintains,  that  by  their  combina- 
tbn  all  material  forms  are  produced.  Sennertus,  however, 
confounded  thie  corpuscles  of  the  more  ancient  philoso- 
phers with  the  atoms  of  Pemocritus  and  Epictetus,  and 
held  that  each  element  has  primary  particles  peculiar  to 
itself.  His  works  have  often  been  printed  in  France  and 
Italy.  The  last  edition  is  that  of  Lyons,  1676,  in  6  vols, 
folio,  to  which  bis  life  is  prefixed.' 

SEPTALIUS,  or  SETTALA  (Louis),  an  Italian  phy- 
sician of  celebrity,  was  born  at  Milan,  in  February  1552, 
lie  evinced  great  talents  from  his  early  childhood,  and  at 
the  age  of  sixteen  defended  some  theses  on  the  subject  of 
liatural  philosophy  with  much  acnteness.  His  inclination 
leading  him  to  the  medical  profession^  he  repaired  to  Pavia, 
for  the  study  of  it,  and  obtained  the  degree  of  doctor  in 
his  twenty-first  year,  and  was  even  appointed  to  a  chair  in 
^is  celebrated  university  two  years  after.  At  the  end  of 
four  more  years  he  resigned  bis  professorship  to  devote 
bimself  entirely  to  practice  at  Milan,  and  while  here  Phi- 
lip III.  king  of  Spain,  selected  him  for  bis  historiographer ; 
but  neither  this,  nor  many  other  honours,  that  were  offered 
to  him,  could  induce  him  to  quit  his  native  city,  to  which 
h^  was  ardently  attached.  The  only  honour  which  he  ac* 
cepted  was  the  appointment  of  chief  physician  to  the  stat^ 
of  Milan,  which  Philip  IV.  conferred  upon  him  in  1627,  as 
a  reward  for  his  virtues  and  talents.  Ir\  1698,*  daring  the 
plague  at  Milan,  Septalius,  While  attending  the  infected, 
was  himself  seized  with  the  disei^se,  and  although  he  re- 
covered, be  had  afterwards  a  paralytic  attack,  which  greatly 
impaired  his  health.  He  died  in  September  16S3,  at  the 
age  of  eighty-one.  Septalius  Was  a  man  of  acute  powers^ 
f^nd  solid  judgment,  and  was  reputed  extremely  successfifl 

>  NiceroD,  toL  XIV.— Elo)r.--Brucker, 


S  E  P  T  A  L  I  US.  343 

f 

in  his  practice.  He  was  warmly  attached  to  the  doctrines 
of  Hippocratesi  whose  works  be  never  ceased  to  study. 
He  was  author  of  various  works,  auioug  which  are :  **  In 
Librum  Hippooratis  Coi,  de  Aeribus,  .Aquis,  et  LociS) 
Cooimentarii  quiuque/'  1 590 ;  '*  In  Aristoteiis  JProblemata' 
Commentaria  Latina/'  torn.  I.  1602,  II.  i607  ;  ^^  Animaci- 
versionum  et  Cautioiium  Medicarum  Libri  duo,  septem  aliis 
additi^*'  1629;  the  result  of  40  years  of  practice,  and  equal 
to  any  of  its  contemporaries  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
'<  De  Margaritis  Judicium,''  1618;  <<  De  Peste  et  Pes* 
tiferis  Affectibus  Libri  V.''  1622;  ^*  Analyticarum  et  Ani- 
masticarum  Dissertationum  Libri  II.''  1626,  &c.  &c*  * 

SEPULVEDA  (John  Genes,  de),  a  Spanish  writer  of 
no  good  fame,  was  born  at  Cordova  in  1491,  and  became 
historiographer  to  the  Emperor  Charles  V«  He  is  memor- 
able for  writing  a  ^f  Vindication  of  the  Cruelties  of  the 
Spaniards  against  the  Indians,''  in  opposition  to  Ihe  bene*-  - 
volent  pen  of  Barthelemi  de  laCasas.  Sepulveda  affirmed, 
that  such  cruelties  were  justifiable  .both  by  hiiman  and  di- 
vine laws,  as  well  as  by  the  rights  of  war.  It  is  an  act  of 
justice  to  Charles  V.  to  mention  that  he  suppressed  the 
publication  of  Sepalveda's  book  in  his  dominions ;  but  it 
was  published  at  Rome*  This  advocate  for  the  greatest 
barbarities  that  ever  disgraced  human  nature,  died  at 
fialaqaanca  in  1572.  He  was  author  of  various  works  be- 
sides that  above  mentioned ;  in  particular,  of  some  Latin 
letters,  a  translation  from  Aristotle,  with  notes,  a  life  of 
Charles  V.  &;c.  printed  together  at  Madrid  in  1760,  4  vols. 
4to«  under  the  care  of  the  royal  academy  of  history,  a 
proof  that  .he  stUl  holds  his  rank  among  Spanish  authors.' 

SERAPION  (John),  or  John  the  son  of  Serapion,  a  A 
Arabian  physician,  lived  between  the  time  of  Mesne  and 
Bhazes,  and  was  probably  the  first  writer  on  physic  in  the 
Arabic  language,  Ilaly  Abbas,  when  giving  an  account  of 
the  wdnks-of  his  countryn^en,. describes  the  writings  of  Se- 
rapion, as  containing  only  an  account  of  the  cure  of  dis- 
eases, widiout  any  precepts  concerning  the'preservation  of 
beaith,  or  relating  to  surgery;  and  be  makes  many  critical 
observations,  wbichy'  Dr.  Freind  observes,  are  sufficient 
proofs  of  the  geniiine  existence  of  the  works  ascribed  to 
Serapion,  from  their  tri^th  and  cocrectness.    Rhazes  also 

t  Elov,  Diet.  Hist,  de  Medecine^-^Kees's  Cyclopaedia, 

8  Niceioo,  vol.  XXHI.— AntOM.  B.b|.  H.  p.   .,  .       ,      .    ' 


34*  S  E  R  A  P  I  O  N. 

quotes  them  frequently  in  bis  ^^  Continent,^*  Serajtiott 
iDUst  have  lived  towards  the  middle  of  the  ninth  t;entury/ 
and  not  in  the  reign  of  Leo  Isaurus,  about  the  year  730,  asr 
some  have  stated.  One  circamstance  remarkable  in  Sera*^ 
pion.  Dr.  Freind  observes,  is|  that  he  often  transcribes  the 
writings  of  Alexander  Trallian,  an  author  with  whom  few  of 
the  other  Arabians  appear  to  be  much  acquainted.  This 
work  of  Serapion  has  been  published,  in  translations,  by 
Gerard  of  Cremona,  under  the  title  of  '^  Practical  Dicta 
Breviarum;^'  and  by  Torinus,  under  that  of  ^^  Therapeu- 
tics Methodus."  There  is  another  Sebapign,  whom 
Sprengel  calb  the  younger^  and  places*  180  years  later  than 
the  former,  and  who  was  probably  the  author  of  a  work  on 
the  materia  medica,  entitled  <^  De  Medicamentis  tarn  sim*- 
pUcibuSy  quam .  compositis.'*  This  work  bears  intrinsic 
evidence  of  being  produced  at  a  much  later* period,  since 
authors  are  quoted  who  lived  much  posterior  to  Rhazes.  ^ 

SERARIUS  (Nicholas),  a  learned  Jesuit  and  commen- 
tator on  the  Scriptures,  was  bom  in  1555,  at  Ramberwiiler 
in  Lorrain.  After  studying  the  languages,  he  taught  ethics^ 
philosophy,  and  theology  at  Wurtzberg  and  Mentz,  in 
which  last  city  he  died,  May  20,  1610,  leaving  many 
works,  of  which  the  following  are  the  principal  :  ^^  Com- 
inentaries  on  several  Books  of  the  Bible,*'  Mogunt.  1611; 
>' Opuscula  Theologica,"  3  torn*  foL;  and  others  which 
are  qfllected  in  16  vols.  fol.  Dupin  gives  this  author 
some  praise,  but.  objects  to  him  as  dealing  too  much  in 
^ligreSsion,  and  as  frequently  being  a  trifling  and  incon- 
elusive  reasoner.  ^ 

.  SERASSI  (P£T£K  Anthokv),  an  Italian  biographer, 
was  born  at  Bergamo  in  1721,. and  at  the  age  of  twenty  had 
ao  distinguished  himself  as  to  be  elected  a  member  of  the 
academy-  of  Transformati  at  Milan,  andv  on  his  return  to 
Sergmnoy  was  appointed  professor  of  the  belles  lettres.  In 
1741?,  he  published  his  ^^  Opinion  concerning  the  country 
of  .Bernardo  and  of  Tprquato  Tasso,*'  a.  tract  in  which  he 
vindicated,  to  the  district  of  Bergamo,  the  honour  of  being 
the  native  country  of  these  poets,  which  bad  been  dented 
by  Seghezzi,  the  author  of  a  very  elegant  life  of  Bernardo  ; 
but  Seghezzi  now  candidly  confesiBed  that  bis  opponeift 
was  right,  and  that  he^should  treat  .the  subject,  differently, 
were  he  again  to  write  on  it.     In  the  succeeding  yearsj^ 

\  7rein4'(  UwU  of  Pbysic^Reef's  Cyctop«94ia,         ^  Puptii,^|>ict  Qiit, 


S  £  R  A  S  S  I.  3^5 

« 

Serassi  publi^ed  editions  of  several  of  the  best  f taliaa 
writers,  with  their  lives,  particularly  Maffei,  Molza,  Poli^ 
thn,  Capella,  Dante>  Petrarch,  &c.  The  most  distin- 
guished of  bis  biographical  productions,  however,  was  his 
lifeofTasso,  .1785,  2  vols.  4to,  on  which  be  had  been 
employed  during  twenty  years.  Mr..  Black,  in  his  life  of 
that  eminent  poet,  has  availed  himself  of  Serassi*s  work, 
but  not  without  discovering  its  defects.  Serassi  also  pub« 
lished  a  life  of  <'  Jacopo  Mazzoni,  patrician  of  Cesse^na,** 
a  parsonage  little  known,  but  whose  history  he  has  rendered 
interesting.  Serassi  was  employed  in  some  offices  under 
the  papal  governpneotj  and  in  the  college  of  Propaganda. 
He  died  Feb.  19,  1791,  at  Rome,  in  the  seventieth  year  of 
his  age.  A  monuarent  was  erected  to  his  memory  in  the 
church  of  St.  Maria,  in  Via  lata,  where  he  was  interred  ; 
and  the  city  of  Bergamo  ordered  a  medal  to  be  struck  to  bis 
honour,  with  the  inscription  ^^  Propagatori  patriae  laudis.*' ' 

SERGARDI  (Louis),  ah  eminent  satirist,  was  born  at 
Sienna  in  the  seventeenth  century,  and  going  to  Rom^, 
became  so  distinguis.hed  for  his  talents  that  he  was  made  a 
bishop.  His  Latin  <^  Satires^'  were  published  under  the 
name  of  Quintus  Sectanus,  and  ai*e  said  to  rank  among  the 
purest  imitations  of  Horace's  style  and  manner.  He 
would  have  deserved  to  have  been  considered  as  the  first  of 
moral  satirists,  bad  he  confined  himself  to  the  vices  and 
follies  of  his  time,  but  much  of  his  ridicule  is  bestowed  on 
the  celebrated  Gravioa^  who,  with  all  his  failings,  ought  to 
liave  been  exempted  from  an  attack  of  this  kind.  Sergardi 
died  in  1727.  The  editions  of  his  satires  are :  1.  *^  Sectani 
Satyrae  jcix.  in.Phylodemum,  cum  notis  variorum.^'  Colon. 
1698,  8vo.  2.  ^*  SatyrsB  numero  aucts,  mendis  purgatae^ 
&c.  cum  notis  anonymi:  concinnante  P.  Antoniauo.'*  Amst. 
Elzevir  (Naples),  1700,  2  vols,  8vo.  3.  "  Sergardii  Lud. 
ailtehax;  Q.  Sectani,  Satyra;,  et  alia  opera»'*  Luc.  1783,  4 
vols.  8vo.^^ 

SERRANUS  (Joannes),  or  John  de  Serres,  a  learned 
Frenchman,  was  born  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  wa«  of 
jthe  reformed  religion.  His  parents  sent  him  to  Lausanne, 
where  he  was  taught  Latin  and  Greek,  and  attached  him- 
self o^uch  to  the  philosophy  of  Plato  and  Aristotle;  but,^ 
on  his  return  to  France,  he  studied  divinity,  in  order  to 
qualify  himself  for  the  ministry.     He  began  to  distinguisil 

*  Life  by  DamiaDi  in  AtbenaBum,  toI.  V, — Black's  Preface  to  his  Life  of  Tasso, 

•  f  abroni  Viic  ItaIoruai>  vol.  X. — Laodi  Hist,  de  la  Luuratuie  d^iiaUe,  vol.  V, 


S46  S  £  R  R  A  N  U  S. 

himself  by  his  writings  in  1570;  and,  in  1593,  was  pbligecl 
to  take  refuge  in  ILausanne,  after  the  dreadful  massacre  oq 
St.  Bartholpm^w^s  day.  Returning  soon  to  France,  he 
published  a  piece  in  French,  called  *<  A  Remonstrance  to 
the  king  upon  some  pernicious  principles  in  Bodin*s  book 
de  Republica  :^'  in  which  he  was  thought  to  treat  Bodin  so 
injuriously,  that  Henry  III.  ordered  him  to  prison.  Ob- 
taining bis  liberty,  he  became  a  minister  of  Nismes  in 
158S,  but  never  was  looked  upon  as  a  very  zealous  pro* 
testant;  and  some  have  gone  so  far  as  to  say,  but  without 
sufficient  foundation,  that  he  actually  abjured  it.  He  is, 
however,  supposed  to  have  beep  one  of  those  four  minis* 
ters,  who  declared  tq  Henry  IV.  that  a  man  might  be 
saved  in  the  popish  as  well  as  the  protestant  religion ;  a 
concession  which  certainly  did  not  please  his  brethren^ 
He  published,  in  1597,  with  a  view  to  reconcile  the  two 
religions,  ^^  De  Fide  Catholica,  sive  de  principiis  religionis 
Christianas,  communi  omnium  consensu  semper  et  ubique 
ratis ;"  a  work  as  little  relished  by  the  catholics,  as  by  the 
protestants.  He  died  suddenly  in  1598,  when  he  was  not 
more  than  fifty,  and  the  popbb  party  circulated  a  report 
that  his  brethren  of  Geneva  had  poisoned  him. 

He  published  several  works  in  Latin  and  in  French, 
relating  to  the  history  of  France;  among  the  rest,  in 
French  :  ^^  M^moires  de  la  troisieoae  Guerre  Civile,  et  der« 
niers  troubles  de  France  sous  Charles  IX.,  &c.  ;^'  *^  Inven* 
taire  g^n^rsil  de  PHistoire  de  France,  illustre  par  la  con- 
f^renc^  de  TEglise  et  de  TEmpire,  ^c.  ;*'  '*  Recueil  de^ 
choses  m6morables  avenues  en  France  sous  Henri  IL 
l^rangois  IL  Charles  IX.  ^t  Henri  III.*'  &c.  These  have 
been  many  times  reprinted,  with  continuations  and  im- 
provements ;  but  it  is  objected  that  Serranus  b  not  always 
impartial.  Besides  his  theological  works,  he  is  pertiaps 
best  known  for  his  ^^  Latin  version  of  Plato,'*  which  was 
printed  with  Henry  Stephens's  magnificent  edition  of  that 
author's  works,  1578,  3  vols.  fol.  This  translation,  although 
more  elegant,  is  not  thought  so  faithful  as  that  of  Ficinus. 
Stephens  had  a  very  high  opinion  of  Serranus,  and  printed 
in  1573,  twenty-four  of  the  Psalms,  translated  by  Serranus 
into  Greek  verse,  with  two  **  Idyllia"  from  Daniel  and 
Isaiah.  Of  this  very  rare  volume,  Francis  Okely  published 
anew  edition  at  London  in  1772,  12mo.  * 

>  Nicerooi  vol,  IV.— Morer'u 


8ERVANDONI. 

8ERVANDONI  (John  Nicholas),  an  ingenious  iwf«fc^ 
tect  and  machinist,  was  born  at  Florence  in  i%95.  He 
rendered  himself  famous  by  his  exquisite  taste  in  architec- 
ture, and  by  his  genius  for  decorations,  fete9,  and  build*' 
ings.  He  was  employed  and  rewarded  by  most  of  the 
princes  of  Europe.  He  was  bonouredin  Portugal  with  the 
order  of  Christ.  In  France  he  was  arphitect  and  painter  to 
the  King,  and  member  of  the  different  academies  esta- 
blished for  the  advancement  of  these  arts.  He  receivecl 
the  same  titles  from  the  kings  of  Britain,  Spain,  Poland, 
and  from  the  duke  of  Wirtemberg ;  but  notwithstanding 
these  advantages,  his  want  of  economy  was  so  great,  that 
he  left  nothing  behind  hinu  He  died  at  Paris  in  1766. 
Paris  is  indebted  to  him  for  many  of  its  ornaments.  He 
made  decorations  also  for  the  theatres  of  London  and 
Dresden.  The  French  king^s  theatre,  called  la  saUe  des 
machines^  was  under  his  management  for  some  time.  He 
was  permitted  to  exhibit  shows  consisting  of  single  decora- 
tions, some  of  which  are  said  to  have  been  astonishingly 
sublime,  as  his  representations  of  St.  Peter's  of  Rome ; 
the  descent  of  iBneas  into  hell ;  the  enchanted  forest ; 
and  the  triumph  of  conjugal  love  ;  the  travels  of  Ulysses  ; 
Hero  and  Leander;  and  the  conquest  of  the  Mogul  by 
Thamas  KouHkan.  He  built  and  embellished  a  theatre  at 
Chambon  for  Mareschal  Saxe,  and  had  the  management  of 
It  great  number  of  fetes  in  Paris,  Vienna,  London,  and 
Lisbon.  Frederick  prince  of  Wales,  too,  engaged  him  in 
his  service :  but  the  death  of  his  royal  highness  prevented 
%he  execution  of  the  designs  which  had  been  projected; 
Among  his  most  admired  architectural  performances,  are 
the  portal,  and  many  of  the  interior  decorations  of  the 
church  of  St.  Sulpice,  at  Paris  :  the  great  parish  church  of 
Coulanges  in  Burgundy:  the  great  altar  of  the  metropoli- 
tan church  of  Sens ;  and  of  the  Chartreux  at  Lyons,  Ace. 
«cc.' 

8ERVETU8  (Michael),  a  famous  Anti-trinitarian,  and 
the  great  martyr  of  the  Socinian  sect,  was  born  in  1509,  at 
.<yplaneuva  in  Arragon,  or  at  Tudela  in  Navarre,  in  I5l\. 
His  father,  who  was  a  notary,  sent  him  to  the  university  of 
Toulouse,  to  study  the  civil  law :  and  there,  or  as  some 
say,  when  in  Italy,  be  imbibed  his  peculiar  notions  re- 

\  Diet.  Hist — Kncycl.    BriUn.«--Necrologit   des  ifommes   Ce)sbrei,   poor 


S4S  S  E  R  V  E  T  U  S. 

specting  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity.  After  he  had  beert 
two  or  three  years  at  Toalouse  he  resolved  to  remove  inio 
Germany,  and  propagate  his  opinions.  He  went  to  Basils 
by  way  of  Lyons  and  Geneva;  and,  having  had  some  con- 
ferences at  Basil  with  Oecolampaditrs,  set  out  for  Stras*'* 
burg,  to  converse  with  Bucer  and  Capito,  two  celebrated  re- 
formers of  that  city.  At  bis  departure  from  Basil  be  left  a 
mannscript,  entitled  **  De  Trinitatis  Erroribus/'  in  the 
bands  of  a  bookseller,  who  sent  it  afterwards  to  Haguenau; 
whither  Servetus  went,  and  had  it  printed  in  1531.  The 
next  year,  he  printed  likewise  at  Haguenau  another  book, 
with  this  title,  ^^  Dialogorum  de  Trinitate  libri  duo :"  ih 
ao  advertisement  to  which  h^  retraas  what  he  bad  written 
in  his  former  book  against  the  Trinity,  not  a^  it  was  false^ 
but  because  it  was  written  impeVfectly  and  confusedly. 
He  then  resolved  to  return  to  France,  because  he  w|ts 
poor,  and  did  not  un^ers^nd  the  German  language ;  as  be 
alleged  upon  his  trial  to  the  judges,  when  they  asked  bim 
why  he  left  Germany.  He  went  accordingly  to  Basil, 
thence  to  Lyons,  where  he  lived  two  or  thr^e  years^  and 
afterwards  to  Paris,  where,  having  studied  physic  under 
Sylvius',  Fernelius,  and  other  professors,  he  took  his  degree 
of  master  of  arts,  and  was  admitted  doctor  of  physic  in  the' 
university.  He  now  settled  as  a  practitioner  for  two.  or 
three  years  in  a  town  near  Lyons,  and  then  a^  Vienne  in 
Dauphiny,  1for  the  space  of  ten  or  twelve.  la  the  meau 
time,  bis  writings  against  the  Trinity  had  excited  the  indig- 
nation of  the  German  divines,  and  spread  bis  name  through- 
out all  Europe*  In  1533,  before  he  had  left  Lyons,  Me^ 
lancthon  wrote  a  letter  to  Camerarius,  in  which  he  allowed 
that  Servetus  was  evidently  an  acute  and  crafty  disputant^ 
but  confused  and  indigested  in  his  thoughts,  and  certainly 
ivanting  in  point  of  gravity.  While  Servetus  was  at  Paris, 
bis  books  being  dispersed  in  Italy,  were  very  much  ap-» 
proved  by  many  who  had  thoughts  of  forsaking  the  churc^ 
of  Rome:  which,  in  1539,  excited  Melancthon  to  write  a 
letter  to  the  senate  of  Venice,  importing,  that  ^^  a  book  of 
Servetus^  who  had  revived,  the  error  of  Paul  us  Samosatenu%^ 
was  handed  about  in  their  country,  and  beseeching  them 
to  take  care,  that  the  impious  error  of  that  man  may  be 
avoided,  rejected,  and  abhorred."  Servetus  was  at  Lyou^ 
in  U»42,  before  be  settled  in  Vienne;  and  corrected  th# 
proofs  of  a  Latin  Bible  that  was  printing  there,  to  wbith 
he  added  a  preface   and    some  marginal  notes^   undei* 


S  £  H  V  E  T  U  S.  349 

# 
^*  ■         »        •  ,  ... 

tbe  name  of  Villanovanus,  from  the  town  where  he  was 
born. 

-  During  this  time,  Calvin,  who  was  the  head  of  the  chirrch 
at  Geneva,  kept  a  constant  correspondence  with  Servetus 
by  letters,  and  as  he  tells  us,  endeavoured,  for  the  space  of 
sixteen  years,  to  reclaim  that  physician  from  his  errors?. 
Beza  informs  us,  that  Calvin  knew.  Servf tus  at  Paris,  and 
opposed  bis  doctrine;  and  adds,  that  Servetus,  having  ^it- 
gaged  to  dispute  with  Calvin,  durst  not  appear  at  the  time 
and  place  appointed.  Servetus  wrote  several  letters  to 
Calvin  at  Geneva  from  Lyons  and  Dauphin^,  and  consulte4 
bim  about  several  points :  he  also  sent  him  a  manuscri|)tk 
for  his  o[)inion,  which,  with  some  of  bis  private  lettersj 
Calvin  is 'said  to  have  produced  against  him  at  his  trial. 

-  Servetus,  however,  was  inflexible  in  his  opinions,  and 
determined  to  publish  a  third  work  in  favour  of  them.  This 
canle  out  in  1553,  at  Vienne,  with  this  title,  "  Christianis- 
mi  Restitutio,*'  &c.  without  his  name,  but  being  discovered 
to  be  the  author,  he  was  imprisoned  at  Vienne, .  and  wotifd 
<;ertainly  have  been  burnt  alive  if  he  bad  not  made  hiv 
^eape;  however,  sentence  was  passed  on  him,  and  hii 
effigies  was  carried  to  the  place  of  execution,  fastened  to  a 
gibbet,  and  afterwards  buimed,  with  five  bales  of  his  books. 
Sei'vetus  in  the  mean  time  was  retiring  to  Naples,  where  he 
hoped  to  practise  physic  with  the  same  high  reputation  as 
be'  bad  practised  at  Vienne;  yet  was  so' imprudent  as  to 
take  his  way  through  Geneva,  where  he  was  seized  and  case 
into  prison ;  and  a  prosecution  was  presently  cotnmenced 
Against  him  for  heresy  and  blasphemy.  The  articles  of  his 
accusation  were  numerous,  and  extracted  from  his  various 
writings;  some  of  them  are  decidedly  on  the  point  of  his 
anti-trinitarianism,  others  are  jnore  trivial.  The  magis- 
trates, however,  being  sensible  that  the  trial  of  Servetus 
ivai  a  thing  of  th^  highest  consequence^  did  not  think  fit  to 
^ive  sentence,  without  consulting  the  magistrates  of  the 
Protestant  cantons  of  Switzerland :  to  whom,  therefore, 
they  sent  Servetus's  book,  printed  at  Vi^nne^  and  also  the 
writing*  of  Calvin^  with  Servetus's  answers ;  and  at  .the 
same  tiiue  desired  to  have  the  opinion  of  their  divines  about 
thataifair.  They  all  gave  vote  against  him,  as  Beza  him- 
iielf  relates ;  4n  consequence  of  which  he  was  condemned 
and  burnt  alive,  Oct.  27,  1553.  His  death  has  been  made 
the  occasion  of  numerous  attacks  on  the  character  and 
mexpory  of  Calvin,  who;  however,  has  a  tery  able  advocate 


y 


%M  SfeitVEtl^S. 

in  the  life  of  Servetus  by  Cbaufepie,  translated  by  the  Re^« 
James  Yair,  minister  of  the  Scots  church  ici  Campvere, 
1771,  8vo.  Servetus^s  death  may  more  properly  be  refer- 
red to  the  Spirit  of  the  times,  and  may  justly  form  a  reflec-^ 
lion  on  the  reformers  in  general,  who  were  adoptirxg  the 
intolerant  practices  of  the  church  which  they  bad  left. 

Servetus  was  a  man  of  great  acuteness  and  learning.  He 
wa3  not  only  deeply  versed  in  what  w6  usually  call  sacred 
and  prophane  literature,  but  also  an  adept  in  the  arts  and 
sciences.  He  observed  upon  his  trial,  that  he  bad  professed 
mathematics  at  Paris ;  although  we  do  not  find  when,  nor 
under  what  circumstances.  He  was  so  admirably  skilled  id 
his  own  profession,  that  he  appears  to  have  had  some  know- 
ledge of  the  circulation  of  the  blood ;  although  very  short 
of  the  clear  and  full  discovery  made  by  Harvey.  Our  iearn-* 
ed  Wotton  says,  ^^  The  first  that  I  could  ever  find,  who 
had  a  distinct  idea  of  this  matter,  was  Michael  Servetus,  si 
Spanish  physician,  who  was  burnt  for  Arianism  at  Geneva, 
near  140  years  ago.  Well  had  it  been  for  the  charch  of 
Christ,  if  he  had  wholly  confined  himself  to  his  own  pro- 
fession !  His  sagacity  in  this  particular,  before  so  much  in 
•the  dark,  gives  us  gre^t  reason  to  believe,  that  the  world 
might  then  have  just  cause  to  have  blessed  his  memory.  In 
m  book  of  bis,  entitled  <  Christianismi  Restitutio,'  printed 
in  155s,  he  clearly  asserts,  that  the  blood  passes  through 
the  lungs,  from  the  left  to  the  right  ventricle  of  the  hear^ 
and  liot  through  the  partition  which  divides  the  two  ventri- 
cles, as  was  at  that  time  commonly  believed.  How  he  in-» 
troduces  it,  of  in  which  of  the  six  discourses,  into  which 
Servetus  divided  his  book,  it  is  to  be  found,  I  know  not« 
having  never  seen  the  book  myself.  Mr.  Charles  Bernard, 
a  very  learned  and  eminent  surgeon  of  London,  who  did 
me  the  favour  to  communicate  this  passage  to  me,  set  down 
at  length  in  the  margin,  which  was  transcribed  out  of  Ser- 
vetus, could  inform  me  no  farther,  only  that  be  had  it  from 
a  learned  friend  of  his,  who  had  himself  copied  it  from 
Servetus."  The  original  editions  of  Servetus's  works  are 
very  scarce,  and  they  have  not  been  often  reprinted,  but 
his  doctrines  may  be  traced  in  various  Socinian  systems.' 

SERVIN  (Louis),  a. celebrated  lawyer  in  France,  who 
flourished  at  the  sixteenth  and  beginning  of  the  seventjeenth 
centuries,  was  descended  of  a  good  family  in  the  Yendo- 

^  Cbaufepte.r*Mo«h€iiii« 


S  E  R  V  I  N,  351 

mois.  In  1589  he  was  appointed  advocate*genetal  to  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  and  distinguished  himself  in  that  sta- 
tion by  his  zealous  support  of  the  liberties  of  the  Gallican 
church,  and  his  opposition  to  the  pretensions  of  the  court 
of  Rome.  In  1590  he  published  a  work  in  favour  of  Henry 
IV.  who  had  succeeded  to  the  crown,  entitled  ^*  VindicisD 
secundum  Libertatem  Ecclesiae  Gallicanse,  et  Defensio  Re- 
gii  Status  Gallo-Francorum  sub  Henrico  IV.  Rege.*'  In 
1598,  being  joined  in  a  commission  for  the  reformation  of 
the  university  of  Paris,  he  delivered  ^' a  remonstrance"  on 
the  subject,  which  was  printed.  To  him  also  is  attributed 
a  work  in  favour  of  the  republic  of  Venice  in  the  affairs  of 
the  interdict.  In  the  reign  of  Lewis  XIII.  at  a  bed  of  jus*- 
tice  holden  in  1620,  he  made  strong  and  animate.d  remon- 
strances in  favour  of  the  right  of  parliament  to  register 
royal  edicts.  On  another  similar  occasion,  in  1626,  for 
the  purpose  of  compelling  the  registry  of  some  financial 
edicts,  as  he  was  firmly  but  respectfully  making  fresh  re- 
monstrances to  his  majesty,  he  suddenly  fell  and  expired  at 
the  king's  feet' 

SERVIUS  (Maurus  Honoratus),  a  celebrated  gram* 
mariao  and  critic  of  antiquity,  flourished  in  the  fifth  cen- 
tury. He  is  known  now  chiefly  by  his  cominentaries  upon 
Virgil,  which  Barthius  and  others  have  supposed  to  be  no- 
thinjg  more  than  a  collection  of  ancient  criticisms  and  re- 
marks upon  that  poet,  made  by.  Servius.  They  were  first 
.published  by  Valdarfer  in  1471,  and  reprinted  several 
times  in  that  century,  afterwards  in  an  edition  of  Virgil, 
at  Paris,  by  Robert  Stephens,  1532,  in  folio,  and  by  Ful- 
yius  Ursinus,  in  1569,  Svo.  A  better  edition  was  given  by 
Peter  Daniel  at  Paris,  in  1600;  but  the  best  isthat  printed 
with  the  edition  of  Virgil,  by  Masvicius,  in  1717,  4to« 
Burman,  in  his  edition  of  1746,  has  so  blended  these  notes 
with  those  of  Heinsius,  as  to  render  it  difficult  to  determine 
how  he  reconciles  their  opposite  authorities.  There  is  also 
extant,  and  printed  in  several  editions  of  the  ancient  gram- 
marians, a  piece  of  Servius  upon  the  feet  of  verses  and  the 
quantity  of  syllables,  called  ^*  Centimetrum.^'  This  was 
first  printed  in  1476.  Macrobius  has  spoken  highly  of 
Servius,  and  makes  him  one  of  the  speakers  in  his  '^  Sa- 
turnalia.*" 

'    I  Moreri.— Dicr.  Hi8t. 

'  *  Fabwic.  Bibl.  Lat.— Baillet  Jufemens.— Saxli  Ooomatt. 


$i2  g  E  t  T  L  £. 

SEtTAL.     See  SEPTALIUS. 

SETTLE  (Elkanah),  a  poetaster,  much  noticed  in  p<fe* 
lical  history,  and  of  whom,  therefore,  some  account  may 
be  expected,  was  the  son  of  Joseph  Settle,  of  Dunstable^ 
in  Bedfordshire^  and  was  bom  in  1648.  In  1666  be  wad 
entered  a  commoner  of  Trinity  College,  Oxfprd,  but  quit- 
ted the  university  and  came  to  London  probably  in  the 
following  year,  when  he  commiehced  author  ^nd  politician. 
At  his  outset  he  joined  the  whigs,  who  were  then,  though 
the  minor,  yet  a  powerful  party,  and  employed  his  talents 
in  their  support.  Afterwards,  he  went  over  to  the  other 
side,  and  wrote  for  the  tories  with  as  much  spirit,  and 
doubtless  as  much  principle,  as  he  had  employed  for  the 
whigs.  Among  other  efiiisions,  be  published  a  heroic 
poem  on  the  coronation  of  James  II.;  and  wrote  paragraphs 
and  essays  in  the  newspapers  in  support  of  the  administra-^ 
%ion.  In  this. change  of  party  he  bad  woefully  miscalcu-* 
hited;  the  revolution  took  place, -and  from  that  period 
having  lost  the  little  credit  he  had,  be  lived  poor  and  de« 
spised,  subject  to  all  the  miseries  of  the  most  abject  state 
of  indigence,  and  destitute  of  any  advantageous  and  repu- 
table connection.  In  1680  he  was  so  violent  a  whig,  that 
the  famous  ceremony  of  pope-burning  on  the  17th  of  No- 
vember was  entrusted  to  his  management,  and  he  seems 
to  have  been  at  that  time  much  in  the  confidence  of  those 
who  opposed  government.  After  his  change  he  became 
equally  violent  against  those  with  whom  be  had  before 
associated,  and  actually  entered  himself  a  trooper  in  king 
James's  army  at  Hounslow  Heath.  In  the  latter  part  of 
his  life  he  was  so  reduced  as  to  attend  a  booth  in  Bartholo- 
mew-fair, the  keepers  of  which  gave  him  a  salary  for  writ- 
ing drolls.  He  also  was  obliged  to  appear  in  bis  old  age 
as  a  performer  in  these  wretched  theatrical  exhibitions, 
and,  in  a  farce  called  **  St.  George  for  England,**  acted  a 
dragon  inclosed  in  a  case  of  greeuv  leather  of  his  own  in- 
vention. To  this  circumstance.  Dr.  Young  refers  in  the 
following  lines  of  his  epistle  to  Mr.  Pope  : 

"  Poor  Elkanah,  all  other  changes  past. 

For  bread  in  Sroithfield  dragons  hiss'd  at  ]a3t. 
Spit  streams  of  fire  to  make  th6  butchers  gape. 
And  found  his  manners  suited  to  his  shape,  &c/* 

In  the  end,  he  obtained  admission  into  the  Charter-house, 
and  died  there  Feb.  12,  1723-4.  The  writer  of  a  periodi- 
oal  paper,  called  <'The  Briton/'  Eeb.  19^  1724, , speaks 


S  t  T  t  L  £. 

of  bim  as  th^ii  jtttt  dead,  and  adds,  <<  be  wtM  a  thin  of  tall 
statttri^^  red  face,  short  black  hair,  lived  in  the  city,^  and 
had  a  numerous  poetical  issue,  but  shared  the  misfortune 
of  several  other  gentlemen,  to  survive  them  alh'* 

Settle  had  a  pension  from  the  city,  for  an  annual  pane* 
jgyric  to  Celebrate  the  festival  of  the  lord-mayor,  itt  coHse« 
quence  of  which  he  wrote  Various  poems,  called  **  Tri« 
umphs  for  the  Inauguration  of  the  Lord-mayor,*'  the  last 
of  which  Was  4it  1 708.  His  dramatic  pieces,  all  now  forgot^ 
amount  to  nineteen.  His  poems  it  would  be  difficult  to 
enumerate,  and  not  worth  the  labour.* 

SE VERINU8  (Marcus  Aurelius),  a  distinguiriied  phy« 
sician,  was  born  at  Tarsia,  in  Calabria,  in  1 590,  and  bav-* 
ing,  after  some  intention  of  studying  law^  given  the  pre* 
ference  to  medicine,  he  received  the  degree  of  doctor  iq, 
the  university  of  Naples,  where  be  taught  anatomy  and 
surgery  with  such  reputation,  as  to  attract  a  crowd  of  stili^ 
dents  to  the  university.  As  a  practitioner,  however,  biii 
method  was  harsh,  and  he  carried  the  tfse  of  the  actual 
cautery  to  a  great  extent  He  died  at  Naples,  July  t5^ 
1656,  at  the  age  of  sevcnty-siic..  He  was  a  man  of  bold 
'  and  original  mind,  but  somewhat  attached  to  paradox ;  and 
was  the  author  of  several  publications,  a  list  of  which  may 
be  seen  in  our  authority,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death,  was 
preparing  for  publication  some  papers^  which  he  meant  to 
illustrate  by  engravings ;  they  were  published  together^ 
under  the  title  of  '*  Antiperipatias,  hoc  est,  adversiis  Aris-« 
toteleos  de  respiratione  piscium  Diatriba<''  <*  Commepta-< 
rius  in  Theophrastum  de  piscibus  in  sicco  viventibus.*' 
^  Pboca  anatomic^  spectatu^,**  166  r.  A  sort  of  extract  ot 
abridgment  of  his  writings  on  surgery  was  also  published 
in  1664,  with  the  title  of/''  Synopseos  Chirurgicae  Libiri  vL*' 
and  so  late  as  1724,  a  new  edition  in  4to,  of  ^^  De  Abices^ 
auum  recondita  natura."  * 

SEVERUS.     See  SULPICIUS. 

6EVERUS  (PUBUUS  Cornelius),  was  an  ancient  Latin 
poet  of  the  Augustan  age,  whose  *^  i£tna^^  was  published 
with  notes  and  a  prose  interpretation  by  Le  Clerc,  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1703,  in  12 mo,  but  some  copies  have  the  dat^ 
1715.  It  is  annexed  to  <*  Petri  Bembi  £tna,''  and  is  also 
in  Maittaire^s  ^*  Corpus  Poet»'^     It  had  been  before  inserted 

.     I  Biog^.  Dram.— Malone'f  Pryden,  yoU  1. 124.  1^1.  174.  vol.  lU  115,  Ko«**> 
Nichols'i  Bowyer.  »  JBIoy»  DfCU  Hiit.  de  Medecine. 

VoL.XXVIL  A  A 


?5*  S;Ey  E'RU.S, 

jtmong  the  '^Catalecta  VirgiliV  published  by  Scaliger^ 
whpse  nate9|  as  well  as  those  of  Lindebrqgius  and  Nicolas 
Heinkius.  Le  Clerc  has  mixed  vjrith  his  own.  Quintilian 
calls  Severus  <'a  vqrsificator,*'  rather  than  a  poet,;  yet  adds, 
that  **  if  h^e  had  finished. the  Sicilian  war/^  probably,  be- 
tween Augustus  and  Sestu9  Pompeius,  *'  in  the  manner 
he  had  written  the  first  book,  he  might  have  claimed  a 
much  higher  rank.  But  though  an  immature  death  pre-* 
vented  him  from  doing  this,  yet  iiis  juvenile  works  shew 
the  greatest  genius.*'  Ovid  addresses  him,  not  only  as  bis 
friend,  but  as  a  court  favourite  and  a  great  poet.  * 

SEVIGNE'  (Mary  DE  Rabutin,  lady  de  Chantal  and 
Bourbilly,  and  marchioness  de)  was  the  only  daughter  of 
Celse  Benigne  de  Rabutin,  baron  d^  Chantal,  &c.  bead 
of  the  elder  branch  of  Rabutin,  and  Mary  de  Coulanges« 
She  was  born  February  5,  1626,  and  lost  her  father  the 
year  following,  who  commanded  the  squadron  of  gentlemen 
volunteers  in  the  isle  of  Rh6,  when  the  English  made  a 
descent  there.  In  August  1644,  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  she 
married  Henry,  marquisi  de  Sevigu^,  descended  of  a  very 
ancient  family  of  Bretagne. .  He  was  a  majpr-general  and  go-f 
vernor  of  Fougeres.  She  had  by  him  a  son  and  a  daughter, 
it  is.  said  that  ner  husband  was  not  so  much  attached  to  her 
as  she  deserved,  which,  however,  did  not  prevent  madam 
de  Sevig4i£  from  sincerely  lamenting  his  ^eath,  which  hap-* 
pened  i(i  1651,  in  a  duel. 

Her  tenderness  for  her  children  appearecj,  not  only  by 
the  care  which  she  took  of  their,  education,  but  also  by  her 
attention  in  re-establishing  the  affairs  of  the  house  of  Se- 
tign6.  Charles,  marquis  of  Sevign^,  her  son,  acquired  a 
laudable  reputation  in  the  world  i  and  Frances  Margaret^ 
her  daughter,  appeared  in  it  with  js;reat  advantages.  The 
fame  of  her  wit,  beauty,,  and  discretion,  had  already  beea 
announced  at  court,  when  her  mother  brought  her  thither 
for  the  first  time  in  1663,  and  in  1669,  this  young  lady 
was  married  to  Francis  Adbemar  de  Monteil,  count  de 
Grignan.  The  mother  being  now  necessarily,  separated 
from  her  daughter,  for  whom  she  had  an  uncommon  degree 
of  affection,  it  is  to  this  circumstance  we  owe  the  cele-- 
brated  *^  Letters^'  so  often  published,  and  so  much  admired^ 
particularly  in  France,  as  models  of  epistolary  correspond-, 
ence.    They  turn  indeed  very  much  upon  trifles^  the  in- 

1  Vosiiiu  dc  P9«t.  Ut— Fabric.  Bibl.  Lat. 


B  15  V  !  G  N  ]^. 


355 


tidenU  of  the  Aajj  and  the  news  of  the  towH;  and  they 
ure  overloaded  irith  Extravagant  compliments^  and  expres* 
i^ions  of  fondness,  to  her  favourite  daughter ;  but  withal^ 
they  show  such  perpetual  sprightiiness,  they  contain  such 
easy  and  varied  narration,  and  so  many  strokes  of  the  most 
lively  and  beautiful  painting,  perfectly  free  from  any  affec- 
tation, that  they  are  jiistly  entitled  to  high  praise. 
'  Madam  Sevign6  often  visited  her  daughter,  and  in  her 
last  joiirney  to  Grignan,  after  having  gone  through  incre* 
dible  fatigue  during  a  long  illness  of  this  darling  child,  she 
was  herself  seized  with  a  fever,  of  which  she  died  in  1696. 
The  best  edition  of  madame  de  Sevigne's  **  Letters,"  pub-  ^ 
lished  by  the  chevalier  Perrin,  is  Paris,  1775,  8  vols.  12mo. 
Thrs  contains  the  **  Select  Letters'*  of  her  society,  but  not 
those  from  madame  de  Sevign6  to  M.  de  Pompone,  on  M. 
Fouquet's  disgrace  ;  nor  those  that  are  in  the  ^^  CoUectiott 
of  Bussy  Rabutin's  Letters,"  which  may  be  met  with  sepa- 
rately. A  collection  of  "  Ingenious  thoughts ;  literary, 
historical,  and  moral  anecdotes,"  which  are  dispersed 
through  these  letters,  were  published,  1756,  12mo,  undet 
the  title  "  Sevigniana.''  Her  *  Letters  have  long  been  ' 
known  in  this  country,  by  a  translation  published  about 

SEWARD  (Anna),  a  poetess  and  literary  lady  of  consi- 
derable celebrity,  was  the  daughter  of  the  rev.  Thomas 
Seward,  rector  of  Eyam  in  Derbyshire,  prebendary  of  Sa- 
lisbury^ and  canon  residentiary  of  Lichfield.  In  his  youth 
he  had  travelled  as  tutor  with  lord  Charles  Fitzroy,  third 
son  of  the  duke  of  Grafton,  a  hopeful  young  nobleman, 
who  died  upon  his  travels  in  1739.  Mr.  Seward  returned 
to  England,  and  soon  after  married  Miss  Elizabeth  Hunter, 
daughter  of  Mr.  Huntef,  head-master  of  the  school  at  Lich- 
field, the  preceptor  of  Johnson,  and  pther  eminent  lite- 
rary characters.  Mr.  Seward,  upon  his  marriage,  settled 
at  his  rectory  of  Eyan^.  In  1747,  the  second  year  of  his 
marriage.  Miss. Seward  was  born. 

Mr.  Seward  was  himself  a  poet,  and  a  contributor  to 
Dodsley's  collection ;  he  was  also  an  admirer  of  our  ancient 
drama,  and  in  1750  published  an  edition  of  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher^s  plays.  Thus  accomplished  himself,  the  talents 
of  his  daughter  did  not  long  escape  his  observation,  and 
tinder  his  instructions  she  laid  the  foundation  of  a  taste  for 

1  Diet,  HHt.-— Bl^ies  Lectured. 
A  A  2 


S5&  S  E  W  A  R  D. 

poetry.  The  authors  be  recomoiended  to  her  were  those 
of  queen  Anne's  reign.  She  was  early  fainiliarwith  Pope^ 
Youngi  Prior,  and  their  predecessor  Dryden,  and  in  later 
lifei  used  to  make  little  allowance  for  poetry  of  an  older 
date^  excepting  only  that  of  Shakspeare  and  Milton.  The 
desire  of  imitating  the  compositions  which  gave  her  plea^ 
sure,  very  early  displayed  itself.  She  attempted  metrical 
versions  of  the  Psalms,  and  even  exercised  herself  in  ori- 
ginal composition,  before  she  was  ten  years  old.  An  ^*  Ad* 
dress  to  the  first  fine  day  of  a  backward  spring,'^  wbicb 
has  been  preserved,  intimates  considerable  command  of 
numbers  and  language,  though  the  ideas  cannot  be  called 
origin?.!. 

About  1754,  Mr.  Seward  removed  with  his  family  to 
Lichfield,  which  continued  ever  afterwards  to  be  his  daugh- 
ter's residence,  although  varied,  during  her  father's  lift^^ 
by  occasional  visits  to  his  rectory  at  f  yam.  For  the  first 
ten  years  6f  Miss  Seward's  residence  here,  sh^  was  rather 
checked  than  encouraged  in  the  cultivation  of  her  poetical 
talents.  Her  mother  possessed  no  taste  for  her  daughter's 
favourite  amusements,  and  even  her  father  withdrew  his 
countenance  from  them,  under  the  apprehension  that  bis* 
continued  encouragement  might  produce  in  his  daughter 
that  dreaded  phenomenon,  a  learned  lady.  Poetry  was 
therefore  prohibited,  and'  Miss  Seward  resorted  to  other 
amusements,  and  to  the  practice  of  ornamental  needle- 
worjL,  ,in  which  she  is  said  to  have  excelled.  When,  how- 
ever^ she  arrived  at  an  age  to  select  her  own  society  and 
studies,  her  love  of  literature  was  indulged,  and  the  sphere 
in  which  she  moved  was  sucfh  as  to  increase  her  taste  for 
its  pursuits.  Dr.  Darwin,  the  enthusiast  Mr.  Day,  Mr. 
Edgeworth,  sir  Brooke  Boothby,  and  other  names,  well 
ko0wn  in  the  literary  world,  then  formed  part  of  the  Lich* 
field  society.  Dr.  Johnson  was  an  occasional  visitor  in  their 
circles,  but  not  much  of  a  favourite  with  Dr.  Darwin  off 
Miss  Seward.  He  neither  agreed  with  the  one,  nor  flatter- 
ed the  other. 

j[n  the  mean  time  Miss  Seward^s  poetical  powers  appear 
to  have  lain  dormant,  or  to  have  been  very  sparingly  exer- 
cised, until  her  acquaintance  with  lady  Miller,  whose  fan^ 
^iful  and  romantic  institution  at  Bath  Easton,  was  alter- 
nately the  sjubject  of  public  attention  and  of  some  degree 
of  ridicule.  Miss  Seward,  however,  became  a  contributor 
to  the  vas^  and  the  applause  she  received  encouraged  her 


s  E  Ward.  sst 

lo  oommit  some  of  her  ecsays  to  ttie  press,  parfrcularly  her 
poems  on  major  Andr£  and  captain  Cook,  which  were  re«> 
iteived  by  the  public  with  great  favour,  and  certainly  were 
calculated  to  couvey  a  very  high  impression  oF  the  original 
powers  of  their  author,  and  procured  her  the  admiration  and 
correspondence  of  many  of  the  most  distinguished  literary 
characters  of  that  time. 

in  1780,  Mrs.  Seward  died,  and  the  care  of  attending  her 
surviving  parent  devolved  entirely  upon  his  daughter.  This' 
was  soon  embittered  by  a  frequent  recurrence  of  paralytic 
and  apoplectic  aiTections,  which  broke  Mr.  Seward's  health, 
and  gradually  impaired  the  tone  of  his  mind.  His  frame 
resisted  these  repeated  assaults  for  ten  years,  during  whicb^ 
Miss  Seward  had  the  melancholy  satisfaction  to  see,  that 
even  when  he  had  lost  consciousness  of  every  thing  else, 
her  father  retained  a  sense  of  her  constant  and  unremittins: 
attentions.  In  1790  this  scene  closed,  by  the  death  of  Mr. 
Seward.  His  daughter  remained  mistress  of  an  easy  and 
independent  fortune,  and  continued  to  inhabit. the  bishop's 
palace  at  Lichfield,  which  had  been  long  her  father's  resi* 
dence,*  and  was  her's  until  her  death. 
-  While  engaged  in  attendance  upon  her  father,  Miss 
Seward,  besides  other  occasional  pieces,  published,  in  1782, 
ber  poetical  novel,  entitled  '^  Louisa,*'  which  rapidly  passed 
through  several  editions.  Other  pieces,  chiefly  on  occa- 
sional topics,  fell  from  her  pen ;  some  of  which  found  their 
way  to  the  public,  and  others  have  been  printed  from  ma«* 
nuscript,  in  the  late  collection  of  her  poems.  In  1799  she 
published  a  collection  of  original  ^*  Sonnets."  They  were 
intended  to  restore  the  strict  rules  of  the  legitimate  sonnet, 
and  contain  some  beautiful  examples  of  that  species  of 
composition.  In  1804  she  published  a  **  Life  of  Dr.  Dar* 
win,"  which,  although  a  desultory  performance,  and  written 
in  that  affected  style  which  she  had  now  adopted,  and  which 
prevails  throughout  her  correspondence,  •  is  valuable  as  a 
oollecftion  of  literary  anecdote.  In  this  publication  she  laid 
her  claim  to  the  first  fifty  verses  in  the  "  Botanic  Garden," 
which  she  had  written  •  in  compliment  to  Dr.  Darwin,  but 
which  he  had  inserted  in  his  poem  without  any  acknow- 
ledgment. 

After  the  publication  of  the  "  Sonnets,"  Miss  Seward  did 
not  undertake  any  large  poem,  yet  she  continjjed  te  pour 
forth  her  poeitcal  effusions  upon  such  occasions  as  interest- 
,ed  her  feelings,  or  excited  ber  imaginatiou..  These  eiforts. 


S58.  SEWARD, 

bowcrer,  were  unequal  ta  tho^e  o(  ber  earlier  muse.  Age 
was  now  approaching  with  its  usual  attendants,  declining 
healthy  and  the  loss  of  friends.  Yet  her  interest  in  iitera-^ 
ture  and  poetrj^  continued  unabated,  and  she  maintaioeil 
an  unrelaxed  correspondence!  not  only  with  her  former 
friends,  but  with  those  later  candidates  for  poetical  distinc« 
tion,  whose  exertions  she  approved  of.  For  a  year  or  twa 
preceding  1807,  Miss  Seward  l^ad  been- occasionally  en- 
gaged in  arranging  and  preparing  for  the  press  the  edition 
of  her  poems  published  after  her  death  by  Mr.  Scott,  and 
which  she  would  probably  have  published  herself,  but  her 
constitution,  infirm  for  years^  was  now  rapidly  declining,, 
and  after  nearly  two  years  of  much  suffering  from  bodily 
complaints,  she  expired,  March  25,  18Q9.  To  .Walter 
Scotty  esq.  the  bequeathed  hex  literary  performances,  and 
particularly  the  works  she  had  sp  long  intended  for  the  press; 
and  her  '^  Letters"  to  Mr,  Constable,  the  eminent  book-, 
seller  of  Edinburgh.  In  the  same,  year,  1810,  these  gen* 
tlemen  executed  the  trust  reposed  in  them  ;  the  latter,  by 
an  elegant  publication  of  her  ^^  Letters,"  in  6  vols,  and  the 
former  by  a  publication  of  her  ^^  Poems,"  and  some  literary 
correspondence,  in  3  vols.  Svo,  with  a  biographical  pre^ 
face,  written  with  Mr.  Scott's  usual  taste  and  acumen.  The 
^*  Poems"  will  always  remain  a  monument  of  Miss  Seward^s 
talents,  and  place  her  in  an  honourable  rank  among  the 
female  candidates  for  literary  honours.  Her  ^^  Letters," 
however,  are,  in  our  opinion,  less  calculated  to  leave  a. 
favourable  impression  of  her  character.  They  may  be. 
justly  considered  as  the  annals  of  vanity  and  flattery,  and 
in  point  of  style  es;hibit  every  defect  whiph  bad  taste  could 
introduce.' 

SEWARD  (William),  a  biographical  writfir,  was  the 
90n  of  Mr.  Seward,  partner  in  the  brewbouse  under  the 
^rm  of  Calvert  and  Seward,  and  was  born  in  January  1747, 
He  first  went  to  a  small  seminary  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Cripplegate,  and  afterwards  to  the  Charter-house  school, 
where  he  acquired  a  competent  knowledge  of  Greek  and 
Latin,  which  he  improved  at  Oxford.  Having  no  inclina-*. 
tion  to  engage  in  business,  he  relinquished  bis  concern  in 
the  brewhouse  at  his  father^s  death  ;  and  being  possessed 
of  an  easy  fortune,  did  not  apply  to  any  profession,  but 
devoted  bis  time  to  learned  leisure,   and,  among  other 

I  Life  by  Walter  3colt,  esq. 


SEWARD.  359 

pursuits,  amn^ied  htm$dlf  with  collecting  the  materials  for 
what  be  called  '*  Drossiana/*  in  the  European  Magazine, 
which  Jhe  began  in  October  1789,  and  continued  without 
intermission  to  the  end  of  his  life*  After  he  had  published 
in  this  manner  for  some  time,  he  was  advised  to  make  a 
selection,  which,  in  1794,  he  began  with  two  volumes,  and 
these  were  followed  in  the  three  succeeding  years  by  three, 
more,  under  the  title  of  *^  Anecdotes  of  some  distm* 
guished  Persons,  chiefly  of  the  present  and  twoprecedin*^ 
Centuries;*'  a  work  whjich  met  with  general  approba- 
tion, and  has  been  since  reprinted.  In  1799  he  published 
two  volumes  more  on  the  plan  of  the  former  work,  which 
he  entitled  ^*  Biographiana.'*  These  were  finished  a  very 
short  time  before  his  death; 

Mr.  Seward  was  in  every  respect  a  desirably  acquaint^ 
ance ;  he  had  travelled  abroad  with  great  improvement^ 
and  was  known  to  most  of  those  who  had  distinguished  them-^ 
selves  by  genius  or  learning,  by  natural  or  acquired  .en* 
4iowments,  or  even  by  eccentricity  of  character ;  and  he 
bad  stored  his  memory  with  anecdotes  which  made  bis  con<* 
versation  extremely  entertaining.  But  though  be  wished 
to  observe  the  manner  of  eminent  or  extraordinary  men,  he 
did  not  indiscriminately  form  friendships  with  them..  He 
knew  many,  but  was  intimate  with  few.  He  was  the  friend 
of  Dn  Johnson,  had  coQversed  with  Mr.  Howard,  and  con^^ 
descended  to  know  Tom  Paine.  Party  distinctions  ap» 
peared  to  have  but  little  weight  with  him.  He  visited  and 
received  the  visits  of  many  whose  opinions  Were  directly 
opposite  to  each  other,  and  equally  to  his  own. 

He  spent  his  time  like  an  English  gentleman,  with  bos* 
pitality  and  without  ostentation.  In  the  winter  he  resided 
in  London ;  and  of  late  years,  in  the  summer,  he  varied 
bis  place  of  abode.  At  one  time  he  resided  at  Mr.  Coxe'a 
bouse,  near  Salisbury ;  at  another,  near  Reading ;  and  th^ 
summer  preceding  his  death,  he  made  Richmond  his  resi- 
dence. At  all  these  places,  and,  indeed,  wherever  he 
came,  he  found  acquaintances  who  respected  and  valued 
bim  for  his  amiable  qualities.  He  bore  a  tedious  illnes^ 
with  fortitude  and  resignation.  Without  expressing  any 
impatience,  lie  ;riewed  the  progress  of  his  disorder,  which 
be  early  discovered  was  a  dangerous  one ;  and  continued* 
bis  literary  pursuits,  and  received  his  friends,  until  a  feM^ 
hours  of  his  dissolution^  'which  took  pUce  the  2^th  April 


sea  8  E  WELL. 

1799 ;  and,  a  feW  days  after,  bis  remains  were  interred  in 
the  family  vault  at  Fiochley. ' 

SEWELL  (George),  an  English  poet  and  physician, 
was  born  at  Windsor,  where  bis  father  was  treasurer  and 
chapter-clerk  of  the  college;  received  his  edacation  at 
]£ton-school,  and  Peter-house,  Cambridge  ;v  where  having 
taken  the  degree  of  B.  M.  be  went  to  Leyden,  to  study 
under  Boerbaave,  and  On  bis  return  practised  physic  in 
the  metropolis  with  reputation.     In  the  latter  part  of  his 
life  he  retired  to  Hampstead,  where  he  pursued  his  pro- 
fession with  some  degree  of  success,  till  three  other  phy- 
sicians came  to  settle  at^  the  same  place,  when  his  practiae 
so  far  declined  as  to  yield  him  very  little  advantage.     He 
kept  no  house,  but  was  a  boarder.    He  was  much  esteemed^ 
and  so  frequently  invited  to  the  tables  of  gentlemen  in  the 
lieighbourbood,  that  he  had  seldom  occasion  to  dine  at 
home.     He  died  Febt  8,  1726;.  and  was  supposed  to  be 
very  indigent  at  the  time  of  bis  death,  as  be  was  interred 
on  the  12th  of  the  same  month  in  the  meanest  manner,  bis 
coffin  being  little  better  than  those  allotted  by  the  parish 
to  the  poor  who  are  buried  from  tbe  workhouse ;  neither 
did  a  single  friend  or  relation  attend  him  to  tbe  grave.  No 
meffioriaTwas  placed  over  his  remains ;  but  they  lie  just 
under  a  hollow  tree  which  formed  a  part  of  a  hedge-row 
that  was.  once  the  boundary  of  the  church-yard.     He  was 
greatly  esteemed  for  his  i^miable  disposition  ;  and  is  repre- 
sented by  some  writers  as  a  Tory  in  his  political  principles, 
but  of  this  there  is  no  other  proof  given  than  his  writing 
some  pamphlets  against  bishop  Burnet.     It  is  certain,  that 
a  true  spirit  of  liberty  breathes  in  many  of  his  works ;  and 
bf  expresses,  on  many  occasions,  a  warm  attachjuient  to 
the  Hanover    succession.      Besides    seven    controversial 
pamphlets,  he  wrote,  l.  '^The  Life  of  John  Philips. ^^    2, 
^*  A  vindication  of  the  EngKsh  Stage,  exemplified  in  the 
Cato  of  Mr,  Addison,  1716/'     3,  <<  Sir  Walter  Baleigh,  a 
tragedy,  acted  at  LincolnVinn-fields,  1719;''    apd  part 
of  another  play,  intended  to  be  called  ^'  Richard  the  First,'*. 
|be  fragments  of  which  were  published  in  1718,  with  <<Twa 
moral  Essays  on  the  Government  of  the  Thoughts,  and  on 
Peath,''  and  a  collection  of  *^  Several  poems  published  in 
bis  life -time/'      Dr.  Sewell  waf  an  occasional  assistant 
to  Harrison  in  the  fifth  volume  of  ^^The  Tatler;  w»s  a 

I  By  t)ie  late  Its«c  K«e4»  in  Sufopefui  Ma|a|a«d|  1199^ 


S  £  W  E  L  L.  3€l 

principal  writer  in  the  ninth  volnme  of  '^  The  Spectator ; 
aqd  published  a  translation  of  **  Ovid's  Metamorphoses,  in 
exposition  to  the  edition  of  Garth  and  an  edition  of  Sbak* 
apeare's  Poems.  Jacob  and  Cibber  have  enumerated  a 
considerable  number  of  his  single  poems ;  and  in  Mr.  Ni* 
cbols's  <<  Collection*'  are  some  valaable  ones,  unnoticed 
by  these  writers.  ^ 

SEWELL  (Wiluam),    the  historian  of  the  Quakersg^ 
.was  the  son  of  Jacob  Williamson  Sewell,  a  citizen  of  Am«^ 
sterdam,  and  a  surgeon,  and  appears  to  have  been  born 
there  in  1650.     His  grandfather,  William  Seweli,  was  an 
Englishman,  and  had  resided  at  Kidderminster;  but  being 
one  of  the  sect  of  the  Brownists,,  left  his  native  country  for 
the  more  free  en^oyipent  of  his  principles  in   Holland^ 
marned  a  Dutch  woman  of  Utrecht,  and  settled  there.  The 
parents  of  the  subject  of  this  article  both  died  when  he  wa« 
jroung,  but  had  instructed  him  in  the  principles  of  the 
Quakers,  to  which  he  steadily  adhered  during  life.     His 
ediication  in  other  respects  appears  to  have  been  the  fruit 
of  his  own  application  ;  and  the  time|  he  could  spare  from 
the  business  to  wliich  be  was  apprenticed  (that  of  a  weaver) 
be  employed  with  good  success  in  attaining  a  knowledge  of, 
the   Gieek,    Latin,    English,  French,    and    High   Dutch/ 
languages.     His  natural  abilities  being  good,  his  applica-' 
tion  unwearied,  and  his  habits  strictly  tetnperate,  he  soon 
became  noticed  by  some  of  the  most  respectable  book- 
sellers in  Holland ;  and  the  translation  of  works  of  credit, 
chiefly  from  the  Latin  and  English  tongues,  into  Low  Dutch, 
seems  to  have  been  one  of  the  principal  sources  from  which 
bis  moderate  income  was  derived,  in  addition  to  the  part 
be  took,  at  di&rent  times,  in  several  approved  periodi- 
cal publications.    His  modest,  unassuming  manners  gained 
him  the  esteem  of  several  literary  men,  whose  productions,: 
there  is  reason  to  believe,  were  not  unfrequently  revised 
and  prepared  for  the  press  by  him.     His  knowledge  of  his 
native  tongue  was  profound  :  his  **  Dictionary,"  *'  Gram- 
mar," and  other  treatises  on  it,  having  left  very  little  room 
for  succeeding  improvement :  and  he  assisted  materially  in 
the  compilation  of  Halma's  French  and  Dutch  Dictionary. 
His  **  History  of  the  people  called  Quakers,"  written,  first* 
iji    Low  Dutch,  and  afterwards,    by   himself,    in  F#ngiish/ 
(dedicated  to  George  1.)   was  a  very  laborious    under* 

t  Cibbet*s  Livef.— Nichols's  *Po«iiw, 


set  S  E  W  E  L  L. 

taking,  as  he  was  scrupulously  nice  in  the  selection;  of  bil 
materials,  which  he  bad  been  during  many  y^rs  engaged 
in  collecting.  Of  the  English  edition,  for  it  cannot  pro-»' 
perly  be  called  a  translation,  it  may  be  truly  said,  that  as 
the  production  of  a  foreigner,  who  had  spent  only  about 
ten  months  in  England,  and  that  above  forty  years  before^ 
the  style  is  far  superior  to  what  could  have  been  reasonably 
expected.  One  principal  object  with  the  author  was,  a 
desire  to  correct  what  he  conceived  to  be  gross  tnisrepre^ 
sentations  in  Gerard  Croese's  **  History  of  Quakerism.^' 
The  exact  time  of  SewelPs  death  does  not  appear ;  but  in 
a  note  of  the  editor's  to  the  third  edition  of  his  "Dic- 
tionary," in  1726,  he  is  mentioned  as  being  lately  de« 
ceased.  His  "  History  of  the  Quakers'*  appears  to  have 
been  first  published  in  1722,  folio,  and  reprinted  in 
1725.* 

SEXTIU8  (QuwTus),  a  Pythagorean  philosopher,  who 
flourished  in  the  time  of  Augustus,  seemed  formed  to  rise 
in  the  republic,  but  he  shrunk  from  civil  honours,  and  de^ 
dined  accepting  the  rank  of  senator  when  it  was  offered 
him  by  Julius  Gaesar,  that  he  might  have  time  to  apply  to 
philosophy.  It  appears  that  he  wished  to  establish  a  school 
at  Rome,  and  that  his  tenets,  though  chiefly  drawn  from 
the  doctrines  of  Pythagoras,  in  some  particulars  resemble^ 
those  of  the  Stoics.  He  soon  found  himself  involved  in 
many  difficulties.  His  laws  were  remarkably  severe,  and 
in  an  early  period  of  his  establishment,  he  found  his  mind 
so  harassed,  and  the  harshness  of  the  doctrines  which  he 
wished  to  establish  so  repulsive  to  his  feelings,  that  he  had 
nearly  worked  himself  up  to  such  an  height  of  desperation 
as  to  resolve  on  putting  a  period  to  bis  existence.  Of  the 
school  of  Sextius  were  Fabianus,  Sotion,  Fiaviaiins,  Cras- 
sitius,  and  Celsus.  Of  his  works  only  a  few  fragments  re- 
main ;  and  whether  any  of  them  formed  a  part  of  the  work 
which  Seneca  admired  so  much,  cannot  now  be  deter-» 
mined.  Some  of  his  maxims  are  valuable.  He  recom- 
mended an  examination  of  the  actions  of  the  day  to  bis 
scholars  when  they  retired  to.  rest ;  he  taught  that  the  road 
to  heaven  ('ad  astraj  was  by  frugality,  temperance,  and 
fortitude.  He  used  to  recommend  holding  a  looking-glass 
before  persons  disordered  with  passion.  He  enjoined  his' 
scholars  to  abstain  from  animal  food.     Brucker  seems  ta 

1  Gent  Mag,  vol.  LXXXII.—Pirerace  to  bis  History. 


S  E  X  T  I.  U  8.  363 

4mibty  however,  whether  the  ^*  Sententfee  Sezti  Py thago- 
reiy"  so  often  printed  by  Gaie  and  others,  be  the  genuine, 
work  of  this  moralist.' 

SEXTUS  EMPIRIC  US,  an  ancient' Greek  author,  and 
most  apute  defender  of  the  Pyrrhonian  or  sceptical  pbilo^- 
sophy,  was  a  physician,,  and  seems  to  have  flourished  under 
the  reign  of  Commodus,  or  perhaps  a  little  later.  He  was, 
against  v^hat  has  usually  been  imagined,  a  different  person 
from  JSextus,  a'Stoic  philosopher  of  Cseronea,  and  nephew 
of  Plutarch :  but  no  particular  circumstances  of  his  life  are 
recorded.  Of  a  great  many,  that  have  perished,  two 
works  of  his  are  still  extant :  three  books  of  ^'  Institutes  of 
Pyrrhonism,"  and  ten  books  against  the  *^  Mathematici,** 
by  whom  he  means  all  kinds  of  dogmatists.  His  works 
discover  great  erudition,  and  an  extensive  acquaintance 
with  the  ancient  systems  of  philosophy ;  and,  on  this  ac- 
count chiefly,  Brucker  says,  merit  an  attentive  perusal; 
Henry  Stephens  first  made,  and  then  printed  in  1592,  8vo, 
a  Latin  version  from  the  Greek  of  the  former  of  these 
works ;  and  a  version  of  the  latter,  by  Hervetus,  had  been 
printed  by  Plantin  in  1569.  ,  Both  these  ver^sions  were 
printed  again  with  the  Greek ;  which  first  appeared  at 
Geneva  in  1621,  folio,  but  the  best  edition  of  Sextus  Em- 
piricus  is  that  of  John  Albert  Fabricius,  in  Greek  and 
Latin,  Leipsic,  1718,  folio,' 

SEYMOUR  (Edwari>),  duk^  of  Somerset,  and  uncle 
%o  Edward  VI.  was  eldest  son  of  sir  John  Seymour  of  Wolf* 
ball,  in  the  county  of  Wilts,  knt.  by  Elizabeth  daughter 
of  sir  Henry  Wentwortb,  of  Nettlested  in  Sufl'olk.  He 
was  educated  at  the  university  of  Oxford^  whence  return-* 
ing  to  his.  father  at  court,  when  martial  achievements  were 
encouraged  by  Henry  VIIL  he  joined  the  army,  and  ac* 
companying  the  duke  of  Suffolk  in  his  expedition  to  France 
in  1 533,  was  knighted  by  him  Nov,  1^  of  that  year.  Upon 
bis  sister^s  marriage  with  the  king  in  1536,  he  had  the  title 
of  viscount  Beauchamp  bestowed  upon  him,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  descent  from  an  heir  female  of  that  house ; 
and  in  Oct.  1537  was  created  earl  of  Hertford.  In  1540 
he  was  sent  to  France  to  dispute  the  limits  of  the  English 
borders,  and  on  his  return  was  elected  knight  of  the  garter. 
Jn  1542  he  attended  the  duke  of  Norfolk  in  his  expedition 
into  Scotland,  and  the  same  year  was  made  lord  giV^kt 

*  Mooth.  Rev.  vol.  IXXVII.— Bruoker.— Senecae  Epist. 
?  Fabric.  Bibl.  Qiac*— ^Biucker. — Saxii  OaJiuasticon. 


SS4  SEYMOUR. 

chamberlain  of  England  for  life.    In  1544,  being  made 
lieutenant-general  of  the  north,  be  embarked  for  Scotland 
with  two  hundred  sail  of  ships,  on  account  of  the  Scou 
refusing  to  marry  their  young  queen  to  prince  Edward ; 
and  landing  in  the  Frith,  took  Leith  and  Edinburgh,  and 
after  plundering  and  burning  them,  marched  by  land  into 
England.     In  August  of  the  same  year,  be  went  to  the 
assistance  of  the  king  at  the  siege  of  Boulogne,  with  teve^ 
ral  German  and  Flemish  troops ;  and  after  taking  it,  de* 
feated  an  army  of  14,000  French,  who  lay  encamped  near  it. 
By  the  will  of  Hehry  VIII.  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
sixteen  persons,  who  were  to  be  bis  majesty's  executors, 
and  governors  of  his  son,  till  be  should  be  eighteen  years  of 
age.     Upon  Edward*s  accession  to  the  crown,  it  was  pro- 
posed in  council,  that  one  of  the  sixteen  should  be  chosen,  to 
whom  the  ambassadors  should  address  themselves,  and  who 
should  have  the  chief  direction  of  affairs,  though  restrained 
from  acting  without  the  consent  of  the  major  part  of  the  rest 
The  lord  chancellor  Wriotbesly,  who  thought  the  prece- 
dence in  secular  affairs  belonging  to  him  by  his  office,  op- 
posed this  strongly,  and  urged,  that  it  was  changing  the 
king's  will,  who  had  made  them  equal  in  power  and  dig-' 
nity ;  and  if  any  was  raised  above  the  rest  in  title,  it  would 
be  impossible  to  keep  him  within- just  bounds,  since  greater 
titles  made  way  for  exorbitant  power.     But  the  earl  of 
Hertford  had  so  prepared  his  friends,  that  he  was  declared 
governor  of  the  king's  person,  and  protector  of  the.  king- 
dom, with  this  restriction,  that  he  should  not  act  without 
the  advice  and  consent  of  the  rest.     In  consequence  of  this 
measure,  two  distinct  p^riies  were  formed ;  the  one  headed 
-  by  the  new  protector,  and  the  other  by  the  chancellor ; 
the  favourers  of  the  reformation  declaring  for  the  former, 
and  the  enemies  of  it  for  the  latter.     On  Feb.  10,   1547-8, 
the  protector  was  appointed  lord  treasurer,  and  the  next 
day  created  duke  of  Somerset,  and  on  the  17th  of  that 
month,  bad  a  grant  of  the  office  of  earl  marshal  of  England 
for  life.     On  March  12th  following,  be  liad  a  patent  for 
the  office  of  protector  and  governor  of  the  king  and  his 
realms.     By  this  patent  he  had  a  negative  in  the  council, 
but  they  had  none  on  him  ;  and  he  could  either  bring  his 
own  adherents  into  it,  or  select  a  cabinet-council  out  of  it 
at  pleasure;  while  the  other  executors,  having  thus  de- 
livered up  their  authority  to  him,  were  only  prtvy*conn- 
sellors  like  the  rest,  without  retaining  any  authority  pe- 


S  E  Y  M  OUR  ses 

eulijELt'  10  tbemselveS)  as  was  particularly  provided  by 
Henry  VIIIth*s  will.  In  August  1548  the  protector  took 
a  commission  to  be  general,  and  to  make  war  in  Scotland, 
and  accordingly  entered  that  kingdom,  and,  on  Sept.  10, 
gained  a  complete  victory  at  Musselburgh,  and  on  the  29th 
^returned  to  England  triumphantly,  having,  with  the  loss 
of  but  sixty  men  in  the  whole  expedition,  'taken  eighty 
pieces  of  cannon,  bridled  the  two  chief  rivers  of  the  king- 
dom  by  garrisons,  and  gained  several  strong  places. 

It  may  easily  be  imagined  how  much  these  successes 
raised  his  reputation  in  England,  especially  when  it  was 
remembered  what  great  services   he  had  done  formerly 
against  France ;  so  that  the  nation  in  general  had  vast  ex- 
pectations from  his  government ;  biit  the  breach  between 
btm  and  his  brother,  the  lord  hi^h  admiral  of  England,  lost 
him  the  present  advantages.    The  death  of  the  admiral 
also^  in  March  1548,  drew  much  censure  on  the  protector; 
tboogfa  others  were  of  opinion  that  it  was  scarce  possible 
fof  him  to  do  more  for  the  gaining  hisr  brother  than  he  had 
done.     In  September  1549,    a  strong  faction  appeared 
againsthim,  underthe  influence  and  direction  of  Wriothesly 
earl  of  Southampton,  who  hated  him  on  account  of  losing 
the.  oBEice  of  lord  chancellor,  and  Dudley  earl  of  Warwick, 
who  expected  to  have  the  principal  administration  of  affairs 
upon  his  removal ;  and  other  circumstances  <x>neurred  to 
raise  him  enemies.     His  partiality  to  the  ^commons  pro* 
Yoked  the  gentry  ;  his  consenting  to  the  execution  of  his 
brother,  and  his  palace  in  the  Strand,  erected  on  the  ruin» 
of  several  churches  and  other  religious  buildings,  in  a  time 
both  of  war  and  pestilence,  disgusted  the  people.     The 
clergy  hated  him,  not  only  for  promoting  the  changes  in 
religion,  but  likewise  for  his  enjoying  so  many  of  the  best 
manors.of  the  bishops  ;  and  his  entertaining  foreign  troops, 
both  German  and  Italian,  though  done  by  the  consent  of 
the  council,  gave  general  disgust^  The  privy  counsellors 
complained  of  bis  being  arbitrary  in  bis  proceedings,  and 
of  many  other  offences,  which  exasperated  the  whole  body 
of  them  against  him,  except  archbishop  Cranmer,  sir  WiU 
Uam   Paget,  and   sir  Thomas   Smith,  secretary   of  state. 
The  first  discovery  of  their  designs  induced  him  to  remove 
t^e  king  to  Hampton  Court,  and  then  to  Windsor;  but 
finding  the  party  against  him  too  formidable  to  oppose,  he 
submitted  to  the  council,  and  on  the  14th  of  October  was 
committed  to  the  Tower,  and  in  January  following  was 


i66  SEYMOUR, 

fined  in  the  sum  of  two  thousand  pounds  a  year,  ^ith  the 
loss  of  all  bis  offices  and  goods«  However,  on  the  -16th 
of  February,  1549*50^  he  obtained  a  full  pardon^  and  so 
managed  his  interest  with  the  kingi  that  be  was  brought 
both  to  the  court  and  council  in  April  following :  and  to 
confirm  the  reconciliation  between  him  and  the  earl  of 
Warwick,,  the  duke^s  daughter  was  married,  on  the  3d  of 
June,  1550,  to  the  lord  viscount  Lisle,  the  earPsson.  But 
this  friendship  did  not  continue  long ;  for  in  October  1551^ 
the  earl,  now  created  duke  of  Northumberland,  caused 
the  duke  of  Somerset  to  be  sent  to  the  Tower,  alledging, 
that  the  latter  had  formed  a  design  of  raising  the  people  i 
And  that  when  himself,  and  the  marquis  of  Northampton^ 
and  th^  earl  of  Pembroke,  had  been  invifed  to  dine  at  the 
]ord  Paget's,  Somerset  determined  to  have  set  upon  them 
by  the  way,  or  to  have  killed  them  at  dinner ;  with  othei^ 
particulars  of  that  kind,  which  were  related  to  the  king  in 
so  aggravated  a  manner,  that  he  was  entirely  alienated  from 
bis  uncle.  .  On  the  first  of  December  the  duke  was  brought 
to  his  trial,  and  though  acquitted  of  treason,  was  found 
guilty  of  felony  in  intending  to  imprison  the  duke  of  Nor* 
thUmberland.  He  was  beheaded  on  Tower-hill  on  the  22d 
of  January,  1551-2,  and  died  with  great  serenity.  It  was 
generally  believed,  that  the  conspiracy,  for  which  he  suf- 
fered, was  a  mere  forgery ;  and  indeed  the  not  bringing 
the  witnesses  into  the  court,  but  only  the  deposit^ns,  and 
the  parties  themselves  sitting  as  judges,  gave  great  occa- 
sion to  condemn  the  proceedings  against  him.  Besides,  his 
four  friends,  who  were  executed  for  the  same  causey  ended 
their  lives  with  the  n^ost  solemn  protestations  of  their*  in- 
nocence. 

He  was  a  person  of  great  virtues;  eminent  for  his  piety ; 
courteous,  and  affable  in  his  greatness ;  sincere  and  candid 
in  all  his  transactions  ;  a  patron  of  the  poor  and  oppressed  j 
but  a  better  general  than  a  counsellor.  He  had,  however, 
a  tincture  of  vanity,  and  a  fondness  for  his  own  notions; 
and  being  a  man  of  no  extraordinary  parts,  was  too  much 
at  the  disposal  of  those  who  by  flattery  and  submission  in- 
sinuated themselves  into  his  esteem  and  confidence.  He 
made  likewise  too  great  haste  to  raise  a  vast  estate  to  be 
altogether  innocent.  But  to  balance  these  defects,  be  was 
never  charged  with  personal  disorders,  nor  guilty  of  false- 
hood, of  perverting  justice,  of  cruelty,  or  oppression.  Lolrd 
Orford  remarks  that  his  contributing  to  tbe  ruin  of  the 
Howards  hurt  bim  much  in  the  eyes  of  the  nation :  bis 


/      S  E  Y  M  O  U  Tt-  ,     set 

•eterity  to  bis  own  brother^  though  a  vain  ^nd  worthless 
man,  was  still  less  excusable ;  but  having'  fallen  by  the 
policy. of  a  man  more  artful,  more  ambitious,  and  much 
less  virtuous  than  himself,  be  died  lamented  by  the  people. 

He  appears  to  have  been  an  author.  While  l\e  was  lord 
protector,  there  went  under  his  name,  ^'  Epistola  exhorta* 
toria-  oiissa  ad  Nobilitatem  ac  Plebem  universumque  popu-^ 
lum  regni  Scotise,  Lond."  1548,  4to,  which  lord  Orford 
thinks  might  possibly  be  composed  by  some  dependent. 
His  other  works  were  penned  during  his  troubles,  wh6n  he 
does  not  appear  to  have  had  many  flatterers.  During  bis 
first  imprisonment  be  caused  to  be  printed  a  translation  by 
Miles  Coverdale,  from  the  German  of  Wormulus,  of  a 
treati&e  called  ^^  A  spirituall  and  most  precious  pearl,  teach* 
ing  all  men  to  love  and  embrace  the  cross,  as  a  mosMweeb^ 
and  necessary  thing,"  &c.  Lond.  1550,  16mo.  To  thi9 
the  duke  wrote  a  recommendatory  preface.  About  that 
time  he  had  great  respect  paid  to  him  by  the  celebrated 
reformers,  Calvin,  and  Peter  Martyr.  The  former  wrote 
to  him  an  epistle  of  **  godly  consolation,*'  composed  before 
the  time  and  knowledge  of  his  disgrace }  but  being  deli- 
vered  to  him  in  the  Tower,  bis  grace  translated  it  from 
French  into  English,  and  it  was  printed  in  1550,  under  the 
title  of  <<  An  Epistle  of  Godly  Consolacion,'*  &c.  Peter 
Martyr  also  wrote  an  epistle  to  him  in  Latin,  about  the 
same  time,  which  pleased  the  duke  so  much,  that  at  hitf 
desire  it  was  translated  into  English  by  Thomas  Norton, 
and  printed  in  1550,  8vo.  In  Strype  is  a  prayer  of  the 
duke  '^  For  God's  assistance  in  the  high  office  of  protector 
and 'governor,  now  committed  to  bim;'*  and  some  of  his 
letters  are  preserved  in  the  library  of  Jesus  college,  Cam- 
bridge, and  among  tlie  Harleian  MSS. 

Somerset  left  three  daughters,  Anne,  Margaret,  and  Jane, 
who  were  distinguished  for  their  poetical  talents.  They 
composed  a  century  of  Latin  disticbs  on  the  death  of  Mar-^ 
garet  de  Valois,  queen  of  France,  which  were  translated 
into  the  French,  Greek^  And  Italian  languages,  and  printed 
in  Paris  in  1551.  Anne,  the  eldest  of  these  ladies,  married 
first  the  earl  of  Warwick,  the  son  of  the  duke  of  Northum- 
berland, already  mentiooed,  and  afterwards  sir  Edward 
Hunton,  The  other  two  died  single.  Jane  was  maid  of 
honour  to  queen  Elizabeth.^ 

*  Birch*s  Lives.— ColUns's  Peerage,  by  air  E.  Brydgei.— Park's  edition  of 
the  Royal  and  Noble  Authors. — Strype's  Anaals. — Burnet's  Hist,  of  the  Refur- 
auuioa. 


.   I 


368  S  H  A  D  W  £  L  L. 

SHADWELL  (Thomas),  an  Eoglub  dramatic  poet,  wm 
descended  of  a  good  family  in  the  county  of  Stafford,  hvt% 
bom  at  Stanton-hall,  in  Norfolk)  a  seat  of  his  father's,  about 
.  )640.  He  was  educated  at  Caius  college  in  Cambridge, 
and  afterwards  placed  in  the  Middle  Temple;  where 
be  studied  the  law  some  time,  and  then  went  abroad. 
Upon  his  return  from  his  travels  he  applied  himself  to  the 
drama,  and  wrote  seventeen  plays,  with  a  success  which 
introduced  him  to  the  notice  of  several  persons  of  wit  and 
rank,  by  whom  he  was  highly  esteemed.  At  the  Revolu* 
tion  he  was,  by  his  interest  with  the  earl  of  Dorset,  made 
historiographer  and  poet-laureat ;  and  when  some  personii 
urged  that  there  were  authors  who  had  better  pretensions 
to  the  laurel,  his  lordship  is  said  to  have  replied,  ^*  that  he 
did  not  pretend  to  determine  how  great  a  poet  Shadwell 
might  be,  but  was  sure  that  be  was  an  honest  man.**  He 
succeeded  Dryden  as  poet«laureat ;  for  Oryden  had  so 
warmly  espoused  the  opposite  interest,  that  at  the  Revolu- 
tion he  was  dispossessed  of  his  place.  This,  however, 
Dryden  considered  as  an  indignity,  and  resented  it  very 
warmly.  He  had  ooce  been  on  friendly  terdis  with  Shad- 
well,  but  some  critical  differences  appear  to  have  first  se- 
parated them,  and  now  Dryden  introduced  Shadwell  in  hi» 
Mae-Fleckno,  in  these  lines  : 

"  Others  to  somQ  faint  meaning  make  pretence^ 
But  Shadwell  never  deviates  into  sense  )**  , 

which  certainly  was  unjust,  for  though  as  a  poet  Shadwell 
is  not  to  be  mentioned  with  Dryden,  as  a  writer  of  comedy 
he  had  no  superior  in  that  ageu  His  comedies  abound  in 
priginal  characters,  strongly  marked  and  well  sustained,  and 
the  manners  of  the  time  are  more  faithfully  and  minutely 
delineated  than  in  any  author  we  are  acquainted  with. 
Shadwell  is  said  to  have  written  rapidly,  and  in  the  preface 
to  bis  ^^  Psyche''  he  tells  us  that  that  tragedy,  by  no  means, 
however,  his  best  performance,  was  written  by  him  in  five 
weeks. 

Lord  Rochester  had  such  an  opinion  of  his  conversation 
that  be  said  *^  if  Shadwell  had  burnt  all  he  wrote,  and 
printed  all  he  spoke,  he  would  have  ha4  more  wit  and  hu- 
mour than  any  other  poet"  Considering  Rochester's  cha- 
racter, this,  we  are  afraid,  confirms  the  account  of  some 
contemporary  writers,  that  Shadwell,  in  conversation,  was 
often  grossly  indecent  and  profane.     Shadwell  waa  a  great 


StiAllWteLl.  S€9 

JftiTOiirita  witb  Otway,  and  lived  io  intimacy  with  hlnftj 
wiiich  mighty  perbapsi  be  the  occasion  of  Dryden^s  exf 
pressing  so  much  cpn tempt  for  Otway^  ,wbigh  wa9  sorely 
less  excusable  than  bis  hostility  towards  our  author.  Shad- 
Well  died  Dee.  6,  16d2  ;  and  his  death  was  occasioned,  as 
some  say,  by  a  too  large  dose  of  opium,  given  him  by  mis* 
take.  A  white  marble  monument  with  his  bust  is  erected 
in  Westminster  abbey  by  his  son  sir  John  Shadwell,  and 
his  funeral  sermon  was  preached  by  Dr.  Nicolas  J^rady,^  the 
translator  of  the  Psalms,  who  tells  us  that^^  he  was  a  n^an 
of  great  honesty  and  integrity,  and  had  a  real  love  of  truth 
and  sincerity,  an  inviolable  fidelity  and  strictness  to  hi^ 
word,  an  unalterable  friendship  wheresoever  be  profetssed 
it,  and  (however  the  world  may  be  deceived  in  him)  a 
much  deeper  sense  of  religion  than  many  others  have,  who 
pretend  to  it  more^ openly." 

Besides  bis  dramatic  writings,  he  was  the  author  of  ser 
veral  pieces  of  poetry,  but  none  of  any  great  merit :  the 
chief  are  his  congratulatory  poem  on  the  prince  of  Orange's 
coming  to  England  ;  another  on  queen  Mary ;  a  translatiom 
of  the  tenth  satire  of  Juvenal,  &c.  The  best  edition  of  hi? 
works  was  printed  in  1720,  4  vols.  12pio. 

Our  author's  son,  Dr.  John  Shadwell,  was  physician  to 
queen  Anne;  George  I.  and  George  II.  by  the  former  of 
whom  he  was  knighted.  In  August  16#9,  he  attended  the 
eari  of  Manchester,  who  then  went  to  Paris  as  ambassador 
extraordinary  to  Louis  XIV.  and  continued  there  with  that 
nobleiTian  till  his  return  to  England  in  Sept.  ITOh  He 
died  Dec.  4,  1747. 

There  was  a  Charles  Shadwell,  a  dramatic  writer,  who^ 
Jacob  tells  us,  was  nephew  to  the  poet-laureat,  but  Ch^t** 
wood,  in  his  **  British  Theatre,"  says  he  was  his  younger 
son.  He  had  served  in  Portugal,  and  enjoyed  a  post  ia 
the  revenue  in  Dublin,  in  which  city  he  died  August  IS^ 
lt26.  He  wrote  seven  dramatic  pieces,  all  which,  ex<» 
eepting  the  *^  Fair  Quaker  of  Deal,"  and  the  ^^  Humours 
of  the  Army,''  made  theifi  appearance  oa  the  Irish  stag^ 
only,  and  are  printed  together  in  one  volume,  1720,  l2mQ,^ 
SHAFTESBURY.  See  COOPER. 
SHAKSPEARE  (William),  the  most  illustrious  nam# 
iti  the  history  of  English  dramatic  poetry,  was  born  at  Strat- 

i  Biof.  Brit.— Biog.  Dr«iD.--.Maloae'8  Dry  den.  v\,  I.  p.  S6,  165-^174,  %0$ 
^80^«  vol.  in.  p.  77,  106,  U4»-^Cibber'i  Lives.^Nichols't  Po<mi. 

Vol.  XXVII.  Bb 


S70  SHAKSPEARE. 

ford-upon-ATOti,  in  WarwicksHire,  on  the  23d  day  of  Aprif^ 
1564.  Of  the  rank  of  his  family  it  is  not  easy  to  form  an 
opinion;  Mr.  Rowe  says,  that  by  the  register  and  certaia 
publid  writings  relating  to  Stratford,  it  appears  that  his  ao- 
destbrs  were  *^  of  good  figure  and  fashion"  in  that  town,  and 
are  mentioned  as  '^  gentlemen,''  an  epithet  which  was  cer- 
iainly  mofe  determinate  then  than  at  present,  when  it  has  be« 
come  an  unlimited  phrase  of  courtesy.  His  father,  Joim 
Shakspeare,  was  a  considerable  dealer  in  wool,  and  bad 
been  an  officef  and  bailiiF  (probably  high-bailiflF  or  mayor) 
of  the  body  corporate  of  Stratford.  He  held  also  the  office 
of  justice  of  the  peace,  and  at  one  time,  it  is  said,  possessed 
lands  and  tenements  to  the  amount  of  500/.  the  reward  of 
his  grandfather's  faithful  and  approved  services  to  king 
Hetiry  VII.  This,  however^  has  been  asserted  upon  very 
doubtful  authority.  Mr,  Malone  thinks  ^*  it  is  highly  pro- 
bable that  he  distinguished  himself  in  Bosworth  field  on  the 
aide  of  king  Henry,  and  that  he  was  rewarded  for  his  mili- 
tary services  by  the  bounty  of  that  parsimonious  prince, 
though  not  with  a  grant  of  lands.  No  such  grant  appears 
in  the  chapel  of  the  Rolls,  from  the  beginning  to  the  end 
of  Henry's  reign."— But  whatever  may  have  been  his  for*- 
iher  wealth,  it  appears  to  have  been  greatly  reduced  in  the 
latter  part  of  his  life,  as  we  find,  from  the  books  of  the 
colporatioit^  that  in  1579  he  was  excused  the  trifling  we^k«- 
ly  tax  of  four-pence  levied  on  all  the  aldermen ;  and  that 
in  1586  another  alderman  was  appointed  in  his  room,  in 
consequence  of  his  declining  to  attend  on  the  business  of 
that  office.  It  is  even  said  by  Aubrey,  a  man  sufficiently 
accurate  in  facts,  although  credulous  in  superstitious  narra- 
tives and  traditions,  that  he  followed  for  some  time  the  oc- 
cupation of  a  butcher,  which  Mr.  Malone  thinks  not  in- 
consistent with  probability.  It  must  have  been,  however, 
at  this  time,  no  inconsiderable  addition  to  his  difficulties 
that  he  had  a  family  of  ten  children.  His  wife  was  the 
daughter  &nd  heiress  of  Robert  Arden,  of  Wellingeote,  in 
the  county  of  Warwick,  who  is  styled  <' a  gentleman  of 
worship'."  The  family  of  Arden  is  very  ancient,  Robert 
Arden  of  Brct^iich,  esq.  being  in  the  list  of  the  gentry  of 
this  county  returned  by  the  commissionecs  in  the  twelfth 
year  of  king  Henry  VI.  A.  0. 1.4}33..  E^J^^ard  Arden  was 
sheriff  of  the  county  in  1568.  The  woodland  part  of  this 
county  was  anciently  called  Ardem^  afterwards  softened 'to 
Arden ;  and  hence  the  uame. 


S  H  A  K  S  P  £  A  R  E,  371 

Our  illustriaus  poet  was  ihe  eldest  son,  and  received  his 
^arly  education,  whether  narrow  or  liberal^  at  a  free  school, 
prpbably  that  founded  at  Stratford ;  but  from  this  he  appears 
to  have  been  soon  removed,  and  placed,  according  to  Mr. 
Malone*s  opinion,  in  the  office  of  some  country  attornex> 
or  the  seneschal  of  some  manor  court,,  where  it  is  highly 
probable  he,  picked  up  those  technical  law  phrases  that  so 
frequently  occur  in  his  plays,  and  could  not  have  been  in 
common  use  unless  among  professional  men.  Mr.  Capell 
cpnjectures  that  his  early  marriage  prevented  his  being  sent 
to  some  university.  It  appears,  however,  as  Dr.  Farmer 
observes,  that  his  early  life  was  incompatible  with  a  course 
of  education,  and  it  is  certain  that  ^^  his  contemporaries 
friends  and  JFoes,  nay,  and.  himself  likewise,  agree  in  his 
want  of  what  is  usually  termed  literature.^'  It  is,  indeed, 
a  strong  argument  in  favour  of  Sbakspeare's  iliiterature^ 
that  it  was  maintained  by  all  his  contemporaries,  many  of 
whom  have  left  upon  record  every  merit  they  could  bescovf 
on  hiii(i ;  and  by  his  successors,  who  lived  nearest  to  bis 
time,  when  ^<  his  memory  was  green  ;'^  and  that  it  has  been 
denied  only  by  Gildon,  Sewell,  and  others  down  to  Upton^ 
who  could  have  no  means  of  ascertaining  the  truth. 

In  his  eighteenth  year,  or  perhaps  a  4ittle  sooner,  he 
married  Anne  Hathaway,  who  was  eight  years.older  than 
himself,  the  daughter  of  one  Hathaway,  who  is  said  to 
have  been  a  substantial  yeoman  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Stratford.  Of  bis  domestic  c&conomy,  or  proressional  occu- 
pation at  this  time,  we  have  no  information ;  but  it  would 
appear  that  both  were  in  a  considerable  degree  neglected 
by  his  associating  with  a  gang  of  deer-stealers.  Being 
detected  with  them  in  robbing  the  park  of  sir  Thomas  Lucy 
of  Charlecpte,  near  Stratford,  he  was  so  rigorously  prose* 
cuted  by  that  gentleman  as  to  be  obliged  to  leave  his  family 
and  business,  and  take  shelter  in  London.  Sir  Thomas,  on 
this  oci:asion,  it  said  to  have  been  ^exasperated  by  a  ballad 
Shakspeare  wrote,  prpbably  his  first  essay  in  poetry,  of 
which  the  following  stanza  was  communicated  to  Mr.  Oldys. 

';A'parliementemember>  a  josfticeof  peace. 
At  home  a  poor  seare-cniwe,  at  I/mdon  an  asse^ 
If  lowsie  is  Lucy>  as  some  vdke  miscalle  it^ 
Then  Lucnr  is  lowsie  whatever  beiall  it : 
He  taiidcs  himself  greate. 
Yet  an  asse  in  hb  state 
We  illowe  by  his  ears  but  with  asses  to  mate. 

^    ,  B  B  2 


i4.> 


'S72  iSHAKSPEARE. 

'  If  Lucy  is  lowsie,  as  some  volke  miacalle  it. 

Sing  lowsie  Luqr>  whatever  befiBiU  it." 

These  lities,  it  must  be  confessed,  do  no  greftt  honour  td 
our  ^oet,  and  probably  were  unjust,  for  although  some  of 
his  admirers  have  recorded  sir  Thomas- as  a  ^'  vain^  weak, 
and  Tindictive  magistrate,"  he  was  certainly  exerting  no 
very  violent  act  of  oppression,  in  protecting  his  property 
against  a  man  who  was  degrading  the  commonest  rank  of 
life,  and  had  at  this  time  bespoke  no  indulgence  by  superior 
talents.  The  ballad,  however,  must  have  made  some  noise 
at  sir  Thomas's  expence,  as  the  author  took  care  it  should 
le  affixed  to  his  park-gates,  and  liberally  circulated  among 
his  neighbours. 

On  his  arrival  in  London,  which  was  probably  in  158^^ 
when  he  was  twenty -two  years  old,  he  is  said  to  have  made 
his  first  acquaintance  in  the  play-house,  to  which  idleness 
or  taste  may  have  directed  him,  and  where  his  necessities, 
if  tradition  may  be  credited,  obliged  him  to  accept  the 
office  of  call-boy,  or  prompter's  attendant.     This  is  a  me- 
nial, whose  employment  it  is  to  give  the  performers  notice 
to  be  ready  to  enter,  as  often  as  the  business  of  the  play 
requires  their  appearance  on  the  stage.     Pope,  however, 
relates  a  story,  communicated  to  him  by  Rowe,  but  which 
Rowe  did  not  think  deserving  of  a  place  in  the  life  he  wrote^ 
that  must  a  little  retard  the  advancement  of  our  poet  to  the 
office  just  mentioned.  According  to  this  story,  Shakspeare's 
first  employment  was  to  wait  at  the  door  of  the  play-house, 
and  hold  the  horses  of  those  who  had  no  servants,  that  they 
might  be  ready  after  the  performance.     But  "  I  cannot," 
says  his  acute  commentator,  Mr.  Steeven's,  '*  dismiss  this 
anecdote  without  observing,  that  it  seems  to  want  every 
hiark  of  probability.     Though  Shakspeare  quitted  Stratford 
on  account  of  a  juvenile  irregularity,  we  have  no  reason  to 
suppose  that  he  had  forfeited  the  protection  of  bis  father, 
who  was  engaged  in  a  lucrative  business,  or  the  love  of  his 
wife,  who  had  already  brought  him  two  children,  and  was 
herself  the  daughter  of  a  substantial  yeoman.     It  is  unlike- 
ly, therefore,  when  he  was  beyond  the  reach  of  bis  prose<* 
cutor,  that  he  should  conceal  bis  plan  of  life,  or  place  of 
residence,  from  those  who,  if  he  found  himself  distressed, 
could  not  fail  to  affi}rd  him  such  supplies  as  would  have  set 
him  above  the  necessity  of  holding  horses  for  subsistence. 
Mr.  Malone  has  remarked  in  his  ^  Attempt  to  ascertain  the 
order  in  which  the  plays  gf  Shakspeare  were  written,*  that 


S  H  A  K  S  P  E  A  R  £.  373 

I  ^  • 

})e  might  have  fomid  an  easy  introduction  to  the  stage ;  for 
Thomas  Green,  a  celebrated  comedian  of  that  period,  was 
bis  tpwnsman,  and  perhaps  his  relation.  The  genius  of  our 
author  prompted  him  to  write  poetry ;  his  connexion  with 
H  player  might  have  given  his  pi[:oductions  a  dramatic  turn ; 
.  pr  his  own  sagacity  might  have  taught  him  that  fame  was 
not  incompatible  with  profit,  and  that  the.  theatre  was  w 
jivenue  to  both.  That  it  was  once  the  general  custom  to 
ride  on  horse-back  to  the  play,  I  am  likewise  yet  to  leanv 
The  most  popular  of  the  theatres  were  on  the  Bank*side ; 
and  we  are  told  by  the  satirical  pamphleteers  of  that  tima» 
that  the  usual  mode  of  conveyance  to  these  plages  of  amuse-^ 
inent  was  by  water,  but  not  a  single  writer  so  much  as  hints 
at  the  custom  of  riding  to  them,  or  at  the  practice  of  hav** 
ing  horses  held  during  the  hours  of  exhibition.  Some  air 
iusion  to  this  usage  (if  it  had  existed)  must,  I  think,  have 
been  discovered  in  the  course  of  our  researches  after  con- 
temporary fashions.  Let  it  be  remembered  too,  that  we 
receive  this  tale  on  no  higher  authority  than  that  of  Gibber's 
Lives  of  the  Poets,  vol.  I.  p.  130.  Sir  Wm.  Davenant  told 
it  to  Mr.  Betterton,  who  communicated  it  to  Mr,  JElowe^ 
who,  according  to  Dr.  Johnson,  related  it  to  Mr.  Pope.'' 
Mr.  Malone  concurs  in  opinion  that  this  story  stands  on  a 
very  slender  foundation,  while  he  differs  from  Mr*  SteeveiUK 
as  to  the  fact  of  gentlemen  going  to  the  theatre  on  hor^e^ 
back.  With  respect  likewise  to  Shakspeare's  father  being 
^'  engaged  in  a  lucrative  business,"  we  may  remark,  that 
this  could  not  have  been  the  case  at  the  time  our  authcn: 
came  to  London,  if  the  preceding  dates  be  correct.  He  is 
said  to  have  arrived  in  London  in  1586,  the  year  in  which 
his  father  resigned  the  office  of  alderman,  unless,  indeec^ 
we  are  permitted  to  conjecture  that  his  resignation  was  not 
the  consequence  of  his  necessities. 

But  in  whatever  situation  he  was  fir^t  employed  at  the 
theatre,  he  appears  to  have  soon  discovered  those  talents 
which  afterwards  made  him 

"  Th*  applause !  delight !  the  wonder  of  our  stage  !" 

Some  distinction  he  probably  first  acquired  as  an  actor, 
although  Mr.  Howe  has  not  been  able  to  discover  any 
character  in  which  he  appeared  to  more  advantage  than 
£bat  of  the  ghost  in  Hamlet.  The  instructions  given  to 
the  player  in  that  tragedy,  and  other  passages  of  his  works, 
^faqw  an  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  skill  of  acting,  and 
such  as  is  scarcely  surpassed  ia  our  own  days.    He  appeal? 


S74  S  H  A  K  S  P  E  A  tl  t. 

9 

to  have  studied  nature  in  acting  as  niuch  as  iii  writing; 
But  all  this  might  have  been  mere  theory.  Mr.  Malone  is 
of  opinion  he  was  no  great  actor.  The  distinction,  how- 
ever, which  he  obtained  as  an  actor,  could  only  be  in  his 
own  plays,  in  which  he  would  be  assisted  by  the  novel  ^ 
appearance  of  author  and  actor  combined.  Before  hii 
time,  it  does  not  appear  that  any  actor  of  genius  could 
appear  to  advantage  in  the  wretched  pieces  represented 
on  the  stage. 

Mr.  Rowe  regrets  that  he  cannot  inform  us  which  was 
the  first  play  he  wrote.  More  skilful  research  has  since 
found  that  Romeo  and  Juliet,  and  Richard  II.  and  III. 
were  printed  in  1597,  when  he  was  thirty -three  years  old; 
there  is  also  some  reason  to  think  that  he  commenced  a 
dramatic  writer  in  1592,  and  Mr.  Malone  even  places  his 
first  play,  •*  First  part  of  Henry  VI.'*  in  1589.  His  plays, 
however,  must  have  been  not  only  popular,  but  approved 
by  persons  of  the  higher  order,  as  we  are  certain  that  he 
enjoyed  the  gracious  favour  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  who  was 
very  fond  of  the  stage,  and  the  particular  and  affectionate 
patronage  of  the  earl  of  Southampton,  to  whom  he  dedi- 
cated his  poems  of  *^  Venus  and  Adonis,"  and  his  '*  Rape  of 
Lucrece.**  On  sir  William  Davenant*s  authority,  it  has 
been*  asserted  that  this  nobleman  at  one  time  gave  him  a 
thousand  pounds  to  enable  him  to  complete  a  purchase*. 
At  the  conclusion  of  the  advertisement  prefixed  to  Lintot^s 
edition  of  Shakspeare^s  Poems,  it  is  said,  ''  That  most 
learned  prince  and  great  patron  of  learning,  king  James  the 
first,  was  pleased  with  his  own  hand  to  write  an  ^amicable 
letter  to  Mr.  Shakspeare:  which  letter,  though  now  lost, 
remained  long  in  the  hands  of  sir  William  D*Avenant,  as  a 
credible  person  now  living  can  testify.'*  Dr,  Farmer  with 
great  probability  supposes,  that  this  letter  was  written  by 
king  James,  in  return  for  the  compliment  paid  to  him  in 
Macbeth.  The  relator  of  the  anecdote  was  Sheffield, 
duke  of  Buckingham.  These  brief  notices,  meagre  as 
they  are,  may  show  that  our  author  enjoyed  high  favour  in 
bis  day.  Whatever  we  may  think  of  king  James  as  a  'Mearned 
prince,**  his  patronage,  as  well  as  that  of  his  predecessor, 
was  sufficient  to  give  celebrity  to  the  founder  of  a  new 
stage.  It  may  be  added,  that  Shakspeare*s  uncommon 
merit,  his  candour,  and  good-nature,  are  supposed  to  have 
procured  hioi  the  admiration  and  acquaintance  of  every 
person  distinguished  for  such  qualities.    It  ifl|  iiot  difficuUi 


S  H  A  K  S  P  £  A  R  £.  3741 

]Ddee(J,  to  suppose  that  Shakspeare  was  a  man  of  bomour^ 
and  a  social  companion,  and  probably  excelled  in  that 
species  of  minor  wit,  not  ill  adapted  to  conversation,  of 
wbich  it  could  have  been  wished  he  had  been  more  sparing 
in  his  writings. 

How  long  be  acted  has  not  been  discovered,  but  he  con*- 
tinued  to  write  till  the  year  1614.     During  his  dramatic 
career  be  acquired  a  property  in  the  theatre  *,  which  he 
must  have  disposed  of  when  he  retired,  as  no  mention  of 
it  occurs  in  his  will.     His  connexion  with  Ben  Jouson  has 
been   variously  related.     It  is  said,  that  when  Jonson  was 
unknoyvn  to  the  world,  he  oflFered  a  play  to  the  theatre, 
which  was  rejected  after  a  very  careless  perusal ;  but  that 
Shakspeare  having  accidentally  cast  bis  eye  on  it,  conceived 
a  favourable  opinion  of  it,  and  afterwards  recommended 
Jonson  and  his  writings  to  the  public.     For  this  candour  he 
was  repaid  by  Jonson,  when  the  latter  became  a  poet  of 
note,  with  an  erwious  disrespect.     Jonson  acquired  reputa* 
tion  by  the  variety  of  his  pieces,  and  endeavoured  to  arro- 
gate the  suprema(:y  in  dramatic  genius.     Like  a  French 
critic,  he  insinuated  Shakspeare*s  incorrectness,  his  careless 
luaqner  of  writing,  and  his  want  of  judgment;  and  as  he 
was  a  remarkably  slow  writer  himself,  he  could  not  endure 
the  praise  frequently  bestowed  on  Shakspeare,  of  seldom 
altering  or  blotting  out  what  he  had  written.     Mr.  Malone 
says,  that  ^^  not  long  after  the  year  1600,  a  coolness  arose 
between  Shakspeare  and  him,  which,  however  he  may  talk 
of  his  almost  idolatrous  affection,  produced  on  his  part, 
from  that  time  to  the  death  of  our  author,  and  for  many 
years  afterwards,  much  clumsy  sarcasm,  and  many  malevo- 
lent reflections.'*     But  fronv^^^^^>  which  are  the  commonly 
received  opinions  on  this  subject,   Dr.  Farmer  is  inclined 
to  depart,  and  to  think  Jonson's  hostility  to  Shakspeare 
absolutely  groundless;  so  uncertain  is  every  circumstance 
we  attempt  to  recpver  of  our  great  poet's  life  t*     Jonson 
had  only  one  advantage  over  Shakspeare,  that  of  superior 
learning,  which  might  in  certain  situations  be  of  some  im- 
portance, but  could  n^ver  promote  his  rivalship  with  a  man 
who  attained  the  highest  excellence  without  it.     Nor  will 

*  In  1603,  Shakspeare  and  several         f  But  since  writing  the  abOTe»  Mr. 

0iheri  obtained  a  license  from  king  O.  Gilchrist  has  piqbiisbed  th<3  ▼indi- 

Jamas  io  exhibit  comediei,  tragedies,  cation  of  Jonson  in  a  very  al^le  paooph- 

histories,  &c.  at  ^tb»  Globe  Theatre,  let.    See  our  account  of  JontODi  vol. 

liid  eliewbere.  XIX.  p.  144* 


SfB  6  H  A  K  (S  P  E  A  K  E. 

Sbakfpaave  suffer  by  ifes  beiog  known  that  all  the  ^dramatio 
poet^^i before  he  appeared  were  scholars.  Greene,  I^dge, 
Peele^  M^lowty  Nashe,  Lily,  and  Kyd,  bad  all,  says  Mr, 
Malone,  a  regular  uniyersity  editcationi  and,  as  scholars  ia 
our  universities,  frequently  composed  and  acted  plays  oa 
historical  subjects  *, 

The  latter  part  of  Sbakspeare's  life  was  spent  in  ease, 
xetirement,  and  the  coovecsation  of  his  friends.  He 
liad  accumulated  considerable  property,  which  Gildon  (ia 
bis  <f  Letters  and  £ssays,"  1694,)  stated  to  amount  to 
$00L  p^  annum,  a  sum  at  least  equal  to  1000/.  in  our 
0ays;  but  Mr.  Malone  doubts  whether  all  bis  property 
amounted  to  much  more  than  200/.  per  annum,  which  yet 
wsm  a  eonsiderable  fortune  in  those  times ;  and  it  is  sup^^^ 
posed  that  he  might  have  derived  200/.  per  annum  from  the 
theatre  while  he  continued  to  act. 

He  retired,  some  years  before  his  death,  to  a  house  ia 
Stratford,  of  which  it  has  been  thought  iipportaat  to  give 
the  history.  It  was  built  by  sir  Hugh  Clopton,  a  younger 
brother  of  an  ancient  family  in  that  neighbourhood.  Sir 
Hugh  was  sheriff  of  London  in  the  reign  of  Richard  HI.  and 
lord  mayor  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIL  By  hia  will  ha 
bequeathed  to  his  elder  brother's  son  his  manor  of  Clop* 
too,  Sac,  and  his  house,  by  the  name  of  the  GreiU  Hotisei  itl 
Stratford.  A  good  part  of  the  estate  was  in  possession  of 
Edward  Clopton,  esq  ,  and  sir  Hugh  Clopton,  knight,  in 
1 733.  The  principal  estate  had  been  spld  out  of  the*Clop-f 
ton  family  for  above  a  century,  at  the  time  when  Sbak-r 
^peane  became  the  purchaser,  who  having  repaired  and  mo<« 
delled  it  to  his  own  mind,  changed  the  name  to  New  Phce^ 
which  the  mansion-rhouse  afterwards  erected,  in  the  room 
of  the  poet's  bouse,  retained  for  many  years.  The  house 
and  lands  belonging  to  it  continued  in  the  possession  of 
Shakspeare's  descendants  to  the  time  of  the  Restoration^ 
when  they  were  re-purchased  by  the  Clopton  family.  Here^ 
in  May  1742,  when  Mr.  Garrick,  Mr.  Macklin,  and  Mr. 
Delane,  visited  Stratford,  they  were  hospitably  entertained 
under  Shakspeare's  mulberry^tree,  by  sir  Hugh  Clopton, 
He  was  a  barrister  at  law,  was  knighted  by  king  George  I. 
and  died  in  th^  eightieth  yea»  .of  his  age,  in  December 

*  Thii  wai  the  practice  in  Milton's  derg  in  the  church  were  permitted  to 

days.-    «  Ooe  of  his  objections  to  aca-  act  plays,  ^c."    Johnson's    Life  of 

demical  education,  as  it  was  then  con-  Milton, 
ducted,  19,  that  mtn  desisned  for  or- 


SHAK8PSAKE. 


tti 


17St.  His  executor,  about  1752,  sold  iVaz'  Phee  to  the 
Bev.  Mr.  Ga9trell,  a  m^n  of  large  fortuoei  who  resided  in 
it  but  a  few  years,  in  consequence  of  a  disagreement 
with  the  inhabitants  of  Stratford.  As  be  resided  part  of 
the  3^ear  at  Lichfield,  he  thought  be  was  assessed  too  highly 
in  the  monthly  rate  towards  the  maintenance  of  the  poor; 
but,  being  very  properly  compelled  by  the  magistrates  of 
Stratford  to  pay  the  whole  of  what  was  levied  on  him,  on 
the  principle  that  his  house  was  occupied  by  his  servants  in 
his  absence,  he  peevishly  declared,  that  that  house  should 
never  be  assessed  again  :  and  soon  afterwards  pulled  it 
down,  sold  the  materials,  and  left  the  town.  He  had  some 
time  before  cut  down  Shakspeare^s  mulberry-tree  *,  to  save 
himself  the  trouble  of  showing  it  to  those  whose  admira- 
tion of  our  &;reat  poet  led  them  to  visit  the  classic  ground 
on  which  it  stood.  That  Shakspeare  planted  this  tree  ap- 
pears to  be  sufficiently  authenticated.  Where  New  Place 
stood  is  now  a  garden. — Before  concluding  this  history,  it 
may  be  necessary  to  mention,  that  the  poet's  house  was 
once  honoured  by  the  temporary  residence  of  Henrietta 
Maria,  queen  to  Charles  I.  Theobald  has  given  an  inac- 
curate account  of  this,  as  if  she  had  been  obliged  to  take 
refuge  in  Stratford  from  the  rebels,  which  was  not  the  case^ 
She  marched  from  Newark,  June  16,  1643,  and  entered 
Stratford  triumphantly,  about  the  22nd  of  the  same  month, 
at  the  head  of  3000  foot  and  1500  horse,  with  150  wag- 
gons, and  a  train  of  artillery.  Here  she  was  met  by  prince 
Rupert,  accompanied  by  a  large  body  of  troops.  She 
rested  about  three  weeks  at  our  poet's  house,  which  w^ 
then  possessed  by  bis  grand-daughter  Mrs.  Nash,  and  her 
husband. 

During  Shakspeare's  abode  in  this  house,  his  pleasure-*' 
able  wit  and  good-nature,  says  Mr.  Rowe,  engaged  him  the 
acquaintance,  and  entitled  him  to  the  friendship  of  thc^ 
gentlemen  of  the  neighbourhood.  Among  these  Mr.  Rowe 
tells  a  traditional  story  of  a  miser,  or  usurer,  named  Combe, 
.  who,,  in  conversation  with  Shakspeare,  said  he  fancied  the 


*  **  At  the  curiosity  of  this  house 
>nd  tree  brought  much  fame,  and  more 
company  and  profit  to  the  town,  a  cer- 
tain man,  on  8ome  disgust,  has  pulled 
ttie  bouse  down,  bo  as  not  to  leave  one 
•tone  upon  an'>ther,  and  cut  down  the 
Upe,  and  piled  it  as  a  stack  of  fire- 
W90d|  to  the  great  Te«ati90|  lou,  and 


disappointment  of  the  iohabitanti; 
however,  an  honest  siWer-smith  bougbit 
the  whole  stack  of  wood,  and  makes 
many  odd  things  of  this  wood  for  the 
curious."  Letter  in  Annual  Register* 
1760.  Of  Mr.  Gastrell  and  his  lady, 
see  Boswell's  Life  of  Dr.  JobniOi^  vol. 
il.  490.  lU,  443. 


«78  «  n  A  K  S  P  E  A  R  E. 

poet  intended  to  write  bis  epitaph  if  lie  should  survive  bim^ 
and  desired  to  know  what  he  meant  to  say.   On  this  Shaks* 
peare  gave  him  the  following,  probably  extempore  : 
^'  Ten  in  the  hundred  lies  here  ingrav'd^ 

Tis  a  hundred  to  ten  his  soul  is  not  8av*d. 

If  any  man  ask,  who  lies  in  this  tombe  ? 

'  Oh  !  ho !'  quoth  the  devil, '  'tis  my  John-a-Combe\" 
The  sharpness  of  the  satire  is  said  to  have  stung  the  man 
$o  severely  that  be  never  forgave  it.  These  lines,  bow-? 
ever,  or  some  which  nearly  resemble  them,  appeared  in  va- 
rious collections  both  before  and  after  the  time  thej  were 
said  to  have  been  composed;  and  the  inquiries  of  Mr.  Stee- 
vens  and  Mr.  Malone  satisfactorily  prove  that  the  'whol^ 
itory  is  a  fabrication.  Betterton  is  said  to  have  heard  it 
when  he  visited  Warwickshire,  on  purpose  to  collect  anec* 
dotes  of  our  poet,  and  probably  thought  it  of  too  much 
importance  to  be  nicely  examined.  We  know  not  whether 
it  be'worth  adding  of  a  story  which  we  have  rejected,  that 
^  usurer  in  Shakspeare's  time  did  not  meati  one  who  took 
exorbitant,  but  anj/  interest  or  usance  for  money,  and  that 
ien  in  the  hundred,  or  ten  per  cent,  was  then  the  ordinary 
*  interest  of  money.  It  is  of  more  consequence,  however,  to 
record  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Malone,  that  Shakspeare,  during 
bis  retirement,  wrote  the  play  of  "  Twelfth  Night." 

He  died  on  his  birth-day,  Tuesday  April  23,  1616,  when 
he  had  exactly  completed  his  fifty-sepond  y^ar*,  and  was 
buried  on  the  north  side  of  the  chancel,  in  the  great  church 
at  Stratfoird,  where  a  monument  is  placed  in  the  wall,  on 
which  he  is  represented  under  an  arch,  in  a  sitting  posture, 
a  cushion  spread  before  him,  with  a  pen  in  his  right  hand, 
and  his  left  rested  on  a  scroll  of  paper.,  The  following 
Latin  distich  is  engraved  under  the  cushion  : 

*'  Judicio  Pylium>  genio  Socratem,  arte  Maronem^ 
Terra  tegitj,  pppulus  mceret^  Qlympus  habet." 

**  The  first  syllable  in  Socratem,"  says  Mr.  Steevens,  "is 
berie  made  short,  which  cannot  be  allowed.  Perhaps  we 
should  read  Sophoplem.  Shakspeare  is  then  appositely 
compared  with  a  xiramatick  author  among  the  ancients; 
but  still  it  should,  be  remembered  that  the  elogium  is  les- 
sened while  the  inetre  is  reformed  ;  and  it  is  well  known 
that  some  of  our  early  writers  of  Lsitin  poetry  were  uncom-? 
inonly  negligent  in  their  prosody,  especially  in  proper 

'  #  The  only  notiec  w«  have  of  his  ^od  adds  *'  Terie  good  comptay,  and 
person  is  from  Aiihrey,  who  says,  «  he  of  a  very  ready,  and  ple^iiuit,  BxA 
frai  a  haodiomt  welli-thsped  maD."     imooth  wilt" 


S(  H  A  K  S  P  E  A  R  E. 


t7> 


tifttnes.  The  thought  of  this  distich,  as  Mr.  Toilet  obseires, 
ffiight  have  been  taken  from  *  The  Fa^ry  Qtieene*  of  Spen« 
fer,  B.  II.  c.  ix.  st  48,  and  c.  x.  st.  S. 

**  To  this  Latin  inscription  on  Shaktpeare  may  be  added 
the  lines  which  are  found  underneath  it  on  bis  monument : 

'  Stay>  passenger,  why  dost  thou  go  so  fast  ? 
Read,  if  thou  canst^  whom  envious  death  hath  plac'd 
Within  this  monument ;  Shakspeare,  with  whom 
Quick  nature  dy*d  -,  whose  name  doth  deck  the  tomb 
Far  more  than  cost ;  since  all  that  he  hath  writ 
|.ieaves  living  art  but  page  to  serve  his  wit. 

Obiit  Ano.  Dni.  1616. 
set.  53,  die  23  Apri/  ♦ 
^*  It  appears  from  the  verses  of  Leonard  Digges,  that  our 
liutbor^s  monument  was  erected  before  the  year  162S.     It 
has  been  engraved  by  Vertue,  and  done  in  mezzotinto  by 
Miller." 

We  have  no  account  of  the  malady  which,  at  no' very  ad- 
vanced age,  closed  the  life  and  labours  of  this  unrivalled 
and  incoipparable  genius. 

His  family  consisted  of  two  daughters,  and  a  son  named 
Hamnet,whodiedinl596,  inthe  12th  year  of  his  age.  Susan* 
nab,  the  eldest  daughter,  and  her  father's  favourite,  was  mar-> 
Tied  to  Dr  John  Hall,  a  physician,  who  died  Nov.  1635^ 
{iged  60.  Mrs.  Hall  died  July  1 1, 1649,  aged  66.  They  left 
only  one  child, 'Elizabeth,  born  1607-8,  and  married  April 
22,  1626,  to  Thomas  Nashe,  esq.  who  died  in  1647,  and  af- 
terwards to  sir  John  Barnard  of  Abington,  in  Northampton* 
shire,  but  died  without  issue  by  either  husband.  Judith, 
Shakspeare's  youngest  daughter,  was  married  to  aMr.Tho* 
mas  Quiney,  and  died  Feb.  1661-62,  in  her  77th  year.  By 
Mr.  Q,uiney  she  had  three  sons,  Shakspeare,  Richard,  and 
Thomas,  who  all  died  unmarried.  Sir  Hugh  Clopton^  who 
was  born  two  years  after  the  death  of  lady  Barnard,  which  . 
happened  in  l6b9-70,  related  to  Mr.  Macklin,  in  1742,  ai| 
old  tradition,  that  she  had  carried  away  with  her  from 
Btratford  many  of  her  grandfather's  papers.  On  the  death 
of  sir  John  Barnard,  Mr.  Malone  thinks  these  must  have 
fallen  into  the  hands  of  Mr.  Edward  Bagley,  lady  Bariiard*s 

It  is  uncertain  whetbtT  this  reqnctl 
aod  imprecatioR  were  written  by  Sbaks. 
peare,  or  by  one  of  hit  friends.  They 
tirobably  allude  to  the  custom  of  re^ 
moving  skeletons  after  a,  certain  time» 
and  depositing  them  in  charneUbousesi' 
and'  similar  execratiQi^^  aw  fQimd-ul 
many  apcieat  L^tin  epitaphs. 


*  On  bis  graTf -stone  untjerneath, 
mre  these'  lme«,  in  an  uncouth  mixture 
of  small  and  capital  letters: 
¥Qood  Freod  for   lesus   SAKE    for- 
beare 
To  diao  T.EDutr  EncloAsed  HERe 
Blese  be  T-E  Man  J  spares  T-Es 

Stones 
4Bd  cunt  be  Ht  J  movst  my  Bones.'' 


««•  SHAKSPBARE. 

ezecutdr,  and  if  My  descendant  of  that  gentleman  be  now 
living,  in  hisciMtody  tbey  probably  remain.  To  this  accooAt 
.  of  Sbakspeare's  family.,  we  have  now  to  add  that  among 
Oldyt's  papersi  is  another  traditional  story  of  bi<  having 
l>een  the  Camber  of  sir.  William  Davenant.  Oldy^^s  relatioa 
is  thus  given : 

^^  If  tradition  may  be  trusted,  Sbakspeare  often  baited  at 
the  Crown  inn  or  tavern  in  Oxford,  in  his  journey  to  and 
from  London.  The  landlady  was  a  woman  of  great  beauty 
and  sprightly  wit,  and  her  husband,  Mr.  John  Davenant, 
(afterwards  mayor  of  that  city)  a  grave  melancholy  man ; 
who,  as  well  as  his  wife,  used  much  to  delight  in  Shaks* 
jpeare's  pleasant  company.  Their  son,  young  Will.  Davenant, 
^(afterwards  sir  William)  was  tlien  a  little  school-boy  in  the 
town,  of  about  seven  or  eight  years  old,  and  so  fond  also  of 
Sbakspeare,  that  whenever  he  beard  of  his  arrival,  he  would 
fly  from  school  to  see  him.  One  day  an  old  townsman  ob- 
serving the  boy  runuing  homeward  almost  out  of  breath, 
asked  him  whither  he  was  posting  in  that  heat  and  hurry. 
He  answered  to  see  his  god-father  Sbakspeare.  ^  There's  a 
good  boy,'  said  the  other,  *  but  have  a  care  that  you  don't 
take  Gcd*s  name  in  vain/  This  story  Mr.Pope  told  me  at  the 
earl  of  Oxford's  table,  upon  occasion  of  some  discourse 
which  arosie  about  Sbakspeare's  monument  then  newly 
erected  in  Westminster  abbey." 

This  story  appears  to  have  originated  with  Anthony 
Wood,  and  it  has  been  thought  a  presumption  of  its  being 
true  that,  after  careful  examination,  Mr.  Thomas  Warton 
was  inclined  to  believe  it.  Mr.  Steevens,  however,  treats  it 
with  the  utmost  contempt,  but  does  not  perhaps  argue  with 
bis  usual  attention  to  experience  when  he  brings  sir  Wil- 
liam Davenant's  *^  heavy,  vulgar,  unmeaning  face/'  as  a 
proof  that  he  could  not  be  Sbakspeare's  son. 
,  In  the  year  1741,  a  monument  was  erected  to  our  poet 
in  Westminster  Abbey,  by  the  direction  of  the  earl  of  Bur- 
lington, Dr.  Mead,  Mr.  Pope,  and  Mr.  Martyn.  It  was  the 
work  of  Scheemaker  (who  received  30o/.  for.it),  after  a 
design  of  Kent,  and  was  opened  in  January  of  that  year. 
The  performers  of  each  of  the  London  theatres  gave  a  be- 
nefit to  defray  the  e:^pences,  and  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of 
Westminster  took  nothing  for  the  ground.  The  money  re<r 
eeived  by  the  performers  at  Drury-Iane  theatre  amounted 
to  above  200/,  but  the  receipts  at  Covent-^^arden  did  not 
exceed  100/. 


SHAKSPEARK.  sn 

*  From  these  imperfect  notices,  which  are  all  we  have  tieen 
able  to  collect  from  the  labours  of  his  biographers  and 
commentators,  our  readers  will  perceive  that  less  is  knoiirii 
of  Shakspeare  than  of  almost  any  writer  who  haa  been  con*- 
sidered  as  an  object  of  laudable  curiosity.  Nothing  o^uld 
be  more  highly  gratifying  than  an  account  of  the  early 
studies  of  this  wonderful  man,  the  progress  of  his  pen,  his 
moral  and  social  qualities,  his  friendships,  his  failings,  and 
whatever  else  constitutes  personal  history.  But  on  all  these 
topics  his  contemporaries  and  his  immediate  successors 
have  been  equally  silent,  and  if  aught  can  hereafter  be  dis- 
covered, it  must  be  by  exploring  sources  which  have  hi>- 
therto  escaped  the  anxious  researches  of  those  who  bavede^ 
voted  their  whole  lives,  and  their  most  vigorous  talents,  to 
revive  his  memory  and  illustrate  his  writings;  In  the  sketch 
we  have  given,  if  the  d^tes  of  his  birth  and  death  be  ex<- 
cepted,  what  is  there  on  whidi  the  reader  can  depend,  or 
for  which,  if  he  contend  eagerly,  he  may  not  be  involved  in 
controversy,  and  perplexed  with  contradictory  opinions  and 
authorities  ? 

It  is  usually  said  that  the  life  of  an  author  can  be  little 
else  than  a  history  of  his  works ;  but  this  opinion  is  liaUe 
to  many  exceptions.  If  an  author,  indeed,  has  passed  his 
days  in  retirement,  his  life  can  afford  little  more  varie^ 
than  that  of  any  other  man  who  has  lived  iii  retirement ; 
but  if^  as  is  generally  the  case  with  writers  of  gre^  cele^ 
brity,  he  has  acquired  a  pre-eminence  over  his  contempo«> 
raries,  if  he  has  excited  rival  contentions,  and  defeated  the 
attacks  of  criticism  or  of  malignity,  or  if  he  has  plunged, 
into  the  controversies  of  his  age,  and  performed  tlie  pavt 
either  of  a  tyrant  or  a  hero  in  literature,  his  history  may  he 
rendered  as  interesting  as  that  of  any  other  public  charac** 
ter.  But  whatever  weight  may  be  allowed  to  this  remark^ 
the  decision  will  not  be  of  much  consequence  iu  the  case 
of  Shakspeare.  Unfortunately ,  we  know  as  little  of  the 
progress  of  bis  writings,  as  of  his  personal  history.  The 
industry  of  his  illustrators  for  the  last  thirty  years  has  been 
such  as  probably  never  was  surpassed  in  the  annals  of  lite* 
rary  investigation,  yet  so  far  are  we  from  information  of  the 
lk)nclusive  or  satisfactory  kind,  that  even  the  order  in  which 
his  plays  were  written^  rests  principally  on  conjecture,  and 
of  some  plays  usually  printed  among  his  works,  it  is  not  yet 
determined  whether  he  wrote  the  whole,  or  any  part. 


313  S  H  A  k  S  P  E  A  K  E. 

Much  of  our  ignorance  of  every  thing  which  it  would  bd 
flesirabie  to  know  respecting  Shakspeare*s  works,  roust  b^ 
imfHited  to  the  author  himself.  If  we  look  merely  at  the 
state  itn  which  he  left  his  productions,  we  should  be  apt  to 
C0iiclu4e,  either  that  he  was  insensible  of  their  value,  or 
that  while  he  was  the  greatest^  he  was  at  the  same  time  the 
humUest  writer  the  world  ever  produced  ;  **  that  he  thought 
bis  works  unworthy  of  posterity,  that  he  levied  no  ideal 
tribute  upon  fdture  times,  nor  had  any  further  prospect, 
than  that  of  present  popularity  and  present  profit***  And 
Mich  an  opinion,  although  it  apparently  partakes  of  the 
ease  and  looseness  of  conjecture,  may  not  be  far  from  pro« 
bability.  But  before  we  allow  it  any  higher  merit,  or  at- 
tempt to  decide  upon  the  affection  or  neglect  with  which 
he  reviewed  his  labours,  it  mky  be  necessary  to  consider 
their  precise  nature,  and  certain  circumstances  in  his  situa*> 
tlon  which  affected  them ;  and,  above  all,  we  must  take 
into  our  account  the  character  and  predominant  occupations 
of  the  times  in  which  he  lived,  and  of  those  which  followed 
bis  decease. 

With  respect  to  himself,  it  does  not  appear  that  he  printed 
any  one  of  his  plays,  and  only  eleven  of  them  were  printed 
in  bis  life- time.  The  reason  assigned  for  this  is,  that  he 
wrote  them  for  a  particular  theatre,  sold  them  to  the  ma* 
jiagers  when  only  an  actor,  reserved  them  in  manuscript 
when  himself  a  manager,  and  when  he  disposed  of  his  pro* 
perty  in  the  theatre,  they  were  still  preserved  in  manuscript 
to  prevent  their  bei^g  acted  by  the  rival  houses.  Copies  of 
some  of  them  appear  to  have  been  surreptitiously  obtained, 
and  published  in  a  very  incorre&t  state,  bbt  we  may  sup- 
pose that  it  was  wiser  in  the  author  or  managers  to  overlook 
this  fraud,  than  to  publish  a  correct  edition,  and  so  destroy 
the  exclusive  property  they  enjoyed.  It  is  clear,  there- 
fore, that  any  publication  of  his  plays  by  himself  would 
liave  interfered,  at  first  with  his  own  interest,  and  after- 
wards with  the  interest  of  those  to  whom  he  bad  made  over 
bis  share  in  them.  But  even  had  this  obstacle  been  removed, 
we  are  not  sure  that  he  would  have  gained  much  by  publi- 
cation. If  he  had  no  other  copies  but  those  belonging  to 
the. theatre,  the  business  of  correction  for  the  press  must 
have  been  a  toil  which  we  are  afraid  the  taste  of  the  public 
at  that  time  would  have  poorly  rewarded.  We  know  not 
the  exact  portion  of  fame  he  enjoyed ;  it  was  probably  the 
bighe!»t  which  dramatic  genius  could  confer,  but  dramatic 


\ 


S  H  A  K  S  P  E  A  R  Bl  SBS 

genibswas  a^nevir  expellence,  and  not  well  undenitoiNl*  Its 
claims  were  probably  not  heard  out  of  the  jurisdiction  df 
the  master  of  the  revels,  certainly  not  beyond  the  oietiro* 
polis.  Yet  such  was  Shakspeare's  reputation^.tbat  we  are 
told  his  name  was  put  to  pieces  which  he  never  wrote,  and 
that  he  felt  himself  top  confident  in  popular  ffivour  to.UQi- 
deceive  the  public.  This  was  singular  resolution  in  a  man 
who  wrote  so  unequally,  that  at  this  day  the  test  of  inters 
nal  evidence  must  be  applied  to  his  doubtful  productions 
with  the  greatest  caution.  But  still,  how  far  his  character 
would  have  been  elevated  by  an  examination  of  his  plays  in 
the  closet,  in  an  age  when  the  refinements  of  criticism  were 
not  understood,  and  the  sympathies  of  taste  ;were  seldom 
felt,  may  admit  of  a  question*  "  His  language,"  saysDtr* 
Johnson,  "  not  being  designed  for  the  reader's  desk^  was  aH 
that  he  desired  it  to  be,  if  it  conveyed  his  meaning  to  the 
audience.'' 

Shakspeare  died  in  1616,  and  seven  years  afterwards  ap*- 
peared  the  first  edition  of  his  plays,  published  at  tlie  charges 
of  four  booksellers,  a  circumstance  from  which  Mr..Malone 
infers,  '^  that  no  single  publisher  was  at  that  time  willing  to 
risk  his  money  on  a  complete  collection  of  our  author's 
plays."     This  edition  was  printed  from  the  copies  in  the 
hands  of  his  fellow-managers,  Heminge  and  Condell,  whick 
had  been  in  a  series  of  years  frequently  ^altered  through 
convenience,  caprice,  or  ignorance.     Hemiqge  and  Con- 
dell had  now  retired  from  the  stage,  and,  we  may  suppose^ 
virere  guilty  of  no  injury  to  their  successors,  in  printinp 
what  their  own  interest  only  had  formerly  withheld*     Of 
this,  although  we  have  no  documents  amaunting  to  demon** 
stration,  we  may  be  convinced,  by  adverting  to  a  circum- 
stance  wliich  will,  in  our  days,  appear  very  extraordinary^ 
namely,  the  declension  of  Sbakspeare's  popularity.     We 
have  seen  that  the  publication  of  his  works  was  accounted  a 
d64ibtful  speculation,  and  it  is  yet  more  certain  that  so  much 
bad  the  public  taste  turned  from  him  in  quest  of  variety^ 
that  for  several  years  after  his  death  the  plays  of  Fletcher 
vvere  more  frequently  acted  than  his,  and  during'  the  wbol^ 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  they  were  made  to  give  place 
to  performances,  the  greater  part  of  which  cannot  now  be 
endured.     During  the  same  period  only,  four  editipns  of 
his  works  were  published,  all  in  folio ;  and  perhaps  thia 
unwieldy  size  of  volume  may  be  an  additional  proof  that 
they  were  not  popular  ^  nor  is  it  thought  that  the  impret* 
sions  were  numerous. 


S84  SttARs!>EAlte. 

Tbese  circutnstanciss  which  attach  to  our  author  and  Vb 
bis  works,  must  be  allowed  a  plausible  weight  in  accounting 
for  car  deficiencies  in  his  biography  and  literary  career'; 
btit  there  were  circumstances  enough  in  the  history  of  the 
times  to  suspend  the  progress  of  that  more  regular  drama^ 
of'  which  be  had  set  the  example,  and  may  be  considered 
a&  the  foonder.  If  we  wonder  why  we  know  so  much  less 
of  Shakspeare  than  of  his  contempbraries,  let  us  recollect 
that  hia  genius^  however  highly  and  justly  we  now  rate  it^ 
tock  a  direction  which  was  not  calculated  for  permanent 
admiration,  either  in  the  age  in  which  he  livedo  or  in  that 
ifhich  followed.  Shakspeare  was  a  writer  of  plays,  a  pro- 
moter of  an  amusiement  just  emerging  from  barbarism  ;  and 
ftti  amusement  which,  although  it  has  been  classed  dmohg 
the.  schools  of  morality,  has  ever  had  such  a  strong  ten- 
defncy  to  deviate  from  moral  purposes,  that  the  force  of  law 
bas  in  all  ages  been  called  in  to  preserve  it  within  th^ 
bounds  of  common  decency.  The  church  has  ever  been 
unfriendly  to  the  stage.  A  part  of  the  injunctions  of  queen 
~£liisabeth  is  particularly  directed  against  the  printing  of 
plays  ^  and,  according  to  an  entry  in  the  books  of  the  Sta- 
tioners* Company,  in  the  4l8t  year  of  her  reign,  it  is  ordered 
that  no  plays  be  printed^  except  allowed  by  persons  in  au- 
thority. Dr.  Farmer  also  remarks^  that  in  that  age,  poetry 
and  novels  were  destroyed  publicly  by  the  bishops,  and 
privately  by  the  puritans.  The  main  transactions^  indeed^ 
of  that  period  could  not  admit  of  much  attention  to  (hatters 
of  amusement.  The  reformation  required  afH  the  circum- 
spection and  policy  of  a  long  reign  to  render  it  so  firmly 
-established  in  popular  favour  as  to  brave  the  caprice  of  any 
succeeding  sovereign.  This  was  effected  in  a  great  mea- 
*  Aure  by  the  diffusion  of  religious  controversy,  which  wai 
encouraged  by  the  church,  and  especially  by  the  puritans^ 
who  were  the  immediate  teachers  of  the  lower  classes,  were 
listened  to  with  veneration,  and  usually  inveighed  against 
all  public  amusements,  as  inconsistent  with  the  Christian 
profession.  These  controversies  continued  during  the  reign 
of  James  I.  and  were  in  a  considerable  degree  promoted  by 
him,  although  he,  like  Elizabeth,  was  a  favourer  of  the 
stage  as  an  appendage  to  the  grandeur  and  pleasures  of  the 
court.  But  the  commotions  which  followed  in  the  unhappy 
reign  of  Charles  I.  when  the  stage  was  totally  abolished,  are 
sufficient  to  account  for  the  oblivion  thtowti  on  the  history 
and  works  of  our  great  bard.     From  this  time  no  in(](iTiry 


S  H  A  K  S  P  E  A  Rt  E.  3SA 

vat  made,  uptil  it  was  too  late  to  obtain  any  iaforoiation 
more  satisfactory  thaii  the  few  hearsay  scraps  and  contested 
traditions  above  detailed.  ^^  How  little,*-  says  Mr.  Steevenff, 
**  Sbakspeare  was  once  read,  may  be  understood  from  Tate, 
wbo,  in  bis  dedication  to  the  altered  play  of  king  Lear, 
speaks  of  the  original' as  an  obscure  piece,  recommended 
to  bis  notice  by  a  friend  ;  and  the  author  of  the  Tatier  hav- 
ing occasion  to  quote  a  few  lines  out  of  Macbeth,  was  con^^ 
tent  to  receive  them  from  D'Avenant's  alteration  of  that 
celebrated  drama,  in  which  almost  every  original  beauty  is 
either  aukwardly  disguised,  or  arbitrarily  omitted/' 

Jn  Bfty  years  after  his  death,  Dryden  mentions  that  be 
was  then  become  ^'  a  little  obsolete."     In  the  beginning  of 
the  last  century,  Lord  Shaftesbury  complains  of  his  ^*  rude 
unpolished  style,  and  his  antiquated  phrase  and  wit."  .  Itis 
certain  that  for  nearly  an  hundred  years  after  his  death, 
partly  owing  to  the  immediate  revolution  and  rebellion,  and 
partly  to  the  licentious  taste  encouraged  in  Charles  II.'s  time, 
and  perhaps  partly  to  the  incorrect  state  of  his  works,  he 
was. almost  entirely  neglected.     Mr.  Maione  has  justly  re^ 
marked,  that  *^  if  be  had  beisn  read,  acimired,  studied,  and 
imitated,  in  the  same  degree  as  he  is  now,  the  enthusiasm 
of  some  one  or  other  of  his  admirers  in  the  last  age  would 
have  induced  him  to  make  some  inquiries  concerning  the  . 
history  of  his  theatrical  career,  and  the. anecdotes  of  his 
private  life." 

His  admirers,  however,  if  he  had  admirers  in  that  age, 
possessed  no  portion  of  such  enthusiasm.  That  curiosity 
which  in  our  days  has  raised  biography  to  the  ran^  of  an 
independent  study,  was  scarcely  known,  and  where  kinown, 
confined  principally  to  the  public  transactions  of  eminent 
characters.  And  if,  in  addition  to  the  circumstances  aU 
ready  stated,  we  consider  how  little  is  known  of  the  persov 
nal  history  of  Shakspeare's  contemporaries,  we  may  easily 
resolve  the  question  why,  of  all  men  who  have  ever  claimed 
admiration  by  genius,  wisdom,  or  valour,  who  have  emi- 
nently contributed  to  enlarge  the  taste,  or  increase  the  re-^ 
putation  of  their  country,  we  know  the  least  of  Sbakspeare; 
and  why,  of  the  few  particulars  which  seem  entitled  to  ere- 
dityAvhen  simply  related,  and  in  which  there  is  no  manifest 
TiG^ation  of  probability,  or  promise  of  importance,  there  is 
scarcely  one  which  has  not.  swelled  into  a  controversy.  After 
a  direful  examination  of  aU  that  modera  .research  has  dis« 
covered,  we  kpow  not  how  to  trust  our /curiosity  beyond 
Vol.  XXVIL  C  c 


386  8  H  A  K  S  P  E  A  R  E. 

the  limits  of  those  barren  dates  which  afford  no  personal 
history.  The  nature  of  Shakspeare's  writings  prevents  that 
appesd  to  internal  evidence  which  in  other  cases  has  been 
found  to  throw  light  on  character.  The  purity  of  his  mo- 
rals/ for  example,  if  sought  in  his  plays,  must  be  measured 
against  the  licentiousness  of  his  language,  and  the  question 
•will  then  be,  how  much  did  he  write  from  conviction,  and 
how  much  to  gratify  the  taste  of  his  hearers  ?  How  much 
did  he  add  to  the  age,  and  how  much  did  he  borrow  from 
it  ?  Pope  says,  ^^  he  was  obliged  to  please  the  lowest  of  the 
people,  and  to  keep  the  worst  of  company;"  and  Pope 
might  have  said  more,  for  although  we  hope  it  was  not 
true,  we  have  no  means  of  proving.tbat  it  was  false. 

The  only  life  which  has  been  prefixed  to  all  the  editions 
of  Sh^kspeare  of  the  eighteenth  century  is  tliat  drawn  up 
by  Mr.  Rowe,  and  which  he  modestly  calk  ^^  Some  Ac- 
count, &c/'     In  this  we  have  what  Rowe  could  collect 
when  every  legitimate  source  of  information  was  closed,  a 
few  traditions  that  were  floating  nearly  a  century  after  the 
author^s  death.     Some  inaccuracies  in   his  account  have 
been  detected  in  the  valuablts  notes  of  Mr.  Steevens  and 
Mr.  Malone,  who,  in  other  parts  of  their  respective  editions, 
.    have  scattered  a  few  brief  notices  which  are  incorporated 
in  the  present  sketch.     The  whole,  however,  is  unsatis- 
factory.    Shakspeare  in  his  private  character,  in  his  friend- 
ships, in  his  amusements,  in  his  closet,  in  his  family,  is 
,    ^o  where  before  us  ;  and  such  was  the  nature  of  the  writ- 
ings on  which  his  fame  depends,  and  of  that  employment 
in  which  he  was  engaged,  that  being  in  no  important  re- 
spect connected  with  the  history  of  his  age,  it  is  in  vain  to 
look  into  the  latter  for  any  information  concerning  him. 

Mr.  Capeil  is  of  opinion  that  he  wrote  some  prose  works, 
because  '^  it  can  hardly  be  supposed  that  he,  who  had  so 
considerable  a  shaire  in  the  confidence  of  the  earls  of  Essex 
and  Southampton,  could  be  a  mute  spectator  only  of  con- 
troversies in  which  they  were  so  much  interested.*'  This 
editor,  however,  appears  to  have  taken  for  graiHed  a  de- 
gree of  confidence  with  these  two  statesmen,  which  be 
ought  first  to  have  proved.  Shakspeare  might  have  en« 
joyed  the  confidence  of  their  social  hours,  but  it  is  mere 
conjecture  that  they  admitted  faim  into  the  confidence  of 
their  state  afFairs.  Mr.  Malone,  whose  opinions  are  en« 
titled  to  a  higher  degree  of  credit,  thinks  that  his  prose 
compositions,  if  they  diionid  hn  dbcovered^  'woald  exhikil 


S  H  A  K  S  P  E  A  R  E.  347 

the  flaoie  perspicuity,  the  same  cadence,  the  same  ele- 
gance and  vigour,  which  we  find  in  his  plays.  It  is  unfor- 
tiiuate,  however,  for  all  wishes  and  ail  conjeetures,  tha;t 
not  a  line  of  Shakspeare's  manuscript  is  known  to  exist, 
and  his  prose  writings  are  nowhere  hinted  at.  We  have 
pnly  printed  copies  of  his  plays  and  poems,  and  those  so 
depraved  by  carelessness  or  ignorance,  that  all  the  labour 
of  all  his  commentators  has  not  yet  been  able  to  restore 
tbena  to  a  probable  purity.  Many  of  the  greatest  difficul- 
ties attending  the  perusal  of  them  yet  remain,  and  will 
require,  what  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  expect,  greater  sa- 
gacity and  more  happy  conjecture  than  have  hitherto  been 
employed. 

Of  his  poems,  it  is  perhaps  necessary  that  some  notice 
should  be  taken,  although  they  have  never  been  favourites 
with  the  public,  and  have  seldom  been  reprinted  with  his 
plays.  Sliortly  after,  his  death,  Mr.  Malone  informs  us,  a 
very  incorrect  impression  of  them  was  issued  out,  which  in 
every  subsequent  edition  was  implicitly  followed,  until  he 
published  a  correct  edition  in  1780,  with  illustrations,  &c. 
But  the  peremptory  decision  of  Mr.  Steevens  on  the  merits 
of  \hese  poems  must  not  be  omitted.  ^^  We  have  not  re- 
printed the  Sonnets,  &c.  of  Sbakspeare,  because  the 
strongest  act  of  parliament  that  could  be  framed  would  fail 
to  compel  readers  into  their  service.  Had  Sbakspeare 
produced  no  other  works  than  these,  his  name  would  have 
reached  us  with  as  little  celebrity  as  time  has  conferred  on 
that  of  Thomfis  Watson,  an  older  and  much  more  elegant 
sonneteer.*'  Severe  as  this  may  appear,  it  only  amounts  to 
the  general  conclusion  which-  modern  critics  have  formed. 
Still  it  cannot  be  denied  that  there  are  many  scattered 
beauties  among  his  Sonnets,  and  although  they  are  now 
lost  in  the  blaze  of  ttis  dramatic  genius,  Mr.  Malone  re- 
marks that  they  seem  co  have  gained  him  more  reputation 
than  his  plays;  at  least,  they  are  oftener  mentioned  or 
alluded  to. 

The  elegant  preface  of  Dr.  Johnson  gives  an  account  of 
the  attempts  made  in  the  early  part  of  the  last  century,  to 
revive  the  memory  and  reputation  of  our  poet,  by  Rovve, 
Pope,  Theobald,  Hasmer,  and  Warburton,  whose  respee* 
tive  merits  he  has  characterized  with  candour,  and  with 
singular  felicity  of  expression.  Shakspeare's  works  may 
be  overloaded  with  qriticism,  for  what  writer  has  excited 
90  much  curiosity,  and  so  many  opinions  ?  but  Johnson's 

CC  2 


S8§  S  H  A.  K  S  P  E  A  R  E,       ' 

preface  is  an  accompaniment  worthy  of  the  genius  it  cele- 
brates. His  own  edition  followed  in  1765,  and-a  second^ 
in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Steevens,  in  1773.  The  third 
edition  of  the  joint  editors  appeared  in  1785,  the  fourth  in 
1793,  the  fifth  in  1S03,  in  2t  volumes  octavo,  which 'has 
since  been  reprinted.  Mr.  Malone's  edition  was  published 
in  1790  in  10  volumes,  crown  octavo,  and  is  now  become 
exceedingly  scarce.  His  original  notes  and  improvements, 
however,  are  incorporated  in  the  editions  of  1793  and  1803 
by  Mr.  Steevens.  Mr.  Malone  says,  that  from  1716  to 
the  date  of  his  edition  in  1790,  that  is,  in  seventy-four 
years,  ^'  above  30,000 .  copies  of  Shakspeare  have  been 
dispersed  through  England.'*  To  this  we  may  add  with 
confidence,  thatsince  1790  that  number  has  been  tnore  than 
doubled.  During  1803  no  fewer  than  nine, editions  were 
in  the  press,  belonging  to  the  booksellers  of  London  ;  and 
if  we  add  the  editions  printed  by  others,  and  those  pub- 
lished in  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  America,  we  may  surely 
fix  the  present  as  the  highest  sera  of  Sbakspeare*s  popu- 
larity. Nor  among  the  honours  paid  to  his  genius,  ought 
we  to  forget  the  very  magnificent  edition  undertaken  by 
Messrs.  Boy  dell.  Still  less  ought  it  to  be  forgotten  how 
much  the  reputation  of  Shakspeare  was  revived  by  the 
unrivalled  excellence  of  Garrick's  performance.  His  share 
in  directing  the  public  taste  towards  the  study  of  Shak- 
speare was  perhaps  greater  than  that  of  any  individual  in 
his  time;  and  such  was  his  zeal,  and  such  his  success  in. 
this  laudable  attempt,  that  he  may  readily  be  forgiven  the 
foolish  mummery  of  the  Stratford  Jubilee. 

When  public  opinion  had  begun  to  assign  to  Shakspeare 
the  very  high  rank  he  was  destined  to  hold,  he  became  the 
promising  object  of  fraud  and  imposture.  This,  we  have 
already  observed,  he  did  not  wholly  escape  in  bis  own 
time',  and  he  had  the  spirit  or  policy  to  despise  it  *.  It 
was  reserved  for  modern  impostors,  however,,  to  avail 
themselves  of  the  obscurity  in  which  his  history  is  involved; 
In  1751  a  booh  was  published,  entitled  **  A  Compendious 
,  or  briefe  examination  of  certayne  ordinary  Complaints  of 
di«ers  of  our  Councrymen  in  those  our  days ;  which,  al-* 
though  they  are  in  some  parte  unjust  and  frivolous,  yet 

*  Mr.  Maloae  has  given  a  list  of  14  logoes.   Of  these  <<  Peridos"  has  found 

ffUys  ascribed  to  Shakspeare,  either  advocates  for  its  admisstoB  ista  hjs 

by  Uie  editors  of  the  iw9  later  folios,  works. 
ur  by  the  compilers  of  aoci^t  cata-> 


SHAKSPEARE.  S89 

are  they  all  by  way  of  dialogue,  throughly  debated  and 
discussed  by  William  Shakspeare,  gentleman."  This  had 
been  originally  published  in  1581,  but  Dr.  Farmer  has 
clearly  proved  that  W.  S.  gent,  the  only  authority  for  at* 
tributing  it  to  Shakspeare  in  the  reprinted  edition^  meant 
William  Stafford^  gent.  Theobald,  the  same  accurate  cri- 
tic informs  us,  was  desirous  of  palming  upon  the  world  a 
play  called  *^  Double  Falsehood,"  for  a  posthumous  one  of 
Shakspeare.  In  1770  was  reprinted  at  Feversham,  an  old 
play,-  called  "The  Tragedy  of  j^rden  of  Feversham  and 
Black  Will,"  with  a  preface  attributing  it  to  Shakspeare, 
without  the  smallest  foundation.  But  these  were  trifles 
compared  to  the  atrocious  attempt  made  in  1795-6,  when^ 
besides  a  vast  mass  of  prose  and  verse,  letters,  &c.  pre«- 
tendedly  in  the  hand-writing  of  Shakspeare  and  his  cor« 
respondents,  an  entire  play,  entitled  *'  Vortigern,"  was 
not  only  brought  forward  for  the  astonishment  of  the  ad- 
mirers of  Shakspeare,  but  actually  performed  on  Drury- 
lane  stage.  It  would  be  unnecessary  to  expatiate  on  the 
merits  of  this  play,  which  Mr.  Steevens  has  very  happily 
characterized  as  "  the  performance  of  a  madman  without  a 
lucid  interval,"  or  to  enter  more  at  large  into  the  nature  of 
a  fraud  so  recent,  and  so  soon  acknowledged  by  the  au« 
thors  of  it.  It  produced,  however,  an  interesting. contro- 
versy between  Mr.  Malone  and  Mr.  George  Chalmers, 
which,  although  mixed  with  some  unpleasant  asperities, 
was  extended  to  inquiries  into  the  history  and  antiquities 
of  the  stage,  from  which  future  critics  and  historians  may 
derive  considerable  information  *. 

SHARP  (Abraham),  an  eminent  mathematician,  me- 
chanist, and  astronomer,  was  descended  from  an  ancient 
family  at  Little- Horton,  near  Bradford,  in  the  West  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  where  he  was  born  about  1651.  He  was  at 
first  apprenticed  to  a  merchant  at  Manchester,  but  his  in- 
clination and  genius  being  decidedly  for  mathematics,  he 
obtained  a  release  from  his  master,  and  removed  to  Liver* 
pool,  where  he  gave  himself  up  wholly  to  the  study  of  ma» 
thematics,  astronomy,  &c. ;  and  for  a  subsistence,  opened 
a  school,  and  taught  writing  and  accounts^  &c.  Before 
he  had  been  long  at  Liverpool,  he  accidentally  met  with  a 

*  This  sketch  of  Shakspeare?!  Life  haTing  since  been  thrown  on  Shak- 

ivas  drawn  up  by  the  present  writer  for  speare's  history,  it  it  here  roprioted 

a  variorum  edition  of  his  works,  pub-  with  very  few  alterations* 
lisbed  in  1804,  and  no  additional  light 


990  SHARP. 

Soerchani  6i^  tradesman  visiting  that  town  from  Loudoti,  m 
whose  bouse  the  astronomer  Mr.  Flamsteed  then  lodged } 
aofd  such  was  Sharp's  enthusiasm  for  his  farourite  studies, 
lliat  with  the  view  of  befbonoing  acquainted  with  this  emi-> 
pnent  man,  he  engaged  himself  to  the  merchant  as  a  book* 
keeper*  Having  been  thus  introduced,  he  acquired  the 
friendship  of  Mr.  FLamsteed,.  who  obtained  for  him  a  pro-;* 
fitable  employment  in  the  dock*-yard  at  Chatham.  In  this 
he  continued  till  his  friend- and  patron,  knowing  his  great 
merit  in  astroiomy  and  mecba&kcs,  called  him  to  his  as** 
wtance,  in  completing  the  astronomical  apparatus  in  the 
royal  observatory  at  Greenwich,  which  bad  been  built  about 
the  year  1676. 

In  this  situation  h^  continued  to  assist  Mr.  Flamsteed  ia 
makiag  observaitions  (with  the  mural  arch,  of  80  inches  ra- 
dius, and  140  degrees  on  the  limb,  contrived  and  gradu- 
ated by  Mr.  8barp)  o*i  the  meridional  zenith  distances  of 
the  fixed  stars^  sun,  moon,  and  planets,  with  the  times  of 
their  transits  over  the  meridian  ;  also  tbe  diameters  of  the 
frun  and  raoen,  and  their  eclipses,  with  those  of  Jupiter'^ 
satellites,  the  variation  of  the  compass,  &c.  He  assisted 
him  also  in  making  a  catalogue  of  near  SOOO  fixed  stars,  as 
to  tl>eir  longitudes  and  magnitudes,  their  right  ascensions 
and  polar  distances,  with  the  variations  of  the  same  while 
they  change  their  longitude  by  one  degree.  But  from  the 
fatigue  of  cootinually  observing  tbe  stars  at  night,  in  a  cold 
tinn  air,  joined  to  a  weakly  constitution,  he  was  reduced 
to  a  bad  state  of  heahb  ;  for  tbe  recovery  of  which  he  de- 
sired leave  to  retire  to  his  house  at  Horton  ;  where,  as  soon 
as  be  began  to  recorer,  be  fitted  up  an  observatory  of  his 
own  ;  having  first  made  an  elegant  and  curious  engine  for 
turning  all  kinds  of  work  in  wood  or  brass,  with  a  maundril 
for  turning  irregular  figures,  as  ovals,  roses,  wreathed  pil- 
lars, &c.  Beside  these,  he  made  himself  most  of  the  tools 
used  by  joiners,  clockmakers,  opticians,  mathematical  in- 
strument-makers, '&c.  The  limbs  or  arcs  of  bis  large  equa- 
torial instrument,  sextant,  quadrant,  &c.  h^  graduated  with 
the  nicest  accuracy,  by  diagonal  divisions  into  degrees  and 
minutes.  Tbe  telescopes  he  made  use  of  were  all  of  bis 
own  making,  and  the  lenses  ground,  figured,  and  adjusted 
with  his  own  bands. 

It  was  at  this  time  that  he  assisted  Mr.  Flamsteed  in  cal- 
culating most  of  the  tables  in  the  second  volume  of  his 
<*  Historia  Coelestis,'*  as  appears  by  their  letters,  in  tbe 


SHARP.  391 

hands  of  Mr.  Sharp's  friends  at  Horton.  Likewise  the  cu« 
rious  drawings  of  the  charts  of  all  the  constellations  visible 
in  owe  hemisphere,  with  the  still  more  excellent  drawings 
of  the  planispheres  both  of  the  northern  and  southern  con-* 
stellations.  And  though  these  drawings  of  the  constella- 
lions  were  sent  to  be  engraved  at  Amsterdam  by  a  masterly 
^andy.yet  the  originals  fair  exceeded  the  engravings  in  point 
ef  beauty  and  elegance :  these  were  published  bv  Mr.  Flam* 
steed,  and  both  copies  may  be  seen  at  Horton  *, 

The  mathematician  meets  with  something  extraordinary 
in  Sbarp*s  elaborate  treatise  of  **  Geometry  Improved/* 
(1717,  4to,  signed  A.  S^  Philomath.)  1st,  by  a  large  and 
accurate  table  of  segments  of  circles,  its  construction  and 
various  uses  in  the  solution  of  several  difficult  problems, 
with  compendious  tables  for  finding  a  true  proportional 
part ;  and  their  use  in  these  or  any  other  tables  exempli- 
fied in  making  logarithms,  or  their  naturaf  numbers,  to  60 
places  of  figures ;  there  being  a  table  of  them  for  all  primes 
to  1100,  true  to  61  figures.     2d.  His  concise  treatise  of 
Polyedra,  ^^or  solid  bodies  of  many  bases,  both  the  regular 
ones  and  others  :  to  which  are  added  twelve  new  ones,  with 
various  methods  of  forming  thenf^,  and  their  exact  dimen- 
sions in  surds,  or  species,  and  in  numbers :  illustrated  with 
a  variety  of  copper-plates,  neatly  engraved  with  his  own  ^ 
hands.     Also  the  models  of  these  polyedra  he  cut  out  in 
box-wood  with  amazing  neatness  and  accuracy.     Indeed 
few  or  none  of  the  mathematical  instrument-makers  could 
.  exceed  him  in  exactly  graduating  or  neatly  engraving  any 
mathematical  or  astronomical  instrument,  as  may  be  seen 
in  the  equatorial  instrument  above  mentioned,  or  in  bis 
sextant,  quadrants  and  dhils  of  various  ^orts  ;  also  in  a  cu- 
rious armillary  sphere,  which,  beside  the  common  proper- 
ties, has  moveable  circles,  &c.  for  exhibiting  and  resolving 
ail  spherical  triangles ;  also  his  double  sector,  with  many 
other  instruments,  all  contrived,  graduated,  and  finished, 
in  a  most  elegatit  manner,  by  himself.     In  short,  he  pos- 
sessed at  once  a  remarkably  clear  head  for  contriving,  and 
l^n  extraordinary  hand  for  executing,  any  thing,  not  only  in 
mechanics,  but  likewise  in  drawing,  writing,  and  making 
the  most  exact  and  beautiful  schemes  or  figures  in  all  his 
calculations  and  geometrical  constructions. 

*  Suph  if  the  language  of  his  hiographer,  who  wrote  in  1781.  (Gent.  Mag.  for 
that  year.)  Whether  these  cariositiei  are  still  to  be  lean  at  Horton  we  know  not. 


^92:  SHARP. 

The  quadrature  of  the  circle  was  undertaken  by  hioi  foi^ 
bis  own  private  amusement,  in  1699,  deduced  from  two  dif- 
ferent series,  by  which  the  truth  of  it  was  proved  to  7^ 
places  of  figures ;  as  may  be  seen  in  the  iDtroduotion  to 
Sberwin's  tables  of  logarithms ;  and  in  Sherwin  may  also 
be  seen  his  ingenious  improvements  on  the  making  of  lo- 
garithms, and  the  constructing  of  the  natural  sines,  tan- 
gents, and  secants.  He  calculated  the  natural  and  lo- 
garithmic sines,,  tangents,  and  secants,  to  every  second  in 
the  first  minute  of  the  quadrant:  the  laborious  investiga- 
tion of  which  may  probably  be  seen  in  the  archives  of  the 
Royal  Society,  as  they  were  presented  to  Mr.  Patrick.  Mtir- 
doch  for  that  purpose ;  ecKhibiting  his  very  neat  and  accu- 
rate manner  of  writing  and  arranging  his  figures,  not  to  be 
equalled  perhaps  by  the  best  penman  now  living. 

The  late  ingenious  Mr.  Smeaton  says  (Philos.  Trans,  an. 
jl78a,  p.  5,  &c).  **  In  the  year  1689,  Mr.  Flamstced  com- 
pleted bis  mural  arc  at  Greenwich;  and,  in  the  prolego- 
mena to  his  ^'  Historia  iCoelestis,"  he  makes  an  ample  ac- 
knowledgment of  the  particular  assistance,  care,  and  indus- 
try of  Mr.  Abraham  Sharp  ;  whom,  in  the  month  of  Aug. 
1688,  he  brought  into  the  observatory  as  his  amanuensis, 
and  being,  as  Mr.  Flamsteed  tells  us,  not  only  a  very  skilful 
mathematician,  but  exceedingly  expert  in  me^chanlcal  ope«< 
rations,  he  was  principally  employed  in  « the  construction 
of  the  mural  arc  ;  which  in  the  compass  of  fourteen  months 
be. finished,  so  greatly  to  the  satisfaction  of  Mr. Fianisteed, 
tl)at  he  speaks  of  him  in  the  highest  terms  of  praise. 

'^  This  celebrated  instrument,  of  which  he  a}so  gives  the 
figure  at  the  end  of  the  prolegomena,  was  of  the  radios  of 
6  .feet  7|  incites  ;  and,  in  like  manner  as  the  sextant,  was 
furnished  both  with  screw  and  diagonal  divisions,  all  per- 
formed by  the  accurate  hand  of  Mr.  Sharp.  But  yet,  who-* 
ever  compares  the  different  parts  of  the  table  for  convert 
sioB  of  the  revpljutions  and  parts  of  the  screw  belonging  to 
the  mural  arc  into  degrees,  minutes,  and  seconds,  with 
each  other,  at  the  same  distance  from  the  zenith  on  diffe^ 
rent  sides;  and  with  their  halves,  quarters,  &c.  will  find  as 
notable  a  disagreement  of  the  screw- work  from  the  hand 
divisions,  as  had  appeared  before  in  the  work  of  Mr.  Tom- 
pion  :  and  hence  we  may  conclude,  that  the  method  of  Dn 
Hook,  being  executed  by  two  such  masterly  hands  as  Tom- 
pion  and  Sharp,  and  found  defective,  is  in  reality  not  to 
be  depended  upon  in  nice  matters. 


SHARP.  2n 

^^'From  the  account  of  Mr.  Flamsteed  it  appears  a1so> 
that  Mr«  Sharp  obtained  the  zenith  point  of  the  instrument, 
or  line  of  coliimation,  by  observation  of  the  zenith  stars^ 
with  the  face  of  the  instrument  on  the  east  and  on  the  west 
side  of  the  wall :  and  that  having  made  the  index  stronger 
(to  prevent  flexure)  than  that  of  the  sextant,  and  thereby 
heavier,  he.  contrived,  by  means  of  polleys  and  balancing 
weights,  to  relieve  the  hand  that  was  to  liiove  it  from  a< 
great  part  of  its  gravity.  Mr.  Sharp  continued  in  strict 
(:orre$pondence  with  Mr.  Flamsteed  as  long  as  he  lived,  as 
appeared  by  letters  of  Mr.  Flamsteed's  found  after  Mr. 
Sharp's  death  ;  many  of  which  I  have  seen. 
.  ^'  I  have  been  the  more  particular  relating  to  Mr.  Sharp, 
in  the  busiuess  of  conatructing  this  mural  arc ;  not  only 
because  we  may  suppose  it  the  first  good  and  valid  instru-^ 
ment  of  the  kind,  but  because  I  look  upon  Mr.  Sharp  to 
have  been  the  first  person  that  cut  accurate  and  delicate 
divisions  upon  astronomical  instruments;  of  which,  inde* 
pendent  of  Mr.  Flamsteed's  testimony,  there  still  remain 
considerable  proofs:  for,  after  leaving  Mr. Flamsteed,  and 
quitting  the  department  above  mentioned,  he  retired  into 
Yorkshire,  to  the  village  of  Little  Horton,  near  Bradford, 
where  he  ended  his  days  about  the  year  1743  (should  be, 
in  1742)  ;  and  where  I  have  seen  not  only  a  large  and  very 
6ne  collection  of  mechanical  tools,  the  principal  ones  be« 
ing  made  with  his  own  hands,  but  also  a  great  variety  of 
scales  and  instruments  made  with  them,  both  in  wood  and 
|>rass,  the  divisions  of  which  were  so  exquisite,  as  would 
Hot  discredit  the  first  artists  of  the  present  times :  and  I 
Ixel ley e; there  is.  now  remaining  a  quadrant,  of  4  or  5  feet 
radiate,  framed  of  wood,  but  the  limb  covered  with  a  brass 
plate ;  the  subdivisions  being  done  by  diagonals,  the  lines 
of  which  are  as  finely  cut  as  those  upon  the  quadrants  at 
Greenwich.  The  delicacy  of  Mr.  Sharp's  hand  will  indeed 
permanently  appear  froto  the  copper-plates  in  a  quarto 
hook,  published  in  the  year  1718,  entitled  ^  Geometry  Im- 
proved' by  A.  Sharp,  Philomath,  (or  rather  1717,  by  A.  S; 
Philomath.)  whereof  not  only  the  geometrical  lines  upon 
the  plates,  but  the  whole  of  the  engraving  of  letters  and 
6gure8,  were  done  by  himself,  as  I  was  told  by  a  person  in 
the  mathematical  line,  who  very  frequently  attended  Mr. 
Sharp  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life.  I  therefore  look  upon 
Mr.  Sharp  as  the  first  person  that  brought  the  affair  of  hand, 
division  to  any  degree  of  perfection.'' 


SHARP. 

Mr.  Sharp  kept  up  a  correspondence  by  lettens  with  most 
of  the  eminent  mathematicians  and  astronomers  of  his  time/ 
fis  Mr.  Fiamsteed,  sir  Isaac  Newton,  Dr.  Halley,  Dn  Wal« 
Us,  Mr.  Hodgson,  Mr.  Sherwin,  &c. ;  the  answers  to  which 
letters  are  all  written  upon  the  backs,  or  empty  spaces,  of 
the  letters  be  received,  in  a  short«hand  of  his  own  contriv-* 
ance.  From  a  great  variety  of  letters  (of  which  a  large 
cbest-fuU  remain  with  his  friends)  from  these  and  many 
other  celebrated  mathematicians,  it  is  evident  that  Mr. 
Sharp  spared  neither  pains  nor  time  to  promote  real  science. 
Indeed,  being  one  6f  the  most  accurate  and  indefatigable 
computers  that .  ever  existed,  he  was  for  many  years  'the 
common  resbarcefor  Mr.  Flamsteed,  sir  Jonas  Moore,  Dr. 
HaUey,  and  others,  in  all  sorts  of  troublesome  and  delicate 
ealcubtioQs. 

Mr.  Sharp  continued  all  his  life  a  bachelor,  and  spent 
hb  time  as  recluse  as  a  hermit.  He  was  of  a  middle  stature, 
but  very  thin,  being  of  a>weakly  constitution  ;  he  was  re-' 
markably  feeble  the  last  three  or  four  years  before  he  died, 
which  was  on  the  18th  of  July,  1742,  in  the  4unety-first  year 
of  bis  age. 

.  In  his  retirement  at  Little  Horton,  he  employed  four  or 
five  rooms  or  apartments  in  his  house  for  different  purposes, 
into  which  none  of  his  family  could  possibly  enter  at  any 
time  without  his  permission.  He  was  seldom  visited  by 
any  persons,  except  two  gentlemen  of  Bradford,  the  one  a 
mathematician,  and  the  other  an  ingenious  apothecary: 
these  were  admitted,  when  he  chose  to  be  seen  by  them, 
by  the  signal  of  rubbing  a  stone  against  a  certain  part  of 
the  outside  wall  of  the  house.  He  duly  attended  the  dis« 
•enting  chapel  at  Bradford,  of  which  he  was  a  member, 
every  Snnday  ;  at  which  time  he  took  care  to  be  provided 
with  plenty  of  halfpence,  which  he  very  charitably  suffered 
to  be  taken  singly  out  of  his  hand,  held  behind  him  during 
bis  walk  to  the  chapel,  by  a  number  of  poor  people  who 
followed  him,  without  his  overlooking  back,  or  asking  a 
liingle  question. 

Mr.  Sharp  was  very  irregular  as  to  his  meals,  and  remark- 
ably sparing  in  his  diet,  which  he  frequently  took  in  the 
following  manner :  A.  little  square  hole,  something  like  a 
4vindow,  made  a  communication  between"  the  room  where 
he  was  usually  employed  in  calculations,  and  another  cham- 
ber or  room  in  the  house  where  a  servant  could  enter ;  and 


J 


SHARP.  89S 

fxfore  this  hole  he  hsd  contrived  a  slidiii?  board  :  the  *9t- 
vant  always  placed  his  victuals  in  this  holey  ^wiihoot  speak* 
ing  or  making  any  the  least  noise ;  and  when  )ie  bad  a  little 
leisure  he  visiied  his  cupboard  to  see  what  it  afforded  to 
satisfy  bis  hunger  or  thirst.  But  it  often  happened,  that 
the  breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper,  have  remained  untouch- 
ed by  him,  when  the  servant  has  gone  to  remove  what  was 
left — so  deeply  engaged  had  he  been  in  calculations.  C»« 
vities  might  easily  be  perceived  in  an  old  English  oak  table 
where  he  sat  to  write,  by  the' frequent  rubbing  and  wear- 
ing of  his  elbows.  By  his  epitaph  it  appears  that  he  waa 
related  to  archbishop  Sharp,  but  in  what  degree  is  not  men- 
tioned. It  is  certain  he  was  bom  in  the  same  place.  One 
of  his  nephews  was  the  father  of  Mr.  Ramsden  the  cele« 
brated  instrument-maker,  who  said  that  this  bis  grand^ 
uncle  was  for  some  time  in  his  younger  days  an  exciseman, 
but  quitted  that  occupation  on  coming  to  a  patrimonial  es- 
tate of  about  200/.  a  year.  Mr.  Thoresby,  who  often  men- 
tions him,  had  a  declining  dial  for  his  library  window,  made 
by  Sharp.' 

SHARP  (James),  archbishop  of  St.  Andrew's,  and  the 
third  prelate  of  that  see  who  suffered  from  popular  or  pri- 
vate revenge,  was  born  of  a  good  family  in  BanflGihire  in 
1618.  In  his  youth  he  displayed  such  a  capacity  as  deter- 
mined his  father  to  dedicate  him  to  the  church,  and  to  send 
bim  to  the  university  of  Aberdeen,  whence,  on  account  of 
the  Scottish  covenant,  made  in  1638,  he  retired  into  Eng- 
land, and  was  in  a  fair  way  of  obtaining  promotion  from  bis 
acquaintance  with  doctors  Sander3on,  Hammond,  Taylor, 
und  bther  of  our  most  eminent  divines,  when  be  was  ob- 
liged to  return  to  his  native  country  on  account  of  the  re- 
bellion, and  a  bad  state  of  health.  Happening  by  the  way 
to  fall  into  company  with  lord  Oxenford,  that  noUeman 
was  pleased  with  his  conversation,  and  carried  him  to  his 
own  house  in  the  country.  Here  he  became  kndwn  to  se- 
veral of  the  nobility,  particularly  to  John  Lesley,  earl  of 
Rothes,  who  patronized  bim  on  account  of  his  merit,  and 
procured  him  a  professorship  in  St.  Andrew's.  After  some 
stay  here  with  growing  reputation,  through  the  friendship 
of  the  earl  of  Crauford,  he  was  appointed  minister  of  CraiL 
In  this  town  he  acquitted  himself  of  his  ministry  in  an  exem- 

1  fSent  Mag;  vol.  LL— Hutton'ii  Di^t-^TboresbyU  Leedi. 


ZM  SHARP. 

plary  and  acceptable  manner ;  only  some  of  the  mdre  rigid 
sort  would  sometimes  intimate  their- fears  that  he  was  not 
sound ;  and  it  is  very  certain  that  he  was  not  sincere. 

About  this  time  the  covenanting  presbyterians  in  Scot- 
land split  into  two  parties.  The  spirit  raged  with  great 
violence;  and  the  privy-council  established  in  that  country 
cpuld  not  restrain  it,  and  therefore  referred  them  to  Crom* 
V9.e]k  himself,  then  protector.  These  parties  were  called 
public  resolutioners,  and  protestators  or  remonstratorsv 
They  sent  deputies  up  to  London  ;  the  former,  Mr.  Sharp, 
knowing  his  activity,  address,  and  penetration ;  the  latter, 
Mr.  Guthrie,  a  noted  adherent  to  the  covenant.  A  day. 
being  appointed  for  hearing  the  two  agents,  Guthrie  spoke 
first,,  and  spoke  so  long  that,  when  he  ended,  the  protector 
told  Sharp,  he  would  hear  him  another  time ;  for  bis  hour 
fur  other  business  was  approaching.  But  Sharp  begged  to 
be  heard,  promising  to  be  short ;  and,  being  permitted  to 
speak,  in  a  few  words  urged  his  cause  so  well  as  to  incline 
Oliver  to  his  party.  Having  succeeded  in  this  impotunt 
affair,  he  returned  to  the  exercise  of  his  function ;  and 
always  kept  a  good  understanding  with  the  chief  of  the  op- 
posite party  that  were  most  eminent  for  worth  and  learning.* 
When  general  Monk  advanced  to  London,  the  chief  of  the 
kirk  sent  Sharp  to  attend  him,  to  acquaint  him  with  the 
st^te  of  things,  and  to  put  him  in  mind  of  what  was  neces* 
sary  ;<  instructing  him  to  use  his  utmost  endeavours  to  se- 
cure the  freedom  and  privileges  of  their  established  judica- 
tures ;  and  to  represent  the  sinfulness  and  offensiveness  of 
the  late  established  toleratiariy  by  which  a  door  was  opened 
to  many  gross  errors  and  loose  practices  in  their  church. 

The  earl  of  Lauderdale  and  he  had  a  meeting  with  ten  of 
the  chief  presbyterian  ministers  in  London,  who  all  agreed 
upon  the  necessity  of  bringing  in  the  king  upon  covenant 
terms.  At  the  earnest  desire  of  Monk  and  the  leading  pres- 
byterians of  Scotland,  Sharp  was  sent  over  to  king  Charles 
to  Breda,  to  solicit  him  to  own  the  cause  of  presbytery. 
He  returned  to  London,  and  acquainted  his  friends,  **  that 
he  found  the  king  very  affectionate  to^  Scotland,  and  re- 
solved not  to  wrong  the  settled  government  of  their  church :"' 
at  last  he  came  to  Scotland,  aCnd  delivered  to  some  of  the 
ministers  of  Edinburgh  a  letter  from  the  king,  in  which  his 
majesty  promised  to  protect  and  preserve  the  government 
of  the  church  of  Scotland,  "as  it  is  settled  by  law.'*  The 
<^l^i'gy>  understanding  this  declaration  in  its  obvious  mean- 


SHARP.  3DT 

ing,  felt  all  the  satisfaction  which  such  a  communication 
oouid  not  fail  to  impart;  but  Sharp,  wha had  composed* 
the  letter,  took  this  very  step  to  hasten  the  subversion  of 
the  presbyterian  church  government,  and  nothing  could  ap- 
pear more  flagitious  than  the  manner  in  which  he  had  con- 
trived It  should  operate.  When  the  earl  of  Middleton, 
who  was  appointed  to  open  the  parliament  in  Scotland  as 
his  majesty^s  commissioner,  first  read  this  extraordinary 
letter,  hq  was  amazed,  and  reproached  Sharp  for  having 
abandoned  the  cause  of  episcopacy,  to  which  he  had  pre- 
viously agreed.  But  Sharp  pleaded  that,  while  this  letter 
would  serve  to  keep  the  presbyterians  quiet,  it  laid  his  ma« 
jesty  under  no  obligation,  because,  as  he  bound  himself  to 
support  the  ecclesiastical  government  *^  settled  by  law,** 
parliament  had  only  thus  to  settle  episcopacy,  to  transfer 
to  it  the  pledge  of  the  monarch.  Even  Middieton,  a  man 
of  I00S&  morals,  was  shocked  with  such  disingenuity,  and 
honestly  answered,  that  the  thing  might  be  done,  but  that 
for  his  share,  he  did  not  love  the  way,  which  made  his 
majesty^s  first  appearance  in  Scotland  to  be  in  a  cheat.  The 
presbyteriaii  government  being  overturned  by  the  parlia- 
ment, and  the  bishops  restored,  Sharp  was  appointed  aVch- 
bishop  of  St  Andrew's;  and  still,  inconsistence  with  his 
treacherous  character,  endeavoured  to  persuade  his  old 
friends,  that  he  had  accepted  this  high  office,  to  prevent 
its  being  filled  with  one  who  might  act  with  violence  against 
the  presbyterians. 

All  this  conduct  rendered  him  very  odious  in  Scotland, 
and  he  was  accused  of  treachery  and  perfidy,  and  reproach- 
ed by  his  old  friends  as  a  traitor  and  a  renegado.  The  ab- 
surd and  wanton  cruelties  which  were  afterwards  committed, 
ami  which  were  imputed  in  a  great  measure,  to  the  arch- 
bishop, rendered  him  still  more  detested.  Nor  were  these 
accusations  without  foundation,  for  when  after  the  defeat 
of  the  presbyterians  at  Pentland-hills,  he  received  an'  order 
from  the  king  to  stop  the  executions,  he  kept  it  for  some 
time  before  he  produced  it  in  council. 

Sharp  had  a  servant,  one  Carmichael,  who  by  his  cruel- 
ties bad  r^endered  himself  particularly  odious  to  the  presby^ 
terians.  Nine  men  formed  the  resolution,  in  1679,  of  way- 
laying, him  in  Magus^moor,  about  three  miles  from  St. 
Andrew's.  .  While  they  were  watting  for  this  man,  the  pri-* 
mate  himself  appeared,  in  a  coach  with  his  daughter,  and 
the  assassins  immediately  considered  this  as  a  fit  opportu- 


398  SHARP. 

nity  to  rid  the  world  of  such  a  monster  of  per&dy  and 
^cruelty,  and  accorjdingly  dispatched  him  with  their  swords, 
with  every  aggravation  of  barbarity,  regardless  of  the  tears 
and  intreaties  of  his  daughter.  Such  is  the  account  given 
by  all  historians  of  the  murder  of  Sharp ;  and  that  be  fell 
by  the  hands  of  fanatics  whom  he  persecuted,  is  certain.  A 
tradition,  however,  has  been  preserved  in  different  fami^ 
lies  descended  from  him,^  which  may  here  be  mentioned. 
The  primate  had,  in  the  plenitude  of  his  archiepiscopal 
authority,  taken  notice  of  a  criminal  amour  carried  on  be- 
tween a  nobleman  high  in  office  and  a  lady  of  some  fashion 
who  lived  within  his  diocese.  This  interfeareoce  wa»  in  that 
licentious  age  deemed  very  impertinent;  and  the  arch- 
bishop's descendants  believe  that  the  proud  peer  instigated 
the  deluded  rabble  to  murder  their  ancestor.  Such  a  tra« 
dition,  however,  is  contrary  to  all  historical  testimony,  and 
all  historians  have  been  particularly  desirous  to  prove  that 
the  meeting  with  the  assassins  was  purely  accidental.^ 

SHARP  (John),  a-  learned  and  worthy  prelate,  was 
descended  frpm  the  Sharps  of  Little  Horton  near  Bradford, 
in  the  county  of  York,  a  family  of  great  antiquity.  He  was 
son  of  Mr.  T{}omas  Sharp,  an  eminent  tradesman,  and  was 
born  at  Br^ford,  in  Feb.  1644.  la  April  1660,  <he  was 
admitted  a  paember  of  Christ  college,  Cambridge^  where 
be  pursue^  bis  studies  with  unwearied  diligence,  and  ob- 
tained the  degree  of  B.  A.  in  Dec.  1663,  with  considerable 
reputation^  Yet  most  of  the  time  he  had  been  afflicted 
with  a  quartan  ague,  the  long  continuance  of  which  bad  also 
brought  on  hypochondriac  melancholy.  •  The  favourite  stu- 
dies of  his  youth  are  said  to  have  been  those  of  botany  and 
chemistry.  About  1664,  be  was  desirous  to  obtain  a  fel- 
lowship in  his  college,  but  the  fellowships  beloogiug  to  the 
county  of  York  being  then  full,  he  was  excluded  by  the 
statutes.  At  a  future  vacancy,  however,  the  whole  society 
were  unanimous  in  their  offer  of  it  to  him  ;  but  he  had  then 
better  views. 

In  1667,  he  took  the  degree  of  M.  A.  and  was  ordained 
both  deacon  and  priest.  In  the  same  year,  be  was  recom- 
mended by, the  celebrated  Dr.  Henry  More,  as  domestic 
chaplain  to  sir  Heneage  Finch,  then  attor ney-geneml : 
to  four  of  whose  sons  he  was  tutor  :  two  of  whom,'  having 
afterw«irds  entered  into  orders,  he  successively  collated^ 

1  Encycl.  Brit  an  .—Cook's  Hist,  of  the  Church  of  Soctlandk— V^odrow*s  Hist. 
'^L»Hi^sHitt«ofScotiaiid.  ' 


SHARP.  i99 

wben'archbbhop  of  York,  to  the  rich  prdiend  of  Wetwang 
in  his  cathedral.    At  the  opening  of  the  Sheldonian  theatre 
in  July  1669,  he  was  incorporated  M.  A.  with  several  other 
Cambridge  gentlemen,  whom  the  fame  of  t*hat  intended 
solemnity  had  brought  to  Oxford.    In  1672,  sir  Heneage 
Finch  obtained  for  him  from  the  king,  the  archdeaconry  of  - 
Berkshire,  vacant  by  the  promotion  of  Dr.  Mews  to  the  see 
of  Bath  and  Wells.     In  the  same  year,  sir  Heneage  was 
appointed  lord  keeper  of  the  great  seal,  when  he  gave  an 
eminent  proof  of  the  confidence  which  l^ie  placed  in  the 
jiidgment  and  integrity  of  his  chaplain.     Attached  to  the 
interests  of  the  church  of  England,  he  had  considered  the 
necessity  of  inquiring  into  the  characters  of  those  who  might 
be  candidates  for  benefices  in  the'  disposal  of  the  seal.    But 
the  many  avocations  of  his  high  office  prevented  his  per* 
sonal  attention  to  this  point:  be  therefore  addressed  hts 
(Chaplain  to  this  effect :  '^  The  greatest  difficulty  I  appre- 
hend in   the  execution  of  my  office,  is  the  patronage  of 
ecclesiastical  preferments.      God  is  my  witness,    that  I 
^ould  not  knowingly  prefer  an  unworthy  person ;  but  as 
xny  course  of  life  and  studies  has  lain  another  way,  I  cannot 
think  myself  so  good  a  judge  of  the  merits  of  such  suitor* 
as  you  are.     I  therefore  charge  it  upon  your  conscience, 
as  you  will  answer  it  to  Almighty  God,  that  upon  every  such 
"  occasion,  you  make  the  best  inquiry,  and  give  me  the  best 
advice  you  can,  that  I  may  never  bestow  any  favour  upon 
an  undeserving  man  ;  which,  if  you  neglect  to  do,  the  guilt 
will  be  entirely  yours,  and  I  shall  deliver  my  soul.**    This 
trust,  so  solemnly  committed  to  his  care.  Dr.  Sharp  faith- 
fully discharged ;  and  his  advice  was  no  less  faithfully  fol- 
lowed by  his  patron,  so  long  as  he  continued  in  office ; 
and  never  was  a  conscientious  disposal  of  church  prefer- 
ment of  more  importance  than  in  the  dissolute  reign  of 
Charles  II. 

In  1674,  he  preached  a  sermon,  the  first  in  the  collec- 
tion of  his  printed  works,  which  occasioned  a  controversy  {^ 
and  to  that  controversy  we  are  indebted  for  his  excellent 
**  Discourses  on  Conscience."  In  1675,  he  was  preferred 
by  the  kindness  of  the  lord  keeper  to  a  prebend  of  Nor-* 
wich,  as  also  to  the  valuable  rectory  of  St.  Bartholomew 
Exchange,  London  ;  and  not  long  afterwards,  to  the  rectory 
of  St.  Giles's  in  the  Fields.  At  this  time,  there  were  resi- 
dent in  London,  some  of  the  most  eminent  divines  of  our 
nation,  with  whom  he  had  the  h«ippiness  to  be  well  ac« 


400  SHARP. 

quainted.  Tillotson  and  Clag<ett  were  his  more  particotsf 
friends  :  bis  connection  with  Tillotson  had  commenced 
early  in  life,  and  to  Clagett  be  was  attached  by  a  similarity 
of  manners,  of  study,  and  of  inclination.  On  the  death  of 
Clagett,  he  published  a  volume  of  bis  sermons,  to  which  he 
prefixed  an  account  of  his  worthy  friend.  (See  William 
ClaG£TT.)  In  1679,  he  took  the  degree  of  D.p.  in  which 
year  he  had  accepted  the  lectureship  at  St.  Laurence  Jury; 
which  he  resigned  in  1683.  In  1681,  be  was  promoted  by 
the  interest  of  bis  former  patron,  now  lord  high  chancellor, 
to  the  deanery  of  Norwich.  Upon  the  death  of  Charles  II. 
he  drew  up  the  address  of  the  grand  jury  for  the  city  of 
London.  He  had  been  chaplain  to  that  monarch,  as  he 
was  also  to  bis  infatuated  successor. 

In  the  reign  of  James,  he  was  one  of  those  distinguished 

preachers,  who    vindicated   with   boldness    the  reformed 

f^ligion,  and  exposed  with  success  the  errors  of  popery. 

On  AJay  2,  1686,  he  delivered  in  his  church  of  St.  Giles's^ 

a  memorable  discourse,  in  which  he  expressed  a  contempt 

of  those  who  conld  be  converted  by  any  arguments  in  favour 

of  the  Romish  faith.     It  was  therefore  considered  as  a  re« 

flection  not  only  upon  those  couttiers  who  had  conformed 

to  that  religion,  but  ei^en  upon  the  king  himself;  and  he 

accordingly  experienced  the  resentment  of  James  and  his 

party.     On  June  17  following,  a  mandate  was  issued  to 

Compton,  bishop  of  London,  to  suspend  the  obnoxious 

preacher  ;  but  Compton  was  too  firm  to  the  protestant  in« 

terest  to  obey  so    tyrannical  a  command.     He ""  wrote  a 

letter  to  lord  Sunderlaud,  which  he  requested  might  be 

communicated  to  the  king.     In  this  letter,  he  said  '*  that 

the  only  power  he  had  over  Sharp,  was  as  his  judge;  and, 

that  be  could  not  in  that  capacity  condemn  him,  without 

the  forms  of  law.!'     He  added,  *^  Sharp  was  so  willing  to 

give  his  majesty  all  reasonable  satisfaction,  that  he  made 

him  the  bearer  of  the  letter."     But  to  this  no  answer  was 

returned,  nor  was  Sharp  admitted.    The  bishop  therefore 

recommended.  Sharp  to  desist  from  the  exercise  of  hit 

function :  and  prevailed  on  him  to  write  a  petition  to  the 

king,  in  which  he  expressed  his  sorrow  for  constructions 

that  were  offensive,  and  promised  to  be  more  guarded  for 

the  future.     But  the  petition  was  not  admitted  to  be  read* 

It  had  been  resolved  indeed  to  humiliate  Compton,  as  well 

as  to  punish  Sharp.     For,  because  the  mild  prelate  refused 

to  condemo  him  uncited^  unheard,  undefended,  untried^  be 


SHARP.  401 

w«s  himself  8Qf^|>«nded  by  that  ecclesiastical  commission, 
which  suapended  also  Sharp ;  and  was  another  example  of 
the  vengeance  which  arbitrary  power  determined  to  ^xe» 
cute  on  those  who  had  the  courage  to  oppose  it. 

Dr«  Sharp,  during  his  suspension,  reside^!  at  his  deanerj 
at  Norwich.  He  there  amused  his  leisure  hours  in  collect* 
ing  coins,  of  which,  as  well  British,  Saxon,  and  English,  as 
Greek  and  Roman,  he  then  and  afterwards  amassed  suifi- 
cient  to  furnish  a  choice  and  valuable  cabinet.  To  his  re- 
searches, of  this  kind,  the  learned  and  the  curious  are  in* 
debtedfor  his  ingenious  and  accurate  "  Remarks  on  the 
English,  Scots,  and  Irish  money,'*  which  he  communicated 
in  1.698-9  to  Mr.  Ralph  Thoresby ;  in  an  introductory  letter 
to  whom  he  acknowledges  his  partiality  to  the  study  of 
antiquity,  but  modestly  fears  that  he  fQade  that  a  business, 
which  should  be  only  a  recreation.  Part  of  these  "  Re* 
marks"  were  published  by  Mr.  Ives  in  his  ^'  Select  Papers,** 
but  the  whole. by  Mr.  Nichols,  in  17J55,  in  his  <'  Bibliotheca 
Toppgrapbica  Britannica,"  vol.  VI.  They  were  commii* 
nicated  to  him  by  Mr.  Gough,  who  purchased  them  in  MS. 
at  the  sale  of  Mr.  Ralph  Thoresby's  Museum,  in  1764i 

Dr,  Sharp  did  not  remain  long  in  disgrace.  In  January 
1686-7,  he  received  iuformation  from  lord  Sunderland 
that  he  was  restored,,  and  might  return  to  his  parochial 
charge.  From  the  time  of  bis  suspension,  till  this  welcome 
news  arrived^  a  guard  or  sentinel  is  said  to  h^ve  attended 
bis  lodgings.  In  Aitg.  1688,  he  was  summoned  with  the 
otiier  archdeacons,  before  the  ecclesiastical  commission, 
for  disobeyihg  the  king's  orders  in  respect  to  the/'  Decla- 
ration for  liberty  of  conscience."  But  they  agreed  not  to 
appear  before  that  court,  and  Dr.  Sharp  drew  up  the  rea- 
sons of  their  refusal. 

On  Jan.  27  following,  he  preiached  before  the  prince  of 
Orange,  and  on  the  30th,  before  the  convention.  On  both 
occasions  be  prayed. for  king  James.  The  first  time  it  gave 
no  offence,  because  the  abdication  of  the  monarch  had  not 
then  been  voted.  But  the  throne  being  declared  vacant 
on  the  28th,  the  prayer  of  Dr.  Sharp  for  the  king,  as  well 
as  some  passages  in  his  sermon  on  the  30th,  were  heard  not 
without  surprise,  nor  without  disgust.  The  vote  of  thanks 
to  him  for  his  discourse  was  long  debated.  The  compli- 
ment at  length  was  paid,  with  a  request  to  print  it :  which, 
however,. he  thought  proper  to  decline^ 
Vol.  XXVI  I.  D  d 


402  SHARP. 

Unfavourable  as  this  affair  might  seem  to  bis  promotion 
on  the  accession  of  William,  yet  he  explained  himself  in 
such  a  manner  to  that  prince,  as  to  become  an  object  of  his 
regard.  Accordingly,  on  the  promotion  of  Dr.  Tillotson  to 
the  deanery  of  St.  Paul's,  he  was  promoted  to  the  deanery 
of  Canterbury,  and  installed  Nov.  25,  1689  :  and  was  suc- 
ceeded in  the  deanery  of  Norwich  by  Dr.  Henry  Fairfax. 
About  this  time,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  commissioners 
for  "  revising  the  Liturgy  ;*'  an  employment  in  which  he 
assisted  with  particular  attention,  but  the  spirit  of  opposi- 
tion prevailing,  the  labours  of  these  commissioners  were 
gendered  useles3« 

The  merit  of  dean  Sharp,  was  now  in  the  highest  estima* 
tion,  and  upon  the  deprivation  of  those  bishops  who  re* 
fused  the  oaths  to  William  and  Mary,  he  was  considered 
as  a  proper  person  to  succeed  to  one  of  the  vacant  sees. 
But  neither  the  favour  of  his  majesty,  nor  the  persuasion 
of  his  friends,  could  prevail  on  him  to  accept  the  offer. 
He  declined  the  promotion,  not  from  any  scruple  of  con- 
science, but  from  a  delicacy  of  feeling ;  for  he  entertained 
a  particular  esteem  for  the  prelates  who  were  deprived. 
This  refusal,  however,  which  reflects  equal  honour  on  his 
disinterestedness  and  on  his  seusibility^  displeased  the  king. 
But  his  friend,  Dr.  Tillotson,  the  day  after  bis  nomination 
tp  the  see  of  Canterbury,  waited  on  him,  and  proposed  an 
expedient,  by  which  he  might  accede,  without  violating  his 
resolution,  to  the  kind  intention  of  his  majesty.     This  was, 
that  he  should  promise  to  accept  the  see  of  York,  when  it 
should  become  vacant,  and  that  he  should  ground  his  pre- 
sent refusal  on   his   wish   to  be   preferred   to  his  native 
county.     To  this  be  agreed,  and  Dr.  Tillotson  acquainted 
the  king  with  what  had  passed ;  when  his  majesty  signified 
his  approbation  of  Dr.  Sharp's  intention.     In  a  few  days 
afterwards,  Lamplugh,  the  archbishop  of  York,  died,  and 
Sharp  was  consecrated  in  his  room,  July  5,    1691.     His 
elevation  to  this  dignity,  says  Thoresby,  the  historiaD  of 
Leeds,  was  not  only  to  the  comfort  and  honour  of  his  na- 
tive county  and  family,  but  to  the  universal  satisfaction  and 
joy  of  the  whole  nation. 

In  1693,  he  visited  his  diocese,  when  he  found  the  col- 
legiate church  of  Southwell  in  the  greatest  confusion,  its 
government  neglected,  and  its  members  in  distraction  and 
animosity.     By  the  wisdom  and  moderation  of  his  excellent 


si  H  A  R  p.  403 

• 

^  InjiHictions,"  he  restored  it  to  its  former  decency,  order, 
and  hospitality.  In  1697,  as  metropolitan  he  represented 
to  the  king,  that  the  see  of  Sodor  and  Man  had  coTitinued 
vacant  four  years,  with  which  his  majesty  perhaps  might 
not  be  acquainted ;  that,  of  necessity,  it  ought  to  be  filled ; 
and  that  the  patron  of  the  bishopric  should  be  reminded, 
that  any  further  delay  would  preclude  his  nomination. 
The  isle  of  Man  was  greatly  indebted  to  the  archbishop  for 
this  remonstrance,  as  it  occasioned  the  earl  of  Derby,  the 
patron  of  the  see,  to  insist  on  the  primitive  Wilson's  ac- 
ceptance of  it:  whose  modesty  had  before  declined  the 
honour,  and  who  could  not  even  now  receive  it,  without 
saying,  •^  he  was  forced  into  the  bishopric." 

On  the  accession  of  queen  Anne,  the  archbishop  was 
sworn  one  of  her  privy  council,  and  was  appointed  lord 
almoner.  In  1705,  he  concurred  with  those  who  appre- 
hended the  church  to  be  in  danger;  but  their  opinions, 
however  zealously  defended,  when  they  became  the  subject 
of  parliamentary  debate,  were  discountenanced  by  a  great 
majority ;  and  the  church  was  declared  to  be  "  in  a  most 
«afe  and  flourishing  condition."  In  1706,  he  was  nomi-. 
nated  one  of  the  commissioners  for  treating  of  the  union 
between  England  and  Scotland.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
^appointed  merely  out  of  respect  to  his  dignity ;  but  would 
not  be  present,  even  once,  at  the  treaty.  In  the  affair  of 
Sacheverell,  on  which  the  opinions  of  men.  were  so  much 
divided,  in  1709,  he  joined  with  those  peers,  who  expressed 
the  most  contemptuous  opinion  of  the  sermon,  but  did  not 
think  the  preacher  guilty  of  a  misdemeanour ;  and  who 
entered  their  protest  against  the  sentence  of  the  majority. 
He  afterwards  opposed  the  intended  promotion  of  Swift  to 
an  English  mitre,  in  this  remarkable  caution  to  the  queen, 
**  that  her  majesty  should  be  sure  that  the  man  whom  she 
'was  going  to  make  a  bishop,  was  at  least  a  Christian."  To 
this,  it  is  said,  he  was  induced  by  the  solicitation  of  Swift's 
implacable  enemy,  the  duchess  of  Somerset :  to  whose 
earnest  intreaties,  rather  th^n  to  the  interposition  of  Sharp, 
Swift  owed  his  disappointment.  The  archbishop,  we  are 
told,  was  more  reconciled  to  Swift  afterwards,  and  even 
asked  his  forgiveness;  yet,  although  his  grace  might  be  led 
to  an  unjust  insinuation  of  Swift's  not  being  a  Christian, 
and  might,  as  all  do,  respect  his  uncommon  talents,  it  does 
not  appear,  from  a  review  of  the  whole  of  his  character, 

j>  D  2    * 


404  SHARP. 

that   be  would  have  done  much  honour  to  the  episcopal 
bench  *. 

In  1712,  archbishop  Sharp  perceived  his  health  to  de« 
cline,  and  was  recommended  to  try  the  benefit  of  the  Bath 
waters,  but  his  recovery  soon  appeared  hopeless.  Not  long 
before  his  death,  he  procured  sir  William  Dawes  to  be 
appointed  his  successor,  merely  from  his  good  opinion  of 
him,  *^  that  he  would  be  diligent  in  executing  the  duties 
of  his  office."  In  the  reign  of  queen  Anne,  the  greatest 
attention  was  always  paid  to  his  recommendation,  and  in 
that  of  William,  also,  he  had  been  joined  with  several  other 
disinterested  prelates,  in  a  commission  from  his  majesty, 
^*  to  recommend  deserving  clergymen  for  the  crown-pre* 
ferments.'*  Among  the  many  distinguished  divines  who, 
on  various  occasions,  had  been  indebted  to  his  interest, 
were  his  particular  friend  Tillotson,  the  bishops  Bull,  Beve* 
ridge,  Wilson,  Potter,  and  Gibson  ;  Dr.  Prideaux,  though 
he  himself  thought  otherwise,  and  Dr.  Mills. 

He  died  at  Bath,  Feb.  2,  1713-14,  in  the  sixty-ninth 
year  of  his  age.  His  remains  ^ere  removed  to  York,  and 
interred  privately  in  the  cathedral  on  the  16th  following, 
where  a  marble  monument  of  the  Corinthian  order,  was 
afterwards  placed  to  his  memory,  with  an  elegant  Latin 
inscription  by  bishop  Smalridge,  one  of  his  intimate 
friends.  Archbishop  Sharp  had  married,  in  1676,  Eliza- 
beth, the  youngest  daughter  of  William  Palmer;  of  Win- 
thorp,  in  the  county  of  Lincoln,  esq.  by  whom  he  had 
issue.  His  eldest  son,  John  Sharp,  esq.  a  learned  and  in- 
genious gentleman,  is  said  to  have  been  member  of  parlia- 
ment for  Rippoii,  in  the  county  of  York,  but  this  must 
have  been  before  the  union,  as  we  find  no  such  name  in 
the  list  of  members  for  Rippon  since  that  event.  His  sod 
Thomas  we  shall  soon  have  occasion  to  notice. 

The  character  of  Sharp,  says  Mr.  Todd,  whose  accurate 
and  well-arranged  memoir  we  have  followed,  affords  one  of 
the  best  examples  that  can  challenge  imitation,  whether  he 
is  considered  as  a  man,  as  a  scholar,  as  a  divine,  or  as  a 
diocesan.  His  amiable  disposition  and  unshaken  integrity, 
his  distinguished  learning  and  extensive  charity,  will  trans- 

♦'  Archbishop  Sharp  took  offence  at  geoinus  fetter  appeared  in  the  Gent 

the   very  unbecoming   way  in   which  Mag.  for  1814,  p.  SO,  by  which  it  weakl 

many  grave  points  of  doctrine  and  dis-  appear  that  a  passage  in  a  tract  of  <tur 

ciplioe  are  handled  in  Swift^s  '*Tale  of  prelate  against  popery   sug^zesietl  to 

a  Tub.^'    ConcerniDg  this,  a  very  in-  Swift  the  ptab  or  outline  of  tLai  satire. 


SHARP.  405 

mil  his  name  to  latest  ages,  as  one  of  thegreatest  ornaments 
of  this  country.  He  was  that  faithful  and  vigilant  gover- 
nor, who  promoted  the  diligent  clergy  of  his  own  diocese  to 
the  dignities  in  his  cathedral :  who  conferred,  indeed,  on 
the  deserving  whatever  was  in  his  own  gift,  without  the 
least  regard  to  political  opinions  and  party  interest ;  who 
enforced  the  laudable  injunction  of  residence  to  the  pre- 
bendaries of  York,  Southwell,  and  Rippon  :  who,  in  all  re- 
spects, promoted  by  true  discipline  the  decency  of  the 
^church,  as  **  by  sound  doctrine  he  exhorted  and  convinced 
tbe  gainsayers." 

His  ^^  Sermons,"  which  are  collected  into  7  vols.  8vo, 
have  always  been  admired,  as  written  with  clearness,  and 
they  were  delivered  with  grace  and  justness.  It  was  ob- 
served of  Tiilotson  and  Sharp,  that  the  two  metropolitical 
sees  were  filled  by  the  two  best  preachers  of  their  time. 
In  the  management  of  controversy  be  was  calm  and  candid, 
and  scorned  to  Calumniate  or  misrepresent  the  subjects  of 
dispute.  He  was  wont  to  say  of  himself,  *'  That  in  his 
sermons  against  the  papists  he  had  always  dealt  honestly 
and  fairly  with  them,  charging  them  with  tiothing  but  what 
their  church  openly  avowed  in  her  creed,  and  councils, 
and  public  offices.^'  ^  ^ 

SHARP  (Thomas),  a  younger  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  about  1693.  He  was  admitted  of  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  in  1708,  and  took  his  degrees  of  B.  A.  in  1712, 
and  M.  A.  1716.  He  was  ^Iso  a  fellow  of  his  college,  and 
took  the  degree  of  D.  D.  in  1729.  He  was  chaplain  to 
archbishop  Dawes;  and  in  July  1720,  was  collated  to  the 
rectory  of  Rothbury,  in  the  county  of  Northumberland. 
He  held  the  prebend  of  Southwell,  and  afterwards  that  of 
Wistow,  in  York  cathedral.  In  1722,  he  was  collated  to 
the  archdeaconry  of  Northumberland ;  and  in  1755,  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Mangey  in  the  officially  of  the  dean  and  chap- 
ter. He  died  March  6,  1758,  and  was  interred  in  Durham 
cathedral,  of  which  also  he  had  held  tbe  tenth  prebend 
from  .the  year  1732.  He  published  a  <^  Concio  ad  Cle- 
rum,'*  when  be  took  his  doctor's  degree;  and  in  1753, 
'^  The  Rubric  in  tbe  book  of  Common  Prayer,  and  the 
Canons  of  the  church  of  £ngland,  so  far  as  they  relate  to 
the  Parochial  Clergy,  considered  in  a  course  of  visitation 

*  Todd's  Deans  of  Canterbury. — Biog.  Brit — BarneV's  Owa  Times. —BiPch*! 
Life  of  Tiilotson.— Le  Neve. 


40«  S  H  A  R  Pi 

sermons,*'  8vo<  A  tolume  of  his  ^*  Sermons  on  several  oc«. 
casions''  was  published  in  1763,  8vo.  Dr.  Sharp  also  en* 
gaged,  but,  as  Mr.  Jones  says,  much  against  his  will,  in  the 
Hutcbinsonian  controversy,  and  published  two  dissertations 
concerning  the  etymology  of  the  Hebrew  words  Elohim 
and  Beritb,  and  *^  Discourses  on  the  antiquity  of  the 
Hebrew  tongue  and  character*" 

Dr.  Thomas  Sharp  left  three  sons,  John,  who  after  various 
promotions  became  also  archdeacon  of  Northumberland, 
and  a'  prebendary  of  Durham,  and  died  in  1792.  He  had 
the  merit  of  arranging  and  establishing  lord  Crew's  noble 
charity  for  sick  and  Ume  seamen  at  Bamborough,  and  con* 
ducted  the  institution  with  the  greatest  care  and  humanity. 
Dr.  Sharp's  other  sons  were  William,  many  years  an  emi-^ 
nent  surgeon  in  London,  who  died  in  IS  10,  aged  eighty*- 
one,  and  Granville,  the  subject  of  the  next  article.  ^ 

SHARP  (Granville),  eminent  as  a  Christian,  a  scholar, 
and  a  gentleman,  one  of  the  sons  of  Dr.  Thomas  Sharp, 
and  grandson  to  the  archbishop,  was  born  in  1734.  He 
was  educated  for  the  bar,  but  did  not  practise  at  it.  When 
he  quitted  the  legal  profession,  he  obtained  a  place  in  the 
ordnance  office,  which  he  resigned  at  the  commencement 
of  the  American  war ;  of  the  principles  of  which  he  did 
not  approve.  He  now  took  chambers  in  the  Temple,  and 
devoted  himself  to  a  life  of  study  ;  at  the  saoie  time,  laying 
himself  out  for  public  utility.  He  first  became  known  to 
the  public  in  the  case  of  a  poor  and  friendless  negro,  of 
the  name  of  Somerset.  This  person  had  been  brought 
from,  the  West  Indies  to  England,  and  falling  into  bad 
health,  was  abandoned  by  his  master,  and  turned  into  the 
streets,  either  to  die,  or  to  gain  a  miserable  support  by 
precarious  charity.  In  this  destitute  state,  almost,  it  is 
said,  on  the  point  of  expiring  on  the  pavement  of  one  of 
the  public  streets  of  London,  Mr.  Sharp  chanced  to  see 
him.  He  instantly  bad  him  removed  to  St.  Bartholomew's 
hospital,  attended  personally  to  his  wants,  and  in  a  short 
tkne  had  the  happiness  to  see  him  restored  to4iealth.  Mr. 
Sharp  now  clothed  him,  and  procured  him  comfortable  em* 
ployment  in  the  service  of  a  lady.  Two  years  had  elapsed, 
and  the  circumstance  almost,  and  the  name  of  the  poor 
negro,  had  escaped  the  menftory  of  his  benefactor,  when' 

^  Hutchinson's  Durham.^NichoIs's  Bowyer.-«-Jon€S)S  Life  of  Bishop  Horoe^ 
p.  81  et  seqq. 


S  H  A  R  P..  407 

Mr.  Sharp  received  a  letter  from  a  person,  signing  himself 
Somerset,  con6ned  in  the   Poultry  Compter^  stating  no 
cause  for  his  commitment,  but  iotreatiog  his  interference  to 
save  him  from  a  greater  calamity  even  than  the  death  from 
which  be  had  before  rescued  him.     Mr.  Sharp  instantly 
wefit  to  the  prison,  and  found  the  negro,  who  in  sickness. 
and  misery  had  been   discarded  by   his  master,  sent  to. 
prison  as  a  runaway  slave.     Mr.  Sharp  went  immediately  to 
the  lord  mayor,  William  Nash^  es^.  who  caused  the  parties 
to  be  brought  before  him  ;  when,  after  a  long  hearing,  th^ 
upright  magistrate  decided  that  the  master  had  no  property 
in  the  person  of  the  negro,  in  this  country,  and  gave  the 
negro  bis  liberty.     The  master  instantly  collared  him,  in 
the  presence  of  Mr.  Sharp  and  the  lord  mayor,  and  insisted 
on  his  right  to  keep  him  as  bis  property.     Mr.  Sharp  now 
claimed  the  protection  of  the  English. law,  caused  the  mas« 
ter  to  be  taken  into  custody,  and  exhibited  articles  of  peace 
agsinst  him  for  an  assault  and  battery.     After  various  legal 
proceedings,  supported  by  bim  with  most  undaunted  spirit,* 
the  twelve  judges  unanimously,  concurred  in  an  opinion  that 
the  master  had  acted  criminally.    Thus  did   Mr.  Sharp, 
emancipate  for  ever  the  race  of  blacks  from  a  state  of 
slavery^  while  on  British  ground,  and  in  fact  banished  slavery 
from  Great  Britain..  Such  an  incident  could  not  fail  deeply 
to  impress  a  benevolent  mind ;  and  slavery,  in  every  shape 
and  country,  became  the  object  of  his  unceasing  hostility. 
Id  If  69,  he  published  a  work,  entitled  ^^  A  Representation 
of   the   injustice  and   dangerous  tendency  >  of  tolerating 
Slavery,  or  of  admitting  the  least  claim  of  private  property 
in  the  persons  of  men  in  England."     Having  succeeded  in 
the  case  of  an  individual  negro,  he  interested  himself  in  the 
condition  of  the  many  others  who  were  seen  wandering 
about  the  streets  of  London,  and  at  bis  own  expence  cok^ 
lected  a  number  of  them,  whom  be  sent  back  to  Africa, 
where  they  formed  a  colony  on  the  river  Sierra  Leone*  He 
performed  a  still  more  essential  service  to  humanity,  by  be* 
coming  the  institutor  of  the  ^^  Society  for  the  abolition  of 
the  Slave  trade  ;'^  which,  after  contending  against  a  .vast 
mass  of   opposition,  at  length  succeeded,  ,as  far  as  this 
country  was  concerned,  and  it  is  hoped  will  soon  be  univer- 
sal.    Similar  principles  led  Mr.  Sharp  to  use  his  endeavours 
to  restrain   the  practice  of   marine  impressment;  and   a 
citizen  of  London  having  been  carried  off  by  a  press-war* 
lant,  Mr.  Sharp  obtained  a  habeas  corpus  from  the  court  of 


408  S  H  A  R  P. 

king's  bench,  to  bring  faim  back  from  a  vessel  nt  tbe  Nore*; 
and  by  his  arguments  obliged  the  court  to  liberate  him. 
His  political  principles  led  him  to  become  the  warm  advo- 
cate of  **  parliamentary  reform,'^  and  be  published  "  A 
Declaration  of  the  people's  natural  right  to  a  share  in  the 
legislature,  which  is  the  fundamental  principle  of  the  British 
constitution  of  state."  In  this  he  proposed  to  restore  the 
ancient  tithings,  hundreds^  &c. ;  and  the  whole  body  of  the 
people  were  to  form  a  national  militia,  each  thoasand  to 
constitute  a  regiment,  tbe  alderman  or  magistrate  to  be  tbe 
colonel ;  and  each  hundred  to  constitute  a  company,  the 
constable  of  each  for  the  time  being  to  be  their  captain. 
So  many  of  the  thousands  to  be  summoned  once  in  every 
year,  by  their  magistrate,  as  would  have  a  right  to  vote  in 
their  respective  hundreds,  before  the  cotistable,  in  the 
choice  of  their  part  of  the  representative  legislature. 
After  stating  that  the  division  of  this  kingdom  into  tithings 
and  hundreds  was  instituted  by  the  immortal  Alfred,  he 
endeavours  to  prove  that  such  a  division  is  consistent  with 
the  most  perfect  sutte  of  liberty  that  man  is  capable  of  en* 
ioying,  and  yet  fully  competent  to  answer  all  the  pur* 
poses  of  mutual  defence,  tp  secure  the  due  execution  of 
the  laws,  and  maintain  public  peace.  Mr.  Sharp  was 
educated  in  the  principles  of  the  established  church,  and 
through  life  shewed  a  warm  attachment  to  them.  This  led 
him  to  recommend  an  episcopal  church  in  America;  and 
he  introduced  the  first  bishops  from  that  country  to  the 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  for  consecration. 

Mr.  Sharp  died  July  6,  1813,  and  like  Cato,  though  ad- 
vanced to  the  age  of  79,  he  pursued  his  studies  with  all  tbe 
ardour  of  youth.  He  was  an  able  linguist,  deeply  read  in 
theology,  and  was  well  acquainted  with  tbe  scriptures  in 
the  original  tongues*  He  was  pious  and  devout,  without 
gloom,  strictly  moral  and  temperate,  a  great  lover  of  music, 
and  cheerful  in  conversation.  His  services  to  humanity 
were  very  distinguished,  and  few  persons  in  private  life 
have  deserved  a  higher  or  more  honourable  commemora- 
tion. He  possessed  a  very  extensive  4ibrary,  in  which 
the  theologian,  lawyer,  classical  scholar,  politician,  anti- 
quary, aod  orientalist,  might  find  almost  every  thing  of 
which  they  could  stand  in  need;  and  his  collection  of 
bibles  was  esteemed  the  best  in  the  kingdom ;  some  of 
these  last  he  gave  to  the  library  of  tbe  British  and  Foreign 
Bible  society,  of  which  he  was  a  zealous  promoter.    The 


S  H  A  K  p.  409 

feit,  and  remaining  part  of  his  library,  were  sold  by.  auction 
by  Messrs.  Leigh  and  Sotbeby* 

Mr.  Sharp  wrote,  besides  the  works  already  mentioned  : 
1.  **  Remarks  on  several  very  important  Prophecies ;  in 
five  Parts.     L  Remarks  on  the  13th,  14th,   15th,  and  16th 
Verses  in  the  seventh  Chapter  of  Isaiah  ;  -in  answer  to  Dr. 
Williams's  Critical  Dissertation  on  the  same  subject ;  IL 
A  Dissertation  on    the    nature  and  style  of  Prophetical 
Writings,  intended  to  illustrate  the  foregoing  Remarks ; 
III.  A  Dissertation  on  Isaiah  vii.  8  ;  IV.  On  Gen.  xiix.  10 ; 
V.  Answer  to  some  of  the  principal  Arguments  used  by  Dr. 
Williams  in  Defence  of  his  Critical  Dissertation,"   1768, 
Svo.  '2.  ^VA  Representation  of  the  injustice  and  danger- 
ous tendency  of  tolerating  Slavery,  &c."    with  some  other 
tracts  in  support  of  his  opinions.     3.  **  Remarks  on  the 
Encroachments  on  the  River  Thames,  near  Durham  Yard,*' 
1771,  Svo.     4.  ^^  Remarks  on  the  Opinions  of  some  of 
the  most   celebrated  writers  on  Crown  Law,    respecting 
the  due  distinction  between   Manslaughter  and  Murder ; 
being  Hn  attempt  to  shew  that  the  plea  of  sudden  anger 
cannot  remove  the  imputation  and  guilt  of  murder,  when  a 
mortal  wound  is  wilfully  given  with  a  weapon :  that  the 
indulgence  allowed  by  the  courts  to  voluntary  manslaughter 
in  rencoaoters,  and  in  sudden  affrays  and  duels,  is  indis- 
criminate^ and  without  foundation  in  law :  and  that  impu- 
nity iu  such  cases  of  voluntary  manslaughter  is  one  of  the 
principal  causes  of  the  continuance  and  present  increase  of 
the  base  and  disgraceful  practice  of  duelling.     To  which 
are  added,  some  thoughts  on  the  particular,  case  of  the 
gentlemen  of  the  army,  when  involved  in  such  disagreeable 
private  differences.    With  a  prefatory  address  to  thtie  reader, 
concerning  the   depravity  and  folly  of  modern  men  of 
honour,  falsely  so  called  ;  including  a  short  account  of  the 
principles  and  designs  of  the  work,''  1773,  Svo.     5:  *'  Re- 
marks on  the  Uses  of  the  Definitive  Articfe  in  the  Greek 
of  the  New  Testament ;  containing*  many  new  proofs  of 
the  Divinity  of  Christ,  from  passages  which  are  wrongly 
translated  in  the  common  English  Version.     To  which  is 
added  a  plain  matter-of-fact  argument  for  the  Divinity  of 
.Christ,  by  the  Editor,"     Durham,   1798,  Svo.     The  first 
twenty  pages  of  this  important,  critical,  and  theological 
work,  appeared  in  1797,  in  the  second  fasciculus  of  the 
**  Museum   Oxoniense,'*    published    by  Dr»  Burgess,  the 
present  very  excellent  bishop  of  St,  David^s.     A  Supple- 


410  SHARP. 

ment  to  the  Remarks  was,  at  the  same  time,  promised  in 
the  third  fasciculus  of  the  Museum.  '^  But/'  says  Dr. 
Burgess,  <<  as  many  learned  friends  concurred  with  the 
editor  in  thinking  that  the  Remarks  contain  a  very  valuable 
accession  to  the  evidences  of  Christ^s  divinity,  be  was.  un- 
willing to  detain  the  Supplement,  which  exemplifies  the 
rules  of  the  Remarks,  any  longer  from  the  public ;  and  has, 
therefore,  prevailed  on  Mr.  Sharp  to  permit  him  to  publish 
'  it  with  the  Remarks.  He  earnestly  recommends  them  both 
to  Mr.  Wakefield's  most  deliberate  consideration.  To  Mc* 
Sharp's  Remarks  and  Supplement  be  has  subjoined  a  plain 
historical  proof  of  the  divinity  of  Christ,  founded  on  Christ's 
own  testimony  of  himself,  attested  and  interpreted  by  bis 
living  witnesses  and  enemies,  the  Jews ;  on  the  evidence  of 
his  trial  and  crucifixion  ;  and  on  the  most  explicit  declara- 
tions of  the  apostles  after  the  resurrection  of  Christ.  What 
appeared  to  him  on  a  former  occasion  (in  a  sermon  on  the 
divinity  of  Christ,  1792,  s^econd  edition),  to  be  a  substan- 
tial and  unanswerable  argument,  he  has,  in  this  litde  ex- 
ercise on  the  subject,  endeavoured  to  render  an  easy  and 
popular  proof  of  our  Saviour's  divinity.  It  was  printed  se- 
parately for  the  use  of  the  unlearned  part  of  his  parishioners; 
and  is  subjoined  to  this  treatise  for  the  convenience  of 
other  unlearned  readers,  and  such  as  have  not  much  con- 
sidered the  subject."  A  second  edition  of  the  *^  Remarks" 
was  published  in  1804,  with  the  following  letter  to  Mr. 
Sharp  prefixed :  *^  Dear  sir,  I  have  great  pleasure  in  pre- 
senting you  with  a  new  edition  of  your  valuable  tract.  That 
you  have  very  happily  and  decisively  applied  your  rule  of 
tonstroction  to  the  correction  of  the  common  English  ver- 
sion of  the  New  Testament,  and  to  the  perfect  establish- 
ment of  the  great  doctrine  in  question,  the  divinity  of  Christ, 
no  impartial  reader,  I  think,  can  doubt,  who  is  at  all  ac* 
quainted  with  the  original  language  of  the  New  Testaipent. 
I  say  decisively  applied,  because  I  suppose,  in  all  remote 
and  written  testimony,  the  weight  of  evidence  must  ulti- 
mately depend  on  the  grammatical  analogy  of  the  language 
in  which  it  is  recorded.  I  call  the  rule  yours ;  for,  though 
it  was  acknowledged  and  applied  by  Bege  and  others  to 
some  of  the  texts  alluded  to  by  you,  yet  never  so  promi- 
nently, because  singly,  or  so  effectually,  as  in  your  remarks. 
In  the  addition  to  the  former  edition,  I  wished  to  excite 
the  attention  of  a  learned  and  declared  enemy  to  the  doc- 
trine of  our  Saviour's  divinity  ;  but  he  is  no  more ;  and  I 


SHARP.  411 

do  not  know  that  be  even  expressed,  or  has  left  behind 
him,  any  opinion  on  the  subject,  or  that  any  other  Soci« 
nian  has  undertaken  to  canvass  the  principles  of  your  Re- 
marks. The  public  has,  however,  lately  seen  an  ample 
and  learned  confirmation  of  your  rule,  drawn  from  a  very 
minate,  laborious,  and  candid  examination  of  the  Greek 
and  Latin  fathers,  in  ^  Six  Letters  addressed  to  Granville 
Sharp,  Esq.  respecting  his  Remarks  on  the  Uses  of  the 
Definitive  Article  in  the  Greek  Text  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment. London,  1802.'  I  have  taken  some  pains  to  im-v 
prove  the  plaiu  argument  for  Christ's  divinity,  which  I 
before  subjoined  to  your  Remarks.  In  this  edition  I  have 
prefi:(ed  to  it  a  table  of  evidences  by  Dr.  Whitby,  which  I 
hope  the  younger  part  of  your  readers  will  find  useful  to 
them  in  pursuing  the  different  branches  of  this  most  impor* 
tant  subject;  and  you,  I  think,  will  not  disapprove,  be* 
cause  it  is  conducive  to  the  principal  purpose  of  your 
tract."  Bishop  Burgess  afterwards  adverted,  in  a  note  on 
his  primary  charge,  to  a  weak  attack  on  Mr.  Granville 
Sharp,  in  a  publication  entiled  '^  Six  more  Letters,  &c. 
by  Gregory  Blunt,  esq."  1803.  Of  this  Dr.  Burgess  says 
with  great  truth,  '^  These  letters  are  very  well  calculated  to 
mislead  the  unlearned  reader,  by  abstract  questions,  gra- 
tuitous assertions,  and  hypothetical  examples,  but  commu* 
nicate  nothing  on  the  score  of  authority,  which  bears  any 
comparison  with  the  unanimous  consent  of  the  Greek 
fathers;  and  nothing  at  all  which  has  any  pretence  to 
grammatical  observation."  In  the  latter  part  of  1812, 
Mr.  Sharp  demonstrated  that  his  faculties  retained  their 
full  vigour,  by  an  elaborate  illustration  of  the  LXVIIIth 
Psalm,  relative  to  the  Hill  of  Bashan,  and  the  calling  to- 
gether of  the  Jews.* 

SHARP  (Samuel),  not  related,  as  we  have  been  told, 
to  the  preceding  family,  was  an  able  and  distinguished 
surgeon  in  the  middle  of  the  last  century.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  the  celebrated  Cheselden,  and  afterwards  studied  his 
profession  with  great  zeal  at  the  hospitals  of  Paris.  He  is 
said  to  have  commenced  his  profession  rather  late  in  life  ; 
yet  after  settling  in  London,  and  obtaining  an  appoint- 
ment as  surgeon  of  Guy's  hospital,  his  genius  and  assiduity 
soon. obtained  for  him  a  high  degree  of  celebrity,  and  ex- 
tensive practice.     He  speaks  of  having  known   Voltaire 

i  Nicholi'i  Boiry«r-*Gent.  Mag.  toI.  LXXXIV.--»Rees'f  Cyclop«dia. 


414  S  H  A  R  P  E. 

at  the  Asylum/*  1770.  These  publications  are  ioeontest^ 
able  evidences  of  the  abilities  and  application  of  the  learn- 
ed author,  who  also  carried  on  an  extensive  literary  cor- 
respondence  with  many  eminent  scholars  both  of  his  own 
and  other  countries,  particularly  Dr.  Sykes  and  Dr.  Hunt. 
Two  volumes  of  bis  original  letters  are  now  before  us,  the 
one  entitled  '*  From  the  time  I  went  abroad,"  which  ap- 
pears to  have  been  in  1752  ;  the  other  "  Concerning  the 
Latin  and  Hebrew  Dissertations."  There  are  few  particu- 
lars of  a  biographical  kind  in  them,  but  abundant  proof  of 
the  facility  with  which  he  could  enter  upon  learned  discus- 
sions without  apps^rent  preparation.  After  his  death  a 
volume  of  his  ^'  Sermons"  was  published  by  the  Rev.  Joseph 
Robertson  in  1772.' 

8HARROGH  (Robert),  a  clergyman^s  son,  born  at 
Adstock,  in  Buckinghamshire,  in  the  seventeenth  century, 
was  sent  from  Winchester  school  to  New  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  was  admitted  perpetual  fellow  in  1649.  In  16IK) 
he  took  the  degree  of  doctor  of  civil  law,  was  prebendary 
and  archdeacon  of  Winchester,  and  rector  of  Bishop's 
Waltham,  in  Hampshire.  He  died  July  11,  1 684,  having 
the  character  of  a  good,  divine,  civilian,  and  lawyer,  and 
well  skilled  in  the  nature  and  philosophy  of  plants.  His 
works  are  :  "  The  History  of  the  Propagating  and  Improve- 
ment of  Vegetables,  by  the  concurrence  of  Art  and  Nature, 
&c."  Oxon.  1666,  and  1672,  8vo.  <*  Hypothesis  de  Officiis 
secundum  Humane  Rationis  Dictata,  sen  Naturae  jus,  unde 
Casus  omnes  Conscientiae  quatenus  Notiones  a  Natura  su- 
persunt  dijudicari  possint,''  &c.  ibid.  1660,  8vo,  and  1682. 
This  book  was  written  against  Hobbes.  '^Judicia  (seu 
Legum.Censuree)  de  variis  Incontinentia^  speciebus.^'  ibid. 
1662*  8vo.  ^^  De  finibus  virtutis  Christianse,''  or  the  ends 
of  the  Christian  religion,  in  ten  sermons,  4to.' 

SHAW  (Cuthbert),  an  ingenious  poet,  was  born  at  Ra- 
veiis worth,  near  Richmond  in  Yorkshire,  about  the  year 
1^738  or  1739.  His  father  was  a  person  in  low  circum- 
stances, and  followed  the  occupation  of  a  shoemaker.  Our 
author  was  first  put  to  school  at  Kirkbyhill,  in  his  father's 
neighbourhood ;  but  be  was  soon  removed  to  Scorton,  five 
miles  from  Richmond,  where,  after  having  gone  through  a 
common  course  of  education,  be  was  appointed  usher.  Some 

A  Preceding  edit,  of  tbii  Diet. —  Cole's  MS  Atbeo*  ia  Brit.  Hui.  9lc,^ 
Nichols's  Bowyer. 
.     *  AUi.  Ox.  voU  11. 


SHAW.  415 

time  after  he  became  usher  to  the  grammar-school  at  Dar- 
lington under  Mr.  Metcalf,  and  while  there  published  hi» 
first  poem,  in  1756,  called  "  Liberty.  Humbly  inscribed  to 
the  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Darlington,"  4to.  During  his 
residence  at  this  place  he  began  to  shew  that  negligence  of 
the  dictates  of  prudence,  and  the  rules  of  economy,  which 
marked  his  future  life,  insomuch  that  he  was  obliged  to 
quit  his  post  and  the  couoitry ;  and  with  nothing  but  his 
talents  came  in  quest  of  fortune  to  the  metropolis. 

In  London  his  first  employment  was  as  a  writer  for  the 
newspapers.   In  the  spring  of  1760  he  was  at  St.  Edmond*s 
Bury,  probably  a  member  of  the  Norwich  company  of  co- 
medians, and  published  under  the  name  of  W.  Seymour, 
**  Odes  on  the  Four  Seasons,"  4to,  a  performance  which 
bad  been  one  of  his  youthful  productions.     In  the  summer 
of  that  year  he  joined  the  hasty  raised  troop  with  which 
Mr.  Foote  opened  the  Haymarket  with  the  "  Minor,"  in 
which  Shaw  performed  the  part  of  Sir  George  Wealthy. 
The  winter  of  that  year  he  passed  either  in  Ireland  or  in 
acme  country  company,  and  afterwards  performed  on  both 
the  London  theatres  ;  but  about  1762  abandoned  a  pursuit 
from  which  he  was  likely  to  derive  neither  profit  nor  credit. 
In  the  same  year  he  resumed  the  pen,  and  the  poetical 
war  kindled  up  by  Churchill  raging  at  that  juncture  with 
great  violence,  he  wrote  a  satire,  called  **  The  Four  Farthing 
Candles,"    4to.    in    which    he   attacked    Messrs.   Lloyd, 
Churchill,  Colman,  and  Shirley.     This  performance  was 
executed   with  some   spirit  and  success,  and  obtained  so 
much  notice,  as  to  encourage  him  to  proceed  as  an  author. 
In   1766,  he  published   "The  Race,  a  poem,"  4t6,   in 
which  he  characterized  the  chief  poets  of  that  period,  and 
some  of  theto  with  great  severity.     This  poem  was  re-pub- 
li^hed  and  enlarged  in  the  next  year.     It  appears  from  it, 
that  he  had,  by  this  time,   no  want   of  confidence  in  his 
powers.     He  had  learnt  to  deal  bis  satire  about  with  no 
unsparing  hand ;  and  if  it  was  not  felt  by  the  parties  against 
whom  it  was  directed,  it  was  owing  to  no  lenity  or  forbear- 
ance in  the  satirist. 

About  this  time  he  wrote  an  account  of  the  virtues  of  a 
then  popular  medicine;  called  "  The  Beaume  de  Vie,"  and 
was  admitted  as  a  partner  to  a  proportion  of  the  profits 
arising  from  it.  He  had  hitherto  led  a  dissipated  life,  but 
becoming  sensible  of  it  married,  and  for  a  short  time  had 
the  care  of  the  last  earl  of  Chesterfield,  then  an  infant, 


416  S  HAW. 

to,  instruct  him  in  the  first  rudiments  of  literature.  He  algo 
issued  proposals  for  publishing  his  poems  by  subscription  ; 
but  this  was  never  executed,  and  be  returned  the  money 
he  had  received.  In  1768,  he  lost  his  wife  in  child  bed,  of 
her  first  child,  and  on  this  occasion  wrote  his  best  perform- 
ance, entitled  "A  Monody  to  the  merpory  of  ayoung  Lady, 
by  an  afflicted  Hpsband,"  4to.  The  child,  which  was  a 
daughter,  lived  but  a  short  tiiue  after  its  mother,  and  Mr. 
Shaw  again  lamentecl  his  second  loss  in  strains  not.  inferior 
to  the  former,  inserted  in  vol.  III.  of  Pearch's  Poems.  The 
publication  of  these  introduced  him  to  the  notice  of  the  first 
lord  L^ttelton,  but  it  does  nbt  appear  that  he  derived  any 
advantage  from  his  lordship's  ^Acquaintance. 

In  the  foregoing  poems  are  many  allusions  to  the  misery 
of  their  author,  independent  of  the  circumstances  which 
gave  rise  to  them.     He  was  at  this  period  afflicted  with  dis- 
ease, which  put  on  its  most  disgraceful  form,  and  rendered 
him  an  object  almost  offensive  to  sight.     He  had  possessed 
no  small  portion  of  vanity  about  his  person,  and  this  alter- 
ation added  pungency  to  his  afflictions.     He  however  still 
continued  to  write,  and  in  1769  published  "Corruption,  a 
Satire,  inscribed  to   the   Right  Hon.  Richard   Grenville, 
Earl  Temple,"  4to.     He  afterwards  is  supposed  to  have 
written  many  political  as  well  as  poetical  performances,  and 
is  recollected  to  have  been  a  contributor,  if  not  the  editor 
of  "The  Freeholder's  Magazine."     One  of  his  last  pieces 
was  an  Elegy  on  the  death  of  Charles  Yorke,  the  Lord 
Chancellor,  which  was  generally  suspected  to  have  been 
suppressed  on  the  family's  paying  a  sum  of  money  to  the 
author:  it  even  has  been  insinuated  that  it  was  written  with 
that  view,  and  it  is  to  be  feared  that  the  morals  of  the  au-  * 
thor  would  not  discountenance  the  opinion.     At  length, 
overwhelmed  with  complicated  distress,  he  died  at  his  house 
in  Titchfield-street,  Oxford-market,  Sept  1,  1771,  having 
exhibited  to  the  world  a  miserable  example  of  genius,  ex- 
travagance, vanitj",  and  imprudence ;  genius  to  be  com- 
mended, vices  to  be  avoided,  and  follies  to  be  despised.' 

SHAW  (George),  an  eminent  naturalist,  the  younger  of 
two  sons  of  the  rev.  Timothy  Shaw,  was  born  Dec.  10,  1751, 
at  Bterton  in  Buckinghamshire,  of  which  place  his  father 
was  vicar.     His  propensity  for  the  studies  which  rendered 

»  Enrop.  Mag.  for  1786. — Pearch's  Poems,  toI.  III.  p.  321, — ^Dilly'i  Rtpo- 
•itory.'wl.  II.  229. 


SHAW.  4i» 

Uim  distioguishedy  discovered  itself  at  the  early  Bge  of  four 
years ;  vrhen,  entering  into  no  sjuch  amusements  as  those 
with  which  children  are  generally  delighted,  he  entertained 
himself  with  hpoks,  or  wandered  by  the  sides  of  ditche9» 
catching  insects,  apd  taking  them  home  with  hitOi  where 
he  would  spend  all  his  leisure  time  in  watching  their  mot- 
tions  and  examining  their  structure*  He  was  educated  enr 
tirely  by  his  father  ^  and  as  the  precocity  of  his  intellect 
gave  him  an  aptitude  for  acquiring  whatever  it  was  wished 
that  he  should  acquire^  he  was,  to  the  credit  of  the  precepr 
tor  as  well  as  the  pupil^  abundantly  qualified  at  the  age  of  ^ 
little  more  than  thirteen,  to  enter  upon  a  course  of  acade- 
mical studies.  In  1765  be  was  entered  at  Magdalen-hallt 
Oxford,  wheire  he  wa;^  no  less  distinguished  by  the  regur 
Jarity  of  his  conduct  than  by  an  unconimouly  diligent  ap«- 
plication  to  his  studies.  On  May  24,  1769^  he  was  admits 
ted  to  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  ^rts ;  and  on  May  Id* 
.1779,  to  that  of  master  of  arts.  That  he  nijght  assist  his 
father  in  his  clerical  duties,  he  took  orders,  and  was  orr 
dained  deacon  in  1774,  at  Buckden,  by  Green,  bishop  of 
Lincoln,  and  perfornaed  regularly  the  duty  at  Stoke  and 
Buck^and,  two  chapels,  each  three  miles  apart  from  Bic^rton^ 
the  mother-church.  As  his  predilection  for  natural  scieo^^e 
never  forsook  him,  and  feeling  a  stronger  inclination  for 
studies  more  connected  with  it  than  parochial  duties  and 
theological  acquirements,  he  laid  aside  the  clerical  habit> 
and  went  to  Edinburgh,  where  he  engaged  in  a  course  (af 
reading,  and  qualiBecl  himself  for  a  profession  more  coqi- 
genial  with  his  favourite  pursuit.  Having  directed  bis  view# 
to  mcidicine,  he  attended  for  three  years  the  lectures  of 
Black  and  CuUen,  and  other  eminent  pro/essors,  and  then 
returned  to  Oxford,  vvhere  he  obtained  an  appointment  by 
which  )ie  acquired  ixiuch  celebrity,  viz.  deputy  botanicdi 
Jecturer.  To  this  office  he  wa^  appointed  by  Dr.  Sibthorp, 
the  botanical  professor,  who  was  then  upon  the  eve  of  set- 
ting o^t  upon  his  travels  iq  Greece,  &c.  Upon  the  death  of 
Pr.  Sibthorp,  Dr.  Shaw  was  a  candidate  for  the  vacant  chair 
of  the  professor  of  botany ;  ^nd  so  high  did  the  votes  of  the 
zneoibers  of  the  university  run  in  his  favour,  that  he  would 
have  succeeded  in  his  wishes,  had  it  not.  been  discovered 
that  the  statute  relating  to  tfaiit  pfofeasorsbip  enacted  that 
^o  persAp  in  orders  should  be  deemed  eligible.  On  Octo- 
l>er  17,  1737,  he  w^s  admitted  to  the  degrees  of  bachelor 
a^nd  doctor  of  medicine^  It  appears  from  the  oatalog«e  of 
Vol.  XXVII.  Ee 


^18  SHAW. 

of  Oxford  graduates  that  when  he  took  these  degrees  he 
bad  removed  his  name  froiii  Magdalen-hail  to  Magdalene- 
college.  In  this  year  Dr.  Shaw  removed  to  London,  where 
be  practised  as  a  physician.  In  17S8  some  gentlemen^ 
distinguished  for  their  attachment  to  the  study  of,  and  emi« 
nent  K)r  their  acquirements  in  natural  history,  established  a 
society  for  the  advancement  of  this  science,  under  the  name  of 
the  Linneean  Society.  Dr.  (now  sir  James)  Smith  was  elevated 
to  the  chair  of  president  of  this  society,  and  Dr.  Shaw  was 
appointed  one  of  the  vice-presidents.  Among  the  Linnsean 
transactions  appear  the  following  articles,  contributed  by 
Dr.  Shaw :  "  Description  of  the  Stylephorus  cordatus,  a 
new  fish.'*  ''  Description  of  the  Cancer  stagnalis  of  Lin- 
noBus.''  **  Remarks  on  Scolopendra  electrica,  and  Scolo- 
pendra  subterranea.'*  **  A.Note  to  Mr.  Kirby's  Descrip- 
tion of  the  new  species  of  Hirudo.'*  "  Account  of  a  minute 
Ichneumon.**  "  Description  of  a  species  of  Mycteria.*' 
'^  Description  of  the  Mus  Bursarius,  and  Tubularla  mag- 
nifica.** 

Dr.  Shaw*8  fame,  which  had  already  beamed  forth  iii 
Oxford,  now  began  to  shine  with  effulgence  in  Lon- 
don;  for  about  this  time  he  .was  becoming  popular  as  a 
lecturer,  and  admired  as  an  author.  His  lectures  at  the 
Leverian  Museum,  both  before  and  after  that  rich  and  in- 
comparable collection  was  removed  from  Leicester-house, 
never  failed  to  attract  a  numerous  and  scientific  audience. 
An  elegant  production,  entitled  "The  Naturalist's  Miscel- 
lany,'* made  its  appearance  in  1789:  this  work  Was 
published  mQUthly,  in  numbers,  and  had  extended  at  the 
time  of  the  decease  of  Dr.  Shaw  as  far  as  No.  286.  A  post- 
humous number,  with  an  index,  closed  this  beautiful  and 
extensive  production,  which  Comprises,  in  one  thousand  and 
sixty-four^ptates,  figures  of  the  more  curious  and  remark- 
able productions  of  the  three  kingdoms  of  Nature,  more 
particularly  of  t()e  animal  kingdom,  with  descriptions  in 
English  and  Latin.  In  this  year  also  Dr.  Shaw  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  an  honour  which  few  among 
its  members  have  better  deserved,  and  none  ever  more  juistly 
prized.  A  periodical  work  appears  to  have  been  projected 
by  him  in  1790,  entitled  **  Speculum  Linnaeum,  or  Lin- 
naean  Zoology,"  4to  :  one  number  only  appeared.  A  va- 
cancy happening  in  the  British  Museum  in  1791,  ]Qur.  Shaw 
became  a  candidate  for  the  oiaSice  of  a  librarian  upon  that 
^eat  national  establishment  y  and  his  eminent  qualificatiooi 


SHAW.  419 

procured  him  the  appointment  of  assistant  keeper  of  the* 
Natural  History.  The  melancholy  scenes  and  the  dis-' 
agreeable  effluvia  of  a  sick  chamber,  had  given  him  a  dis- 
gust for  the  practice  of  a  profession  (vhose  studies  he  had 
pursued  with  considerable  ardour  and  delight.  Upon  this 
appointment,  therefore,  he  resigned  with  cheerfulness  what- 
ever prospects  he  might  have  had  as  a  physician,  for  the 
narrow  income  of  an  office  which  afforded  him  the  most  en- 
larged opportunities  of  prosecuting  his  researches  into  that 
science  to  which  he  was  most  devoted.  Between  the  years 
1792  and  1796  appeared  "  Musei  Leveriani  expUcatio  An- 
glica  et  Latina,  opera  et  studio  Georgii  Shaw,  M.D.  R.S.S. 
Adduntur  figurai  eleganter  sculptse  et  coloratae.  Impensi;^ 
Jacobi  Parkinson."  In  1794  a  splendid  publication  was 
undertaken  by  Dr.  Shaw,  in  conjunction  with  sir  James 
Smith  aiid  Mr.  Sowerby,  illustrative  of  the  accessions  which 
had  been  made  to  natural  science  by  the  discoveries  of 
those  who  had  attempted  to  explore  the  undefined  shores 
of  New  Holland.  The  animais  peculiar  to  that  country 
viere  described  by  Dr.  Shavv,  in  a  work  published  in  one 
volume  4to,  entitled  "  The  Zoology  of  New  Holland  ;'* 
the  beautiful  and  accurate  figures  which  adorned  it  were 
delineated  by  Mr.  Sowerby  :  the  botanical  parr,  which 
formed  another  portion  of  this  work,  was  written  by 
sir  James  Smith,  and  published  uhder  the  title  of  ^^  The 
Botany  of  New  Holland."  Sixty  large  and  beautiful 
prints,  published  by  J.  Miller,  the  celebrated  editor  of  the 
'Garden^*U  Dictionary,  under  the  title  of"  Various  subjects 
in  Natural  History,  wherein  are  delineated  Birds,  Animals, 
and  many  curious  Plants,"  not  meeting  with  a  quick  sale, 
from  want  of  letter-press  containing  descriptions  of. the 
plates,  Dr.  Shaw  was  applied  to,  to  supply  the  deficiency. 
This  work  was  published  in  1796,  under  the  following  title: 
**  Cimelia  Physica :  Figures  of  rare  and  curious  Quadru- 
peds, Birds,  &c.  together  with  several  most  elegant  Plants, 
engraved  and  coloured  from  the  subjects  themselves  :  with 
descriptions  by  Geo.  Shaw,  M.  D.  F.  R.  S."  This,  and  the 
Museum  Leverianum,  are  amongst  the  most  magnificent 
publications  England  has  produced. 

From  the  extended  state  of  natural  history,  the  objects 
of  which  had  become  exceedingly  numerous  by  the  disco- 
'veries  of  those,  who  through  love  of  ienterprize,  or  stimu- 
lated by  commerce,  ventured  to  traverse  the  globe  in  search- 

EE2 


420  S  H  A.W. 

of  new  regions,  it  became  desirabje  that  a  work  should  be 
accomplished  which  should  give,  in  a  systematic,  yet  a  po- 
pular form,  the  description  and  history  pf  those  numerous 
beings,  among  which  man  holds  so  elevated  a  place,  and 
which,  equally  with  himself,  have  proceeded  from  the  grand 
source  of  creative  power  and.  goodness.  The  verbosity  and 
the  reveries  of  BufTon.  rendered  his,  otherwise  valuable^ 
work  uselessly  extensive ;  and  the  systematic  brevity  of 
Linnseus  was  too  dry  for  any  but  philosophers.  To  give  a 
systematic  history  of  the  animal  kingdom,  free  from  the 
redundancies  of  the  one,  and  more  inviting  to  the  general 
reader  than^tbe  philosophic  prodacti90  of  the  other,  vyas  a 
comprehensive  and  arduous  undertaking,^  which  Dr.  Shaw 
ventured  to  attempt,  and  had,  with  an  ability  which  will 
for  ever  render  him  illustrious  amongst  his  countrymen, 
nearly  completed.  This  work  was  entitled  **  General  Zoo- 
logy, or  Natural  History,  with  plates  fron)  the  best  autho- 
rities,' and  most  select  specimens.'*  Of  this  celebrated 
work,  Parts  1  and  2  of  the  first  volume  were  published  in 
1800,  and  from  time  to  time  seven  more  volumes  in  the 
life-time  of  the  author.  Among  bis  papers  was  found  4 
jQinth  volume  prepared  for  the  press,  which  is  intended  for 
publication. 

A  course  of  Zoological  lectures  was  read  by  Dr.  Shaw  at 
the  Royal  Institution  in  the  years  I4SO6  and  1807  ;  and  the 
§ame  course,  with  little  alteration,  was  delivered  ia  1809 
'%t  the  Surrey  Institution.  These  were  published  in  1809, 
in  two  volumes  8vo.  In  the  first  nine  lectures  the  author 
compresses  the  substunce  of  what  he  had  already  published 
in  his  General  Zoology.  The  last  three  lectures  have  novf 
become  more  particularly  Taluable,  as  they  not  only  con- 
tain materials^  which  have  hitherto  been  almost  untouched, 
hut  may  be  further  considered  as  a  sketch  of  what  he  in- 
tended to  accomplish  in  completing  his  General  Zoology. 
In  1807,  upon  the  death  of  Dr.  Gray,  keeper  of  the  natural 
history  in  the  British  Museum,  Dr.  Shaw  was  propioted  tp 
tha(  office.  An  Abridgment  of  the  Pbilo^ophical  Transac- 
tions, in  18  vols.  4to,  by  Dr.  Charles  Huttpn,  Dr.  George 
Shaw,  and  Dr.  R.  Pear9on,  made  its  appearance  in  iSO^. 
All  the  papers  relating  to  natural  history,  and  these 
amounted  to  near,  fifteen  hundred,  were  abridged  l^  Q^ 
Shaw,  and  were  rendered  more  interesting  than  ^ey  ap- 
)ieared  in  their  original  form,  by  the  insertion  of  the  Liji- 
naean  generic  and  specific  n^inesj^  and  still  further  so  b/ 


SHAW,  421 

•  »  < 

occasionar  annotations,  pointing  out  where  the  subject  has 
been  more  fully  investigated  in  some  of  the  subsequent 
volumes  of  the  Transactions,  or  in  other  works.  After  this, 
no  new  undertaking  engaged  his  pen.  His  time  was  alto- 
gether employed  upon  his  two  progressive  works,  his  Na- 
turalist^s  Miscellany,  and  his  General  Zoology,  whea 
death,  upon  a  short  warning,  terminated  his  useful  labours 
on  July  22,  1813,  in  the  sixty-second  year  of  his  age.  His 
illness,  which  was  but  of  a  few  days*  continuance,  origi- 
nated in  a  constipation  of  the  bowels.  In  this  he  hstd  re- 
lief, arid  confident  hopes  of  his  recovery  were  beginning  to 
be  entertained,  when  an  abscess  fbrmed  on  a  portion  of  the 
intestines,  and  brought  on  speedy  dissolution.  His  senses 
and  his  recollection  only  forsook  him  with  his  breath.  He 
died  as  he  had  lived,  with  a  philosophic  composure  and  se- 
renity of  mind,  which  neither  the  acute  pains  which  he. en- 
dured, nbr  the  awful  change  which  he  was  about  to  experi- 
ence, could  in  any  visible  degree  disturb. 

As  few  men  have  left  behind  them  a  character  more  esti- 
mable in  every  quality  that  regards  personal  merit,  or  pub- 
lic service,  his  name  will  be  transmitted  to  posterity  among 
those  who  give  lustre  to  their  a'ge  and  country,  who  do, 
honour  to  human  nature  by  their  virtues,  and  who  contri- 
bute to  the  advancement  of  science  and  the  interests  of 
literature  by  their  superior  talents.  Endued  by  nature 
\Vith  considerable  intellectual  parts,  and  those  improved 
hf  assiduous  cultivation,  he  acquired  a  vast  stock  of  general 
knowledge.  His  extensive  information  was  treslsured  up 
without  confusion,  applied  in  his  works  with  discernment, 
and  communicated  to  every  inquirer  with  cheerfulness  and 

^  freedom.  At  an  early  period  of  life  he  became  s^n  excel- 
lent scholar.  He  wrote  Latin  with  facility,  with  elegance, 
and  with  great  purity.     Upon  most  subjects  of  polite  lite- 

r  rature  he  manifested  in  his  conversations  a  critical  taste, 
and  a  high  relish  for  the  productions  of  genius.  Among 
the  relaxations  from  graver  studies,  poetical  compositions 
occasionally  employed  his  talents,  and  the  productiotis  of 
this  kind,  which  are  dispersed  in  his  General  Zoology,  and 
in  Dr.  Thornton^s  "Temple  of  Flora,*'  are  equally  credit- 
able to  his  taste  s^nd  his  imagination.  He  had  a  prodigious 
and  a  most  tenacious  memory  :  to  such  a  perfection  did  he 
enjoy  this  faculty,  that  he  could  refer  persons  correctly  to 
almost  every  author  he  had  read,  for  any  fact  that  they 
lieeded.     In  trials  that  have  been  made  upon  binoi  in  the 


422  S  H  A  W, 

earUer  part  of  his  life,  he  could  repeat  the  preoeding  or 
following  line 'of  any  one  recited  from  Milton's  Paradise 
Lost,  or  the  works  of  Horace.  Dr.  Shaw's  reputation  was . 
g^reat  in  botany,  but  still  greater  in  Zoology.  Herein  pos- 
terity will  be  ever  indebted  for  the  services  he  has  rendered 
this  branch  of  natural  history^  especially  that  portion  of  it 
which  relates  to  arrangement  and.  description.  A  clear  and 
correct  account  of  the  generic  and  specific  character  of 
animals,  the  essentials  of  this  science,  is  the  remarkable 
feature  and  meritorious  character  of  all  his  works.  Having 
in  the  first  place  strictly  attended  to  these,  he  then  pro-* 
qeeded  to  give  his  subjects  all  the  suitable  embellishments 
that  extensive  erudition,  good  taste,  and  a  correct  memory 
coiild  bestow.  His  descriptions,  if  they  were  minute,  yet 
they  were  never  trifling;  if  enlivened  by  anecdote,  and 
rreh  in  information,  it  was  done  with  propriety,  and  without 
being  tedious;  they  were  too,  always  popular,  and  at  the 
same- time  possessing  all  that  the  dignity  of  science  required. 
His  hours  of  amusement  were  frequently  employed  upon 
mechanical  contrivances,  connected  with  his  philosophical 
pursuits^  or  his  domestic  comforts,  in  which  he  shewed 
^eat  ingenuity  in  invention,  aird  a  delicate  neatness  in 
execution.  His  behaviour  was  remarkably  polite.  In  his 
person  he  was  neat,  gentlemanlike  in  his  dress,^  metho- 
dical in  his  habits,  in  the  disposition  of  his  library,  bis 
papers,  and  in  the  order  of  every  thing  that  belonged  to 
bim.  His  natural  temper  was  lively,  good-humoured,  so<^ 
c^iable.  His  conversation  was  precise,  full  of  information, 
akvays  amusing,  frequently  smart  and  witty.  He  Avas  um* 
versally  esteemed  by  men  of  science,  beloved  by  a  large 
circle  of  his  friends,  add  had  it  not  been  for  a  few  sarcastic 
expressions  which  be  had,  without  any  malicious  intention, 
suffered  to  escape  bim,  he  had  lived  without  an  ^nemy. 
None  of  those  passions  which  produce  so  much  disquietude 
and  misery  amongst  mankind,  seem  ever  to  have  found  4 
place  in  his  bo«)m.  He  was  frugal  in  his  expences,  mode- 
rate in  his  wishes,  temperate  to  an  uncommon  degree  in 
eating  and  drinking, -and  so  chaste  in  his  desires,  that  no 
one  could  reproach  bim  with  the  commission  of  an  indecent 
action,  or  the  yse  of  an  immodest  word  ;  nay,  such  was  the 
delicacy  and  purity  of  his  mind,  that  the  writer  of  this  me* 
moir  has  repeatedly  heard  him  assert,  thnt  he  bad  scrupu- 
lously endeavoured  to  avoid  in  his  writings  every  eicpres- 
Mon  which  a  woman  would  bkisb  to  read.  Sincerity  of  heart. 


SHAW.  42S 

ifi^oeence  of  mind,  and  simplicity  of  malinerSy  •miflently 
and  umformly  marked. his- whole  character.  Of  his  religious 
sentiments  little  is  known,  as  he  was  remarkably  reserved, 
upon  all  subjects  connected  with. his  personal  conduct  and 
opinions.  He  however  sufficiently  shewed  in  bis  conversa- 
tion^ land  by  performing  the  public  duties  of  religion  in  hjs 
attendance  upon  the  service  of  the  Church  of  England,,, 
that  his  notions,  were,  in  this  respect^  serious  and  pious. ' 

SHAW  (P£T£R),  a  physician  of  the  last  century,  was 
the  author  of  several  works  which  enjoyed  a  considerable* 
reputation  in  their  day.  His  first  professional  publication 
was  entitled  ^*  New  Practice  of  Physic,!'  in  two  volumes, 
and  first  printed  in  1726 :  it  contained  a  brief  description- 
of  diseases  and  the  methods  of  treating  .them,,  and  watt 
often  reprinted^  the  7th*  edition  in  1763.  His  next  work« 
was  an  *^  Enquiry  into  the  Virtues,  of  Scarborough  Spaw 
Waters/'  which  he  visited  during  the  season  ;  it  was^ printed: 
in  1734.  In  the  same  year  he  published  also  ^^Ghymioa^ 
Lectures  publicly  read  in  London  1731,  1732,  and  Scar^ 
borough  1733."  This  was  deemed  a  scientific  and  valuable 
work,  and  was  translated  into  French.  He  published  some 
minor  works:.  "A  Portable  Laboratory,"  1731.;.  "Oiit 
Scurvy,"  1736  ;^*  Essay*  on  Artificial  Philosophy,*'  1731 1. 
'^  On  the  Juice  of  the  Grape,*'  172^4;  and  he  edited  tbet 
**  Dispensatory  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Edinburgh,**! 
in  1727.  Dr.  Shaw  was  elected  F.  K  S.*in  1755,  an  ho-r 
nour  which  he  seems  to  have  n»erited  by  his  *^  Abridgmenii 
pf  Boyle's  Philosophical  works,"  3  vols.  4to.  and  of  ^<  Lord 
Bacon's"  in  the  same  form  :  be  translated  also  Hoffman  oa 
Mineral  Waters,  Strahl's  Chemistry,  and  Boerbaave's  Ele-^ 
menta  Cbemica,  in  conjunction  with  Chambers.  Notwith** 
standing  these  multifarious  labours,  he  had  an  extensive 
share  of  practice,  and  was  physician  in  ordinary  to  his  pre* 
aent  majesty,  but  resigned  in  favour  of  his  son-in-law,  Df. 
Richard  Warren,  some  time  before  his  death,  which  hap^ 
pened  March  15,  1763.  He  also  left  Dr.  Warren  hit 
fortune.' 

,  SHAW  (Samuel),  a  learned. non-conformist,  was  born 
at  Repton  in  the  county  of  Derby,  in  1635,  and  educated 
at  the  free  •school  there.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  waif 
^ent  to  Cambridge,  and  became  a  member  of  St  John'9 

1  6«Dt.  Mag.  vol.  LXXXni.  by  a  gentlemaD  well  qualified  to  appreciate  Dr. 
Shaw^f  talents  and  character, 
,  *  Eloy,  Diet.  Hift.  da  Madeeine^^NkliDlfe**  Boifyeo  te. 


€24  S<  It  A-\f. 

ooUcge.  *  AVben  ka  hild  «otftpl6t^d  )A%  sWdbi^  lie  #tfiM^ 
to  Tamworth,  id  Warmeki^biris^  niid  was  iwtier.of  fbe  flr^«i' 
school  tfaer«  id  }656i  From  Tattiwotth  be  reddot^d  tcr 
Blocely^  a  smaii  place  on  the  borders  of  WercefktetsIlM^^ 
and  on  bis  arriyal  was  ordained  by  the  elaflSical  presbytety' 
of  Wirksworth  in  Det4>ysbire^  and  in  165S  obtained  &  pi«^ 
s^ntation  from  Cromweil  to  the  rectory  of  Loiifg  Wfaatton^ 
v«^b}cb  was  in  tbe  gift  of  the  cro#n.  in  June  the  satne  year 
he  had. full  pos^essiod  of  tbis  livings  ifi  which  be  continued 
until  the  Restoratioti  ifi  1660.  At  that  juncture^  appre^-' 
bending  some  dtstntbance,  he^  in  September,  obtained  a 
fresb  presentatioh  under  the  great  seal  of  Englaiid ;  but 
iiotwithstaiiding  bis  title  was  thnscdrr6borated>  interest  wai 
nade  with  the  lord  eba^cellor,  and  6u#  author  was  turned 
out  of  bis  preferment  about  a  year  before  the  act  bf  utii« 
fbrmity  took  place.  He  was  affei'^iirds  bffered  his  living 
dgaitiy  wilbotife  any  other  cohditioO  than  re- Ordination^ 
lidifoh  he  rdftt^ed,  as  be  itrouM  ik>l  declare  bis  p^sbyteriati 
ofditiatioii  iilvalid.  • 

*  I'rotn  Whaitod  be  removed  ^  Goteii>  a  small  viHage  near 
Loughbotougb,  tthd  ddriflg  his  stay  there  both  himself  and 
bis  family  virere  afflicted  with  the  plague,  beit>g  infettdd  by* 
aoine  relations  from  London,  who  caitie  from  ^enee  to  ateid 
tX*  He  buried  tfro  friends,  ti^ti  children,  arid  a  se^¥artt,  of 
thai  distemper,  duHng  the  progress  of  Which  he  aiid  his 
wife  attended  each  other,  and  he  himftetf  was  fbrced  to  bury 
fire  dead  in  his  own  garden.  Tointrda  the  latter  eftd  of 
the  year  1666,  he  removed  to  Ashby  de  la  Zoucb^  and  wair 
ebosen  in  1668  to  be  sole. school-master  of  the  free^scbool 
there,  the  ^  revenue  of  which  he  procured  to  be  increased 
for  himself  and  his  su<:cessors,  arid  by  his  interest  wi&  the 
gentlem^  in  the  tieighbourhodd,  was  enabled  to  te*build 
the  $chobl  aiQd  school* bous'e :  he  also  obtained  a  licence 
frohi  archbishop  Sheldon  to  teach  school  in  any  part  of 
bi$  province ;  and  Dr.  fuller,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  in  Whose 
diOce^e  the  school  was  situated,  granted  him  the  same  upon 
auch  terms  as  to  subscription  as^Mr.  Shaw  chose.  Tbia 
school^  his  piety,  learning;,  aild  temper^  soon  raised  into 
a]Ucb  reputation,  thkt  the  number  of  his  schdlars  increased 
iii  so  great  a  degree,  that  fie^  had  often  160  boys  or  more 
under  his  cai^.  Many  ef  these  afterwards  became  distin- 
guished characters  in  the  three  professions  of  law»  physic, 
<and  divinity. 

He  died  Jan.  9Sj  ]696,  in^lhe  S9th  year  of  his  agOi  leav-* 


ff»f  b^bhid  him  the  cb^rkct^r  of  «n  t]]irtghf)  mod^t^  H^n^i'^ 
bltf,  and  moderate  ttiati,  an  ornaihe^t  to  bis  professioti, 
Mtd  a  benefactor  td  hi^tyountty.  Besides  bishop  Failerabove* 
llietititKied^  who  said  that  he  was  glild^o  have  so  wotthy  a 
itian  in  his'  dibcese  oport  arty  terms,  he  appears  tb  hav6  beeii 
fai^faly  respected  by  Dr.  Barlow,  the  subsequent  bishop  of  Lltl- 
doTfi,  and  lived  likewise  oti  friendly  tefttis  with  the  ticar  of 
Asbby  de  la  Zoucb.  When  t6lferation  was  granted  ib  the 
dissenter^,  he  licensed  hts  school  for  a  place  of  worship,  but 
contrived  that  the  th^etings  srhodld  be  between  chdrch 
boars^  and  attended  the  church  at  the  usual  periods  with 
bis  wbdle  school  add  many  of  his  congregation.  He  Wrote 
several  religious  tracts,  particularly  **  Immaniiel  f*  -**  The 
True  Christian's  Test,'*  "  Thp  voice  of  one  crying  itt  thfe 
wilderness,  &c;^*  and  a  Latin  grammar,  and  an  epitome 
of  the  same ;  with,  what  may  seei^  very  odd  in  one  of  his 
dfalii-actbr,  two  comedies^  the  one  called  **  Words  made  vi- 
sible, or  Grammar  and  Rhetoric j"  1079,  8vo;  the  6thet^ 
"The  different  Humours  of  Men,"  1692,  12mo,  which 
lArere  a<^ted  by  his  scholars  for  their  amusement  before  the 
neigbboiird  at  Christmas.  *' 

SHAW  (Stebbino),  the  historian  of  Staffordshire,  wa$ 
fon  of  the  rev.  Stebbing  Shaw,  rector  of  Hartshoni, 
0n  the  borders,  of  Derbyshire,  neiir  Asbby  de  la  Zoucb. 
He  was  born«  in  1762,  at  or  nedr  Stone^  in  Staffordshire ; 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  which  town,  his  Mother  inhig- 
rit^d  a  sfcnall  landed  estate,  which  descesnded  to  this  hbr 
only  child.  He  was  educated  at  tl^e  school  of  Reptbn, 
liear  Hartshorn,  first  under  the  rev.  Dr.  Prior,  and  df- 
terwards  trnder  his  successor,  the  rev.  William  Bagshaw 
Stevens,  aningetiious  poet  and  scholaf,  who  died  in  1^00, 
Fh)m  this  accomplished  man,  for  whom  he  retained  an  un-^ 
abated  firietidship  till  death,  he  edrly  imbibed  a  Warm  love' 
of  literature.  At  the  close  of  the  mbnth  of  October,  1780, 
be  became  a  resident  tneitibet  of  Queen's- college,  in  Cam* 
bridge.  At  this  period,  his  first  literafy  predilections  were 
filed  on  English  poetry,  bf  which  he  had  caught  an  en- 
ttiusiastic  fondness  from  his  last  master.  But  even  this 
partiality  yielded  to  his  propensity  for  music ;  in  which  his 
performance  on  the  violin  occupied  a  large  portion  of  his 
riiile^  and  he  had  already  attained  considerable  excellence. 
In  due  time  he  took  bis  degree  of  B.  A.  was  elected  to  a 


42«  SHAW. 

I 

^fdilowsbip/and  went  into  orders.  Not  long  aft^rWatxls,  tb6 
iptimacy  which,  for  almost  half  a  Century,  had .  subsisted 
between  his  father  and  bis  neighbour,  sir  Robert  Burdett, 
of  Foremark,  in  which  hospitable  mansion  the  son  had 
passed  many  of  his  early  days,  induced  hinii  to  undertake 
the  superintending  care  of  the  present  sir  Francis,  then 
lately  released  from  Westnunsier  school,  at  his  father's 
villa  at  Ealing.  With  this  pupil,  be  made,  a  tour  to  the 
Highlands  of  Scotland,  in  the  autumn  of  1787,  of  which  be 
kept  a  diavy.  This  diary,  originally  composed  merely  for 
private  amusement,  he  afterwards  inconsiderately  published ; 
and  thus,  it  must  be  confessed,  made  his  first  appearance 
as  an  author  with  ^ome  disadvantage;  luckily,  however, 
the  publication  was  anonymous.  In  the  following  year,' 
be  made  a,  tour  to  the  West  of  England,  of  which  he  pub* 
Jiished  a  more  laboured  account,  with  his  name.  The  book 
was  well  received  ;  and,  though  the  style  is  not  simple  and 
'  easy  {an  attainment  which  indeed  the  author  never  reach- 
ed), yet  it  discovered  a  dawning  attention  to  the  history  of 
families  and  property,  to  which  his  industrious  researches- 
wer6  afterwards  directed  with  considerable  success.  In. 
17S9,  about  the  time, of  the  publication  of  his  tour,  he 
obtained  admission  to  the  reading-room  of  the  British  Ma* 
seum.  His  account  of  the  vast  stores  of  topographical  and 
genealogical  materials  deposited  there,  fired  the  imagina-^ 
lion  of  one  of  his  learned  friends,  who  resided  in  LondoD| 
and  with  whom  he  passed  much  of  his  time.  To  this  con- 
nection may  be  ascribed  the  origin  of  a  periodical  publica- 
tion, entitled  "  The  Topographer,''  which  commenced  iii 
the  spring  of  1789,  and  was  carried  on  for  more  than  two 
yeai(^,  during  which  many  useful  materials  towards  the 
Topographical  History  of  the  Kingdom  were  communi- 
cated. Amongst  other  researches,  Mr.  Shaw  spent  part 
of  the  summer  of  1790  in  Sussex,  and  visited  very  many 
parishes,  and  collected  a  large  6tore  of  church  notes,  of 
which  only  a. small  number  was  exhausted  when  the  work 
closed.  In.  these  perambulations,  his.  own  faithful  and 
constantly  exer<!ised  pencil,  enabled  him  to  be  doubly 
useful. 

In  (he  Summer  of  1791,  Mr.  Shaw  retired  to  bis  father'^ 
house  at  Hartshorn.  Here  still  amusing  himself  with  to- 
pographical researches,  he  soon  afterwards^  during  his  fre- 
quent visits  into  Staffordshire,  conceived  the  idea  of  un- 
dertaking the  history  of  that  county.    The  scheme  at  first 


SHAW..  427 

a|ipear9d  bold -even  to  tbe  partiality,  of  bU  friends;  but  he 
persevered,  and  his  tnild  and  inoflTenslve  manners  procured 
attention  to  t|ie  assistance  he  asked  ;  his  acquaintance  every 
d^y  entiirged,  and  hin  materials  accumulated.  Instead  of 
confining  himself  merely  to  the  dry  investigations  of  anti- 
quarian lore,  he  conciliated  by  an  attention  awake  to  every 
thing  which  the  title  of  bis  work  could  comprehend. 
Natural  history,  agriculture,  scenery,  manufactories,  and 
^rt9,  all  excited  his  curiosity,  and  flattered  the  various  turns 
of  those  by  whom  the  acquisition  of  his  materials  was  fa- 
cilitated. 

At  length,  by  his  assiduous  inquiries,  he  discovered  and 
obtained  the  vast  treasure  of  MSS.  written  and  collected  by 
Dr.  Wilkes  for  a  similar  undertaking;  which  had  long 
been  supposed  to  be  lost,  and  of  which  some  malicious^ 
attempts  were  made,  by.  the  assertion  of  wilful  falsehoods, 
to  stifle  his  pursuit.  From  the  moment  of  this  acquisition, 
his  success  became  certain  ;  the  expectation  of  the  county 
rapidly  increased ;  and  .  he  I'eceived  countenance  and 
assistance  from  every  quarter.  He  had  already  made  a 
great  variety  of  drawings  of  mansions,  churches,  mo- 
numents, and  antiquiti.es;  and  many  of  these  were  now 
engxaved  at  tbe  expence  of  the  owners,  some. of  which 
have  $inQe  enriched  the  part  already  published ;  and  a 
lacge  proportion  still  remain  with  his  unpublished  materials. 
He  rK>\y  employed  four  years  in  augmenting  and  digesting 
his  collections ;  and  about  1796  began  to  print  the  first 
volume,  which  was  laid  before  the  public  in  August  1798, 
and  answered  and  exceeded  the  expectations  it  had  raised. 
It  is  in  truth  a  rich  and  splendid  volume  in  many  respects* 
Th^  typography,  the  number  and  variety  of  engravings, 
the  luminous  apd  well-laboured  genealogical  tables,  tbe 
inexhaustible  notices  of  the  past  drawn  from  the  buried 
treasures  of  time,  intermixed  with  modern  facts  and  de- 
scriptions of  more  general  attraction,  render  the  work 
highly  valuable^  and  will  secure  the  reputation  of  the  com^ 
piler. 

In  1801  he  published  the  first  part  of  bis  second  volume^ 
which  was  in  ^all  respects  equal  to  the  former.  He  bad 
now  succeeded  his  father,  who  died  at  the  close  of  1799, 
in  the  living  of  Hartshorn,  a  village  rendered  remarkable 
•as  the  birth-plade  of  the  celebrated  dean  Stanhope,  whose 
/ather  enjoyed  this  preferment ,  Here  he  spent  the  sum- 
laer^  and  found  some  relaxation  from  his  severe  studies,  in. 


428  S  H  A  W. 

improving  bis  hou&e  and  garden.     But  bis  enjoyments  were' 
not  uninterrupted.    A  bilious  habit  rendered  him  perpe- 
tually subjedt  to  slow  fevers.    The  fatigue  of  exercise  in  a 
burning  sun  now  brought  on  a  more  fierce  attack.     He  re- 
covered, however,  and  returned  to  London  in  the  winter 
of  idOl,  and  went  on  with  his' work.     But  it  ivas  soon  per-' 
ceived  that  his  constitution  had  received  ah  alarming  shock. 
EarTy  in  the  spring  he  found  himself  unfit  for  his. usual  oc- 
cupations.    A  new  attack  of  a  dreadful  and  lamentable'  | 
fever  ensued ;  but  from  this  (oo  he  was  at  length  restored.             | 
All  application  to  books  was  now  prohibited  ;  and  in  June 
Or  July  it  was  deemed  advisable  for  him  to  pay  a  visit  to  | 
the  Kentish  coast,  attended  by  his  only  relation,  an  aflPec-'  | 
tionate  half-sister,  the  daughter  of  his  father  by  a  second 
wife.     They  went  first  to  Ram^gate,  and  thence  reinoved 
to   the  more  quiet  seclusion  of  Sandgate,  near   Hythe. 
Here  he  passed  the  autumn,  and  was  so  well  that  he  joined 
some  friends  in  a  few  days  expedition  to  the  opposite  coast, 
and  visited  Boulogne.     Towards  the  end  of  October  1802 
bis  disorder  suddenly  returned  with  more  violence  than 
before.    After  a  struggle  of  ten  days,  it  was  deemed  right 
to  remove  him  to  London  for  better  advice,  where  he  died 
on  the  28th,  aged  forty-one,  deeply  lamented  by  all  whd 
knew  him,  and  leaving  a  chasm  in  the  department  of  lite- 
rature which  he  had  embraced,  not  easy  to  be  supplied. ' 

SHAW  (Thomas),  a  celebrated  traveller,  son  of  Mr, 
Gabriel  Shaw,  was  born  at  Kendal,  in  Westtnorland,  about 
1692.  He  received  his  education  at  the  grammar-school 
of  that  place ;  was  admitted  of  Queen's-colle'ge,  Oxford, 
Oct.  5,  1711,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  July  5, 
4716;  M.  A.  Jan.  16,  1719;  went  into  orders,  and  was 
appointed  chaplain  to  the  English  factory  at  Algiers.  In 
this  station  he  continued  several  years,  and  thence  took 
opportunities  of  travelling  into  several  parts.  During  his 
absence  he  was  chosen  fellow  of  his  college,  March  16, 
1727 ;  and  at  his  return  in  1733  took  the  degree  of  doctor 
in  divinity,  July  5,  1734,  and  in  the  same  year  was  elected 
F.K,  S.  He  published  the  first  edition  of  his  **  Travels*' 
at  Oxford  in  1738,  and  bestowed  on  the  university  some 
tiatural  curiosities,  and  soihe  ancient  coins  and  busts  (three 
of  which  are  engraved  among  the  "Marmora  Oxoniensia**) 

'  1  Gent.  Mag.  vol.  LXXIH.  by  a  Baronet  well  fcadwo  m  the  leafned  wokR 
■And  who  is  alluded  to  in  the  narrative.    ^ 


SHAW.  429 

wjiich  be  had  collected  in  his  travels.    On  the  death  of 
Dr.  FeltoD  in    1740,    he   was  nominated  by  his  college 
principal  of  St.  i^dmund-h^ll,  which  he  raised  from  a  ruinr 
ous  condition  by  his  munificence ;  and  was  presented  at 
the  same  time  to  the  vicarage  oif  Bramley  \n  Hants.  '  He 
was  also  regius  professor  of  Gre.ek  at  Oxford  till  his  death, 
which  happened  Aug.  15,  1751.     He  was  buried  in  Bram* 
ley  church,  where  a  monument  was  erected  to  his  memory, 
with  an  inscription  written  by  his  friend  Dr.  Brdwne,  pro* 
vost  of  Queen's-coliege,  Oxford. .    His  "  Travels'*  were 
translated  into  French,  and  printed  in    1743,  4td,  with 
several  notes  and  emendations  communicated  by  the  author. 
Dr.  Richard  Pocock,  afterwards  bishop  of  0$sory,  having 
attacked  those  ^^  Travels''  in  his  ^^  Description  of  the  East," 
our  author  published  a  supplement,  by  way  of  vindication^ 
in  1746.     In  the  preface  to  thp  "  Siipplement','  be  says, 
the  intent  and  design  of  it  is  partly  to  vindicate  the  Book 
of  Travels  from  some  objections  that  have  been  raise4 
against  it  by  the  author  of  ^^  The  Description  of  the  East, 
&.c."     He  published  *^  A  farther  vindication  of  the  Book  of 
Travels,  and  the  Supplement  to  it,  in  a  Letter  to  the  Righ^ 
reverend  Robert  Clayton,  P.  D.  lord  bishop  of  Clogber.'* 
This  letter  consists  of  six  folio  pages,  and  bears  date  it| 
i747«     After  the  doctor's  death,  an  improved  edition  of 
his  book  came  out  in  1757,  under  the  title  of  ^^  Travels  or 
Observations  relating  to  several  parts  of  Barbary  and  the 
Levant,  illustrated, with  cuts.     The  second  edition,  wit^ 
great  improvements.     By  Thomas  Shaw,  D.  D.  F.  E.  Su 
regius  professor  of  Greek,  and  principal  of  St.  |]!dmund 
Hall,  in  the  university  of  Oxford."     The  contents  of  the 
supplement  are  interwoven  in  this  edition;  and  the  im- 
provements were  made,  and  the  edition  prepared  for  the 
press*  by  the  author  himself,  who  expressly  presented  the 
work,  with  these  additions,  alterations,  and  improvements, 
to  the  public,  as  an  essay  towards  restoring  the  ancient 
geography,  and  placing  in  a  proper  light  the  natural  abd 
sometimes  civil  history  of  those  countries  where  he  tra- 
velled.    The  Shawior  in  botaqy  received  its  name  in  honour 
of  i)r.  Shaw,  who  has  given  a  catalogue,  in  alphabetica 
order,  accompanied  with  rude  plates,  of  the  rarer  plants 
observed  by  him  in  Barbary,  Egypt,  and  Arabia^    The 
species  amount  to  632,  and  the  catalogue  is  enriched  with 
several  synonyms,  as  well  as  occasional  descriptions  and 
remarks.     His  'iti^d  specimens  are  preserved  at  OxfQrd^ 


430  S  HA  W. 

The  orthography  of  the  name  is  attended  with  difficulty  to 
foreigilers,  our  w  being  as  unmanageable  to  them,  as  their 
multiplied  consonants  are  to  us.  Some  of  them  blun'd^r 
into  Schamay  ShxiaiAa^  or  Shavia.  Perhaps  the  tatter  might 
be  tolerated,  were  it  not  for  the  ludicrous  ambiguity  of 
Shwvvas  \t&e\f^  applied  by  facetious  Oxonians  to  the  abote 
famous  traveller  and  his  namesakes.' 

SHEBBEARE  (John),  a  notorious- political  writer,  was 
born  at  fiiddeford  in  Devonshire  in  1709.  His  father- was 
an  attorney,  but  having  small  practice  and  little  fortune^ 
he  carried  on  aUo  the  business  t)f  a  torn-facfor.  Of  bis 
children,  John  was  the  eldest,  and  was  educated  at  the 
free-school  of  Exeter,  then  conducted  by  the  learned  Mr, 
Zacbary  Mudge.  Of  hi«  progr*e«s  at  school,  it  is  recorded 
that  he  had' a  tenacious  memory,  much  application,  some 
«Vit,  and  a  temper  quarrelsome,  dissatisfied,  and  irritable. 
In  his  fifteenth  or  sixteenth  year  lie  wias  bound  apprentice 
to  a  surgeon  in  his  native  town,  and  acquired*  a  consider- 
able share  of  medical  knowledge.  To  this  situation  he 
brought  the  unamiable  disposition  of  his  earlier  years ; 
no  one  could  give  himUhe  slightest  offence  *l^ith  impunity^ 
and  almost  e^ery  person  avoided  his  acquaimance.  When 
out  of  his  time  he  set  up  in  trade  for  himself,  and  then 
shewed  a  taste  for  chemistry ;  but  having  little  business,  re* 
moved  in  1736  to  Bristol.        '  ».    .  . 

In  1739  he  attracted  the  attention  of  the  public,  we  are 
told,  by  an  epitaph  to  the  memory  of  Thomas  Coster,  esq. 
member  for  Bristol ;  in  which  it  has  been  observed,  **  that 
he  has  contrived  to  raise  emotions  of  phy,  grief,  add  in* 
dignation,  to  ^  very  high  degree.'*  '  How  far  these  lities  are 
calculated  to  produce  such  an  effect  the  reader'  may 
judge*.  The  next  year  he  published  a  pamphlet  on  the 
Bristol  waters  ;' but  from  this  period  we  hear  ito  mor4$  of 

^  *' Cotter!  adieu,  to  native. skies  retura\]. 
By  ev'ry  patriot  bosom  lovM  and  tBourii'd. 
K'eii  party  /'renjry,  now  no  more  his  fpe, 
Weepa  into  sen&e,  Rn<l  swells  the  general  woe. 
Friend  to  all  virtue  howsoever  depressed. 

Foe  to  all  vice  howe'er  by  courts  caressM.  '' 

From  cotnmerce  rich,  yet  rich  without  a  ptein, 
Tlio*  wealthy  bumble,  and  tho'  wjse  not  vain. 
A  breast  no  passion  once  could  discompose, 
Sav6  that  which  bade  him  mourn  hi^  country's  woes.  * 
This  consolation  yet  be  mine*  he  cryM, 
3Sot  to  survive  dear  liberty^  and  dyM." 

Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  IX^ 

li  guppl^ant^o  the  first  edit,  of  this  Diei.^Rees's  <;yclop<  in  art  Shawia.  * 


S  H  E  B  B  B  A  R  K.  43t 

.  him  until  1752,  when  be  was  at  Paris,  and  there  obtained 
the  title  of  Doctor,  if  he  obtained  it  at  all..  Until  this 
time  he  appears  to  have  lived  id  oba(:urity,  but  at  an  age 
when  vigorous  exertion  usually  subsides,  he  seems  to,  have 
resolved  to  place  himself  in  a  conspicuous  situation  what* 
ever  hazard  might  attend  it,  and  commenced  a  public 
writer  with  a  high  degree  of  intrepidity  and  virulence.  In 
1754. he  began  this  career  with  "The  Marriage  Act/'  a 
political  novel,  in  which  he  treated  the  legislature  with 
auch  freedom,  that  it  occasioned  his  being  taken  into  cus- 
tody, from  wbencet  however,  he  was  soon  released.  This 
was  followed  by  .'^  Letters  on  the  English  Nation,  by  Bat- 
tista  Angeloni,  a  Jesuit,  who  resided  many  years  in  Lon- 
don. Translated  from  the  original  Italian  by  the  author  of 
the  Marriage  Act,^'  1755;  2  vols.  8vo.  It  is  perhaps  un- 
necessary to  say  that  the  author  and  translator  were  the 
same  person,  and  that  the  imposition  was  immediately  de- 
tected by  the  similarity  of  language,  and  virulent  abuse  ojf 
the  establishment  in  church  and  state  to  that  which  per- 
vades the  ^^  Marriage  Act.*'  But  his  most  celebrated  per- 
formances were  a  series  of  '^  Letters  to  the  People  of  Eng- 
land,'' written  in  a  style  vigorous  and  energetic^  though 
aloyenly  and  careless,  yet  well  calculated  to  make  an  im- 
pression on  common  readers ;  and  they  were  accordingly 
read  with  avidity,  and  circulated  with  diligence.  They 
had  a  very  considerable  efFectx>n  the  minds  of  the  people, 
and  galled  the  ministry,  who  seem  to  have  been  at  Brst  too 
.eager  to  punish  the  author.  On  the  publication  of  the 
"  Third  Letter,"  we  find  warrants  dated  March  4th  and 
8th,  1756,  issued  by  lord  Holdernesse,  to  take  up  both 
Scott  the  publisher  and  the  author.  This  prosecution, 
^however,  seems  fo  have  been  dropped  and  the  culprit  pro- 
ceeded for  some  time  unmolested,  *^  having  declared  (says 
one  of  his  answerers)  that  he  would  write  himself  into  a 
post  or  into  the  pi41ory,  in  the  last  of 'which  he  at  length 
succeeded."  On  Jan.  12,  1758,  a  general  warrant  was 
signed  by  lord  Holdernesse,  to  search  for  the  author,  prin- 
ter, and  publishers  of  a  wicked,  audacious,  and  treasonable 
libel,  entitled  ^^  A  sixth  Letter  to  the  People  of  England.'* 
At  this  juncture  government  seems  to  have  been  effectually 
roused:  for  having  received  information  that  a  seventh 
letter  was  printing,  by  virtue  of  another  warrant  dated 
Jan,  23,  all  the  copies  were  seized  and  entirely  suppressed. 
In  Easter  Term  au  infQrajation  was  filed  against  him  by 


432 


SHBB  BEARS. 


Mr.  Pratt,  then  attoroeyrgeneral,  afterwards  lord  CfiCQ^tcn  ^ 
and  on  June  17tb,  tbe  information  was  tried,  and  th<r  au- 
thor found  guilty.  On  Nov«  28th  foilowitigi  be  receiy^ 
sentence,  by  wbicb  be  was  fined  five  pounds,  ordered  ^) 
stand  in  tbe  pillory  Dec.  5,  at  Cbariog  Cross,  to  be  co^r 
fined  three  years,  and  to '  give  security  for  his  good  be; 
haviour  for  seven  years,  hiaiself  in  300/..  and  two  others  ip 
1 50/.  each. 

On  tbe  day  appointed  be  w^s  exhibited  on  the  pillory; 
but  the  under  sheriff,  a  Mr.  Beardmore,  himself  a  politica,^ 
writer,  and  Shebbeare^s  coadjutor  in  the  '^  Monitor,^'  ft 
paper  of  the  same  tepdency  yvith  the  ^*  Letters,*'  &c.  perr 
mitted  him  merely  to  stand  on  the  platform  of  the  pilforj^ 
unconfined  and  at  bis  ease,  with  a  servant  in  livery  (an  Irish 
chairman  equipped  for  the  occasion)  holding  an  mnbrell^ 
over  his  head.  Fqr  this  wilful  perversion  of  i^he  sentence 
Mr.  Beardmore  was  fined  50/,  and  suffered  t\yo  mouths  im«> 
prisonment.  Some  time  before  Sbebb^are  was  tried  for  the 
publicatiou  alrea(jy  mentioned,  the  duchess  of  Queensbury 
as  heir  of  Lord  Clarendon,  obtained  an  injuDCtion  to  stop 
ttm  publication  of  the  continuation  of  that  noble^uan's  his- 
tory; a  copy  of  which  had  got  into  tb^  hands  of  Francis 
Gwyn,  jesq.  between  whom  and  tbe  doctor  there  had  bee^ 
an  agreemeut  to  publish  it  and  equally  divide  the  profits. 
The  care  and  e>;pences  attending  the  publii^atipn  were  to 
be  wholly  Dr.  Sh^^bbeare's,  who  caused  it  tqbe  hfmdsqtpielj 
printed  in  4tQ,  with  a  Tory  preface^  containing  freouen^ 
reflections  on,  and  allusions  tp,  recent  events,  and  hving 
cliaractej's,  which  gave  it  the  appearance  rather  of  a  teiB* 
porary  pamphl^  than  of  a  work  calculated  for  p^i^terity^ 
On  the  injunction  being  obtained,  Dr.  Shebbearews^  under 
the  necessity  of  applying  to  the  aid  of  l^w  to  r^cov^r  the 
inoney  expended  by  him  in  printing,  amounting  to  mor^ 
than  50Q/.,  of  which  more  th^n  half  had  been  wasted  oa 
bis  side  in  the  courts  of  law  and  equity*. 


*  This  8tory  bat  h^en  diff^reiUly 
told.  Mr.  Gough,  in  a  letter  in  the 
Gent  Mag.  Vol<  LXXIL  says  that 
^  Shebbcare  being  engaged  by  Ih^ 
univenity  to  arrange  or  transcribe  tbe 
Cl.irenclon  MSS.  transmitted  a  copy  to 
u  boQk4f44er  in  London  to  pttblishtindor 
the  aiisuaiecl  name  of  Cooper.  Tbe 
university^  as  soon  as  they  discovered 
.Ui«  trick,  obtained'ao  injunctioa  against 


the  publisher,  and  the  edition  «m  atm* 
pressed,  so  that  the  rarity  of  the  quarto 
copies/ more  than  any  intrinsic  merit, 
has  now  enhanced  iheir  Talof .'!  This 
^ems  probable,  except  what  rejatea  lo 
Cooper  being  an  assumed  name.  Blf. 
or  Mary  Cooper  was  at  tUai  xiOm  a 
weilkiu)W|i  bookseller  in  Patecaoatcf- 
row,  and  was  frequently  Dodxlej'i  ci^ 
publisher* 


SHEBBEAR^.  4^3 

'  While  (Sorifined  in  the  King's  Bench  prisodi  ;he;il0licit4^ 
Hobscriptidns  for  the  first  volume  of  a  History  of  Er^land, 
firom  the  revolution  to  the.  then  present  time ;  but  this^  a,li 
the  persuasion  of  his  friends,  he  altered  to  a  first  Volume  of 
the  History  of  England  and  of  the  constitution  from  its  ojri^  * 
gin,  and  is  said  to  have  made  some  progress  in  the  design, 
\¥bicfa,  however,  after  many  excuses  and  promises,  was. 
never  accomplished.  At  the  expiration  of  his  imprispn- 
inent'a  new  reign  had  commejiced,  and  the  king  was  nol 
t>nly  persuaded  to  entertain  a  favourable  opinion '  of  Dr«. 
Sbebb^re,  but  to  grant  him  a  pension.  From  this  time  he 
became  an  uniform  defender  of  the  measures  of  govern^ 
ment;  but  still  his* character  wits  not  such  dsto  conciliate, 
the  good  opinion  of  all  the  friends  of  power.  Smoliet  in- 
troduced him  in  no  very  respectful  light,  under  the  n'atne 
pLFtrret;  in  the  bovel  of  Sir  Launcefot  Greaves,  and  Ho- 
garth, made  him  one  of  the  groupe  in  the  third  Electioi:^ 
prtnt.  Scarce  a  periodical  publication  was  without  somd 
contemptuous  notice  of  him,  to  which  he  in  general  paid 
little  attention;  but  in  1774  he  published  apamphlet  in  his 
own  defejtYce,  coupled  with  such  a  virulent  attack  on  the 
chars^cter  of  king  William,  as  roused  the  indignation  Of 
every  Whi^  in  the  kingdom. 

Early  in  life  he  appears  to  have  written  a  comedy^  which 
in  .1766  he  made  an  effort  to  get/represiented  at  Covent-*  ' 
garden  ;  and  as  the  manager,  Mr.  Beard,  had  not  returned 
it  in  what  Shebbearecalled  proper  time;  the  latter  published 
^  pamphlet  of  correspondence  on  the  subject.  lii  176S  hd 
wrote  the  review  of  books  in  the  "  Pohtical  Register*'  for 
threQ  months,  and  wtis  often  engaged  to  write  for  pardculai^ 
persons,  witii  whom  he  frequently  quarrelled  when  he  came 
tobe  paid^  and  sometimes  prosecuted  them  in  the  courts. 
His  pen  seems  to  have  been  constantly  employed,  and  he 
wrote  with  great  rapidity^  what  certainly  can  now  be  read 
with  little  satisfaction,  and  must  soon  be  forgotten.  Though 
pensioned  by  governipent,  he  added  little  to  its  support,  . 
and  gave  disgust  to  its  friends  from  the  virulence  with  which 
he  !att0Qked  its  adversaries,  atid  which  defeated  his  owii 
purpose.  During  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  he  retired 
more  from  public  view.  In  defence,;  however,  of  the 
in  easu  res '  of  administration,  respecting  the  American  war^ 
be  wrote  two^  pamphlets^  one  agaitist-Mr.  Burke,  and  ano^ 
ther  against  Dr.  Price.  '  ^         - 

His  publications^  satirical,  political,  and  medical,  amount, 

Vol.  XXVII.  Fp 


434  S  H  E  B  B  £  A  RE. 

k  18  said,  to  thirty-four,  besides  a  novel  called  ^'  Lydia,  or 
Filial  Piety/'  in  which  also  be  has  introduced  liiring.cha* 
racters.  He  died  Aug.  1,  1788,  leaving,  we  are  txAAf 
among  those  who  knew  him  best,  the  character  of  a  bene- 
volent man,  which,  from  the  affectionate  manner  in  which 
be  speaks  of  his  relations,  be  probably  deserved.  His  cha* 
racter,  in  other  respects,  cannot  be  held  up  to  admiration.* 

SHEEPSHANKS  (William),  a  learned  i;nglish  clergy, 
nan,  was  born  in  the  village  of  Linton  in  Craven,  York* 
shire,  March  18,  1740.  His  father,  who,  having  no  trade 
or  profession,  lived  upon  and  farmed  his  own  estate,  was  a 
very  sensible  and  intelligent  man,  so  far  superior  to  those 
among  whom  he  lived,  and  so  disinterested  in  the  applica-^ 
tion  of  his  talents,  that  he  was  highly  popular  and  useful 
in  his  native  village.  His  mother  was  a  woman  of  very  su- 
perior understanding.  H^  was  educated  at  the  grammar^', 
school  of  the  parish  ;  and  in  1761  was  admitted  of  St.  John^s 
college,  Cambridge,  where  his  singular  facility  in  the  ac« 
quirement  of  philosophical  knowledge  quickly  became  so 
conspicuous,  that,  at  a  time  when  other  un^er-graduates 
find  sufficient  employment  in  preparing  for  their  own  exer-^ 
eises  and  examinations,  he  had  no  less  than  six  pupils.  At 
this  tim^  also  he  laid  the  foundation  of  a  lasting  friendship 
with  two  young  men  of  great  promise  in  the  university,  John 
Law  and  William  Paley,  both  of  Christ's  college  ;•  the  bnOf 
afterwards  bishop  of  Elphin,  the  other  the  late  celebrated 
writer.  In  St.  John's  be  lived  upon  terms  of  almost  equal 
intimacy  with  Mr.  Amald,  the  senior  wrangler  of  bis  year, 
whose  genius,  always  eccentric,  after  a  short  career  of  court 
iimbition,  sunk  in  incurable  lunacy.  His  acad^piiciil  exer- 
cises also  connected  him  more  or  less  with  the  late  lord  AU 
vanley,  the  present  Mr.  baron  Graham,  and  the  learned 
and  pious  Joseph  Milner,  afterwards  of  Hull ;  all  of  whom, 
as  well  as  Law,  took  their  first  degrees  at  the  same  time 
with  himself.  Such  a  constellation  of  talent  has  scarcely 
been  assembled  in  any  single  year  from  that  time  ta  the 
present 

In  January  1766,  he  took  the  degree. of  A*  B.;  and  io 
1767  was  elected  fellow  of  his  college,  on  the  foundaitioa 
of  Mr.  Piatt.  In  1767,  he  took  the  degree  of  A.  M.  In 
p&i^t  of  the  years  1771  and  1772,  he  served  the  office  of 
moderator  for  the  university  with,  distinguished  applause. 

1  Surop.  Mag.  for  1788.— Dr.  Qleig*i  Sttpplement  to  Uie  fiocyoL  Britanaica. 


S  H  E  E  P  S  H  A  NKiSt*  *S» 

li^rin^  this  pariod  be  niimbered.  among  his  pu'ptts  sev^ril 
nrifom  he  lived  td  see  adtaneed  to  high  stations  in  their  re* 
apeetive  profesaionsi  particitlarly  the  present  bishop  of  Lin- 
eolii  and  tbe  chief  justiee  of  the  King^s  Bench.  lii  ITTS, 
he  accepted  firotn  tbe  ilniTersity  the  rectory  of  Ovington  in 
Norfolk ;  and)  haying  married  an .  highly  respectable  per^ 
ion^  the  object  of  his  early  attachments  settled  at  the  i^il* 
lage  of  Grassington,  where  he  received  into  his  house  a 
limited  number  of  pupils,  among. wbore^  in  the  yeains  1774 
and  1775,  was  Dr.  Thomas  Dunham  Wbitaker>  tb^  learned 
author  of  the  "  History  of  Craven.**  In  1777,  he  removed 
to  Leeds ;  and-  in  the  same  year,  by  the  active  friendship 
of  Dr.  John  Law,  then  one  of  the  prebendaries  of  CarlisI^ 
he  was  presented  by  that  chapter  to  the  living  of  Sebefgbam 
in  Cumberland.  In  1783  be  was  appointed- to  die  valuable 
pure  of  St.  John^s  church  in  Leeds ;  and  in  17^2  be  was 
collated,  by  his  former  pupil  Dr.  Pretyman,  bishop  of  Lin** 
coln^  to  a  prebend  in  his  cathedral,  which,  by  this  favout 
of  the  present  archbishop  of  York,  he  was  enabled  to  ex^^ 
change,  in  1794  or  1795,  for  a  much  more  Yaluable  stall  at 
(/arliste,  vatci^ed  by  the  promotion  of  Dr.  Paley  to  the  sob^ 
deanery  of  Lincoln.  This  was  the  last  of  his  preferments^ 
and  probably  the  height  of  his  wishes;  for  he  was  in 'his 
own  nature  very  disinterested.  After  having  been  afflicted 
for  several  years  with  calculous  complaints^  tbe  scourges  of 
indolent  and  literary  men,  he  died  at  Leeds,  July  26,  iSlOy 
and  was  interred  in  his  own  church. 

.  In  vigour  and  clearness  of  understanding,  Mn  Sheep» 
shanks  was  exceed  by  few.  His  spirits  were  lively,  and 
his  conversation  was  inexhaustibly  fertile  in  anecdote  and 
ireBeelion.  Hb  knowledge  of  common  life,  in  all  its  modes^ 
was  that  of  mn  original  and  acute  observer — his  eyes  wena 
most  penetrating  and  expressive.  In  short,  nature  had  en* 
dowedliim  with  faculties  little>  if  at  all,  inferior  to  those 
of.  the  two  great  men  with  whom  be  lived  in  habits  of  most 
intimate  friendship.  His  conversation  had  much  of  the 
longinality  and  humouy  which  distinguished  that  of  Dr.  Pa- 
Jey  ;^  and,  when  .be -thought  proper,  it  was  equally  profound 
m%dr  sagtfcious  with  that  of  Dr.  Law.  When  he  could  be 
{>reTailed  upon  to  write  at  all,  he  wrote  with  the  clearness 
and  force  peculiar  to  his  school;  so  that,  if  his  industry 
itad  borne  any  proportion  to  his  natural  talents,  and  if  these 
had  been  sedulously  applied  to  elucidate  and  expand  those 
hhincbes  of  science  in  which  he  so  much  excelled^  he  would 

r  F  2 


4S«  S  H  B  E  PS  HA  N  K  »: 

have  wartted  tio  other  memorial  But  a  constit;uli6iid  indoi 
lenci^,  adds  his  biographer^  **  robbed  him  of  the  fame  which 
he  might  have  attained  :  the  privation,  however^  occasioned 
neitbera  struggle  nor  a  pang ;  :for  his  want  of  ambition  was 
at  least  eqiial  to  his  hatred  of  exertion ;  and^  as  fat  as  could 
be  gathered  from  a  conversation  in  the  highest  degree  open 
and  uiidi^uised^  he  was  equally: careless  of  living  and  of 
posthumous  reputation.  Had  the  same  indiflPerence  ex- 
tended to  his  surviving  friends,  this  short  account  would 

not  have  bfeen  written."*  

i  SHEFFIELD  (John),  duke  of  Buckinghsimshire,-  a  poet 
and  wit  of  the  seventeei^th  century,,  was  born  in  1649,  and 
was  the  son  of  Edmund,  earl  of  Mulgrave^^.  At  nine  years 
•f  age  he  lost  bis  father,'  and  his  mother  marrying  again 
toon  after,  the  care  of  his  education  was  left  entirely  to  the 
conduct  of  a  tutor,  who,  though  himself  a  man  of  learnings 
had  not  that  happy  manner  of  coinmunicating  his  knowledge 
by  which  his  pupil  could  reap  any  great  improvement  un«& 
der  him.  In  consequeuce  of  which,  when  he  came  to  part 
from' his  governor,  after  having  travelled  with  him  into 
France,  he  quickly  discovered,  in  the  course  of  his-con^ 
versation  with  men  of  genius,  that  though  he  had  acquired 
the  politer  accomplishments  of  a  gentleman,  yet  that  be 
was  still  greatly  deficient  iu  every  part  of  literature,  and 
those  higher  excellencies,  without  which  it  is  impossible  tio 
rise  to  any  considerable  degree  of  eminence.  He  therefore 
resolved  to  educate  himself,  and  dedicate  for  aome  tinie  a 
certain,  number  of  hours  every  day  to  study.  Such  a  pur- 
pose, says  Dr.  JcAnson,  formed  at  such  an  age,  and  suc^ 
cessfully  prosecuted,  delights  as  h  is  strange,  and  instructs 
as  it  is  real.  By  this  means  he  very  soon  acquired  a  degree 
of  learning  which  entitled  him  to  the  character  of  a  scho^ 
lar ;  and  his  literary  acquisitions  are  the  more  wopderful,  as 
those  years  in  which  they  are  commonly  made  were  spent 
by  him  in  the  tumult  of  a  military  life,  or  the  gaiety  of  a 
court.  When  war  was  declared  against  the  Dutch,  he  went 
•at  the  age  of  seventeen  on  board  the  ship  id  which  prince 
IRupert  and  the  duke  of  Albemarle  sailed,  with  the:  com* 
saand  of  the  fleet ;  but  by  contrariety  of  winds  they  wera 
anctttrained  fi'om  action* .  His  zeal,  however^'  for  the  kiDg*i 


•  Fof  i)i«  pedigree  and  descendantu  ,of  ibis  noblemtii,  nm  Qent.  jdaf «  TSk 

«  Whitaker'8  riist.  of  CraT€n»  p.  473.  . 


,S  H  E  r  F  I  E  I^  ©.  437 

isei^ce  tva$  rfscompen^ed  by  tbe  comoiand  of*  ooe  of  t\u^ 
^odependent  troops  of  faorsei  then  raided  to  protect  tbe 
jBoast.; 

*  Next  year  be  received  a  suoamons  to  parliament,  whicb, 
as  he  wasi  then  but  eighteen  years  old,  the  earl  of  Nortbumr 
i>erla»d  censured  as  at  least  indecent,  and  his  objection  wa^ 
Allowed.  When  the  second  Dutch  war  broke  put.  in  1672, 
he  went,  again  a  volunteer  in  the  ship  which  the  celebrated 
•lord  Ossory  commanded,  and  who  represented  his  boha* 
viour  so  favourably,  that  he  was  advanced  to  the  coiiit 
.mand  of  the  Catharine,  the  best  second-rate  ship  in  the 
navy.  He  afterwards  raised  a  regiment  of  foot,  and 
commanded  it  as  colonel.  The  land  forces  were  sent 
ashore  by  prince  Rupert :  and  he  lived  in  the  camp  very 
familiarly  with  Schomberg.  He  was  then  appointed  cor 
lonel  of  the  old  Holland  regiment,  together  with  bis 
own,  aijid  had  the  promise  of  a  garter,  which  he.  obtain^eg 
in  his  twenty-fifth  year.  He  was  likewise  made  gentler 
man  of  the  bed-chamber.  He  afterwards,  went  into  the 
French  service,  to  learn  the  art  of  war  under  Turenne, 
but  staid  only  a  short  time.  Being  by  the  duke  of  Mon- 
mouth opposed  in  his  pretensions  to  the  first  troop  of  horaer 
guards,  be,  in  return,  made  Monmouth  suspected  by  the 
duke  of  York,  He  was  not  long  after,  when  Monmouth 
fell  into  disgrace,  recompensed  with  the  lieutenancy  of 
Yorkshire,  and  the  government  of  Hull.  ]  ■..  , 

Thus  rapidly  did  he  make  his  way  both  to  military  and 
civil  honours  and  employments;  yet,  busy  as  he  was,  he 
did  not  neglect  his  studies,  .but  at  least  cultivated  poetry; 
in  which  he  must  have  been  early  considered  as  upcom- 
xnonly  skilful,  if,  says  Dr.  Johnsoi],  it  be  trCie, which  is  re- 
ported, that,  when  he  was  not  yet  twenty  years  pld,  his 
recommendation  advanceil  Dryden  to  the  laurel.  But  thi^ 
Malope  says,  happens  not  to  be  true,  for  Sheffield  was  not 
lord  chamberlain  till  fifteen  years  after  Dryden's  appoint* 
ment., 

When  in  1680,  the  Moors  besieged  Tangier,  lord  Mul- 
grave  was  sent  to  its  relief,  with  two  thousand  men.  And 
now,  says  Dr.  Jol^nson,  a  strange  story  is  told  of  the  dan<^ 
ger  to  which  he  was  intentionally  exposed  in  a  leaky  ship^ 
to  gratify  some  resentful  jealousy  of  the  king.  For  this  jea- 
lousy historians  assign  different  causes.  Some  imagine  that 
the  king  had  discovered  an  intrigue  between  lord  Mulgrave 
gnd  one  of  his  Rustresses^  and  others  attribute  bis  majesty's 


43S  «i  It  e  p  F  I  e  t  p, 

teneniment  to  proposals  of  marriage,  which  his  lordship  wm 
faio)d-  enough  to  make  to  the  princess  Anne.  It  is  added, 
that  *^  be  the  cause  what  it  would,  it  is  apparent  it  was  in«* 
tended  that  lord  Mu^grave  should  be  lost  in  the  passage ;  a 
vessel  being  provided  to  carry  him  over,  which  had  been 
sent  home  as  unserviceable,  and  was  in  so  shattered  a  con^ 
dition,  that  the  captain  of  her  declared  he  was  afraid  to 
make  the  voyage.  On  this  his  lordship  applied,  not  only 
to  the  lord  high  admiral,  but  to  the  king  himself.  These 
remonstrances,  however,  were  in  vain ;  no  redress  was  t6 
be  b&d  :  and  the  earl,  who  saw  the  trap  laid  for  him  by  bis 
enemies,  was  compelled  to  throw  himself  into  almost  inevi- 
table danger  to  avoid  the  imputation  of  cowardice,  whicl) 
of  sU  others  he  had  the  greatest  detestation  of.  He,  how- 
ever, dissuaded  several  volunteers  of  quality  from  accom- 
panying him  in  the  expedition  ;  only  the  earl  of  Plymouthj^ 
the  king's  natural  son,  piqued  himself  on  running  the  same 
hazard  with  a  man,  who,  in  spite  of  the  ill  treatment  he 
met  with  from  the  ministry,  could  so  valiantly  brave  every 
danger  in  the  service  of  his  father. 

**  Providence,  however,  defeated  this  malicious  scheme, 
by  giving  them  remarkably  fine  weather  through  the  whole 
voyage,  which  lasted  three  weeks ;  at  the  termination  of 
which,  by  the  assistance  of  pumping  the  whole  time  to 
discbarge  the  water,  which  leaked  in  very  fast,  they  ar- 
rived safe  at  Tangier.  And  perhaps  there  cannot  be  a 
more  striking  instance  of  innate  firmness  and  magnanimity 
than  in  the  behaviour  of  this  nobleman  during  the  voyage. 
For,  though  he  was  fully  convinced  of  the  hourly  danger^ 
they  Were  in,  yet  was  his  mind  so  calm  and  undisturbed, 
that  be  eveti  indulge^  his  passion  for  the  Muses  amidst  the 
tumults  of  the  tempestuous  elements,  and  during  this 
voyage  composed  a  poem,  which  is  to  be  met  with  among 
his  otjier  works/^  Such  is  the  story  as  compiled  by  Baker 
from  various  authorities,  and  which  those  who  are  accus- 
tomed to  weigh  evidence  will  probably  not  think  very 
credible  in  all  its  circumstances. 

The  consequence  of  this  expedition  was  the  retreat  of 
the  Moors,  and  the  blowing-up  of  Tangier.  The  poem 
above  alluded  to  was  "The  Vision,"  a  licentious  one,  such 
as  was  fashionable  in  those  times,  with  little  power  of  in- 
vention or  propriety  of  sentiment.  At  his  return  he  found 
the  king  kind,  who,  as  Dr.  Johnson  says,  perhaps  had  never 
been  angry,  and  he  continued  a  wit  and  a  courtier  as 
before. 


S  RE.E  E  I  EL  D.  4S» 

At  the  succession  of  king  James,  to  whom  be  was  inti- 
Qtietely  known,  and  by  whom  he  thought  himself  beloved, 
he  was  admitted  into  the  privy  council,  and  made  lord 
iciiamberlain.  He  accepted  a  place  in  the  high  commission 
without  knowledge,  as  he  declared  after  the  Revolution^ 
of  its  illegality.  Having  few  religious  scruples,  he  at- 
tended the  king  at  mass,  and  kneeled  with  the  rest;  but 
bad  no  disposition  to  receive  the  Romish  faith,  or  to  force 
it  upon  others  ;  for  when  the  priests,  encouraged  by  his 
appearances  of  compliance,  attempted  to  convert  him,  he 
told  them,  as  Burnet  has  recorded,  that  he  was  willing  to 
receive  instruction,  and  that  he  had  taken  much  pains  to 
believe  in  God  who  had  made  the  world  and  all  men  in  it ; ' 
but  that  he  should  not  be  easily  persuaded  *^  that  man  was 
quits,  and  made  God  again."  A  pointed  sentence,  says 
Dn  Johnson,  is  bestowed  by  successive  transmission  to  the 
last  whom  it  will  iit ;  this  censure  of  transubstantiation, 
whatever  be  its  value,  was  uttered  long  ago  by  Anne  Askew, 
one  of  the  first  sufferers  for  the  Protestant  religion,  who, 
in  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.  was  tortured  in  the  Tower; 
concerning  which  there  is  reason  to  wonder  that  it  was  not  • 
known  to  the  historian  of  the  Reformation. 
,  In  the  revolution  he  acquiesced,  though  he  did  not  pro- 
mote it,  ^nd  when  king  James,  in  opposition  to  the  advice 
of  his  friends,  did  quit  the  kingdom,  he  appears  to  have 
been  one  of  the  lords  who  wrote  such  letters  to  the  fleet, 
the  army,  and  all  the  considerable  garrisons  in  England, 
as  persuaded  them  to  continue  in  proper  order  and  sub- 
jection. To  his  humanity,  direction,  and  spirited  beha- 
viour in  council  also,  his  majesty  stood  indebted  for  the 
protection  he  obtained  from  the  lords  in  London,  upon 
his  being  seized  and  insulted  by  the  populace  at  Fever- 
sham  in  Kent.  There  was  once  a  design  of  associating 
him  in  the  invitation  of  the  prince  of  Orange ;  but  the  earl 
of  Shrewsbury  discouraged  the  attempt,  by  declaring^ 
that  Mulgrave  would  never  concur.  This  king  William 
afterwards  told  him ;  and  asked  what  he  would  have  done 
if  the  proposal  had  been  made  ?  **  Sir,"  said  he,  "  I 
would  have  discovered  it  to  the  king  whom  I  then 
served.'*  To  which  king  William  replied,  "I  cannot 
blame  you." 

Finding  king  James  irremediably  excluded,  he  voted  for. 
the  conjunctive  sovereignty,  upon  this  principle,  that  he 
thought  the  title  of  the  prince  and  his  consort  equal,  and  it 


440  SHEFFIELD. 

/ 

would  p\ea«e  the  prince  their  protector  to  haveayharem 
tl)e  sovereignty.  This  vote  gratified  king.  William  ;.  yet,- 
either  by.  the  kiqg-s.  distruiit,  or  his  own  disconteot,  be 
lived  some  years  without  employment.  He  looked  on  the 
kjng.  with  malevolence^  and,  if  his  verses  or  his.prose  may 
be  credited,  with  contempt.  He  was,  .notwithstanding 
this  aversion  or  indifference,  made. marquis  of  Normanby 
in  1694,  but  still  opposed  tt^e  court  on  some  important 
questions;  yet  at  last  he  was  received  into  the  cabinet 
council,  with  a  pension  of  three  thousand  pounds. 

<  On  the  accession  of  queen  Anne,  that  princess,  who  ever 
had  a  great  regard  for  him,  loaded  him  with  employments 
apd  dignities.  In  April  1702,  he  was  sworn  lord  privy  seal^ 
made  lord  lieutenant  and  custos  rotulorum  for  the  north 
riding  of  Yorkshire,  and  dne  of  the  governors, of  theiCbar* 
ter-house ;  and  the  same  year  was  appointed  one  of  the 
cpmmissioners  to. treat  of  an  union  between  England  and 
Scotland.  On  the  9th  of  March,  1703,  he  was  created  duke 
of  Normanby,  and  on  the  19th  of  the  same  month  duke  of 
l^uckinghamshire,  there  being  suspected  to  be  somewhere 
a. latent  claim  to  the  title  of  duke  of  Buckingham.     .    . 

In  1710,  the  whig .  ministry  beginning  to  give  ground, 

his  grace,  who^was  strongly  attached   to  tory.  priociples, 

joined,  with  Mr.  Harley,  afterwards  earl  of  Oxford,  in  such 

'  measures  as  brought  al^out  a. change  in  the  ministry,  shook* 

the.power  of  the  duke  and  duchess  of  Marlborough,  and 

introduced  Mr.  Harley,  the  earl  of  Shrewsbury,  lord  Bq- 

lingbroke,  .&c..into  the  administration.     Her  majesty  now 

offered  to  make  him  chancellor,  which  he  refused,  but  in 

1711  was. appointed  steward  of  her  majesty's  household,  and 

president  of  the  cbuhcil,  and  on  her  decease,  in  1713,  was 

nominated  one  of  the  lords  justices  in  Great  Britain,  till 

the  arrival  of  king  George  I.  from  Hanover. 

His  grace  died  on  the  24th  of  February,  1720,  in  thb 
seventy-fifth  year  of  his  age,  .and  after  lying  in  state  for 
some  days  at  Buckingham  house,  was  inteired  with  great 
solemnity  in  Westminster-abbey,  where  a.  handsome- mo- 
nument has  since  been  erected  to  his  memory,  with  an  epi- 
taph written  by  himself,  and  .directed  by  bis  will  to  be  en- 
graved on  it^.     He  left  only  one  legitimate  son  behind 

*  The  principal  part  of  ihit  epitaph         Hamanum  est  nescire  Ic  trrare. 
is : —  Christum  adveneror,  Deo  cloinfido 


**  l^ubius,  sed  non  improbus  vixi.  OmBipoteaii,  beoevolentiKBimo. 

lueertua  morior>  fed  intarbalus.  Ens  £ntiuni,  miserere  iii^i,'*     ' 


I    » 


ne 


S  HE  F  FIE  L  D:-  *4t 

Wnf,  naoied  Edmund,  who  died  in  the  bloom  of  youth.  It 
is  observable,  that  the  duke's  three  wives  were  all  widows. 
The  duchess  died  in  1742.  She  published  a  spieudid  edi« 
tion  of  bis  works  in  1723,  2  vols.  4to,  which  were  afterw 
wards  reprinted  in  1729  and  1740,  2  vols.  dvo.  The  firet 
oontains  his  poems  upon  various  subjects :  the  second,  bit 
prose  works,  which  consist  of  historical  memoirs,  speeches? 
in  parliament,  characters,  dialogues,  critical  observations^ 
essays,  and  letters;  but  the  edition  of  1729  is  castrated, 
some  particukirs  relating  to  the  revolution  in  1723  having 
given  offence.    -  * 

His  character,  says  Dr.  Johnson,  is  not  to  be  proposed 
as  worthy  of  imitatron.  His  religion  he  may  be  supposed 
tq  have  learned  from  Hobbes  ;  and  his  morality  was  such, 
as  naturally  proceeds  from  loose  opinions.  His  sentiments 
with  respect  to  women  he  picked  up  in  the  court  of  Charles; 
and  his  principles  concernii^g  property  were  such  as  a 
gaming-table  supplies.  *  He  was  censured  as  covetc^tis,  and 
has  been  defended  by  an  instance  of  inattention  to  his  af- 
fairs, as  if  a 'man  might  not  at  once  be  corrupted  by  ava- 
rice and  idleness.  He  is  said,  however,  to  have  had  much 
tenderness,  and  to  have  been  very  ready  to  apologize  for 
his  violences  of  passion. 

-  As  a  poet,  if  we  credit  the  testimony  of  his  contempo- 
raries, he  was  one  of  no  vulgar  rank;  but  modern  criti- 
cism represents  him  as  a  writer  that  sometimes  glimmers^ 
biit  rarely  shines,  feebly  laborious,  and  at  best  but  pretty. 
His  songs  are  upon  common  topics;  he  hopes,  and  grieves, 
apd  repents,  and  despairs,  and  rejoices,  like  any  other 
maker  of  little  stanzas ;  to  be  great,  he  hardly  tries ;  to  be 
gay,  is  hardly  in  his  power. 

.  In  the^^  Essay  on  Satire^'  he  was  always  supposed  to 
have  had  the  help  of  Dryden,  but,  according  to  Mr.  Ma^ 
lone's  account,  that  did  not  amount  to  much.  His  *^  Essay 
on  Poetry*'  is  the  great  work  for  which  he  was  praised  by 
Roscommon,  Dryden,  and  Pope ;  and  doubtless  by  many 
more,  whose  eulogies  have  perished. « 

Upon  this  piece  he  appears  to  have  set  a  high  value ;  for 
he  was  all  his  life-time  improving  it  by  successive  revisals. 

The  second  liae  of  the  epitaph  stands  verb  "  adveoeror"  not  full  eooughy  at 

as  follows  on  the  duke's  moDuinpnt : —  applied   to  Christ.     Some  displeasure 

*'  lacertus  naorior,  uon  perturbatus  ^'^  having  been  expressed  at  this  epitaph* 

and  the  words  "  Chrisrum  adveneror"  it  was  defended  in  form  by  DrlFiddes^ 

tfrft  omitted,  at  tht  desire,  as  is  said  who  did   not  understand  it.     See  our 

pf  bUbop*Atterbury>  who  thought  the  account  of  ^iddes,  toI.  XIV.  ' 


44%  SHEFFIELD.. 

$0  that  there  is  scarcely  any  poem  to  be  found  of  which  tlpa. 
last  edition  differs  more  from  the  6rst.  ^*  Tiie  coldness  aqc} 
neglect/'  says  Warton,  ^'witb  which  this  writer,  formed  only 
on  the  French  critics,  speaks  of  M>iton»  qiust  be  considered 
as  proofs  of  bis  want  of  critical  discernment,  or  of  critical 
courage.  I  can  ri^collect  no  performance  of  Buckinghami. 
that  stamps  him  a  true  genius  ;  his  reputation  was  owing  to 
bis  rank.  In  reading  his  poems^  one  is  apt  to  ei^claim  w|tb 
our  author — 

**  What  wofbl  stuff  this  Madrigal  would  be 
In  some  8tafv*d  hackney  sonneteer^  or  me  I 
Bat  l^t  a  lord  once  own  the  happy  lines. 
How  the  wit  brightens,  how  the  style  refines !" 

Yet  Dryden  extolled  this  essay  highly,  and  it  may  be  justly 
«aid  that  the  precepts  are  judicious,  sometimes  new,  and. 
often  happjLly  expressed.   Sheffield's  memoirs  also  are  lively 
and  agreeable ;  he  had  the  perspicuity  and  elegance  of  an 
historian,  but  not  the  fire  and  fancy  of  a  poet.' 

SHELDON  (Gilbert),  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  was. 
youngest  son  of  Roger  Sheldon  of  Stanton  in  k>cafFordshiret|. 
and  was  born  jbere  July  19;  1598.  His  Christian  name 
was  given  him  at  his  baptism  by  Gilbert  earl  of  Sbrewsr 
bury,  to  whom  his  father  was  a  menial  servant,  although, 
descended  from  the  ancient  family  of  the  Sheldons  of  Stafr 
fordshire.  In  the  latter  end  of  1613  be  was  admitted  a 
commoner  of  Trinity  college,  Oxford,  and  took  the  degree 
of  bachelor  of  arts  Nov.  27,  1617,  and  that  of  master.  May 
20,  1630.  In  1622  he  was  elected  fellow  of  All  Souls' 
college,  and  about  the  same  time  entered  into  holy  orders, 
and  afterwards  became  domestic  chaplain  to  the  lord  keeper 
Coventry,  who  gave  him  a  prebend  of  Gloucester.  The 
lord  keeper  had  a  high  esteem  for  him,  and  employed  him 
in  various  affairs  relating  bqth  to  church  and  state.  Lord 
Clarendon,  who  mentions  this,  adds^  that  Sheldon  was 
very  early  looked  upon  as  equal  to  any  preferment  the 
church  could  yield ;  and  sir  Francis  Wenman  would  ofteu 
say,  when  Sheldon  visited  at  lord  Falkland's  house,  that 
**  he  was  born  and  bred  to  be  ai^chbishop  of  Canterbury." 
Lord  Coventry  therefore  recommended  him  to  Charles  L 
as  a  person  well  versed  in  politipal  affairs.  He  was  some 
time  rtciot  of  Ickford  in  Bucks,  and  presented  to  the  rec- 

1  Gen.  Diet. — Biog.  Brit— Walpole's  Royal  and  Noble  Authors,  by  Park.—- 
Bowles's  edition  of  Pope. — Gibber's  Lives.— Biog.  Dram.— Johnson's  Lifes*—!* 
Nichols's  Atterbury.— Malone's  Dryden,  &c.  &c. 


SHELDON,  44S 

t 

tdry  of  Newington  by  archbishop  Laud.  November  1 1| 
16528^  he  proceeded  bachelor  of  divinity;  and^  May  2,  1632, 
he  w;^  presented  by  the  king  to  the  vicarage  of  Hackney 
in  Middlesex,  then  void  by  th^  promotion  of  David  DoU 
ben  to  the  bishopric  of  Bangor.  On  June  25,  1634,  he 
ccKDpounded  for  his  degree  of  doctor  of  divinity  ;  and  in 
the  middle  of  March  1635,  was  elected  warden  of  Ail  Souls^ 
college.  About  the  same  time  he  wrote  some  letters  to 
Mr.  Cbillintrworth  concerning  subscription  to  the  thirty* 
nine  articles,  who  had  some  scruples  on  that  obligatioa 
(see  Chilungworth).  Dr.  Sheldon  became  chaplain  in 
ordinary  to  his  majesty^  and  was  afterwards  clerk  of  th# 
closet,  and  was  intended  for  master  of  the  Savoy  ;  but  the 
commotions  which  ensued  prevented  those  promotions. 
During  the  rebellion  he  adhered  to  the  royal  cause,  and  in 
Feb.  1 644  was  one  of  the  king*s  chaplains  sent  by  his  ma* 
Jesty  to  attend  his  commissioners  at  the  treaty  of  Uxbridge) 
where  he  argued  so  earnestly  in  favour  of  the  church,  as 
to  incur  the  resentment  of  the  parliamentary  commissioners^ 
ipvhich  they  afterwards  made  pirn  feel.  In  April  1646  he 
attended  the  king  at  Oxford,  and  was  witness  to  a  remark* 
able  vow^  which  bis  majesty  made  there,  the  purport  of 
which  was,  that  when  it  should  please  God  to  re-establish 
his  throne,  he  would  restore  to  the  church  all  impropria* 
tions,  lands,  &c.  which  were  taken  from  any  episcopal  see^ 
cathedral,  collegiate  church,  &c.  This  vow,  which  is  in 
the  appendix  to  Echard's  history,  was  preserved  thirteen 
years  under  ground  by  Dr.  Sheldon.  In  August  1^47  there 
passed  some  letters  between  Dr.  Sheldon  and  several  gen<* 
ilemen,  then  prisoners  in  the  Tower  of  London  for  the 
royal  cause,  who  had  scruples  about  applying  for  their 
liberty  to  the  usurping  powers,  if  in  the  king's  opinion 
such  application  should  seem  prejudicial  to  his  majesty's 
interest.  On  submitting  this  matter  to  the  king,  he  gave 
fhem  permission  to  act  as  they  should  think  fit. 

During  his  majesty's  being  at  Newmarket  that  year,  and 
afterwards  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  Dr.  Sheldon  attended  on 
him  as  one  of  his  cfiaplains.  On  March  30,  1647-8,  he 
was  ejected  from  his  wardensbip  by  the  parliament^visttors^ 
and  imprisoned  with  Dr.  Hammond,  in  Oxford,  and  other 
places,  that  they  might  not  only  be  no  hindrance  to  the 
changes  going  on  in  the  university,  but  be  prevented  from 
attending  the  king  at  the  Isle  of  Wight.  Dr  Sheldon  re« 
inained  confined  above  six  months,  and  then  ihe  reforming 


Hi  S  H  EL  D  O  N. 

« 

f  pommittee  set  him  at  liberty,  Oct  24,  164B,  on  condmcAt 
/  ^h^t  h^  should  never  come  within  five  miles  of  Oxford; 
^  that  he  should  not  go  to  the  king  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and 
ibat  he  should  give  security  to  appear  before  .them  at  foui^ 
,teepi  days'  warning,  whenever  cited.  Upon  his  release 
he.retired  to  Snelston  in  Derbyshire,  where,  at!  his  owh 
expence,  and  by  contributions  from  his  friends,  be  seril 
IQOjney. constantly  to  the  exiled  king,:  and  followed  bis  stu^* 
dies  until  the  approach  of  the  restoration.  On  March  4, 
i}  659*60,  Dr.  John  Palmer,  who  had  been  placed  in  the 
yvardenship  in  his  room,  dyings  and  there  being  an  imme-^ 
diate.  prospect  of  his  majesty's  return,  there  was  no  elec- 
ticHi  made  of  a  successor,  but  Dr.  Sheldon  was  restored) 
though  he  never  took  re^possession^  On  the  king's  return 
^e.qiet  bis  majesty  at  Canterbury,  and  was  spon  after  mad6 
d^an  of  the  royal  chapel ;  and  upon  bishop  J  uxqu's  trans^ 
latioa  to  the  see  of  Canterbury,  was  made. bishop  of  Lon-f 
4pn,  tQ  which  be  was .  elected  October  9,  1660,  and  con- 
^crated  the  28th  of  that  month.  He  held  the  mastership 
pf  tb^  >S^VQy  with  that  bishqpric ;  and  the  famous  confer^ 
eufie  between  the  episcopal,  and  presbyterian  clergy  con-» 
cisrpiug  f^}terations  tp  be  made  in  the  liturgy,  in  1661,  wis 
held  at  his  lodgings  in  the  Savoy,  in  the*  course  of  which 
\hG  eicerted  himself  much  against  the  presbyterjans.  Upori 
'  firqbbishop  Juxon'a  death  he  was  elected  to.  the  seeof  Can-^ 
^rbyry  Aug.  11,  1663.  In  1665,  during,  the  time  of  the 
plague?  he  continued  at  Lambeth,  and  exerted  the  utmost 
benevolea.ee  to  those  who  would  otherwise  have  perished 
in  their  necessities;  and. by  his  letters  to  all  the  bishops,* 
procured  considerable  sums  to  be  returned  out  of  all  parts 
pf  his  province*  On  December  20,  1667,  he  was  elected 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Oxford,,  but  on  the  31st  of 
Jqiy,  166d,  resigne'd  that  office.  He  died. at  Lambeth, 
November,  9,  1677,  in  the  eightieth  year  of- his  agej  and 
was  interred  in  Croydon  church  in  Surrey,  where  a  monu-^ 
l^ent.was.  eriected  to  his  memory  by  his  heir,  sir  Joseph 
$beldoo,  then  lately  lord  mayor  of  London^  sonof  his. elder 
l^rjotber  Ralph.  Sheldon  of  Stanton  in  Staffordshire.  , 

.Dr. ^Sheldon's. character  has  been  represented  with  the 
discordance  (hajt  must  be  expected  in  the  reports  of  con*" 
tpnding  parties..  It  would  appear  on  an  impartial  view  of 
cpptempw^iy,  authorities,  that,  he;  was  more  eminent  as  a 
politician  tetania  divine;  and  that  in  the foitmer  character,^ 
^^sf^lHtneot  of  pQc^pnal  iujpries^  as  well  as.of  the  more  e,i^ 


^'H  E  L  D  ON.  *4* 

i^iistyo  evtb  brbugblr'On  the  church  by  the  abettors  of  thife 
usurpation,  led  htm  to  take  a  very  decided  and  severe  part 
111  the  penal  laws  enacted  against  the  nonconformists.  Bur* 
pety  with  due  allowance  for  his  talents  and  taaany  good  qua- 
iltiesy  speaks  widi  censure  oh  his  conduct  in  this  respect'. 
The  character  given  of  him  by  Dr.  Samuel  Parker,  bishop  of 
Oxfqrd,  who  had  been  his  chaplain,  seems  in  a  great  degree 
to  correspond  with  other  authorities,  and  confirms:  the  ge^ 
neral  opinion  that  Sheldon  was  not  precise  as adivine^ 
.    Parker,  in  bis  *^  Commentarii  de  rebus  sui  temporis,^ 
tells  us,  that  archbishop  Sheldon-  ^*  was  a  man  of  undolibt^ 
ed  piety ;  butthough  he  was  very  assiduous  at  prayers,  yet 
he  did  ,Qotset  so  great  a  value  on  them  as  others  did,  nor 
regarded  so  much  worship. as  the  use  of  worship,  placing 
the  chief  point  of  religion  in  the  practice  of  a  good  life.  In 
bis  daily:  discourse  he  cautioned  those  about  him  not'tb'der 
ceive  themselves  with  an  half  religion,  nor  to  think  thi|t 
divine  worship  was  confined  within  the  walls  of  the  churchy 
the  principal  part  of  it  being  without  doors,  and  conisisting 
in  being  conversant  with  mankind.     If  men  led  an  upright^ 
sober,  chaste  life>  then  and  not  till  then  they- might  look 
upon  themselves  as  religious ;  otherwise  it  would  signify 
nothing  what  form  of  religion  bad  men  followed,  or  to  what 
church  they  belonged.     Therefiore  having  spoken  to  this 
effect,  be  added  with  a  kind  of  exultation  and  joy,  'Do 
well,  and  rejoice.' — ^His  advice  to  young  noblemen  and 
gentlemen,  who  by  their  parents'  commands  resorted  daiiy 
to  him,  was  always  this ;  <  Let  it  be  your  principal  care  to 
become  honest  men,  and  afterwards  be  as  devout  and'reli* 
gious  as  you  will.     No  piety  will  be  of  any  advantage  to 
yourselves  or  any  body  else,  unless  you  are  honest  and 
moral  men.'  r  He  had  a  great  aversion  to  all  pretences  to 
extraordinary  piety,  which  covered  real  dishonesty;    but 
jiad  a  sincere  affection  for  those,*  whose  religion  was'at- 
, tended,  with  integrity  of  manners.     His  worthy  notions  of 
religion  meeting  with  an  excellent  temper  in  him,  gave 
bia^  that  even  tranquillity  of  mind,  by  which,  he  was  stiU 
faimself,  and  always  tbe  same,  in  adversity  as  well  "as  in 
prosperity;  and  neither  over  rated  nor  despised  life,  nor 
jfeaired  nor  wished  for  death,  but  lived  agreeably  to  himself 
|ind  ptjiiers."        % 

It  is  .as  a  prelate  of  great  munificence  that  Sheldon  will 
be  handed  down  to  posterity  with  tbe  highest  honours.  On 
accession  of  Charles  II.  when  the  members  of  tbe  uni» 


446  5  ft  JE  L  b  O  N. 

irersity  who  had  been  ejected  by  the  murpiitg  pcNreff^  be^ 
gan  to  restore  the  ancient  establishments,  a  design  m^sH 
formed  of  erecting  some  building  for  the  acts^  exercises^ 
Ac.  which  had  formerly  been  performed  in  St.  Mary's 
church,  with  some  inconvenience  to  the  university ,  and 
iome  injury  to  the  church.  Certain  houses  were  accord- 
ingly purchased,  which  stood  on  the  site  of  the  present 
^theatre;  and  in  1664,  Sheldon,  then  archbishop  of  Canter^ 
bury,  having  contributed  1000/,  the  foundation-stone  was 
laid  July  26,  with  great  solemnity  before  the  vice  chan-^ 
bellor,  heads  of  houses,  &c.  And  when  no  other  bene- 
fiictors  appeared  to  promote  the  work,  archbishop  Sheldon 
munificently  took  upon  himself  the  whole  expence,  which 
amounted  to  12,476/.  lis.  lid.  and  gave  also  2000/.  to  be 
laid  out  in  estates  for  repairs,  or  the  surplus  to  be  applied 
to  the  establishment  of  a  printing-house.  The  architect 
^employed  was  the  celebrated  sir  Christopher  Wren,  and 
the  building  was  completed  in  about  five  years.  It  was 
one  of  sir  Christopher^s  first  works,  and  a  happy  presage 
of  the  talents  which  he  afterwards  display^  in  the.  metro<» 

Soils.  Nor  did  the  archbishop's  liberality  stop  here.  Mf. 
[enry  Wharton  has  enumerated  the  following  sums  he  be* 
stowed  on  other  public  purposes :  To  lord  Petre  for  the 
purchase  of  London  House,  the  residence  of  the  bishops  of 
London,  5200/.  He  abated  in  his  fines  for  the  augmenta- 
tion of  vicarages  1680/.  He  gave  towards  the  repair  of 
St.  PauPs  before  the  fire  2169/.  17^.  lOdf.  and  the  repairs  of 
his  houses  at  Fulbam,  Lambeth,  and  Croydon,  4500/.  To 
A\\  Souis'  chapel,  Trinity  coDege  chapel,  Christ  cburdb^ 
Oxford,  and  Lichfield  cathedral,  450/.  When  first  made 
bishop,  the  leases  being  all  expired,  he  abated  in  bis  fines 
17,733/.  including  probably  the  article  of  l6S0l.  above 
aientioned.' 

8H  EN  STONE  (William),  eldest  son  of  a  plain  utiedd- 
eated  country  gentlehian,  of  Hales-Owen,  Shropshii^e,  who 
farmed  his  own  estate,  was  born  Nov.  18)  1714.  He  learii^ 
ed  to  read  of  an  old  dame,  commemorated  in  bis  po^ni  6i 
the  **  School-mistress  ;'*  and  soon  received  sli^b  deliglit 
from  books,  that  he  was  always  calling  for  nevtf  '^nte'rtaiif- 
snent,  and  expected  that,  when  any  of  the  family  'went  td 
market,  a  new  book  should  be  brought  him,  which^  wkes 
it  came,'  was  in  fondness  carried  to  bed  Md  laid  by  hini.    It 

.»    .  ,         r   '  .-     ' 

>  Biog.  Biit.'^^U  Ne7e.^Ath.  Ox.  y»1.  H>*^yr»Qd'ST^lituto,>  ■  ^Ai— fiPi  0«» 


SHENStON*E*  ^      44t 

19  said,  tW/  tirhen  his  request  bad  been  neglected,  his  mo- 
ther wrapped  up  a  piece  of  wood  of.  the  same  form,  and 
pacified  him  for  the  night.  As  he  grew  older,  he  went  for 
a  while  to  the  grammar-school  in  Hales-Owen,  and  was 
placed  afterwards  with  Mr.  Crumpton,  an  eminent  schobU 
roaster  at  SoHhul,  where  he  distinguished  ^  bimselE  by  the 
quickness  of  bis  progress.  When  he  was  young  (June  1724) 
he  was  deprived  of  his  father ;  and  soon  after  (August  1726) 
of  his  grandfather;  and  was,  witlt  his  brother,  who  died 
afterwards  unmarried,  Teft  to  the  care  of  his  grandmother, 
who  managed  the  estate.  From  school  he  was  sent  in  1732 
to  Pembroke-college  in  Oxford,  a  society  which  for  half  a 
century  had  been  eminent  for  English  poetry  and  elegant 
literature.  Here  it  appears  that  he  found  delight  and  ad- 
vantage ;  for  he  continued  his  name  there  ten  years,  though 
he  took  no  degriee.  After  the  first  four  years  he  put  on  the 
Civilian's  gown,  but  without  shewing  any  intention  to  en* 
gage  in  the  profession.  About  the  time  when  he  went  to  Ox^ 
ford,  the  death  of  his  grandmother  devolved  his  affairs  to 
the  care  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Dolman,  of  Brome  in  Stafford- 
shire, whose  attention  he  always  mentioned  with  gratitude. 
At  Oxford  he  amused  himself  with  EInglish  poetry ;  and  in 
1737^  printed  at  Oxford,  for  private  circulation,  a  small 
miscellany  of  juvenile  verses,  without  his  name*  He  then 
for  a  time  wandered  about,  to  acquaint  himself  with  life } 
and  was  sometimes  at  London,  sometimes  at  Bath,  or  any 

Elace  of  public  resort ;  but  be  did  not  forget  his  poetry* 
[e  published  in  1740  his  ^' Judgment  of  Hercules,'*  ad* 
dressed  to  Mr.  Lyttelton,  whose  interest  he  supported  with 
great  warmth  at  an  election  :  this  was,  two  years  afterwards, 
followed  by  the  ^*  School-mistress."  Mr.  Dolman,  to 
whose  care  he  was  indebted  for  his  ease  and  leisure,  died  in 
174^,  and  the  care  of  his  own  fortune  now  fell  upon  him* 
He  tried  to  escape  it  a  while,  and  lived  at  his  bouse  with 
his  tenants,  who  were  distantly  related ;  but,  finding  that 
tmperStici  possession  inconvenient,  he'  took  the  whole  estate 
into  his  own  hands,r  more  to  the  improvement  of  its  beauty 
than  the  increase  of  its  produce.  His  delight  in  rural  plea- 
sure was  now  excited,  and  his  ambition  of  rural  elegance ; 
l}e  began  from  this  time,  says  Johnson,  ^  to  point  his 
prospects,  to  divelvify  his  surface,  to  entangle  his  walks, 
stod  to  windhb  waters;  Which  be  did  with  such  judgment 
mod  such  fancy,  as  made  hitf  little  domain  the  envy  of  th€ 
fipeat,  aadtkeAdfliiratioftof  theskllfiili  a  place  to  be  visited 


44S  S  ft  E  N  S  T  O  N  E! 

by  tra'^ellers,  abd  copied  by '  designers."  Of  these  etfiploy^ 
ments.  Dr.  Johnson  has  perhaps  formed  a  harsh  estimate^ 
yet  Shenstbne's  affectionate  apologist,'  Mr.  Greaves,  is  oblig- 
red  to  confess  that  he'speht  his  whole  income  in  adorning  the 
Leasowes,  and  that  it  added  little  to  his  comfort,  the  only 
faappineis  he  fdt  being  confined  to  the  moment  of  im** 
proviemcmt  It  is  said,  tbat^  if  he  had  lived  a  little  longer,  he 
would  have  been  assisted  by  a  pension  :  such  bounty  could 
not  have  been  ever  more  properly  bestowed  ;  and  overtures 
appear  to  have  been  made  for  that  purpose,  but  they  eame 
toojate:  he  died  at  the  Leasowes,  of  a  putrid  fever,  Feb. 
11,M763  ;  and  was  buried  by  the  side  ,pf  his  brother  inthe 
icburch-'yard  of  Hales-Owen.  He  wasx  never  married, 
though  it  appears  that  be  was  twice  in  love,  and  Johnsoh 
•says  he, might  have  obtained  the  lady,  whoever  she  was,  to 
4vhotti  his  **  Pastoral  BaUad"  was  addressed^  He  is  repre- 
sented by  his  friend  Dodsley  as  a  man  of  great  tenderness 
and  generosity,  kind  to  all  that  were  within  bis  influence ; 
.but^  if  once  offended,  not  easily  appeased ;  inattentive  to 
ceconomy,  and  careless  of  his  expences;  in  his  penon 
larger  than  the 'middle  size^  with  soinething  clumsy  in  his 
form;  very  negligent  of  his  cloaths,  and  remarkable  for 
wearing  his  grey  hair  in  a  particular  manner;  for  he  held 
that  the  faahion  was  no  rule  of  dress,  and  that  every  man  was 
to  suit  his  ap[>earahce  to  his  natural  form.  '  These,  says 
Mr.  Gripaves, '  were  not  precisely  his  sentiments,  though  be 
thought  right  enough,  that  every  one  should,  in  some  de<* 
gree>  consult  his  particular  shape  and  complexion -fai 
adjusting  his  dress  ;  and  that  no  fashion  ought  to  sauctify 
.what  was  ungraceful,  absurd,' or  really  deformed, 
f  *  His  life '  w^s  unstained  by  any  crime,  for  the  Elegy  on 
^'  Jessy,"  which  has  been  supposed  to  relate  an  unfortunate 
And  criminal  amour  of  his  own,  wa's  known  by  bis  friends  to 
have«  beeit  suggested  by  the  story  of  Miss  Godfrey  iff 
iiichardsoh^s  **  Pamela,"  :^   ,  ; 

His  "  Works"  were  collected  by  Mr.  Dodsley,  in  3 
vols.  SvOy  and  still  retain  a  good  share  of  popularity.  ^'.T!be 
£rst  consists  of  elegies  (of  which  there  are  tweRtyr*ni;)if 
odes,  songsv  and  batlads,  levities^  pr  pieces  of  jhamottr^ 
and  moral  pieces;  many  of  which  ai'e  distipguished  bjr 
elegance  and  simpjicity.  The  second  contaios  his  prose 
works,'  and  consists  of  several  detached.  ob$ervatioos  oa 
men,  qa^vpers^  and; things,.  tbrQwq. together  in ^^iMlxhaps 
ter9/ wjitb^t  any  .order  or-) connection.:   Ilis  seotimep^ 


S  H  E  N  S  T  O  N  E.  44& 

aod  reflectioiis  are  for  the  most  part  natural  and  jast ;  many 
of  tbem  new,  lively,  and  entertaining,  a  few  of  them  rather 
parad6xi<:al,  and  some  that  are  false  and  ill- supported^ 
though,  upon  the  whole,  they  seem  to  have  been  the  genuine 
fruits  of  a  good  understanding  and  an  amiable  disposition. 
The  third  volume  consists  of  '^  Letters  to  his  Friends."  On 
bis  general  merits  as  a  writer,  Mr.  Greaves  says,  that 
Shenstone,  *^  through  indolence  and  ilUhealth,  and  perhaps 
too  great  a  fondness  for  amusement,  lavished  and  ex- 
hausted ihie  talents  given  him  by  nature  on  a  few  topics 
which  presented  themselves  to  bis  imagination ;  but  in  those 
.  few  he  generally  excelled."  * 

SHEPREVE,  or  SHEPERY  (John),  a  celebrated  Latin 
poet  and  linguist,  was  born  at  Sugworth,  in  the  parish  of 
Radley,  near  Abington  in  Berks,  about  1509.  He  was 
educated  in  Corpus  Christ!  college,  Oxford,  of  which  he 
wai  admitted  probationer  fellow  in  1528,  and  completed 
bis  degrees  in  arts  in  1533.  At  that  time  he  wa^  Greek 
reader  in  his  college,  and  succeeded  Robert  Wakefield  in 
the  Hebrew  professorship  of  the  university  of  Oxford  about 
153S.  Three  years  afterwards,  by  leave  from  the  heads  of 
die  university,  he  began  to  expound  in  the  public  schools 
the  book  of  Genesis  in  Hebrew,  and  would  have  proceeded 
tbroifgb  the  other  books  of  the  Pentateuch,  bad. he  not 
been  prevented  by  death.  He  died  at  Agmondesham  in 
Buckifigbam&hire,  in  1542.  He  was  thought  to  have  sur« 
passed  Origen  for  memory,  and  Ovid  for  expedition  in 
▼ersifying ;  it  hacving  been  but  an  ordinary  matter  with  him 
lo  compose  one  hundred  good  verses  every  day,  at  vacant 
hours.  Leland  celebrates  him  in  his  ^*  Encomia,"  and  in 
his^^Cygnea  Cantio,"  in  which  he  calls  him  *'  decus 
utriusque  linguae."  He  is  praised  likewise  in  White's 
^  Diacostomartyrion,'*  and  by  Pits.  His  works  are,  1.  Sum- 
ma  et  synopsis  Novi  Test,  distichis  ducentis  sexaginta  com« 
prebensa,"  Strasb.  1556,  8 vo,  reprinted  at  London  and  Ox- 
fbrd.  2.  **  Hippolytus  OvidiansB  Pheedrae  respondens. 
Oxon.  1584.  3.  "  Vita  et  epicedton  Joannis  Claymundi, 
a  MS*  in  Corpus  college  library.  He  wrote  also  some 
tsaoslatioqs  from  the  Greek,  and  some  poems  and  orations 
wbioh  remain  in  MS.  He  had  a  nephew  William,  who  in 
the  beginning  of  queen  Elizabeth's  reign  left  England  oni 

1  L|fe  by  Johnson. — RecollcGtion  of  particular!  in  the  life  of^  bf  tbe  Key* 
>f  r.  Greaires  of  Micklelon.-*»Hiill'«  Sclo^  L«ttiefi.--«-Nmiii'f  VlTtavsfUnbirt, 

Vol.  XXVIL  G  g 


^c<HiDt  of  ^s  adber^nqe  tp  pppery,  find  <y«d  |it  ]3^C[  in 
l53Bj,.  .,He,  w4s.eflu^&ted;a|sQ  at  Corpiii^.  and  h^  ijbe  riepvio 
Wion  of  am^n  of  learning.  H^  left  sopne  MS,&  qp  c3atb$H 
lie  subjectSi  and  ope  4to  printed  ^t  .Bome  in  15:96^  entitled 
*\  The  literal  conneiUonof  th^  P^alpss  of  our  la^^s^offiqe, 
^nd  their  confirmation^  from  the  Qreel^,  Hebrews  Syri9C> 
Qt^aldaic,  Arabic,  ^tbiopic,  SiifiJ*^  If  ^qqsunted  with  M 
tibese  languages,  be  could,  have  been  no  comqion/sebpldr  \u 
|he  six  teep>th  century « * 

$H£RABO;    or   SHERWOOD    (William),,    a  y^j 
learned  botanist,,  was  tbe  soq  of  George   Sberwood,  of 
Bushby,  in  Leicestershire.     It  does  not  appear  at  what  timq 
or  for  what  reason  t;be  alteration  in  the  na^e  was  made. 
He  was  born  in  l6Ji9g  educated  first  at»  B^rchaot  Taylors* 
spbool,  and  then  at  3^^  Jo^n^s  college,  Oxford>  wberf^  be 
crnt^red  in  1677.     He  aubgfsquently  beoaroe  a  fellow  pf  ibis 
college,  s^qd  took  the^d^gr^^  of  bac^c^k^r  of  law,  D^eoiber 
11^   1683.     Beipg  appointed  tr^fellix^g  til^or  sucC9ftsi3?eJ,y, 
to  Charles,  aftenirards.  the.  second  viapQuntXQ^vnstiQndy  a^dl 
to  WrioUieslcy,  lo^d,  Howlj^ndy  son  of  tbex^qileibfated  patri^ 
lord  Ruasel,  i^^o  in  I7p0,becfii»^  tbe  second  du|;a.of  Bedt 
ford,  Sherard  iQf^tJQ.  twp;9UccesNuV^  tours  tbrpiigbi  jHolla^d,^ 
France,.I|tAly,  ^c.  returpijng  from  tb^iast,  a^^  J^  SmUb 
thinks,  not  much  before  tb^yeiar  17P0,  vvben.bis.la^t-io^nr} 
^oned  pupil  wa9tvi{^ntyyear$  old*     Dr.  l?u)|«a(ei|(  si^pposcK 
him  to  hav/e  cpme  bfK:k  in  16 93, 1^  perhaps  byt^  4^tQ  ol 
]^ay*s  "  Syll^ge  SUrpiMm  EuropwJ^j^uw,"  pwted;  in  i6$4, 
to  which  Sherard  communica^.a  catsdogue  qf  j>la£^ts  ^^ 
thered.on  mount  Jura,  3aleiref  aqd  the  aeigbbourbpod»ofi 
Geneva.     About  this  tim^  w^  find  be  wpis  it)  Ir)slatnd,.QQ.a: 
^isit  to  his  friend  sir.Aftbuir  Rawdoo,  at  AJ^oira.     Long, 
before  either  of  his  f6i;eign  j^urpey^  he  bad  tmf eUed.ovc^. 
varioifs  partS;  of.  £nglaod>  and  proceeded  U)  Jersey^  for.  tbe- 
purpose  of  botanical  inves|^ga,iJon ;  apd  the,  fruits  /of-  biHt 
dLs«9veries  enriched  tbe  publications  of  |hft  iUuatriouf  R^4. 

Bpt^ny  w,sis  e^v^r  the  prominent  pursuit  pf  Sh^arditl 
aril  hi$  journeys.  He,  cultivated  the  friendidiiptaiid  Q^mn^r 
spoudeuce.  of  the.  most  able  men  on  the  cpnii&eiit,  sueb-an. 
Boerhaavei  Hermann,  Tourneforl,  Vaillant».  MichieU#  Aipt^ 
H^  ifi^  ani>^r^ly  believed  to  have  been  the,  aiilbor:  of.aN. 
1 2mo^  volume,  eqtitle4  **  Sdiola.  BQtaQica>"  published  ^it 
Amsterdam  in  1^89,  and  reprinted  in  1691  and  1699.   This 

1  Ath.  (hi.  Tol.  h  new  edit.— >DMd^€bitrib  Efist. 


4»  »  E  R  A^  R  B.  44fl 

ll  a  systeniatib  catalogue  oPtlie  Paris  gardeti.  Ttsr  prefttcej^' 
dated  London^  Nw.  j^S8,  is  signed  S.Wi  A;,  whrcfe  the 
JVeneh  writers  have  interpreted  SgnjUel  Wharttonj  AngltiSj^ 
trnder  whjeh  name  the  tK>ok  otstxit^  in  H&Her's  '^  Sibifo^ 
tfheca  Botaiiica/*  v,  I.  64 J^.  But  as  no  otte  ev^r  beafrd'of 
aufch  a  botanist  as  Wharton,  and  the  preface  in  questlbnf 
(displajs  the  objects  tod  acqaisitions  of  one  of  the  first  ranfc, 
who  could  certainly  not  long  remain  in  obscurity,  the  ab6v0 
initials  are  presumed  to  mean  WiHiam  Sberard,  to  v^honi 
^lone  indeed,  with  or  without  a  signature,  that  preface  could 
belong.  Its  writer  is  described  as  having  attended  threi^ 
courses  of  Tourttefort's  botanical  lectui^es,  in  168*6,  8t, 
aad  88,  ail  which  years,  he  says,  be  spent  at  Paris>  In  the 
summ^of  1688  he  describes  himself  a^  having  passed  som§ 
time  in  Holland,  collecting  specimens  of  plants  irom  the^ 
j^ich  gardens 'of  that  country,  and  getting  them  named  by 
professor  Hermfann  him^lf|  who  allowed  him  to  peruse  tb^ 
^antls6rtpf  Vudiitients  of  his  i^  para'disus  Batav^s,^  to  exr 
arbine'bis  herbarium,  and  td  compose' a  1hrodromi§^  of  that 
ir^k,  which  is- subjoined  tp  the  little  volume  n6w  uKidei^ 
iour  consideration*.  All  this  can  apply  to  Sbeirard  pnly,  wfad 
beeam^e  the  editor  of  Hermann^s  book  itself^  andrwhb  in  its 
pri&face,  dated  from  Geneva  iri  |697,  appe^s' under  hij 
€rwn  name,  and  speaks  of  himself  as  having  long  enjoyed 
Ib^-  firien<hhrp  and  the  conranimcations  of  that  eminenlt 
niah,  wbbbe  judgment  and  talents  he  ji^stly  commemorates,' 
Md  of  whose  various  literary  performances,  as  well  as  of  hi^ 
bc^tanical  prinQiples,  he  gives 'an  account;  Dr.  Pulteney 
^Dceives  this  preface  to  hare  been  written  during  a  third 
t0ur  of  its  author  to  the  continent ;  but  we  presume  him  td 
have  then  been  with  the  young  lord  Howlat^d^  and  conscf^ 
quently  oti  his  second  tour  only, 

Sherard'  cofnrounicated  to  the  Jloyal' Society,  in'  170d,  a 
paper  relative  to  the  making  of  Chinese  or  Japan  varnishes^ 
Iii4iicb  is  printed  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions,  vol.  XXII. 
The  information  whi^h  it  c6ntains  was  sent  by  the  Jesuits 
to  the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  and  probably  obtained  by 
eur  author  at  Florence.  He  now  entered  on  a  more  public 
walk  of  life,  becoming  one  of  the  commissioners  for  sick 
and  wouhded  seamen  at  Portsmouth;) and  about  the^year 
1702^,  olr  soon  after>  was  sent  out  as  British  consu)  to 
Smyrna.  *  Here  his  botanical  taste  met  with  fresh  gratifica- 
tion; nor  was  he  neglectful  of  other  curiosities  of  science 
or  literatuire.    He  visited  the  seven  churches  of  Asia; 

G  c  2  ^ 


w 


452  S  H  E  B.  A  R  D. 

copied  ievffatfneient  inscripMpns,  and  comoninictfeed  to  iIhs 

Royal  Society  an  account  of  tiie  new  Volcafiic  island,  near 
Sautorini,  whi^h  rose  out  of  the  sea  May  \2,  1707. 
Botany,  however^  continued  to  be  his  leading  object.  He 
liad  a  villa  at  Sedekio,  near  Smyrna,  where  be  could  with 
the  more  ease  resign  hirpself  to  the  contemplation  of  plants, 
and  where  he  began  his  great  herbarium.  Hasselquist  visited 
this  spot,  with  the  devotion  of  a  pilgrim,  in  the  spring.of 
1750.  He  saw  the  house,  with  a  small  garden  laid  out  by 
Sherard,  but  not  enriched  at  any  great  expence,  nor  storied 
with  extensive  collections  of  exotics.  Many  of  the  latter 
indeed  might,  in  the  course  of  thirty*two  years,  bave  dis* 
appeared.  Whatever  spi^cimens  Sherard  could  obtain 
fi^m  Greece,  and  the  neighbouring  countries,  he  here 
carefully  preserved ;  and  being  well  aware  of  the  insuffi- 
ciency of  Baubin^s  ^^  Pinax,^'  as  a  clue  to  .the  botanical 
knowledge  then  in  the  world,  he  is  said  tp  bave  here  form^ 
the  project  of  continuing  it,  and  eve;i  to  bave^  made  some 
progress  in  that  arduous  undertaking,  before  be  returned  'to 
^is  native  country  in  1713.  Soon  after  bis  return  be  re- 
ceived at  Oxford  the  degre^  of  LL.D* 

In  1721,  Dr., Sherard  revisited  the  continent  Vaillant 
waa^now  in  a  declining  state  of  health,  and  died  in  May 
1722,  Previous  to  his  decease  be  concluded,  tbrough.tbe 
mediation  of  Sh^rard^  the  sale  of  bis  manuscripts  and 
drawings  of  Parisian  plants,  to  Boerhaave,  who  published 
jn  1727  the  splendid  *^  Botanicon  Parisiense.*',  This 
^Kork,  thotigh  no):  free  from  imperfections  in  the  distri)>u-, 
tion  of  its  materials,  would  doubtless  have  been  far  less 
correct,  but  for  the  superintendance  of  Sherard,  who 
passed  a  summer  with  Boerhaave  in  revising  the  manuscript. 
Our  great  botanist  bad  alreajdy  rendered  a  more  important 
service  to  his  favourite  science.  By  bringing  with  him  from 
Qermany,  in  Augiist  1721,  the  celebrated  Dill£NIUs.  (See 
DILLENIUS.)  By  a  comparison  of  dates,  it  appears  that 
3berard  made  several  visits  to  the  continent.  He  went 
frpm  Paris  to  Holland  in  1721,  and  thence  with  Dillenius, 
the  same  year,,  to  England.  He  stayed  sonie  time: with 
Bqerbaave  again  in  1724,  or  perhaps  1725.  We  know  not 
precisely  when  or  where  it  happened  that  he  was^,  like 
Linhaeu^  in  Norway,  in  danger  of  being  shot  for  a  wpifl. 

What  principally  attached  Sherard  to  Dillenius,  was  the 
sin»ilarity  of  their  tastes  respecting  those  intricate  tribe^ef 
vegetables  now  termed  eryptogamic.     To  these  the  atfea- 


R  E  R  A'  R  D.  453  • 

lion  of  both  had  long  been  directed^  and  Heiice  orlgthatfid 
the  cultivation,  which  this  line  of  botanical  study  has  re^ 
ceived,  from  that  period,  iu  England  and  Germany.     TbU 
taste,  hovirfwr,   was  not  exclusive ;  for  these  friends  aiid^ 
fellow  labourers  le(t  no  department  of  botany  unimprov^. 
James  >herard,  seven  years  younger  than  his  brother,  wh9> 
had  ac(]uired  opulence  by  meJical  practice,  first  as  an  apo- 
thecary, and  then  as  a  physician,  in  London,  bad  a  great 
fondness  for  the  same  pursuit^  and  reared  at  his  coontj'y 
seat  at  Eitham,  a  number  of  exotic  plants,   from  eVerjr 
climate.     Hither  the  more  learned  subject  of  our  present 
article  frequently  resorted.     He  had  acquired  affluence  hy 
his  public  appointments,  but  his  style  ol  living  was  simple, 
and  private      Devoted  to  the  cultivation  of  knowledge  in 
himself,  and  to  the  diffusion  of  that  of  others,  he  lent  his 
aid  t<i  ail  who  required  it,  without  coming  forward  cohspi* 
coously  as  an  author.     He  assisted  Catesby  with  informa- 
tipn  and  with  money,  to  bring  out  his  natural  histojTyof 
Carolina,  though   neither  that   work,    nor   the  *^  Hortus 
Elthaikiensis''  of  Diilenius,  appeared  till  some  time  after  his 
decease,  which  happened  &t  Eitham  Aug.  12,  172S,  when 
he  was  69  years  of  age.     He  was  buried  at  Eitham  Aug. 
Id,     His  brother  died  Feb.   12,   1738-9,  aged  72,  and  is 
buried  in,  Evington  church,  near  Leicester,  with  his  wife» 
-whose  maiden  name  was  Lockwood,  by  whom  he  had  no 
children. 

The  most  ostensible  and  splendid  service  to  botany  was 
rendered  by  the  will  of  Ur.  William  Sherard,  who  left 
3000/.  for  the  endowment  of  the  botanical  professorship  at 
Oxford,  besides  ^00/.  which  he  gave  in  his  life-time  for  the 
improvement  of  the  garden.  He  bequeathed  to  this  esta* 
blishment  his  choice  botanical  library,  his  ample  herbarium, 
and  the  manuscript  of  his  **  Pinax,^'  the  completion  of. 
which  he  intended  should,  be  one  of  the  objects  and  duties 
of  the  new  professor.  He  bequeathed  also  his  books 
(with  the  exception  of  the  botanical  part)  and  many  curio- 
sities to  St.  John^s  college,  Oxford.  In  1766,  some  of  his 
MS8.  were  presented  by  Mr.  Ellis  to  the  Royal  Society.  * 

SHERBURNE  (Sir  Ed^vard),  an  English  poet,  was  de- 
scended from  an  antient  family  of  the  same  name  at  Sta*ny<« 
.  hurst,  in  Lancashire.     His  grandfather,  Henry,  appears  to 

m 

*  Patteaey's  Botany .-^ttees's  Cyclop.— -Geut.  Mig.  ro!.  LXVI.  «rh«re  are 
.  tome  curipus  particulats  of  both  the  Sherards. — Preface  to  Mtirtyn*s  DUserta* 
lion  00  the  JEneid,  p.  xl. 


454  S  H  £  A  B  tf  R  N  e. 

-  .    •  . 

havt^  ijetongied,  but  in  wb«t  vftpaeity  is  not  M>it»i  to  tkfit* 
pu  Christt  college,  Oxford,  and  settled  in  tbftt  dirf ,  wdiefd 
Edward  the  fvtber  of  c^r  podt  was  bom^  Tbis  Edward 
Weat  afterwards  te  Lonaon^  and  bcjcanne  secretary  to  the 
first  East  IndU  tompany,  established' by  ^ueeti  QH«ab«4i*s 
charter,  and  in  1€1S,  obtaifSed  a  reversioaary  grant  ef  ti^e 
office  of  clerk  of  the  ordnance.  He  was  afterwai'ds  knighted 
by. ^baiies  Ii  He  married  Frances,  the' second  daughMf 
d^'Jofah  Stanley  of  Iloydon  Hall,  in  EsseXj  e^^  apd  resided 
in  Goldsmith's  kents,  near  tledcross-sweet,  ^ripplegatel' 
liis  son,  the  poet,  was  bom  here  Sepb  18,  1618^  and  edo-^ 
c^od  by  the  celebrated  Thomas  Farviaby,  who  t^n  taught 
a  school  in  Ooldsmith^s  rents.  On  his  ¥€^moval  to  Se^Teti** 
oaks  in  Kent,  in  1636,  yoong  Sherburne  was  educated 
privttelyi  under  the  care  of  Mr.  Charles  Aleyn,  the  poetic 
eal  histbrian  of  the  battles  of  Cressy  and  Pbictiers,  who  had 
been  one  of  FatnabyV  ushers.  On  the  death  of  Aley^  iii 
1640,  his  pupil  being  intended  for  the  army,  ^assentto 
eotajJCte  his  education  ab4-oad,  and  bad  travelled  in  Franc4i 
und  psrt  (Of  Ital}^  when  his  father's  illness  ob'Kged  htm  t6 
return.  After  bis  father^s  death  in  1641,  be  succeeded  to 
the  clerkship  of  his  majesty's  ordnance,  the  reversion  of 
Which  had  been  ptoeured  for  him  in  1638,  but  the  rebd^ 
lion  pfetented  his  retaining  it  Iong»  Being  a  }[loman  ca« 
thoKc,  and  £rmly  attached  to  the  king,  he  was  ejected  by  i 
Warrant  of  the  hohse  of  Lords  in  Aptil  ot  May  1642,  and 
harassed  by  a  long  and  expensive  confinement  in  the  cus- 
tody oflhe  usher  of  the  black  rod. 

On  his  release  he  determined  to  follow  the  fortunes  of 
his  royal  miaster,  who  made  him  commissHryi^eneral  Of  the 
artillety,  in  which  post  he  witnessed  the  battle  of  £<}ge-hiH| 
and  afterwards  attended  the  king  at  Oirford,  where  be  was 
eseftted  master  of  arts,  Ded.  20,  1^641^.  Herei  te&  took  such 
^opportunities  as  his  office  permitted  of  pursuing  his  stU'diies'^ 
aiid  xlid  not  leave  Otford  until  Jnne  1646^  wfaeto  itwas  feur- 
tendered  to  the  parliamentary  foroes.  Ho  then  Weht  ii 
LonA)n^  and  was  entertained  by  a  near  relation,  John 
Povey,  esq.  at  his  chambers  in  the  Middle  TeMp!o>  Behtg 
piundered  of  all  his  propierty^  and  what  is  ev^r  most  nl'ear 
to  a  man  of  learning,  his  ample  library,  he  would  pi'obably 
have  sunk  under  his  accumulated  sufferings,  iiad  be  not 
met  with  his  kinsman,  Thomas  Stanley,  esq.  father  of  tbti 
learned  Thomas  Stanley,  esq.  who  was  a  sufferer  in  the 
same  causef  and  secreted  near  the  same  fA$JCt.    Bift  iMtit 


•   g:  H  E  R  B  U  R  N  B.  451 

degnse  of  tdlerMioii  miM  iuti^e  lieen  eKtenddd  to  Urn  stfon 
after,  «s  in  1648,  he  published  his  trcnsistiioti  of  S^necai'ff 
'^  Medea/*  and  iu  the  saoiie  yesjb  Seneca's  answer  to 
Liioilins's  queation  ^*  Why  good  ^en  au£fer  misfortunesy'  ^ 
seeing  there  is  a 'divine  providence  ^'*  In  1651,  be  pub- 
Ikbed  bis  '^  Poems  and  Translations/'  with  a  Latin  dedica*- 
tioR  to  Mr.  Stanley;  and  when  sir  George  Sa«iie,  aftl^rw Jrds 
marquis  of  Halifax,  returned  from  his  travels  about  tliat 
ttnnie,  he  appointed  Mr.  Sherburne  superintendant  of  biii 
affairs;  and  by  the  recommendation  of, his  mother^  lady 
Savile,  he  was  afterwards  m^de  travelling  ivnof  to  heir^ 
nephew,  sir  John  Coventry.  With  this  gentleman  be  visited 
various  parts  of  the  continent,  from  March  1654  to  October 
1659.  On  the  restoration,  sir  Anthony  Ashley  Cooper, 
afterwards  lord  Shaftesbury,  put  another  into  bis  place  in 
the  ordnance,  but  on  Mr.  Sherburne's  application  to  the 
House  of  Peers,  it  was  restored  to  him,  altbougfa  its  emolu- 
ments were  soon  greatly  retrenched. 

The  peace  of  the  country  beirig  now  re«estabtished)  he 
appears  to  have  applied  himself  to  a  studious  life,  artd  re-^ 
plenished  bis  library, which,  according  to  Wood,  was  estei^iii-* 
ed  one  of  the  most  conisiderable  belonging  to  any  gentle^ 
man  in  or  near  London.  In  1675,  he  published  ^^  The 
Sphere  of  Marcus  Manilius,  made  an  English  poem,  with 
Annotations,  and  an  astronomical  index,''  which  was  ho- 
noured by  the  very  particular  and  liberal  approbation  of 
the  Royal  Society;  and  in  1679,  he  published  a  translatloi 
of  Seneca's  "  Troades,  or  the  Royal  Captives,"  and  he  (eft 
in  manascrif^t  a  translation  of  *^  Hyppolitus,"  which  two. 
With  the  <<  Medea"  before  mentioned,  he  endeavoured  to 
prove  were  all  that  Seneca  wrote. 

Dthring  the  commotions  excited  by  the  popish  plot,  at^ 
tempts  were  made  to  remote  him  from  his  place  in  the 
ordnance,  as  a  suspected  papi^,  but  tbe^  were  iDeffectuai; 
and  his  majesty,  who  .appears  to  have  been  satisfied  with 
bis  character  and  conduct,  conferred  on  him  the  liouour 
of  knighthood,  Jan.  6,  1682,  As,  however,  he  could  not 
t&ke  the  oaths  oh  the  revolution,  be  quitted  his  public  em-% 
pioymeut,  and  by  this  step  sacrificed  bis  prof>erty  to  bis 
principles.  For  some  time  he  lived  a  retired  and  probably 
a  <ioitff6rtaUe  life,  but  poverty  'at  length  induced  him  to 
seek  relief,  tn  1696,  he  presented  a  supplicatory  memo^ 
rikl  to  tbe  ^arl  of  Hdftitiey,  then  master  fi^en^ral  of  the  ord- 
Mnee,  atfd  ^ootUer  (o  tbe  kiftg.    In  boui,  be  represented. 


*H  SHERBURNE. 

Ml  very  Ernest  but  modest  language,  hts  long!  and  faiifafi^ 
s.ei:vic<es,  bis  total  loss  of  fortune  in  tbe  clause  ofrojalty, 
bis  extreme  indigenceji  and  bis  advanced  age'  (he  being 
then  upwards  of.eigbty^two  years  old),  s^nd  concluded  with 
an  bumble  request  that  an  annual  stipend  for  bis  suppod: 
migbt  be  granted  upon  tbe  quarter  books  of  tbe  offiile. 
Tbe  writer  to  wbom  we  are  indebted  for  tbis  account. has 
not  been  able  to  discover  tbat  tbis  request  was  ev^tr  cam<- 
piled  wttb.  He  adds,  that  sir  Edward  was  well  acquainted 
with  tbe  duties  of  bis  station,  to  tbe  discbarge  of  wbich.be. 
dedicated  a  long  life,  and  was  the  principal  person  con<* 
cemed  in  drawing  up  the  ^^  Rules,  orders,  and  instructions*' 
given  to  tbe  office  of  ordnance  in  1683,  which  with  yeiy 
few  alterations,  have  been  con firnied  at  the  beginning  of 
every  reign  since,  and  are  those  by  which  the  office  is  now 
governed. 

.  To  these  scanty  notices,  may  be  added  bis  acquaintance 
with  Dr.  Bentley,  which  was  occasioned  by  that  learned 
critic's  announcing  an  intention  of  publishing  a  new  editbn 
of  Maniliua.  -  Sir  Edward,  who  bad  formerly  translated  tbe 
first  book  of  tbat  poet  into  English  verse^  took  this  oppor- 
tunity of  sending  to  Bentley  bis  collection  of  editions  and 
papers  belonging  to  Gaspiar  Gevanius,  who  had  also  in- 
tended an  edition  of  Manilius,  but  was  prevented  by  death, 

The  writer  of  his  life  in  tbe  Biographia  BritaiHiica,  con-^ 
eludes  it  with  lamenting  the  misfortune  of  Anthony  Wood's 
carrying  on  his  history  no  longer  than  the  year  1 700,.  and 
ihtts  leaving  it  doubtful  when  sir  Edward  Sherburne  diedf 
but  tbis  is  one  of  tbe  many  instances  of  carelessness  which 
occuf^in  those  .  latter  volumes  of  the  Biographia  tbat  were 
principally  intrusted  to  Dn  Nichols.  Collier,  whose  Die-* 
tionary  is  in  less  reputation  than  it  deserves,  and  which 
contains  many  curious  facts  not  easily  to  be  found  elsewhere, 
ascertains  Sherburne's  death  from  bis  epitaph,  partof  whii^h 
be  wrote  for  himself.  He  died  Nov.  4,  1702,  and  was  in-* 
terred  on  tbe.  8tb  in  the  chapel  belonging  to  the  Tower  of 
London. 

In  Sherburne's  poems  considerable  genius  m^y  be  dis- 
covered, but  impeded  by  tbe  prevailing  ta;»te  of  bis  age  for 
strained  metaphors  and  allusions.  Poetical  lovers  then 
thought  no  qompliments  too  extravagant^  and  ransacked  the 
remotest,  and  apparently  most  barren  sources  for  what  were 
considered  as  striking  thougbtSi  bat  which  fippear  to  us  un- 
natural, if  not  ridicqlous*     He  s^pp^f^r^  tq  h^vf^  derived 


S  H  E  R  B  U  R  N  E.  457 

moist  of  big^  reputation  from  his  translations. '  He  was  tf  man 
of  clftssi^pal. learning  and  a  critic,  and  frequently  conveys 
the  sefnse  of  his  author  with  considerable  spirit,  although, 
his  versification  is  in  general  flat  and  inharmonious.  In  his 
sacred  ppems  he  seems  to  rise  to  a  fervency  and  elegance 
which  indicate  a  superior  inspiration.^ 

StiERIDAN  (Thomas),  D.D.  the  intimate  friend. of 
Deao  Swift,  is  said  by  Shield,  in  Gibber's  ''  Lives  of  die 
Poets,''  to  have  been  born  about  1684,  in  the  county  of 
Cavan,  where,  according  to  the  same  authority,  his  parents  ' 
lived  in  no  very  elevated  state.    They  are  described  as  be- 
ing unable  to  aiFord  their  son  the  advantages  of  a  liberal 
education ;  biit  he,  being  observed  to  give  early  indications 
of  genius^  attracted  the  notice  of  a  friend  to  his  family, 
who  sent  him  to  the  college  of  Dublin,  and  contributed  tOr 
tvards  Ijis  support  while  he  remained  there.     He  afterwards 
entered  into  orders,  and  set  up  a  school  in  Dublin,  which 
long,  maintained  a  very  high  degree  of  reputation,  as  well 
for  the  attention  bestowed  on  the  morals  of  the  scholars,  at 
for  their  proficiency  in  literature.     So  great  was  the  estima- 
tion in  which  this  seminary  was  held,  that  it  is  asserted  to 
have  produced  in  some  years  the  sun^  of  one  thousand 
pounds.     It  does  not  appear  that  he  had  any  considerable 
preferment;  but  his  intimacy  with  Swift,  in  1725,  procured 
for  him  a  living  in  the  south  of  Ireland,  worth  about  150/. 
a  year,  which  he  went  to  take  possession  of,  and,  by  an  act 
of  inadvertence,  destroyed  all  hi6  future  expectations  of 
rising  in  the  church ;  for,  being  at  Corke  on  the  first  of 
August,   the  anniversary  of  king  George's  birth-^day,  he 
preached  a  sermon,  which  had  for  its  text, .  <>  Sufficient  for 
the  d^y  is  the  evil  thereof."     On  this  being  known,  he  was 
struck  out  of  the  list  of  chaplains  to  the  lord-lieutenant, 
and  forbiddenr  the  castle. 

This  living  Dr.  Sheridan  afterwards  changed  for  that  of 
Dunboyne,  which,  by  the  knavery  of  the  farmers  and  power  , 
of  the  gentlemen  of  the  neighbourhood,  fell  as  low  as  SOL 
per. annum.  He  gave  it  up  for  the  free  school  of  Cavan, 
where  he  might  have  lived  well  in  so  cheap  a  country  on 
SOL  a  year  salary,  besides  his  scholars;  but  the  air  being, 
as  he  said,  too  moist  and  unwholesome,  and  being  disgusted 

with  some  persons  who  lived  there,  he  sold  the  school  for 

.1  » 

1  Biog.  Brit— Dodd's  Ch.  Hist— €ent  Mag.  vol.  LXVI.— Johnion  and  Clial* 
mers's  fiDglish  poeU,  ISlO.-^ent.  Mag.  LXVI. 


«8  SHERIDAN* 

•boat  400£  and  baviiig  toon  spent  the  filotiigjr,  b^cdttie  tn^^' 
firm  in  health,  and  died  Sept.  I0»  1738,  in  hid  fifty-fifth 
year. 

Lord  Corke  has  given  the  following  character  of  hitt  i 
'^  Br.  Sheridan  was  a  schoolmaster^  and  in  many  instances 
'  perfectly  well  adapted  for  that  station.  He  was  deejply 
rer^ed  in  the  Greek  and  Roman  lanjgdages,  atid  in  their 
ctiitoms  and  antiquities.  He  had  that  kind  of  good  nature 
itrfaicii  absence  of  .taiod,  indolence  of  body^  and  carel^* 
ness  of  fortune,  produced ;  and  although  not  ov^r-starict  in 
>  bis  ewD  conduct^  yet  he  took  care  of  the  morality  of  his 
tefaolairs,  whoui  be  sent  to  the  univeritty  riemarkab^  well 
feitnded  ia  all  ktlids  of  cbrssical  learnings  and  tfdt  rll  iil^ 
stirocted  in  the  social  duties  of  life.  He  Was  'Slovenly,  in-> 
digcfnt,  and  cheerful.  He  knew  books  dineh  better  than 
men ;  and  he  knew  the  value  of  money  least  of  all.  In 
tbia  sttuatiooy  and  with  this  disposition,  SWift  fastened  iipon 
him  as  upon  a  prey  with  which  he  intended  to  regale  him* 
'^'  self  whenever  his  appetite  shoald  prompt  him.**     Hi^  lord- 

ship then  mentions  the  event  of  the  nnlucky  sermbh,  and 
liddsy  '<  this  ill-starred)  good-natured,  improvident  tnzn 
ifetnnied  to  Dublin,  tinhinged  from  all  favour  at  court,  and 
even  banished  from  the  castle.  Bui  st(ll  be  remained  a 
punster^  a  quibbler^  a  fiddler,  and  a  wit.  Not  a  day  passed 
without  a  rebns^  an  anagram,  or  a  madrigal  His  pen  and 
his  fiddlestick  were  in  continual  fnotioii,  and  yet  to  little  or 
Jio  purpose,'*  &a  &c.  This  character  is  in  a  great  mea- 
sure confirmed  by  his  son,  in  his  Life  of  S^ift. 

One  of  tb^  volumes  of  Swift^s  Mhoellanii^s  ednsists  aU 
most  entirely  6f  letters  between  biin  and  the  dean.  He 
published  a  prose  translation  of  Persiusv  to  whtelb  he  JK^ded 
the  best  notes  of  former  editCHrs,  together  ii$iih  many  jncli* 
cious  ones  of  his  own.  This  work  was  ptintM  at  -London, 
17Sd,  in  12mo.^  .  . 

SIUBRIDAN  (TfiOiiCAs),  e^o<n  to  thl^  preceding,  %jr  fail 
wife  Miss  Macpherson,  daugb^^  of  ^  Scotch  gehUetean, 
was  borh  at  Quilca  in  Ireland,  tbt^  y^sidenee  offSwift)  in 
1 72 1;  Swift  was  one  of  his  sponsors,  and  tr^at^d  Mnl  #Tth 
kindness  as  long  as  he  lived.  Th^'<^rty  jpBxtxff  his  iidiica- 
tion  he  received  from  his  fatbe)*^  wlifo  ih  ITA  kent  %rtA  A 
W<estminster  scho(4>  at  a  ttftife  wtien  he  eould  i^rf1tVtS6iri 
it.    Our  author  was  there  immediately  tdcen  notice  of  upon 

1  Biog.  Draiiik«^NSherid«ii*s  Life  of  S^Ift»«-aiid  Swift's  Works.    ^Index^ 


S  H  E  il  I  t)  A  N.  459 

ektminatfoni  and  akfaough  a  totete  stranger,  was  b^  pvire 
Mlsrit  elected  a  king's  scholar.  Sut  tlws  tuaintenahde  9teie- 
tiittes  falling  shorty  his  father  could  not  add  fourteen  poaitdii 
to  enable  his  son  to  finish  the  y^r,  ^htch  if  he  bad  ^i^^ 
be  would  faai^e  been  removed  to  a  higher  eiass,  and  in  an^ 
d^eryea(r  would  have  been  elec^d  to  Oxford  or  Cai^- 
bridge.  Being  tbns  obliged  to  return  to  Dnbltn,  be  was 
sent  to  the  university  there^  and  took  bis  inaster^s  ^gtte 
ih  arts.  In  1738  be  lost  his  faUier,  dnd  at  that  time  in» 
tended  to  detote  himself  t^  the  education  of  youths  afffl 
would  immediately  after  taking  hi^  degree  bave  ent^rdd 
upon  this  office,  blid  he  not  now  conceited  that  tii^  optniMi 
of  the  art  of  oratory  from  which  he  neve^i^  afterwards  ifie- 
ceded^  and  in  the  restoration  of  which  art  (for  hecotfsidereS 
it  as  lost)  he  laboured  with  an  uncbmmon  degree  of  enthix^ 
siasm.  In  order  to  qualify  himself  for  this  ondertaking,  bt 
fancied  that  be  must  himself  lea^n  the  practice  of  oratory^ 
and  that  the  stage  was  th«  only  school.     With  this  laan: 

'  strange  ndtion,  he  appeared  on  the  theatr<e  in  Sn!ock-aney> 
in  January  114%  in  the  character  of  Richard  III,  smti  m^t 
with  the  greatest  encouragemeRt.  flis  career,  however^ 
was  soon  interrupted  by  a  petty  scjuabble,  the  first  of  niariy 
in',  wbich  it  Was  bis  fate  to  be  involved,  with  Cibbdr  about 
Cato^s  Yobe.     The  abusive  correspondence  which  passiefd  on 

,  this  inryportant  oeealiofi  was  printed  in-a  pampMet  entitled 
«'  Tbi  Bu^in  aild  Sock,  being  eo'ntro<^ersial  letters  betwefen 
-Mr.  Thomas  Sheridan^  tragedian,  and  Mr.  Theophilus  CH)- 
foer,  eondedian/'  12mo. 

In  Jan.  1744,  Mr.  Sheridan  accepted^n  ehgagemefit  at 
Oofent^afrden)  and  ^ame  over  to  England  accordingly. 
Duriiig  his  resiidtetiee  hei^,  he  published  proposals,  dateti 
Oct;  i6,  1744,  forpKnting  in  4to  th^  Worls  of  Kis  falther^ 
but  from  want  of  encduragement  or  some  other  reai^n,  the 
Volume  never  appeared ;  and  whefti,  a  few  years  before  hia 
tleatby  be  was  asked  where  the  M^Si.  iirere,  cobid  not  recol- 
lect cbeir  fatCw  '  He  played  in  1744  at  Covent-Gai*den,  and 
in  1745  at  Drury^-tatiev  During  this  latter  season,  sotne 
fiijmlteioQs  friends  eh'dea^oured  to  set  vtp  a  rival^bip  be-^ 
tw^en  Slieridan  and  Garridi,  which  occa^on^d  a  quarrel 
between  tlii0m>  which  was  not  made  up  when  Sheridan  left 
Loodbn^,  It  Is  euribus  to  observe  how  Sheridan  treated 
iSanribk  en  tfcis^dceiiistt^.  His^gon  bis  rfetarn  to  Dublin 
«mdeirta£k^.  the  maniig^ement  df  tbe  theatre  there,  he  wrote 
toGtilrrielE^  mforioing  bitb>  ^Ubatbe  was  then  sole  manager 


460  SHERIDAN. 

of  the  Irish  stage^  and  should  be  very  happy  to  see  him  in 
Qublin  :  that  he  would  give  him  all  advantages  and  encou- 
ragement which  be  could  in  reason  expect. 'V   He  also  madie 
an  offer  to  divide  all  the  profits  with  him,  from  their  united 
repfeseiitatit'ii,  after  deilucting  the  incurred  expences^but 
told   fiiin  at  the  same  time,  that  he  must  expect  nothing 
from  his  friendship,  for  he  owed  hi(n,noti,e  :  vet  that  .all  the 
best  actor  had  a  right  to.  command,  he  might  be  very  cer- 
jtain  should  be  granted.     Soou  after  the  receipt  of  this  let- 
ter Garrick  arrived  in  Dublin,  and  had  a  meeting  with  She- 
ridan, who  repeated  the  offer,  and  taking  out  his  watch, 
jwhich  he  laid   on  the  table,  said  he  would  wstit  a  certain 
jnumber  of  minutes  for  his  determination  !    Spcb  was  Gar-. 
tick's  situation  at  this  time,  that  he  accepted,  the  terms, 
which,  as  well  as  his  acquiescence  in  the  arrogant  manner 
of  proposing  them,  he  probably  did  not  recollect  withaMich 
pleasure,  when  his  own  merit  and  public  favour  had  pUced 
him  on  a  vast  height  of  superiority  above  his  manager.  .     . 
^     Mr.  Sheridan  appeared  to  much   more  advantage  after* 
wards  as  a  reformer  of  the  manners  of  the  Dublin  audience, 
which  he  attempted  with  great  spirit.     The  youiig -ai>d  un- 
ruly among  the  male  part  of  the  audience,  had  long  claimed 
a   right  of  coming   into,  the   greep-room,  attending,  re- 
hearsals, and  carrying  on  gallantries,  in  the  most^open  Apd 
offensive  manner,  with  such  of  the  actresses  as  would  adqiit 
of  them,  ^hile  thosQ  who  would  not  were  perpeUiaUy*  4KX^ 
posed  to  insult  and  ill-treatment. ..  Tbese  grievances.  3be* 
ridan  detei*mined  by  degrees  to  remove,.and  at  last  happily 
effected,  though  not  until  he  was  involved, in  con.te^ts.with 
the  most   tumultuous  audience?*    botha^  the  hazard  of 
losing  his  means  of  subsistence,  and  even  of  losing  hi^life, 
from  the  reseintment  of  a  set  of  la\^less  cioterfl!*  who  wfre 
at  length,  through  an  exertion  of  justice  in  the  Qi9;g^stnu:y 
of  Dublin  in  the  support  of  public  dec^noy,  con^inaad,of 
their  error,  or  at  least  of  the  impract^ability  of  pursuing 
it  any  farther  with  impunity.  ;  Durii}g  the  space; of  .abput 
eight  years,  Mn  Sheridan  possq;sse.d  the  office  of  man9ger 
of  the  theatre  royal  of  Dublin,  with  aj^l  th^  ,suQces^^bdth 
with  respect  to  fame  and  fortune  that  .could  well  .b<»  ex- 
pected ;  till  at  length  he  was  driven  from  the  stage. amjLits 
conceriTs  by  another  of  those  popular  tumults  'by  ,.H^^|ch 
managers  and  performers  are  daily  liabie.,to.sufff^r<r-.49  fbe 
summer  of  the  year  1754,  in  which  the  ra^fspiiriof  {M^Jj^ipal 
party  arose  to  the  greatest  height  that  it  bad  aln^st  drer 


• 


SHERIDAN.  461 

been  known  to  do  in  Dublin,  Mr.  Sheridan  unfortunately 
revived  a  tragedy,  viz.  Miller^s  **  Mahomet."  In  this 
play  were  many  passages  respecting  liberty/ bribery,  and 
corruption,  which  pleased  the  anti-courtiers  as  expressive 
of  their  own  opinions  in  regar.d  to  certain  persons  at  that 
time  in  power,  and  therefore  they  insisted  on  those  passages 
being  repeated,  a  demand  which,  on  the  first  night  of  its 
representation,  the  actor  in  whose  part  most  of  them  oc- 
curred, complied  with.  The  absurdity,  however,  of  such 
repetitions,  merely  as  destroying  the  effect  of  the  tragedy, 
having  occurred  to  the  manager,  the  same  speeches,  when 
again  called  for  by  the  audience  on  the  succeeding  night, 
were  refused  by  the  actor,  and  he  being  obliged  to  hint 
the  cause  of  bis  refusal,  the  manager  became  the  object  of 
their  resentment.  On  his  not  appearing  to  mollify  theic 
rage  by  some  kind  of  apology,  they  flew  out  into  the  most 
outrageous  violence,  cut  the  scenery  to  pieces  with  theic 
swords,  tore  up  the  benches  and  boxes,  and,  in  a  word, 
totally  despoiled  the  theatre;,  concluding  with  a  resolu- 
tion never  more  to  permit  Mr.  Sheridan  to  appear  on  that 
stage. 

In  consequence  of  this  tumult  he  was  obliged  to  place 
the  management  of  his  ravaged  playhouse  in  other  hands 
for  the  ensuing  season,  and  come  himself  to  England, 
where  be  continued  till  the  opening  of  the  winter  of  the. 
year  1756,  when  the  spirit  ef  party  being  in  some  degree 
subsided,  and  Sheridan^s  personal  opponents  somewhat 
convinced  of  the  impetuous  rashness  of  their  proceedings, 
he  returned  to  his  native  country,  and  having  preceded  bis 
first  appearance  on^the  stage  by  a  public  apology  for  such 
part^  of  bis  conduct  as  might  have  been  considered  as  ex-, 
ceptionable,  be  was  again  received  with  the  highest  favour 
by  the  audience.  But  now  his  reign,  which  had  been  thus 
disturbed  by  an  insurrection  at  home,  was  yet  to  undergo 
a  second  shock  from  an  invasion  from  abroad.  Two  mighty 
potentates  from  England,  viz.  Mr.  Qarry  and  Mr.  Wood-* 
urard^  haying  found  means  to  sound  the  disposition  of  the 
jieo|>le  of  Dublin,  with  whom  the  former,  exclusive  of  his 
allowed  theatrical  merit,  had  great  interest  by  being  their 
countryman,  and  finding  it  the  opinion  of  many  that  a 
second  theatre  in  that  city  would  be  likely  to  meet  with^ 
encouragement,  if  supported  by  good  performers,  imme« 
diaiely  raised  a  large  subscription  among  the  nobility  and 
geotry,  set  artificers  to  work,  erected  a  new  play-house  in 


46a  '  8  tf  EH  1  D  A'K 

C^ow-ft^reet  during  the  summer  seasoii,  and,  having'en^ 
Mged  a  company  selected  from  the  two  theatres  of  Lon* 
don,  were  ready  fof  opening  by  the  beginning  of  the 
eusuing  winter.  And  now,  at  a  time  ^vhen  Mr.  Sheridaii 
needed  the  greatest  increase  of  theatrical  strength,  he 
fo<iad  himself  deserted  by  some  of  bi^  principal  performers^ 
who  bad  engaged  themselves  at  the  new  house  ^  and,  at 
the  same  time,  sonie  valuable  auxiliaries  which  he  had  en* 
gaged  from  England,  among  whom  were  Mr.  THeophilus 
Cihber  and  Mr.  Maddoj^  the  wire-dancer,  lost  their  Jivei 
in  the  attempt  to  come  to  Ireland,  being  driven  by  a  storm 
and  cast  away  on  the  coast  of  Scotland.  This  completed 
that  ruin  which  bad  begun  to  talce  place,  and  had  been  so 
long  impending  over  his  head.  He  was  now  conripetted 
entirely  to  throw  up  his  whole  concetn  with  that  theatre, 
and  to  seek  out  for  some  other  means  of  providing  for  him* 
self  and  family. 

In  the  year  1757  Mr.  Sheridan  h?id  published  a 'plan,  by 
which  he  proposed  to  the  natives  of  Ireland  the  establish-^ 
meat  of  an  academy  for  the  accomplisnment  of  youth  in 
every  qualification  necessary  for  a  gentleman.  In  th'^ 
forii^ation  of  this  design  he  cohsidered  the  aii  of  oratory, 
his  favourite  hobby,  as  one  oJF  the  principal  essentials ;  ana 
in  order  to  give  a  stronger  idea  of  the  utility  of  that  art, 
by  example  as  well  as  theory,  he  delivered  in  public  twd 
or  three  orations  calculated  to  give  the  highest  proofs  of 
the  abilities  of  the  proposer,  and  his  fitness  for  the  office 
of  superintendant  of  such  an  academy,  for,  which  post  he 
lAodestly  offered  his  service  to  the  pubKc.  *  {lis  biographer^ 
however,  gives  us  no  further  account  of  this  plan,  but  pro- 
ceeds to  relate  more  of  his  theatrical  disputes,  in  whicli  he 
always  appears  to  have  been  unfortunate^,  although  with  a 
shew  of  reason  on  his  side.  In  i75!>*we|ind  him  agairi 
in  England  as  a  lecturer  on  his  darling  ^loctftionl 
Four  years  before  he  had  published  a  volume  in  8vo; 
called  '<  British  Education  :  the  source  of  the  Qisbrders  of 
Great  Britain.  Being  an  essay  towards  proving  that  the 
immorality,  ignorance,  and  false  taste  wtiich  so  generally 
^evailf  are  the  natural  and  necessary  consequence^  of  the 
present  defective  system  of  education;  with  an  attempt 
to  shew  that  a  reviva,!  of  the  art  of  speaking,  and  the  study 
ofour'own  language,  ^ might  qontrib^te  in' a  great  measured 
to  the  cure  of  those  evils."  In  confirmatibn  of  this  opinion, 
he  had  composed  a  com'se  of  lectures  on  docnficfn,  and 


JIHEBM>AN.  463 

began  tp  deliver  ttttiwi  i»  Lopdon,  Oxfoi'd,  Cambridge,  and 
Qtber  pUice«»  mtb  ihe  auccess  whicb  generally  attends 
DQveL  plans ;  and  in  one  instance  witb  very  extraordinary 
succc;^^  for  at  Csunbridge,  Mavcb  16,  1759,  be  was  ho- 
noured with  tbe  aawe  degree  he  had  received  in  Dublin, 
thai.,  of  M.  A*  In  the  mnter  of  1760,  be  again  appeared  at 
Drury-Upe  tbefttre^  and  again  bad  a  quatrel  with  Garrick, 
^bich  put  an  end  to  his  engagement* 

Qn  tbe  acceasioa  of  his.  present  majesty  a  pension  was 
granted  to  bini,  and  for  some  few  years  after  this  be  ap" 
pear^  to  have  been  employed  in  delivering  bis  lectures  in 
cjiiSri^rent  parts  of  tbe  kingdom.     In  Scotland  i9re  was  ho- 
npured  withr  so  much  attention,  that  a  ^ocic^ty  was  formed 
mnder  tliB  title  of  ^'  The  Society  for  promoting  tbe  rbadlng^ 
and  spiei^king  of  Ibe  English  language  in  Scotland.''     This 
\i;as  to  bft-done  by  procuring  a  proper  number  of  persons  front 
England?  duly  qualified  to  instruct  gentlemen  in  the  know- 
ledge of  the  English  tongue,  to  settle  at  Edinburgh :  and  IVfr. 
Sberidan,  *^  whose  ingenious  and  instructive  lectures  in  this 
city  firat  suggested  the  idea  of  estabKsbf ng  tbe  society  pro* 
posedy  not  (m\y  engaged  to  find  oot  teachers  and  masters, 
and  to  communicate  to  them  his  ideas  concerning  the  proper 
method. of  pecforming  their  d«ty,  but  also  ofl^ed  to  ^sit 
Edinburgh  «s  of|ea  as  the  situation  of  his  affitirs  would  per-r 
mit,"  &c.     In'a  Long  list  of  directors,  ordinary  and  extra^ 
ordini^i^y,  of  tbiasockty,  we  find  the  names  of  Drs.  Blair, 
Eobertsan^  and  Ferguson,  with  other  men  of  learning,  and 
some  noblemen  and. gentlemen  of  rank,  hot  of  tbe  further 
progr9S3  of  the  society  we  have  no  aeeount. 

But  Mr.  aheridati  was  not.  yet  discouraged,  and  after 
spmp  occasional  engagementa  oo  the  stage,  published,  in 
1,769,  bis  *^  Plan  of  Education  for  tbe  young  nobility  and 
gentry  of  Gr^an  Britain,''  addressed  to  tbe  king:  in  which 
he  made  a  tender  of  his  services,  and  oflFered  tx>  dedicate 
the .  remainder  of  his  days  to  tbe  execution  of  tbe  plan 
which  he  then  proposed,  whtoh  be  considered  as  absolutely 
n^cessitryto  tbe  plan  itself;  for  he  tells  bis  majesty,  *Mf 
the  design  be  not  executed  by  myself,  k  never  will  be  by 
any  other  band,"  so  strongly,  was  bis  imagination  possessed 
by  this  project.    But  unfertnoately  the  novelty  of  the  plan 
had  worn  off,  its  ttsefulness  was  disputed,  its  necessity  ha(^ 
beea  doubtedi  itt  seputation  bad  suffered  not  a  little  by 
ridicule^  and  lis  pattons  had  cooled  much  in  their  zeal  for 
its  propftgMon*     Tbe  proposal^  tberefi^e,  made  to^  his 


464  SHERIDAN. 

ms^esty  in  the  aboYe  address  passed  w  Uhoiit  notice.  '  The 
author,  however,  whose  enthusiasm  was  incserased!  ratbef 
than,  weakeoje^d  by  neglect,  determtned  to  persevere  'in 
spite  of  every  obstaole.  By  wming,  by-conversation,  and 
by  public  lectures,  be  endeavoured  to  support  bis  plan; 
and  when  be  saw  himself  unattended  to,  was  not*  sparing^ 
of  his  invectives  against  the  taste  of  tbe  times.  From  this 
period  his  disappointment,  led  him  frequently  to  express 
himself  with  asperity,,  even  agatnat  bis  royal  benefactor; 
and  Jt  is  remembered  that  oo  tbe  declaration  of  American 
i[ndependence,  in  a  oioment  of  vexation  and  resentment,  be 
declared  %  resolution!  of  benefiting  the  new  world  with 
the  advantages,  ungratefully  neglected  by  his  own  country.' 
.  In  1769|  1770,  and  1776,  he  performed  at  tbe  Hay 
marketand  Covent-garden  theatres,  after  whicblast  year 
be  appeared  no  ipore  as  an  .actor.  Though  still  willing  to 
contribute  tP  tbe  public  amusement,  it  was  his  misfortune 
tp.find  the  theatres  shut  against  him  by  an  influence  which 
be  always  complained  of,  although  unable  to  conquer- it. 
On  the  retirement  of  Garrick  in  1776,  the  purchasers  of 
the  share  in  Drury-laoe,  of  which  bis  celebrated  ton  was 
pnet  agreed  to  invest  our.  author  with  the  powers  of  a 
manager;  but  here  bis  usual  ill  luck  attended  him,  for  in 
about  three  yc^rs  be  relinquished  his  post,  as  net  tenable 
*but  on  what  he  thought  ignominious  terms. 

The  theatres  being  shot  against  him  as  a  performer,  he 
now  returned  to.  his  literary  avocations,  and  produced  his 
^'  Dictionary  of  the  Englbb  Language,"  and  bis  '<  Life  of 
Swift,"  the  only  two  <tf  all  bis  list  of  ^publications  that  are 
likely  to  perpetuate  his  name.  In  1784  and  1785,  in'con- 
junction  with  Henderson  tbe  actor,  he  read  select  passages 
from  various  authors^  which  .was  bis  last  public  e^dtibitiofi. 
The  following  year  he  Visited  Ireland,  where  he  is  sai4  to 
have  been  much  consuUeci  on  certain  improvements  to  be 
introduced  in  the  modes  of  education  in  that  kingdom. 
During  his  residence  there  be  found  his  health  decline^ 
and.  in  hopes  tp.  re-establbb  it,  came  to  Eiigtond  in  tbe 
summer  of  1788,  and  went  to  Margate,  intemiing.  to  pro- 
ceed to  Lisbon  if  he  found  no  amradment.  '  His  sttength 
however,  rapidly  failed,  and  be  died  at  Margate,,  Aug.  14^ 
1788y  in  the  sixty-seventh  year  of  his  age.  ' 

.  Mr.  Sheridan's  biographer  asserts  that  *^  his  talents  n^re 
more  solid  than  brilliant,  f^nd  his  genius  inferior  to  .bis  in- 
dustry.'*    If  this  opinion  refers  to  his  merit  on  tfae.stage^ 


SHERIDAN.  4€« 

we  are  not  enabled  to  appreciate  Hs^  justice :  if  to  hif 
writings,  we  perceive  very  little  that  is  either  solid  or 
brilliaiitj  or  that  deserves  to  be  Q^IIed  genius.  He  set  out 
in  life  with  absurd  and  wild  notions  of  the  utility  of  ora« 
tory  to  cure  the  moral  and  political  evils  of  the  world,,  and 
he  persisted  in  thera  to  the  last.  E|is  biographer  allowf 
that  he  bad  tko  mean  opinion  of  himself,  and  might  hay^ 
added  that  this  opinion  of  himself,  with  its  concomitant^ 
envy,  his  preposterous  schem^^,  and  bis  lofty  sens^  of  su* 
periority,  became  the  bane  of  hia  life,  inarked  as  it  ^^  unl^- 
formly"  might  be  ^'^  with  uprightness  and  integrity.*'  I9 
bis  biography  of  Swift,  he  was  fortunate  in  obtaining  .the 
best  materials,  but  peculiarly  unfortunate  in  a  want  of 
judgment  to  make  use  of  them,  and  iu  not  seeij^g,  what 
•every  one  else  saw,  that  although  they  might  furnish  an 
impartial  account  of  that  extraordinary  man,  tbey  could  by 
410  art  support  a  continued  panegyric.  Sheridan's  early 
attachment  to  the  stage,  where  he  was  to  learn  his  wonde|:r 
working-  oratory,  proved  of  lasting  detriment  to  him.  It 
disturbed  his  imagination,  threw  his  mind  out  of  a  regular 
4rai|i  of;  thinking,  and,  with  the  distresses  wh^ch  his  r,er 
pelted  qQarreU  and  failures  brought  upon  him,  le(jl  hiip  %9 
the  quackery  of  itinerant  lectures,  which  were  ne^ginscte^ 
after  the  first  isuriosity  had  been  gratified.  ; 

Mr..  Sheridan'a  wife,  Frances,  was  born  in  Ireland  ^qiji^ 
jthe  year  17249  ^^  descended  from  a  good  Englisb  family 
which  h^  removed  thither.  Her  maiden  name  vi^afs  Qi^^r 
t>eflainie,  and  slie  wasgrand^daughter  of  sir  Oliver  Qhapi- 
berlaine.  The  first- literary  performance  by  which  shej  dis- 
tinguished herself,  was  a  little  pamphlet  at  t<bf  time- of  the 
political  dispute  relative  to  thet  theatre,  in.  wbicl^  Mr.  She- 
lidan  had  iiiewly  embarked  his  fortune, .  A  work  so  well 
timed-  exciting  the  attention  of  Mr.  Sheridan,  he  by  an 
accident  d^cov^red  hia  fair  patroness,^  tq  rwhom  \\e  was 
90on:  after^ardsr  marriedi.  3be.  was  apfif^pn.  of  tb?!  m6st 
AOHable  cbaraotec  i^  ev^ry  relation  of  Uff,^i(^  ^  most 
^Rg^gi^g  Hvuinei^  .  After  lingering  aon^e  years*  im  a  very 
w^aji  state;  ofr  health,  fthe  died  at  Bloia,  in  the.  south  1^ 
jFrnnce^  in  tbe.yeai>  17W.,  Her  **  Sydney, BidjJulph"  ba^ 
h^^  ralikf^d  jsrittx  the  firatf  prodnctions  of  the;  novel  class  i^ 
purs,  or  in  anj^  Qtb^r.  language.  She  also  wrote  a  little 
romance,  in  one  volume,  called  "  Nourjahad,'*  in  which 
Aere  h  a  gftoC  deal'of  idsaglnation,  productive  of  an  ad- 

VQL.xxv^•  H  H  .  ; 


466  S  it  E  k  I  D  A  N. 

tnirable  moral.     And  she  was  the  authoress  of  two  come- 
dies; "  The  Discovery,'*  and  "The  Dupe."  ' 

SHERLOCK  (Richard),  was  born  in  1613,  at  Oxton, 
in  Wirral,   in  the  county  of  Chester.     He  received  part  of 
his  education  at  Magdalen -hall,  in  Oxford,  whence  he  re*- 
moved  to  Trinity-college,  Dublin,     He  was  some  time  a 
minister  of  several  parishes   in  Ireland  ;  biit  during  the 
civil  war  he  dame  to  England,  and  was  made  chaplain  to 
one  of  his  majesty's  regiments  at  Nantwicb,  in  Cheshire. 
He" was  afterwards  curate  to  Dr.  Jasper  Mayne,  of  Christ- 
church,"  at  Cassington,  an    obscure   village   near  Wood- 
stock.    About  the  year  1632,  he  was  retained  as  chaplain 
to  sir  Robert  Bindloffe,  of  Berwick-hall,  in   Lancashire, 
where   he  was  much  troubled   with  the  Quakers,  against 
whom  he* wrote  several  polemical  pieces;  a  species  of  di- 
vinity that  ill  suited   his  disposition,  as  practical  Christia- 
nity was  his  delight.     About  the  time  of  the  Restoration  be 
was  made  doctor  of  divinity  in  the  university  of  Dublin  ^ 
and  was,  by  favour  of  his  patron,  James  earl  of  Derby^ 
preferred  to  the  rich  benefice  of  Winwick,  which  has  been 
valued  at  1400/.  per  annum.     He  was  afterwards  the  same 
pious  and    humble   man  that  he  had  been   before,    and 
seemed  to  have  only  this  advantage  from  his  preferment, 
the  constant  exertion  of  that  charity  towards  the  poor  and 
distressed,  which  was  before  a  strong,  but  latent  principle 
with  him.     His  chief  work  is  his  "  Practical  Christian ;"  to 
which,  in  the  sixth  edition,  is  prefixed  his  life,  written  by 
Dr.  Thomas 'Wilson,  the  primitive  bishop  of  Sodor  ^i)d 
Man.     He  died  June  20,    1689,  aged  76.* 

SHERLOCK  (Dr.  William),  a  learned  English  diivine, 
was  born  in  Southwark  about  1641,  and  educatecl  at  Etou 
school,  where  he  distinguished  himself  by  the  vigour  of  his 
genius  and  application  to  his  studies.  Then/ce  be  reproved 
to  Pet^r-house  in  Cambridge  in  May  1657,  where  he  took 
a  bachelor  of  arts  degree  in  1660,  and  a  masterV  in  16^^. 
Hi^'now  weht  into  holy  orders,  and  officiated  as  a  curai:^ 
tli1tiri669,  when  he  was  preferred  to  the  rettory  of  St 
George's,  Botolph-lane,  in  iLondon. '  In  this  parish  he 
discharged  the  duties  of  his  fuhctioh  i^ith.g^reat  zeal,  an^ 
was  esteemed  an  excellent  pi^acher.  In  1673,  he  fpilb- 
Ushed'*' A  discourse  conc^rAmg  the  knowledge  of  Christ, 

>-*'»       f      r  •  •      '  '  ■  "      .  ■^      f-       •  •  , 

•  k  l,4£c  f^refiKed  to  bis- J^icti^tniirjrf  fourth  jedHym,  n90,  a  volsb  8? o. 

2>rana.— Bosweirai  Life  of  .folmson^  ^c.  - .  ^^    .    . 

«  Aih.  Ox.  vol.  II.— Wood»s  Life,  1*112,  p.  58,— Harrii'i  W«w. ' 


SHERLOCK.  467 

and  our  union  and  communion  with  him/*  which  iuvolted 
him  in  a  controversy  with  the  celebrated  nonconformist  Dr. 
John  Owen»  and  with  Mr.  Vincent  Alsop.  In  1680,  he 
took  the  degree  of  D.  D.  and  about  the  same  time  published 
some  pieces  against  the  nonconformists.  Soon  after  be 
was  coUated  to  a  prebend  of  St.  Paul's^  was  appointed 
master  of  the  Temple,  and  had  the  rectory  of  ,Therfield  in 
Hertfordshire.  In  1684  he  published  a  pamphlet,  entitled 
"  The  case  of  Resistance  to  the  Supreme  Powers  stated  and 
resblvied,  according  to  the  doctrine  of  the  holy  Scriptures  ;** 
.and  continued  to  preach  the  same  opinion  after  the  ac- 
cession of  James  II.  when  it  was  put  to  the  test.  He  en- 
gaged also  in  the  controversy  with  the  papists^  which  shews 
that  be  was  not  a  servile  adherent  to  the  king,  but  con- 
scientious in  bis  notions  of  regal  power.  This  likewise  he 
shewed  at  the  Revolution,  when  he  refused  to  take  the 
oaths  to  William  and  Mary,  and  was  therefore  suspended 
from  aU  his  preferments.  During  his  suspension,  be  pub- 
lished his  celebrated  treatise,  entitled  "  A  practical  dis- 
course on  Death,'*  1690,  which  has  passed  through  at  least 
forty  editions,  and  is  indeed  the  only  one  of  his  works 
now  read.  But  before  the  expiratiqn  of  that  year,  he 
thought  proper  to  comply  with  the  new  government,  and 
takitig  the  oaths,  was  reinstated  in  all  his  preferments^  of 
whieh,  though  forfeited^  he  had  not  been  deprived.  Being 
much  censured  for  this  step  by  those  who  could  not  yield 
a  Kke  compliance,  he  endeavoured  to  vindicate  himself  in 
a  piece  entitled  ''The  Case  of  the  Allegiance  due  to  the 
Sovereign  Princes  stated  and  resolved,  according  to  Scrip- 
ture and  Reason,  and  the  principles  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land, with  a  more  particular  respect  to  the  Oath  lately  en- 
joined of  Allegiance  to  their  present  Majesties  kingWilliam 
and  queen  Mary,  1690,"  quarto.  This  was  followed  by 
twelve  answers.  His  design  was  to  lay  down  such  prin- 
ciples as  would  prove  the  allegiance  due  to  William  and 
Mary,  even  supposing  them  to  have  no  legal  right,  which 
the  celebrated  Mr.  Kettle  well  could  by  no  means  agree 
with,  and  therefore  wrote,  upon  another  principle,  "  The 
6ntf  of  Allegiance  settled  upon  its  true  grounds."  The 
dispute  is  perhaps  now  of  little  consequence  ;  but  Sher- 
lock persisted  in  preaching  his  doctrine  of  non-resistance 
ill  the  new  reign,  and  bad  undoubtedly  some  merit  in  this 
kind  of  consistency,  and  in  rendering  that  plausible  in  $ny  ^ 
degree,  which'the  other  nonjurors  thought  contradictory  in. 

H  H  2 


4o8  S  H  E  R  L  O  C  K. 

evety  degree.  Tn  1691,  be  fmblisbed  bis  <' ViiidicatKMi 
of  the^doctrine  of  tbe  holy  and  ever  blessed  Trinity  ;*'  bui 
his  attempt  to  explain  this  mystery  was  not  satisfactory^ 
and  involved  him  in  a  controversy  with  Dr.  South.  What 
was  more  mortifying,  a  fellow  of  University -college,  Ox-^ 
ford,  having  preached  bis  doctrine  ir^  a  sermon  at  St.Mary*Sy 
tbe  university  issued  a  decree,  censuring  that  doctrine  as 
false,  impious,  and  hererical,  and  warned  all  persons  under 
their  jurisdiction  not  to  preach  or  maintain  any  such  no- 
tions. The  controversy  being  exasperated  by  this  indig^f 
nity,  the  king  at  last  interposed,  and  issued  directions  '^  to 
tbe  archbishops  and  bishops/'  ordaining,  that  ''ail  preach-* 
.  ers  should  carefully  avoid  all  new  terms,  and  confine 
themselves  to  such  ways  of  explanation  as  have  been  com-r 
monly  used  in  the  church.*'  After  this,  it  is  but  fair  to 
state  Dr.  Sherlock's  notion  :  he  thought  that  there  were 
three  eternal  mmdSj  two  of  these  issuing  from  the  father,- 
but  that  these  three  were  one  by.  a  mutual  consciousnesg 
in  the  three  to  every  one  of  their  thoughts.  Dr.  Sher- 
lock was  promoted  to  the  deanery  of  St.  Paul's  in  1691. 
He  died  at  Hampstead  June  19,  1707,  in  his  67tb  year; 
and  was  interred  in  the  cathedral  of  St.  PauL  He  left 
two  sons  and  two  daughters  ;  the  eldest  of  his  sons  was  Dr. 
Thomas  Sherlock,  bishop  of  London.  Burnet  says^  that 
''he  was  a  cjiear,  polite,  and  a  strong  writer,  ibut  apt  te 
assume  too  much  to  himseif,  and  to  treat  bis  aduersanes 
with  contempt.  This  created  him  many  enemies^  ^aad'Oiadtt 
Jiim  pass  for  an  insolent  haughty  ih^n."  ile  was,  however, 
a  man  of  considerable  learning  and  abilitiesry  and  conscien- 
tious, however  mistaken,  in  those  peculiar' opinions  whieb- 
engaged  himiin  such  frequent  controversies  with  his  bre- 
thren. 1  • 

SHERLOCK  (Thomas),  eldest  son  to  the  preceding^ 
and  bishop  of  London,  was  born  in  that  city  in  1678.  He 
was  sent  at  an  early  age  to  Eton  school  *,  wlierer  he  laid 

»  Biog.  6 rit.— Burnet's  Own  Timeg.— Birch's  Life  of  Tillotson.-^NI^jhols'.f 
Correspoodeoce  of  Atterbury,  &c.  >  >     . 

*  Sir  Robert   Walpole,    who    Vas  Sheilock,  "  The  plunging  prelate."  It 

Sherlock's  contemporary  at  £ton»  used  has  been  said  that  Sbedock's  taienti 

to  relate  that,  when  son^e  of  the  scho*  did  not  shew  themselves  tiU  he  was 

lars,  going  to  bathe  in  the  Thames,  more  advanced  in  life  |  but  it  appears 

stood  shivering  on  tbe  bank,  Sherlock  from  the  testinpiony  of  those  'Vho  knev 

plunged  in  immediately  over  his  head  him  in  his  early  yoiith>  U>st  in  this^  M 

and  ears.    This,  WaVicn  thinks:,  is  the  in  all  other  parts  of  hi«  lif<*,  be  stood 

why  Pope,  in  tbe  Dnnciad,  calls  om  the  highest  ^ound,"  atid  that,  in  the 

covrte 


SHERLOCK.  46S 

• 

ihe. foundation  of  ibat  classical  ekgance  which  is  visible  in 
most  of  his  works^  especially  in  his  much-admired  seriiions. 
lAbout  1 693  ii6  was  removed  to. Cambridge,  and  admitted 
x)f'Katherifie*hall,  under  the  tuition  of  Dr.  Lof>g,  after^ 
Avards  bishop  of  Norwich.  Here  be  took  his  degree  of 
•B^  A.  in.  1697,  and  that  of  M.  A.  in  1701,  and  between 
ti^se  periods  was  elected  to  a  fellowship,  and  entered  ioto 
Jioly. orders.  .  How.  highly  he  must  have  been  esteemed 
.even  attbis  early  period,  appears  from  his  6rst  preferment  in 
rthe church,. which  was  to  one  of  its  highest  dignities,  under 
,the  beuch^  the  ^nasterskip  of  the  Temple,  to  which  he  was 
^tptpointed  io  1704.  That  such  a  rapid  elevation  should 
-Inve  givefli  offence,  can  excite  no  surprize.  It  was  proba- 
ibly  unprecedented,  and  in  so  young  a  man,  might  be 
.thought  unjustifiable,  yet  it  took  place  at  a  time  when  pre* 
ifermeats  were,  not  lightly  bestowed,  and  Mr.  Sherlock  in  a 
very  short  time  exhibited  such  talents  as  removed  all  pre- 
judices against  .him.  Indeed  he  appears  to  have  felt  it  ne- 
cessary .to  justify  the  authors  of  his  promotion,  both  upon 
his  own  account  and  that  of  the  church.  He  exerted  the 
utmost  diligence,  therefore,  in  the  cultivation  of  his  talents 
and  the  display  of  bis  learning  and  eloquence,  and  in  the 
course  of  a  few  years  l^ecame  one  ofthe  mbst  celebrated 
ipreacfaers  of  his  time;  and  notwithstanding  some  degree  of 
.natural  impedicMnt  (what  is  called  a  thickness  of  speech), 
Jfeddoliv^rad  hia  sermons  with  such^  propriety  and  energy 
5as*to  rivet  the  attention  of  his  hearers^  and  com^mand  their 
.adfliiratioA.    . 

In  1714,  at  which  tinie  he  took  his  doctor's  degree  in 
.divinity,  he  succeeded  sir  William  Dawes  in  -the  master- 
ship of  Ka£herine<!>haU)  and  when  appointed  vice-chancel- 

.epurte  ^  bjs  education,  be  wat  slwAvi  m^n^ere.  feowil  at'ftbat  timo.  One  day, 

atthejieadof  his  class,  and  never  failed  as  the^  came  away  from  their  tutor's 

'to  lead  his  equals   and  compasions,  lecttire  onTiilly's  offices,  Hoadly  said, 

.•veniDtheir  puerile  sports  and  aaioee-  **  Well,  Sbertockj    you  figured  a«ray 

,  meats.     Like  other  men  of  eminence,  finely  to>day  by  help  of  Coqkman*s 

he  was  the  subject  of  those  petty  a  nee-  translation." — •*    No,    really,"    says 

dotes  which,  having  originally  little  or  Sherlock,  **  I  did  not ;  for  I  tried  all  I 

no  foundation,  are  transferable  at  the  con  Id  to  get  one:  and  codld  hear  of 

pleasure  of  the  narrator.     In  an  ano-  only, one  copy,  and  that.you  had  secv- 

'nymouslife  of  Sherlock  prefixed  to  an"  re(/.** — ^This  story  was  \}rinted  in   the 

'  edition  of  hii  sermons,  printed  in  1 7*75,  newspapers  and  magazines  eleven  years 

_12mo,  we  have  the  following  :  **  Hoad-  before  (1764)  with  this  difference,  that 

ly  and  he  were  both  contemporaries  at  UE>trange  is  made  to  be  the  transla- 

this  very  small  eollege'(Katherine  hall):  tor,  anil  SheVtcck  the  person  who  had 

,  and  it  should  seem  'that  the   «eeda  of  secured  the  trsnslatiou  1 

rivalily  beWcen  those  two  very  great  .  .    , 


470  SHERLOCK. 

loTf  ixx  hh'  turn,  d  if  charged  the  duties  of  that  office  in  a 
manner  the  mo^t  beaeficial  to  the  univenity*  In  partico*- 
lar  be  exerted  himsc^lf  in  inspecting  and  bringing  imo 
order  the  public  archives,  and  in  the  course  of  this  em- 
ployment acquired  such  a  knowledge  of  the  constitution, 
history,  power,  and  imoiunities  of  the  aniveraity,  as  gave 
bis  opinion  a  very  great  weight  in  all  sabseqoent  disptoftea. 
He  likewise,  during  his  residence  in.  Katberine^-hall,  dis* 
covered  not  only  very  superior  abilities  with  deep  and  ex- 
tensive learning,  but  also  much  wisdom,  policy,  and  talents 
for  governhig.  It  was  in  allusion  to  this  poUacal  away, 
that  Dr.  Bentley,  during  his  disputes  at  Cambridge,  gave 
Dr.  Sherlock  the  nickname  of  cardinal  AlbenBfm,  while 
about  the  same  time  Bentley's  antagonist,. Middleton,  eaUed 
Sherlock,  *^  the  principal  champion  and  ornamaot  of  both 
church  and  university."  This  was  very  high  praise  from 
one  who  reflected  so  little  honour  on  either^      * 

In  1716  be  obtained  the  deanery  of  Chichester,  and 
soon  after  this  promotion  appeared  as  an  author,  for  the 
first  time,  in  the  memorable  Bangorian  controversy,  during 
the  course  of  which  he  published  several  tracts.  One  of 
the  principal  is  entitled  ^^  A  Vindication  of  the  Corpora- 
tion and  Test  Acts :  in  answer  to  the  Bishop  of  Bangor^s 
Reasons  for  the  Repeal  of  them.  To  which  is  added  a 
second  part,  concerning  the  Religion  of  Oaths,"  1718, 
8vo.  The  bishop  of  ganger  answered  him  in  a  piece  en«- 
titled  ^^  The  common  Rights  of  Subjects  defended,  a»dtfae 
Nature  of  the  Sacramental  Test  considered,^'  1712^^  .Svo: 
yet,  while  he  opposed  strenuously  the  principles  of  hia  an- 
tagonist, he  gave  the  strongest  testimony  that*  could  be  of 
bis  abilities;  for,  in  the  beginning  of  his  pre&ce,  be«aik 
his  own  book  ^^  An  Answer  to  the  most  plausible  and  inge- 
nious Defence,  that,  he  thinks,  has  ever  yet  been  ptt^ 
lished,  of  excluding  men  from  their  acknowledged  civil 
Rights,  upon  the  account  of  their  differences  in  Religion, 
or  in  the  circumstances  of  Religion."  Sherlock  replied  to 
the  bishop,  in  a  small  pamphlet,  in  which  he  sets  forth 
*'  The  true  Meaning  and  Intention  of  the  Corporation  and 
Test  Acts  asserted,  &c."  1719,  8vo.  It  has  been  said, 
by  the  writer  of  his  life  in  the  Biog.  Brit,  that  in  bis  latter 
days.  Dr.  Sherlock  did  not  approve  of  these  writings 
against  bishop  Hoadly,  and  that  he  told  a  friend,  **  that 
he  was  a  young  man  when  he  wrote  them,"  and  he  would 
pever  have  them  collected  into  a  volume.    That  Dr.  Sber« 


S  H  E'R  L  O  CK. 


474 


lo^k  inigbt  have  ehaaged  bU  sentitifentB  ii^  hh^btter  days 
4s  ncH  improbable,  but  it  could  not  be  asserted  tbut  bo'^ik 
^ttbi^time  a  young  maiv,^  for  be  had  passed  bis  fbrtiaifa 
y.«ar^.  Some  part,  however,  wbich  h&  took' iti  this  eotW 
troversy,  before  he  pfibiisbed  on  it,  seems  to  have  giYeo 
ofii^Qoe  at  court,  for  in  17  f7,  be  and  Dr.  Snape  were*  re- 
moved from  the  list  of  king^s  chaplains.  •  ; 
In  1724  Collins  published  his  insidious  attack,  entitled 
^f  A  Discpurse  of  tbe  Grounds  and  Heasons  of  the  Cbm*-. 
tian  Religion  :V  in  which  be  endeavours  to  ^x  th^  evi- 
dences o(  it  chiefly,  if  not  solely,  upon  the  prophecies  tff 
the  Old  Testament;  and  then  explains  these  prophecies  i)i 
auch  a  manner,  as  to  make  it  appear  that  they  have  nfo 
belter  foundaiiion  than  the  Divination  among  the  heathen^; 
"  who  learnt,"  says  he,  ■"  that  art  in  pcbools,  6r  undiSr 
diadipline,  as  the  Jews  did  prophesying  in  tbe  scho^h'arPd 
colleges  of  the  prophets.''  This  work  occasioned  many 
pieces  to  be  written  upon  the  subject  of  prophecy ;  and, 
though  Sherlock  did  not  enter  direetly  into  tbe  «o4^tto*- 
y^syi  y^t  he  took  an  opportunity  of  communioaeing  btf 
seatiments,  in  &ix  discourses  delivered  at  tbe  Temf>le 
cbu«cb,  in  April  and  May  1724^  which  he  published  «be 
y«ar  after,  with  tlus  title,  *'The  Use  and  Intent  of  Pro- 
phecy, in  the  several  agea  of  the  world,"'  8vo,  In  tbme 
we  have  a  regular  series  of  prophecies,  deduced  throi^rgh 
tbe  several  ages  from  tbe  beginning,  and  presented  in  ^ 
eoninected  view ;  together  with  the  various  degrees  of  light 
ftisdnetly  marked  out,  which  were  successively  communir 
psued  io  such  a  noanner,  -  as  to  answer  the  great  end  of  rer 
ligioi)  land  tbe  designs  pf  providence^  till  the  great  events 
ta  which  they  pointed  should  receive  their  accomplish- 
Xtf^fnt^'  These  discourses  have  been  exceedingly  adcnired, 
aiitd  gone  tbrpugb  several  editions.     The  fourth,  correet^ 


^  It  seems  asserted  on  better  foup- 
^ati6ti  that  bishop  Sherlock  would  have 
^[IttoS^  the  Athanasiau  creed  to  re- 
oooc\\e  a  particular  class  of  dissenters. 
JBut  thiS)  it  appears,  he  was  inclined  to 
do,  rather  npon  account  of  its  style 
Xhtm  itf  Sttbjeci. — Of  his  general  sen- 
timents on  religion,  we  haye  the  fol- 
lowing 'testimony  in  a  letter  which  he 
«rote  in  1749  to  Dr.  Doddridge; 
"  Whatever  points  of  difference  there 
^re  between  us,  yet  I  trust  that  we 
are  united  in  an  hearty  zeal  for  spread- 
im:  the  Knowledge  of  the  gospel,  ^nd 
for  refermiog  the  litres  and  manners 


of  the  people  according  to  it.  I  bare 
lived  long  enougn  to  know  by  i»xpe« 
rience  the  truth  of -what  we  arelknght, 
'  That  there  is  no  qlher,  name  by  whith 
we  may  be  saved,  but  the  name  of 
Christ  only.'  I  have  seen  the  true 
spirit, 'and  the  comfortable  hopes  of 
religion,  lost  in  the  abundance  of  spe- 
culation, and  the  vain  pretences  of 
setting  up  natural  religion  in  o{}pofi- 
iion  to  revelation  ;  and  there  will  be 
little  hopes  of  a  reformation,  till  we 
are  humble  enongb  to  know  Christ 
and  bim  cii)cified«''  Qoddrldge'tljeti 
tcr«,  1790,  8vo,  p.  457. 


m  SfH  E  R  L  O  C  K.  ' 

And  enlarged,  was  published  in  1744,  8vd;  to  wfaicfa- are 
adited^  <<Four  Di«Bertations :  I.  *  The  Authority  of  the 
second  Epistle  of  Sfe  Peter.*  2.  *  The  Sense  of  the  An- 
cients biefore  Christy  upon  the  Circumstances  and  Conse- 
quences of  the  Fall.*  3.  ^  The  blessing  of  Judah/  Gen. 
«lix.  4.  *  Christ's  Entry  into  Jerusalemv'  Three  of  these 
dissertations,  if  we  mistake  not,  accompanied  the  discourses 
from  their  first  publication ;  the  fourth  was  added  after- 
wards. In  1749,  Sherlock,  then  bishop  of  London,  pub- 
lished *^  An  Appendix  to  the  second  Dissertation,  being  a 
farther  enquiry  into  the  Mosaic  account  of  the  Fall,**  8vo. 
An  advertisement  is  prefixed,  setting  forth,  that  the  dis^^ 
fiertation  was  drawn  up  some  years  since,  and  intendefd  as 
an  examination  of  the  objections  made  to  the  History  of 
the  Fall  by  the  author  of  "  The  Literal  Scheme  of  Prophe- 
cy ;**  but  that  author  being  dead,  was  now  published,  not 
in  answer  to  him,  but  to  all  who  call  in  question,  or  are 
offended  with,  the  History  of  the  Fall^  as  it  stands  recorded 
by  Moses.  Whether  Dr.  Middleton^  who  had  ridiculed 
the  *^  Literal  History  of  the  Fall,**  considered  himself  as 
particularly  aimed  at  here,  or  whether  he  acted  from 
Other  private  motives  of  resentment,  which  has  been  as- 
serted, we  know  not,  but  he  published  the  year  after, 
1750,  a  sharp  and  satirical  ^  Examination  of  the  Discourses 
Upon  Prophecy,  with  Animadversions  upon  this  Disser- 
tation :**  in  which,  be  undertakes  to  explain  and  affirm 
these  four  points :  1.  ^  That  the  use  of  Prophecy,  as  it 
was  taught  and  practised  by  Christ,  his  Apostles,  and 
Evangelists,  was  drawn  entirely  from  single  and  separate 
predictions,  gathered  by  them  from  the  books  of  the  Law 
and  the  Prophets,  and  applied,  independently  on  each 
either,  to  the  several  acts  and  circumstances  of  the  life  of 
Jesus,  as  so  many  proofs  of  his  Divine  Mission ;  and,  con-» 
sequently,  that  his  Lordship's  pretended  chain  of  Antedi- 
luvian Prophecies  is  nothing  else  but  a  fanciful  conceit 
which  has  no  connection  at  all  with  the  evidences  of  the 
Gospel.'*  2.  '*  That  the  Bishop's  exposition  of  his  text  is 
forced,  unnatural,  and  inconsistent  with  the  sense  of  St. 
Peter,  *from  whose  epistle  it  is  taken.**  5.  "That  the 
historical  Interpretation^  which  he  give$  to  the  account  of 
Fall,  is^  absurd  and  contradictory  to  reason ;  and  that  the 
said  account  cannot  be  considered,  under  any .  other  cba- 
vacter  than  that  of  Allegory,  Apologue,  or  Moral  Fable." 
4.  <^  That  the  Oracles  of  the  Heathen  Worlds  which  bis 


»  H  B  R  L  O  CiK,  47S 

LqrdsKip  declares  to  have  been  given  out»by  ibe  Devil,  in 
the  form  of  a  Serpent,  were  all  inif>ostares,  wholly  managed 
by  human  craft,  without  any  supernatural  aid  or  interposi^- 
tion  whatever." 

From  the  notice  of  this  controversy  vfe  must  now  return* 
to  the  succession  of  those  preferments  to  which  Dr.  Sher« 
lock  was  thought  entitled  for  his  able  services  as  a  divine. 
In  1729  be  was  promoted  to  the  bishopric  of  Bangor,  in 
which  be  succeeded  Dr.  Hoadly^  as  he  did  also  in  the  see 
6f  Salisbury,  in  1734;  in  both  which  stations  his  abilitiet 
were  so  conspicuous,  that  on  the  death  of  archbishop  Pot«> 
ter  in  1747,  the  see  of  Canterbury  was  offered  tb  him^  but 
he  declined  it  on  account  of  bad  health.  The  'Following' 
year,  however,  he  was  so  much  recovered,  as  to<  accept  a 
translation  to  the  see  of  London,  in  room  of  the  deceased 
bishop  Gibson. 

On  this  promotion,  he  had  the  misfortune  to  differ  with 
Dr.  Herring,  then  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  who  had 
made  his  option  for  the  rectory  of  St.  George's  Hanover^ 
square,  which  being  one  of  the  most  valuable  livings  in  his' 
diocese,  the  bishop  was  Tery  unwilling  to  relinquish  it,  and 
drew  up  a  pamphlet  respecting  the  nature  of  the  arcb«* 
bishop's  options,  and  resolved  to  oppose  the  present  claim. 
The  matter,  however^  was  accommodated  by  his 'giving  up 
the  living  of  St.  Anne's,  Soho,  which  the  archbi^bop  ae« 
cepted.  Dr.  Sherlock  printed  fifty  copies  of  his  thoughu- 
on  the  subject,,  in  1757,  for  private  distribution^  in  a  folio 
pamphlet,  entitled  ^^The  Option;^ or  an  Inquiry  into  the 
grounds  of  the  claim  made  by  the  archbishop,  on  all  con^ 
secrated  or  translated  bishops,  of  the  disposal  of  any  pre- 
ferment belonging  to  their  respective  sees  that  he  shall 
make  choice  of."  The  chief  argument  of  the  author,  de« 
duced  from  the  registers,  &c.  of  the  archbishops,  is .  that 
.  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  never  had,  nor  at  this  time 
has  a  right  to  an  option  from  a  translated  bishop ;  but  he 
allows  that  the  claim  on  consecrated  bishops  is  well  founded, 
for  it  is  properly  a  consecration  fee,  and  becomes  due  rtf- 
tione  consecrationis.  Archbishop  Herring,  to  whom  he  had 
sent  a  MS  copy,  in  1749,  reprinted  the  whole  afterwards, 
in  4to,  with  a  short  answer  in  one  page,  and  distributed  it 
among  his  friends.  Dr.  Sherlock,  however,  we  see,  vir* 
tualiy  gave  up  the  point,  by  giving  up  the  living  of  St. 
Anne's. 

Bishop  Sherlock  held  the-  master^ip  of  the  Temple, 


474  SHERLOCK. 

vj^bere  be  was  mucb  beloved^  and  in  wbicb  he  generally 
resided,  until  1753 ;  and  when  his  resignation  was  accepted 
by  bis  majesty »  he  addressed  an  affecting  leuer  to  the 
treasurer  and  masters  of  the  bench,  gratefully  ^knowiedg- 
kig  their  •  goodness  to  bim,  during  the  long  course  of  his 
ministry  among  them  ;  assuring  them  that  be  should  always 
rem^oiber  the  many  and  distinguished  instances  of  their 
favour  to  him ;  and  declaring  that  be  esteemed  his  relation 
to  the  two  societies  of  the  Temple  to  have  been  the  greatest 
happiness  of  bis  life,  as  it  introduced  him  to  some  of  jbbe 
greatest  men  of  the  age,  and  afforded  him  the  opporluai^. 
tiei  of  living  and  conversing  with  gentlemen  of  a-  liberal 
education,  and  of  great  learning  and  experieace. 

Bodily  infirmities  now  began,  to  affect  htm  very  mocb, 
and,  though  for  three  or  four  years  he  applied  himself  to 
business,  and  made  one  general  visitation  of  his  diocese  in 
person,,  yet  he  was  then  visited  with  a  severe  illness/  which 
deprived  him  almost  first,  of  the  use  of  his  limbs,  and<thea 
at  times  of  his  speech,  insomuch  that  he  could  not  be  nn* 
derstopd  but  by  those  who  were  constantly  about  him.  Still 
the  powers  of  his  understanding  and  his  accustomed  cheers 
fulness  continued ;  and  under  this  weak  state  of  body^  in 
which  he  lay  many  years,  be  revised,  corrected^  and  pitbi- 
lisbed,  4  vols,  of  "  Sermons"  in  8vo.  The  last  time  in 
which  be  probably  used  his  pen,  was  in  an  affoctiooate 
congratulatory  letter  to  bis  present  majesty  on  bis  aooes^ 
sion^.  being  incapable  of  waiting  on  him  in  person  *.     He 

*  "  Sire,  Nov.  1, 1760.  your  majesty's   declared  concern  for 

<*  Amidst  the  congratulations   that  their  prosperity ;  and  let  nothing  dfs- 

ivrromd  tbe  throne,  permit  me  to  Uy  tarb  this  mnUial  ooMent.     Let  tbet* 

•  before  your  majesty  a  heart,  which,  be  but  ope  contest  between  them,  iclHr-» 

though  oppressed  with  age  and  infir-  ther  the  king  loves  the  people  best,  or 

~lbiCy,  is  XkojaHntigtr  to  tbe  joys  of  my  tbe  people  htm  ;  and  may  it  be  a  kmgi 

country.  a  very  long  contest ;  nay  it  neveir^ 

**  When  the  melancholy  news  of  the  decided,  but  ]fii  it  remain  doubtful  4 

lAte  king's  demise  reached  us,  it  nato-  and  may  the  paternal  affeetibn  on  tne 

rally  led  as  to  consider  the  loss  we  had  one  side,  and  tbe  filial  obedience  oa 

sustained,  and  upon  what  our  hopes  of  the  other,  be  had  in  perpetual  remem« 

faturity  depended :  The  first  part  ex-  brance. 

cited  grief,  and  pot  all  the  render  pas-        '*  This  will  probably  be  tbe  last  time 

sioDS    into    motion ;    but  the  second  I  shall  ever  trouble  your  majesty,    i 

brought  life  and   spirit   with   it,  and  beg    leave    to    express    my   warmest 

wiped  the  tears  from  every  face.    Oh  ?  wishes  and  prayers   on  your  behalf. 

hesr  graeiously  did  tbe  providence  of  May  the  God  of  heaven  and  earth  have 

^od  provide  for  a  successor,  able  to  you  always  under  bis  protection,  and 

bear  tbe  weight  of  government  in  that  direct  you  to  seek  bis  honour  and  glory 

unexpected  event.  in  all  you  do  |  and  may  you  reap  the . 

**  You,  Sir,   are  the  person  whom  benefit  of  it,  by  an  increase  of  beppin 

the  people  ardently  desire ;  which  af-  ness  in  this  world,  and  in  the  next." 

fcction  of  theirs  is  happily  returned,  by  .        . 


/' 


SHERLOCK  475 

He^ed  Joly  18,  1761,  in  bis  eigbty-foortfa  year^  knd  was 
iaterred  in  U)e  church-yard  at  Fuiham,  in  a  vault  made  for 
that  purpose :  where  likewise  a  monuinent  was  erected  to 
hia  memory,  with  an  inscription  drawn  up  by  Dh  Nichoils, 
whosncceeded  him,  in  the  mastership  of  the  Temple,  and 
speaks  ihus  of  his  character : 

^'  Hia  learning  was  very  extensive  :  God  had  given  him 
a  great  and  an  noderstanding  mind,  a  qaick  comprehend 
Mon,  and  a  solid  judgment  These  advantages  of  nature  he 
iobproved  by  much  industry  and  application ;  and  in  tb<^ 
early  part  of  his  life  had  read  and  digested  well  the  ancient 
authors,  both  Greek  and  Latin,  the  philosophers,  poets,  and 
orators:  from  whence  he  acquired  that  correct  and  elega^ht 
style,  which  appears  in  all  his  compositions.  His  know- 
ledge in  divinity  was  obtained  from  the  study^  of  the  most 
rational  writers  of  the  church,  both  antient  and  modern: 
and  he  was  particularly  fond  of  comparing  scripture  with 
scripture,  and  especially  of  illustrating  the  epistles  and 
writings  of  the  apostles,  which  he  thought  wanted  to  be 
more  studied,  and  of  which  we  have  somiEi  specimens  in  his 
own  discourses.  His  skill  in  the  civil  and  canon  law  was 
very  considerable ;  to  which  he  bad  added  such  a  know* 
ledge  of  the  common  law  of  England,  as  few  clergymen  at- 
taia  to.  This  it  was  that  gave  him  that  influence  in  all 
eaoses  where  the  church  was  concerned  ;  as  knowing  pre* 
cssely  what  it  had  to  claim  from  its  constitutions  and  ca- 
nons, and  what'  from  the  common  law  of  the  land.'* 
NichoUs  then  mentions  his  constant  and  exemplary  piety, 
his  warm/tnd  fervent  zeal  in  preaching  the  duties  and  main- 
taining the  doctrines  of  Christianity,  and  bis  large  and  dif- 
fusive munificence  and  charity.  ^*  The  instances  of  his 
public  charities,"  says  he,  '^  both  in  bis  life-time  and  at  his 
death,  are  great,  and  like  himself."  He  has  given  large 
sums  of  money  to  the  corporation  of  clergymen's  sons,  to 
several  of  the^hospitals,  and  to  the  society  for  propagating 
the  gospel  in  foreign  parts  :  and  at  the  instance  of  the  said 
society,  he  consented  to  print  at  bis  own  charge  an  im(>res-^ 
sion  of  two  thousand  sets  of  his  valuable  discourses  at  a 
very  considerable  expence ;.  and  they  i^ave  been  actnally 
sent  to  all  the  islands  and  colonies  in  America ;  and^  by 
the  care  of  the  governors  and  clergy,  it  is  hoped  that  by 
this  time  they  are  all  properly  distributed  among  the  people 
of  those  respective  colonies,  to  their  great  improvement  in 
the  knowledge  of  rational  and  practical  Christianity.    And, 


47€  SHERLOCK. 

to  oientidn  one  instanee  more  of  bu  great  charity  and  care 
for  the  education  of  youth,  he  has  given  to  CatberineMball 
in  Cambridge^  the  place  of  bis  education,  bia  raioable  ii^ 
hrary  of  books,  imd  donations  for  the  founding  a  librarian's 
pbice^  and  a  sdnolarsfaip." 

Bisbop  Sherlock  had  acquired  much-  knowledge  of.  the 
laws  and  constitution  of  England,  which,  enabled  binr  to 
appear  with  great  weight,  both  asa  govemor  of  the  diutich^ 
«od  a  lord  of  parltaoient.  In  cases  of*  ecclesiastical  law, 
brought  before  the  House  of  Peere,  he 'had  sometimes  the 
honour  of  leading  the  judgment  of  that  august  assembly,  <in 
opposition  to  some  of  the  great  luminaries  of  the  law,  wtio 
iMtd  at  first  declared  themselves  of  a  different  opinion :  and 
im  general  when  he  assisted  at  the  deliberations  of  that 
bouse^  he  entered  freely  into  many  other  questions;  of  im- 
portance, as  appears  >by  bis  speeches^  printed  in  the  par- 
Maosentary  debates.  / 

In  1707y  he  <married  Miss  Judith  Fountaine^  descended 
jfrbm  a  good  family  in  Yorkshire,  a  very •  amabie  woman*; 
JiUtthey  had  no  childreni.     She  surriyed  him,  and  died>in 
4764,  aged  seventy-seven,  and  was  interred  in  the  same 
•vault  :witb>  her  husband.     By  the  death  of  his  younger  bro- 
ther, he  acquired  a  fortune  of  30,000/»  and  notwithaiandmg 
Jsis  many  -charities^  died  possessed,  as  it  is  said,  of  up^i^rd^ 
•of'lOO^OOOj.  the  bulk  of  which  came  to  sir  Thomas  Croocb, 
his  sister^s  son,  by  Dr.  Thomas  Ooocbj  bishop  of  Ely*    • 
.  Besides  the  works  already  enumerated,  ^  fifth  voiuoie  of 
bis  ^'  Sermon^''  was  published  in    1776  :  'this  consists  of 
•fourteen   occasional  sermons,  printed  at  .the  expense  of 
•Lockyer  Davis  and  Thomas  Davies,  two  welUktiown^book- 
isellers,  whose  initials  D.  D.  are  subscribed  to  ttveprefhee, 
:and  but  for  this  notice,  may  perhaps-  perplex  aome  future 
inquirer;     He  was  aUo  the  author  of  <^  The  Trial  ^<  the 
•Witnesses  of  the  Resurrection  of  Jesus,'^  first  pablisbed'ilh 
'i72a,  without  bis  name,  and  which  went  through  fourteen 
editions*      Dr.  Ldand  remarks  that  thir  pierce  has  been 
>^  very  justly^ admired  for  the  pdlite  andtincoramon  turn, 
as  well  as  the  judicious  way  of  treating'  the 'subject.''    *It  is 
indeed  a  very  ingenious  effort  bdfth.  of  argument  and  iifiagi- 
nation,  and  places  Sherlock^s  taints  in  a' new^  ligfaf^.     On 
• 

*  Mr.  Woolston  having  bent  bis  ef-  evidences  of  the  reiurrectioa  are  ex> 

fOTts  with  particular  virulence  against  amined  in  the  form  of  a  judicial  pro- 

our  Saviour's  resurrection^   Dr.  Sbfcr-  ceHing.       In    1149^  waft  '^^ubKshed 

lock  wrote  iliis  pamphlet,  in  which  the  **  The  seq,qel  ^f  the  Trial,  of  .{be  WH- 


.S  H  E  R  L  .0  *  K.  47V 

dotawoh  ot .  tb€ '  earthquake  9l  Lisbon  in  1750^  wh'vth 
iiliiirflcicd  (bit  coontry^  be  addressed  an  exeellent  ^VPastoral 
JLetter*^  toabe  clergy  and  inhabitants  of  London,  :<Qf  which 
fiftjif^ve  thousand  were  dispersed,  besides  piratied'<eclitioDS 
to  neaidy  the  same  amount.  The  effect  of  this  letter  .waa 
for.  some  time. visible  in  the  repression  of  public  licentious^ 
nes8»  .and  in  a  remarkable  show  of  outward  penitence  and 
decency,.,  but  all  this  abated  as  the  danger  disappeared. 

Inbtabop- Sherlock's  sermons  are  many  passages  bf  uncom^ 
iHon.aoimatiani  It  is  said  that  when  Dr.  Nicholls  waited 
upon  iord  chaincellor  Hardwicke  with  the  first  voliime  of 
tl^eiS6raionS|  in  Nov.  1753,  his  lordgbip:asked  him  whether 
tberq  waa  .not  ja  sermon  on  Johnzx.  30^  31  ?  and,  <hi  his 
replying  in  the  affirmative,  desired  him  to  turn  to  the  con^ 
clvjsi^,  lAiid  repeated  vfirbatim  the  animated  contrast  be- 
tween ^e  MabometaQ  and  Christian  religion,  beginning^; 
^^  Go  to  your  natural  religion,^'  &c.  to  the  end.  Yet  it  was 
thirty  years  since  that  sermon  had  been  published  singly. 
Such  was  the  impression  it  made  on  lord  Hardwicke,  T^is 
interesting  anecdote,  however,  would' want  sosae  ofitsef*- 
feet,  if  we  did  not  add,  that  at  a  later  period,  Dr.  Blair^ 
in  ))is  ^'  Lectures  on  Khetoric,"  pointed  out  this  identical 
passage^  as  an  instance. of  personification,  carried  as  far  as 
prose^  even  in  its  highest  elevation^  will  admit.  After  tran-* 
scribing  it,  BJair  adds,  ^^  this  is  more  than  elegant :  it  is 
truly  sublime.'*  The  frequency  of  such  coincidences  of 
sentiment  between  men.  of  real  taste,«  renders  it  unneces- 
sary  to  question .  wliether  Blair  had  heard  the>  anecdote  of 
lord  Hardwicke.  ^ 

:  SHIPLEY  (Jona^tham),  A  learned  ^nd  accomplished  pre- 
laAe^  wasiborn  aboUi*i7:i4..  .  His  education  was  liberal,  and 
at fttproper age:  be ' wasjentered.  of  Christ  Church,  Oxforxly 
whfsce:  while  i)acheW)r. of  arts  ..he  egobibited  a  talent  f^nr 
poetry^  wbieb'wHfa  cultiwuion  might  have  risen:  ta^  exceiN 
ience/  Cto  the. -death i.ofv queen  Oadroline,  be  wrote  some 
verses  in  tbeOkford /coUeotiofi^.  wbichsare  said  (to  have  been 
t,be  i^eat.thati  weiet  peodueed  onthatiioqciKsioR.  la*  April 
i7&|{  he  lioek^bttf^jdegree  of'M.A.  md^soonafterwai^d^'eb^ 
ter$)d  tntpfholy  orde^a^.and.  obtaihedr  a. i-liviogj    M^difiti 

nesses  of  the  Resurrection,  &c. /cet;/Ve(/     nesses."     This 'was  eithenwriUeii  by* 
by  the  Author  of  the  Trial  of  the  Wit-     the  bishop,  or  under  his  iiispeciioq. 

\  Biog.  Brit. — Moss's  Charge  to  the  arcbde^cooryof  Colches|;.er.  in  1764.1-" 
Dr.  Nicholls^s  Sermon  on  firs  death.-^Nichols'sBowyer,  both  fndeifei.— ^Leland's 
Dcistical  writerf . 


47S  SHIPLEY. 

17439  he  was  inBtalled  a  prdiendary  in  the  eatbedral  chureh 
of  Winchester ;  and  in  March  1745  was  appointed  chapdaia 
to  the  duke  of  Cumberland,  to  attend  him  abroad.  On 
October  14,  1748,  he  took  the  degree  of  doctor  of  dinniiy; 
and  on  January  2S,  1749,  became  canon  of  Ciiriat  Choreli 
in  Oxford.  In  the  year  1760  he  was  advanced  to  the 
deanery  of  Winchester,  and  at  the  same  time  was  permitted 
by  dispensation  to  retain  the  livings  of  SUchester  and  CbiU 
boiton.  His  last  preferment  took  place  in  the  year  1769, 
when  on  the  Gleath>of  bidAop  Newcombe  he  was  promoted 
to  the  bishopric  of  St.  J^saph,  in  which  he  remained  itntii 
his  death,  which  took  place  at  bis  bouse  in  fiQlton«>49ow^ 
Piccadilly,  Dec.  9,  llUSi  He  was  buried  at  Twyferd,  near 
Winchester.  ^ 

Dr«  Shipley  gave  an  early. and  decided  opinion  against 
the.  coercive  measures  adopted  towanls  America^  to  wfaiefa 
bis  friends  imputed 'his  receiving  no  further  adv»(iceaarenli. 
In  tke  year  1774  he  published  '^  A  speeehvinis^ided  tofaav« 
been  spoken  on  the  bill  for  altering  the  charteraof  tbeCd- 
lony  of  Massachusetts s^ bay/'  8vo';  the  style  of  which  was. 
much  admired. even  by  those  who  disliked  ibe  sentiments; 
Mr.  Mainwaring,  in  the  introduction  to  his  *^  Sermous,'* 
p.  28^  Svo,  speaks  of  it  in  the  following  terms :  ^^  If  it  were 
allowable  for  a  moment  to  adopt  the  poetical  creed,  of  .the 
antientsyone  would  almost  inwgine,  that  the  thoughts  of  a 
truly  elegant  writer  were  formed  by  ApoUo,  and  attired  by 
the  Graces.  .  It  would  seem,  indeed^  that  la/nguage  was. at. 
a  loss  to  furnish  a  garb  adapted  to  their  rank  and  worth*; 
that  judgment,  fancy,  taste,  had  all  combined  to  adorn 
them,. yet  without  impairing  that  divine  simplicity  for  the 
want  bf  which  nothing  can  compensate^"  Andin»]U»te 
on  this  passage,  he  sayfi,  f  *  Amongst  all  the  prodoctions,  an-^ 
tient  or  modern,  it  would  be  difficult  to  ttid  an  iastanoe  4>f 
more  consHmmate  eieganoe  than  in  a  printed  Speech  it»i, 
tended  to  be  spoken  in  the  House  of  Lords/'  Besidettfais 
effort,  his  lordship  during  the  whole  Amemcan  war,  conti* 
nued.to  be  an  opponent  of  Government ;  but  his  characfassi, 
talent^^  and  manners  were  always  highly  respected  by  men 
of  all  partiea..  Hia  work%  cousistiug  of  sermons,  cdiargca^ 
and  parliamentary  speeches,  were  published  in  2  vols.  Svo, 
in  1792.* 

1'  Gent.  Ma^:.  1788.— Nichols's  Poemg,  vol.  VIlT.-r-Dodslcy's  Poems,  vol.  V. 


SHIRLEY;  479 

BHIHLEY  (Anthony),  a  celebrated  traveller,  second 
'  son  of  Thomas  Shirley  of  Weston,  in  Susse^x,  was  born  in 
156^.     He  studied  at  Hart^ball,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his 
bachelor^s  degree  in  1581,  and  in  the  same  year  was  elected 
probationer  fellow  of  All  Souls  College.     Leaving  the  uni- 
versity, he  spent  some  time  in  one  of  the  inns  of  court,  after 
which  he  travelled  oh  the  continent,  and  joined  the  English 
troops,  which,  at  that  time,  were  serving  in  Holland.     In 
1596  be  was  one  of  the  adventurers  who  went  against  the 
Spaniardsr  in  their  settlements  in  the  West  Indies  ;  and  on 
his  retutn,  the  earl  of  Essex,  with  whom  he  was  a  great  fa- 
Tourite,  employed  him  in  the  wars  in  Ireland,  for  his  ser- 
vices in  which  he  was  knighted.     After  this  he  was  sent  by 
the  queen  into  Italy,  in  order  to  assist  the  people  of  Fer- 
rara-  in  their  oontest  with  the  pope :  but  finding  that  before 
'  hea^rived,  peace  had  been  signed,  he  pro6eeded  to  Venice^ 
andf  travelled  from  thence  to  Persia,  where  he'  became  a 
favourite  with  Shah- Abbas,  who  sent  him  as  his  ambassador 
to  E\Tgh6id  in  1612!.'    By  the  emperor  of  Germany  he  was  ' 
raised  tbth^  dignity  of  count,  and  by  the  king  of  Spain  he 
was'-appointed  admiral  of  the  Levant  s^as.     Such  honours 
excJtedthe'jealotisy  of  James'I.  who  ordered  him  to  return,* 
but'this  he' thought  projfjer  to  disobey,'ftnd  is  stipposed  to 
ha!Viidied?in  Spain 'about  the  year  1630.     There  is  an  ac- 
coatit  of  his  West  Indian  exp^ditidn  in  the  third  volume  of 
Hakliiyt'B  collection,  under  tbe^  fblldwing  title  \  **  A  trde 
Relation  of  the  Voyage  undertakl?n  by  Sir  Anthony  Shirley, 
Knight,  in  159^6^  intended*  for' the  island  San  Tome,  but 
performed  tt>»'8t.  Jagd,  Dominica, '  Mafgarita,   altJng  thfe 
Cdafet  fxf  "Tierra  Firma  to  Mie  Isle  of  JittTiuica,  the  Bay  "of 
Honduras,  thirty  leagues  tip  Rio*  Dolce,  and  homewards  by 
Newfotmdland,  with  the  memorable  Exploits  achieved  in* 
allthis- Voyage.'*     His  travels  into  Persia  are  printed  sepa- 
tatelyj  «nd*Wero  published  m   Londoh  in   1613,  4t6 ;  an'd 
his  trareUover  the 'Caspian  sea,  and  through  Russia,  were 
inserted  in  Purchases  Pilgrimages. 

He  and  bis  two  brothers,  sir  Thomas  afid  sir  Robert,  ren- 
dered themselves  so  famous  by  their  travels  and  gallant  ex- 
ploits, that  in  1607,  they  were  made  the  subject  of  a  co- 
medy caHcd  "The  Travels  of  the  three  brothers  Shirleys,*' 
by  John  Day,  4to,  1607,  of  which,  and  of  them,  some 
other  particulars  may  be  seen  in  our  aucliprities ;  but  their 
adventures  seem  to  be  confused  together.     The  late  lord 


4B0  SHIRLEY 

Orford  had* an  iatentionto  baTes(4earc4  up  these oatstakes, 
as  among  his  papers  are  many  notes  on  the  subject.^       , 

SHIRLEY  (James);  an  English  dramatic  writer  and  poe^ 
was  of  an  antient  fai;QiIyy  and  horn  about  1594,  in  the 
parish  of  St.  Mary  Wool-chutch,  London.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Merchant-Taylors  school,  and  thence  recnoyed  to 
St.  John's  college  in  Oxford  ;  where  Laud^  then  president 
of  that  college,  had  a  good  opinion  of  his  talents,  yet 
would  often  tell  him,  as  Wood  relates,  that  ^'  he  was  an  un- 
fit person  to  take  the  sacred  function  upon  him,  and  should 
never  have  his  consent ;"  because  Shirley  had  theu  a  large 
mole  upon  his  left  cheek,  which  appearfsd  a  great  deformity. 
Afterwards,  leaving.  Oxford  without  a  degree,  be  went  to 
Katherine-hall,  Cambridge^  where  he  formed  a  close  atp- 
tachment  with  Bancroft,  the .  epigrammatist,  who  has  re- 
corded their  friendship  in  one  of  his  epigrams*  At  Cam- 
bridge, Wpod .  supposes  he  took  the  degree  in  arts,  as  he 
soon  after  enured  into  orders,  and  took  a  cure  at  or  near 
St.  Alban's,  in  Hertfordshire;  but,  becoming  unsettled  in 
his  principles,  chjginged  his  religion  for  that  of  Rome,  left 
his  livings  and  taught  a  g|*ammjar  school  in  the  town  of  St. 
Aib.an's,  .  This  employment  beings  afi;er  some  time  uneasy 
to  him,  he  retired  to  London,. lived  in  Gray's-inn,  apd-com- 
menced  dramatic  writer,  which  recomoiended  him  to  the 
patronage  of  various  persons  of  irank,  eipecially  Henrietta 
Maria,  Charles  the  First's  queen,  who  made  him  her  ser- 
vant. His  Brst^^omedy  is  dated  1629,  after  which  he  wrote 
niee  or  ten,  between  that  y^^  and  1 637,  when  be  went  tp 
Ireland,  under  the  patronage  of  George  earl  of  Kildare,  to 
whom  be  dedicated  his  tragi-comedy  of  the  ''  Royal  Mas- 
ter/' and  by  wbpse  influ^ce  ths^\,  comedy  was  acted  in  the 
^castle  at  Dublin,  before  the  lord  deputy*  From  Irf^land  he 
returned  to  England  in  1638;  but  Wood  says,  t]i%twben 
the  rebellion  broke  out,  he  was  obliged  to  l^pav^  Lopdioa 
and  bis  family  (for  he  had  a  wife  and  ehi|dreJ^)t,  and,  beipg 
invited  by  his  patron,  William  earl  of  J^ewqastle,  to  accoin* 
pany  him  in  the  wars,.. be  attended  his  loi^dship.  '  Upon  the 
decline  of  the  king's  cause,  he  retired  to  London ;  where, 
among  other  of  his  friends,  l^e  found  Thpin^  •^^M^^yit  :^^<1« 
author  of  the  ^^  Lives  of  Philosophers,!'  wjip  auppfortpd  him 
for  the  present.    The  acting  of  ploys  .being  nowipr^^it^ 

*Atlr.'Oxon.  vol.  I. — Dodd^s  Church  History,' volt.   XL  and  Ili*— PuIIert 
Worlhies.-^Baker^s  Hiitory  of -Jjiines  Iv         >  0\.    i      ,:,   •  <   ^    ,r. — 


SHIRLEY.  481 

1)6  returned  to  bis  old  occupation  of  teaching  school,  which 
be  carried  on.  in.  White  Friars  ;  and  educated  many  youths, 
who  afterwards  proved  eminent  men.  At  the  Retstoration, 
several  of  his  plays  were  brought  upon  the  theatre  again; 
^Ltkd  it  js  pi;obabte  he  subsisted  Very  well,  though  it  does  not 
^ppe$^r  hnw.  In  166:6  he  was  forced,  with  his  second  wife 
Frances,  by  the  great  .fire  in  September,  from  his  house 
near  fjefiit-street,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Gileses  in  the  fields, 
>yhere,  beipg  extremely  affected  with  the  loss  and  terror 
that  fife  occasioned,  they  both  died  within  the  space  of 
twenty -four  hours,  and  were  hoth .  interred  in  the  same 
grave,  Oct.: the.  29th.         . 

Besides  thirty rseveii  plays,  tragedies  and  comedies, 
printed,  at  different  times^  he  published  a  volume  of  poems 
ip  1646,.  some  beautiful  specimens  of  which  Mr.  Ellis  has 
recommended  .in  his  judicious  selection.  He  was  also  the 
auib6r  of  three,  tracts  relating  to  grammar.  He  assisted 
b\%  patron  the  earl,  afterwards  duke  of  Newcastle,  ia  com* 
posing  several  ptlays,  which  the  duke  published;  and  wrote 
90tes  for  Ogilby*s  translations  of  Homer  and  Virgil.  Wood. 
tells  us,  that  ^^  be  was  the.  most  noted  dramatic  poet  of  his 
time ;''  aud  Langbaine  calls  him  *^  one  of  such  incompar- 
able parts,  that  he  was  the  chief  of  the  second-rate  poets, 
and  by  soqae  even. equal  to  Fletcher  himself,"  aud  mpdern 
critics  tejl  us  that  bis  comedies  possess  many  features  of  the 
genuine  drama,  and  deserve  republication. 
,  Tber^  was  one  Mr.  Heney  Shirley,  a  contemporary  of 
our  author,  who  wrote  a  tragedy  called  ^^  The  Martyred 
Soldier ;''  which  was  often  acted  with  applause.  It  was 
pi^inted  in  1631,  and  dedicated  by  the  publisher  J..K*  to 
sir  Kenelpi  Digby ;  the  author  being  then  dead.  More  re-* 
cently  there  was  a  William  Shirley,  who  was  for  some 
years. resident  in  Portugal,  in  a  public  character,  as  it  is 
supposed.  On  some  disgust,  however,  or  dispute  in  which 
be  bad  involved  himself  there,  he  returned  to  England 
^bout  1749.  He  was  esteemed  well  versed  in  affairs  of 
trade,  and  the  oommercidl  interests  and  connections  of 
different  kingdoms,  especially  those  of  Great  Britain  and 
Portiigal.  He  was  also  considered  as  the  author  of  several 
letters, on  those  subjects,  published  in  the  Daily  Gazet- 
teer, and  signed  Lusitanicus ;  and  wrote  a  pamphlet,  entitled 
** Observations  upon  the  sentenceof  the  conspirators  against 
the  king  of  Portugal,"  1755,    8vo.      In  bis  poetical  capa- 

Vol.  XXVII.  Ii 


492  SHIRLEY. 

city,  however,  Mr.  Shirley  does  not  stand  in  so  boDsiderable 
a  light,  though  several  of  his  plays  have  been  represented 
on  the  stage;  but  others  were  rejected  by  Garrick, 
whom  he  abused  in  the  newspapers.  He  is  said  to  have 
written  for  the  stage  as  late  as  1777,  when  he  must  have 
been  advanced  in  years ;  but  the  time  of  his  death  is  not 
specified  in  our  authority. ' 

SHIRLEY  (Thomas),  son  of  sir  Thomas  Shirley,  ofWis- 
ton  in  Sussex,  and  related  to  the  Shirleys  the  ttavellers,  was 
born  in  St.  Margaret's  parish,  Westminster,  in  1638.  He 
lived  with  bis  father  in  Magdalen-college,  Oxford,  while 
the  city  was  garrisoned  by  the  king's  forces,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  the  school  adjoining  the  college.  Afterwards  be 
studied  physic  abroad,  and  took  his  degrees  in  that  faculty. 
On  his  return  he  became  a  very  eminent  practitioner,  and 
was  made  physician  in  ordinary  to  Charles  II.  He  was  im- 
mediate heir  to  his  ancestors'  estate  of  near  3000/.  a  year 
at  Wiston,  which  vras  seized  during  the  rebellion  ;  but  al- 
though he  applied  to  parliament,  never  was  able  to  recover 
it.  This  disappointment  is  thought  to  have  hastened  his 
death,  which  took  place  April  5,  1678.  Besides  <^  Medi- 
cinal counsels,"  and  "  A  Treatise  of  the  Gout,*'  from  the 
French  of  Mayerne,  he  published  **  A  philosophical  essay 
of  the  productions  of  Stones  in  the  earth,  with  relation  to 
the  causes  and  cure  of  stones  in  the  bladder,  &c."  Lond* 
1 672  ;  and  ^^  Cochlearia  curiosa,  or  the  curiosity  of  Scurvy-* 
grass,"  from  the  Latin  of  Molinbrochius  of  Leipsic.  Both 
these  are  noticed  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions,  No.  8], 
and  No.  125.' 

SHORT  (James),  an  eminent  optician,  was  born  in 
Edinburgh  in  the  year  1710.  At  the  age  of  ten  being  left 
in  a  state  of  indigence  by  the  death  of  both  his  parents,  he 
was  admitted  into  Heriot's  hospital,  where  he  soon  shewed  a 
fine  mechanical  genius,  by  constructing  for  himself  a  num- 
ber of  curious  articles  with  common  knives,  or  such  other 
instruments  as  he  could  procure.  Two  years  after  he  was 
removed  from  the  hospital  to  the  high-school,  where  he  so 
much  distinguished  himself  in  ^classical  learning,  that  his 
friends  thought  of  qualifying  him  for  a  learned  profession. 
After  four  years  spent  at  the  bigh-school,  in  1726  he  was 
entered  a  student  of  the  university  of  Edinburgh,  where  he 

1  Biog.  Dram.— Alb.  Ox.  vol.  H.—lEllis't  Specimens.*— Cenf.  Lit  Tal.  IV.-— 
Wilson't  Hist  of  Merchant  Taylors*  Scboel. 
s  Attu  Ox ^Dodd's  Church  Oist. 


g  H  0  it  f .  48* 

(laiti^ad  throiigb  ft  regular  course  of  study,  took  bis  degree 
ef  master  of  arts,  and  at  t)ie  earnest  entreaties  of  his  rela- 
tions, attended  tlie  divinity  lectures :  after  which,  in  1731^ 
he  passed  bis  examination  to  fit  him  for  a  preacher  in  the 
church  of  Scotlandt  He  soon,  however,  gave  up  all 
thoughts  of  a  profession  whi<;h  he  found  little  suited  to  his 
talents,  and  from  this  period  he  devoted  his  whole  time  to 
mathematical  and  mechanical  pursuits^  He  was  pupil  to 
the  celebrated  Maciaurin,  who  perceiving  the  bent  of  his 
genius,  encouraged  him  to  prosecute  those  particular  stu-* 
dies  for  which  he  seemed  best  qualified  by  nature.  Under 
the  eye  of  his  preceptor  he  began,  in  1732,  to  construct 
Gregorian  telescopes ;  and,  as  th^  professor  observed,  by 
attending  to  the  figure  of  his  specula^  he  was  enabled  to 
give  them  larger  apertures,  and  to  carry  them  to  greater 
perfeption,  than  had  ever  been  done  before  him. 

In  1736  Mr.  Short  was  invited  to  London  by  queen  Ca<4 
roline,  to  instruct  William  duke  of  Cumberland  in  the  ma-^^ 
thematics ;  and  on  his  appointment  to  this  office,  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  patronized  by 
the  earls  of  Macclesfield  and  Morfeon.  In  the  year  1739 
be  accompanied  the  former  to  the  Orkney  islands,  where 
he  was  employed  in  making  a  survey  of  that  part  of  Scot- 
land. On  his  return  to  London  he  established  himself  as 
an  optician,  and  in  1743,  he  was  commissioned  by  lord 
Thomas  Spencer  to  make  a  reflector  of  twelve-feet  focus^ 
for  which  be  received  600  guineas.  He  afterwards  made 
several  other  telescopes  of  the  same  focal  distance,  with  im-* 
provements  and  higher  magnifiers:  and  in  1752  he  com- 
pleted one  for  the  king  of  Spain,  for  which,  with  the  whole 
apparatus,  he  received  120o/.  This  was  the  noblest  instru- 
ment of  the  kind  that  had  ever  been  constructed,  and  has 
probably  not  been  surpassed,  unless  by  the  grand  telescopes 
manufactured  by  Dr.  HerscheL 

Mr.  Short  was  accustomed  to  visit  the  place  of  his  nati.-^ 
vity  once  every  two  or  three  years  during  his  residence  in 
London,  and  in  the  year  1766  ha  paid  his  last  visit  to  Scot^ 
land.  He  died  at  Newington  Butts,  near  London,  in  June 
1768,  after  a  very  short  illness,  in  thefifty-eigbthyear  of  bis 
age.  Mr.  Short  was  a  very  good  general  scholar,  besides 
welt  skilled  in  optics,  and  mathematics.  He  was  a  very 
useful  member  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  wrote  a  great 
many  excellent  papers  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions, 
from  1736  to  the  time  ^f  his  death.     His  eminence  as  aa 

II  2 


484 


S  H  O  R  T. 


artist  is  universally  admitted,  and  he  is  spoken  of  by  those 
^ho  knew  him  from  his  youth  upwards,  as. a  man  of  virtue 
and  very  amiable  manners. ' 

.  SHORT  (Thomas),  a  physician  of  the  early  part  of  the 
last  century,  and  the.  authpr  of  many  works  relating  to  che- 
mistry, meteorology,  and  medicine,  was  a  native  of  North 
Britain,  and  settled  early  in  life  as  a  physician  at  Sheffield, 
and  had  considerable  reputation  and  practice,  both,  in  the 
town  and  among  persons  of  rank  and  fortune  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood, lu  1732  he  married  Mary,  daughter  of  Mr. 
parkins,  of  Mortimiey,  near  Sheffield, /by  whom  he  had  two 
sops  and  two  daughters,  all  since  dead.  On  the  death  .  of 
this  wife  in  1762,  be  retired  to  Rotheram,  where  he  died  at 
ap  advanced  age,  Nov.  28^,  1772,  and  was  buried  at  Shef- 
field. Some  time  before  his  decease  he  requested  that  his 
corpse  might  not  be  disturbed  in  the  bed  in  which  he  de- 
jpgLTf.edf  until  it  was  removed  in^o  bi3  coffin.  He  had  ac- 
quired some  property  in  Pea-street,  where  he  resided,  and 
in  Qther  parts  of  Sheffield.  In  his  person  be  was  tall,  thio, 
and,  hard-featured,  affected  the  Scotch  accent  in  his  speech, 
and  a  bluntness  and  freedom  in  conversation  that  were  not 
always  agreeable.  He  had  ap  utter  aversion  to  swine's 
flesh,  was  irritable  in  his  temper,  and  iotpatient  of  contra- 
diction. But  he  had  undoubted  abilities  in  his  profession^ 
was  indefatigable  in  bis  pursuit  after  knowledge,  and  irre<^ 
proacbable  in  his  moral  conduct.  Of  his  publications,  the 
most  valuable  was  his  ^^  (Comparative  History  of  the  Increase, 
and  Decrease  of  Mankind  in  England,  and  several  countries 
abroad,  &c."  published  by  subscription  in  1767.  Among 
bis  other  works  are,  "  Memoir  on  the  Natural.  History  of 
Medicinal  Waters,"  1725.  "  A  Dissertation  on  Tea," 
1730.  "  Natural  History  of  the  Mineral  Waters  of  York- 
shire, Lincolnshire,  and  Derbyshire,"  1733.  "A  General 
Chronological  History  of  the  Air,  Weather,  Seasons,  Me- 
teors, &c.  for  the  space  of  250  Years,"  1749.  ^'Discourses 
on  Tea,  Sugar,  Milk,  made  Wines,  Spirits,  Punch,  Tobac- 
co, &c."  1749.  **  New  Observations,  Natural,  Moral,  .Civil, 
Political,  and  Medical,  on  Bills  of  Mortality,".  1 750.  Having 
fpr  several  years  rented  the  Holt  spa  of  the  Nevtle  family^ 
he  wrote  a  pamphlet  on  the  subject^  of  which. a  consi- 

1  By  Lord  Bachan^  ia  the  Transactions  of  the  Aotiquarian  Society  of  Scot* 
^and,  vol.  I.  1792. 


SHOVEL.  485 

derable  part  is  given  in  Mr.  Nichols's  "Leicestershire," 
vol.  II. ' 

SHOVEL  (Sir  Cloudesley),  an  eminent  English  admi* 
ral,  was  born  near  Clay,  in  Norfolk,  about  1650,  of  parents 
in  middling  circumstances,  and  put  apprentice  to  sortje 
mechanic  trade,  to  which  he  applied  himself  for  some  time. 
He  is  said  to  have  early  discovered  an  inclination  for  the 
naval  service,  and  at  length  went  to  sea,  under  the  proteCr 
tion  of  sir  Christopher  Mynns,  as  a  cabbifi-boy,  and  appl}^- 
ing  himself  very  assiduously  to  the  study  of  navigation,  be- 
came an  able  seaman,  and  quickly  arrived  at  preferment 
In  1674,  our  merchants  in  the  Mediterranean  being  very 
much  distressed  by  the  piratical  state  of  Tripoly,  a  strong 
squadron  was  sent  into  those  parts  under  the  command  of 
sir  John  Narborough,  who  arrived  before  Tripoly  in  the 
spring  of  theyeair,  and  found  considerable  preparations  for 
defence.  Being,  according  to  the  nature  of  his  instructions, 
desirous  to  try  negotiation  rather  than  force,  he  thought 
proper  to  send  Shovel,  now  a  lieutenant,  to  demand  satis- 
faction for  what  was  past,  and  security  for  the  time  to 
come.  Shovel  went  on  shore,  and  delivered  his  message 
with  great  spirit;  but  the  Dey,  despising  his  youth,  treated 
bim  with  much  disrespect,  and  sent  him  back  with  an  inde- 
finite answer.  Shovel,  on  his  return  to  the  admiral,  ac- 
quainted him  with  some  remarks  he  had  made  on  shore. 
Sir  John  sent  him  back  with  another  message,  and  well 
furnished  him  with  proper  rules  for  conducting  his  inqui- 
ries and  oHservations.  The  Dey's  behaviour  w^s  worse  thei 
second  time,  which  Shovel  made  a  pretence  for  delaying 
his  departure  that  he  might  complete  his  observations. 
On  his  return  he  assured  the  admiral  it  was  very  practica- 
ble to  burn  the  ships  in  the  harbour,  notwithstanding  their 
lines  and  forts :  accordingly,  in  the  night  of  the  4th  of 
March,  Shovel,  with  all  the  boats  in  the  fleet,  filled  with 
combustibles,  went  boldly  into  the  harbour,  and  destroyed 
the  vessels  in  it,  after  which  he  returned  safe  to  the  fleet, 
without  the  loss  of  a  single  man ;  and  the  Tripolinies  were  so 
disconcerted  at  the  boldness  and  success  of  the  attack,  as^ 
immediately  to  sue  for  peace.  Of  this  affair  sir  John  Nar- 
borough gave  so  honourable  account  in  all  his  letters,  that 
the  next  year  Shovel  had  the  command  given  him  of  the 

< 

I  Gent.  Mag,  vols.  LXXVII.  and  LXXVII I.— Nichols's  Bowyer.^^^Gouf  h*i 
Topogrjiphy. 


48f  SHOVEL. 

ISapphirei  a  fifth  rate ;  whence  he  was  not  long  after  re* 
moved  into  the  Jaoies  galley,  a  fourth  rate,  in  which  he 
continued  till  the  death  of  Charles  II.  Although  be  was 
known  to  be  unfriendly  to  the  arbitrary  measures  of  James 
II.  yet  that  prince  continued  to  employ  him,  and  he  was 
preferred  to  the  Dover,  in  which  situation  he  was  when  the 
Ilevolution  took  place,  and  heartily  concurred  in  that  erent. 
In  1689,  he  was  in  the  first  battle,  that  of  Bantryi-bay,  in 
the  Edgar,  a  third-rate ;  and  so  distinguished  himself  by 
courage  and  conduct,  that  when  king  William  came  down 
to  Portspioutb,  he  conferred  on  him  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood. In  1699,  he  was  employed  in  conveying  king  Wit<r 
liam  and  his  army  into  Ireland,  who  was  so  highly  pleased 
with  his  diligence  and  dexterity,  that  he  did  him  the  ho^ 
Hour  to  deliver  him  a  commission  of  rear-admiral  of  the 
blue  with  his  own  hand.  Just  before  the  king  set  out  for 
Holland,  in  1692,  he  made  him  rear-admiral  of  the  red,  at 
the' same  time  appointing  him  commander  of  the  squadron 
that  wsts  to  convoy  him  thither.  On  his  return,  Shovel  joined 
admiral  Russell  with  the  grand  fleet;,  and  had  a  share  in  the 
glory  of  the  victory  at  La  Hogue.  When  it  was  thought  pro- 
per that  the  fleet  should  be  put  under  command  of  joint  ad« 
inirals  in  the  succedding  year,  he  was  one ;  and,  as  Camp^ 
bell  says,  '^  if  there  had  been  nothing  more  than  this  joint 
commission,  we  might  well  enough  account  from  thence 
for  the  misfortunes  which  happened  in  our  aifi&irs  at  sea, 
during  the  year  1693/'  The  joint  ^.dmirals  were  of  differ* 
ent  parties ;  but  as  they  were  all  good  seamen,  and  proba^v 
biy  meant  well  to  their  country,  though  they  did  not  agree 
in  the  manner  of  serving  it,  it  is  most  likely,^  **  that,  upon 
mature  consideration  of  the  posture  things  were  then  io, 
the  order  they  had  received  from  court,  and  the  condition 
of  the  fleet,  which  was  not  either  h^lf  manjoed  or  half  vic- 
tualled, the  admirals  might  af  ree  that  a  cautious  execution 
of  the  instructions  which  they  had  received  was  a  method 
^a  safe  for  the  nation,  and  more  so  for  themselves,  than 
uny  other  they  could  take.**  On  this  occasion  sir  Cloudes- 
)ey  Shovel  was  at  first  an  object  of  popular  odium ;  but 
when  the  afiair  came  to  be  strictly  investigated  in  pvlia- 
ment,  he  gave. so  clear  and  satisfactory  an  account  of  the 
inat^er,  that  it  satisfied  the  people  that  the  commanders 
were  not  to  blame ;  and  tha^  if  there  was  treachery,  it  must 
have  originated  in  persons  in  office  at  home,  The  charact 
t§r  of  sir  Cloudesley  r^m^iping  unimpeached,  we  find  hm 


SHOVEL.  487 

igain  at  sea,  in  1694,  under  lord  Berkley,  in  the  expeditioii 
to  Camaret^bay,  in  whicb  he  distinguished  bimself  by  bis 
dextrous  embarkation  of  the  land  forces,  when  they  sailed 
on  that  unfortunate  expedition  ;  as  also  when,  on  their  re-^ 
turn  to  England,  it  was  deemed  necessary  to  send  the  Beet 
9gain  upon  the  coast  of  France,  to  bombard  Dieppe,  and 
Other  places.     In  1702  he  was  sent  to  bring  the  spoils  of 
the  Spaoisb  and  French  fleets  from  Vigo,  after  tbf  capture 
of  that  place  by  sir  George  Hooke.     in  1703,  he  com« 
manded  the  grand  fleet  up  the  Streights^;  where  he  pro- 
tected our  trade,  and  did  all  that  was  possible  to  be  done 
for  the  relief  of  the  protestauts  then  in  arms  in  the  Ce^ 
venues ;  aud  countenanced  such  of  the  Italian  powers  as 
were  inclined  to  favour  the  allies*     In  1704  he  was  sent, 
with  a  powerful  squadron,  to  join  sir  George  Rooke,  who 
commanded  a  grand  fleet  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  had 
his  share  in  the  action  off  Malaga.     Upon  bis  return  he 
was  presented  to  the  queen  by  prince  George,  as  lord  high 
admiral,  and  met  with  avery  gracious  reception  ;  and  was 
next  year  employed  as  commander  in  chief.  In  1705,  when 
it  was  thought  necessary  to  send  both  a  fleet  and  army  to 
Spain^  ftir  Cloudesley  accepted  the  command  of  the  Seet 
jointly  with  tbe  earls  of  Peterborough  and  I^Ionmouth,  which 
liaited  to  Liabon,  thence  to  Catalonia,  and  arrived  before 
Barcelona  on  the  12th  of  August ;  and  it  was  chiefly  through 
his  activity,  in  furnishing  guns  for  the  batteries,  and  men  td 
play  them,  and  assisting  with  his  advice,  that  the  place 
was  taken. 

After  the  unsuccessful  attempt  upon  Toulon,  in  which 
sir  Cloudesley  performed  all  in  his  power,  he  bore  away 
for  tbe  Streights ;  and  soon  after  resolved  to  return  home. 
He  left  sir  Thomas  Dilkes  at  Gibraltar,  with  nine  ships  of 
tbe  line,  for  the  security  of  the  coasts  of  Italy  :  and  then 
proceeded  with  the  ren^aifider  of  the  fleet,  consisting  of 
ten  ships  of  tbe  line,  four  fire*ships,  a  sloop,  and  a  yacht, 
for  England.  Oct.  22,  be  came  into  the  soundings,  and 
bad  mnety  fathom  water.  About  noon  he  lay-by ;  but  at 
six  in  tbe  evening  be  made  sail  again,  and  stood  away  under 
his  courses,  believing,  as  it  is  supposed,  that  he  saw  the 
light  on  St.  Agnes,  one  of  the  islands  o^Scilly.  Soon  after 
which,  several  ships  of  his  fleet  made  the  signal  of  distress, 
as  be  himielf  did  ;  but  tbe  admiral* s,  and  some  more,  perish- 
ed with  ail  outboard.  How  this  accident  happened  has 
never  been  properly  accounted  for.     Sir  Cloudesley  Sho- 


4S$  SHOVEL. 

veVs  body. was  thrown  ashore  the  next  day  upon  the  island 
of  Scilly,  where  some  fisbermen  took  him  up ;  and,  having 
'  stolen  a  valuable  emerald  ring  from  his  finger,  stripped  and 
buried  him.  This  coming  to  the  ears  of  Mr.  Paxton,  who 
was  purser  of  the  Arundel,  he  found  out  the  fellows,  de- 
clared the  ring  to  be  sir  Cloudesley  Shovel's,  and  obliged 
them  to  discover  where  they  had  buried  the  body ;  which 
be  took  up  and  carried  on-board  his  own  ship  to  Ports* 
mouth.  It  was  thence  conveyed  to  London ;  and  buried  in. 
Westminster-abbey  with  great  solemnity,  where  a  momi* 
ment  (a  most  tasteless  one  indeed)  was  afterwards  erected 
to  his  memory  by  the  queen^s  direction. 

Sir  Cloudesley  Shovel  wa^  at  the  time  of  his  death  rear- 
admiral  of  England,  admiral  of  the  white,  commander  in 
chief  of  her  majesty's  fleets,  and  one  of  the  council  to  prince 
George  of  Denmark,  as  lord  high  admiral  of  England.  He 
married  the  widow  of  his  patron  sir  John  Narborough,  by 
whom  he  left  two  daughters,  co^^heiresses,  the  eldest  of 
whom  married  lord  Romuey,  and  the  other  sir  Narborough 
D'Aeth,  bart,' 

SHOWER  (John),  an  eminent  and  piOus  divine,  was 
born  at  Exeter  in  May  1657,  and  educated  in  school  learn- 
ing at  his  native  city^  whence,  at  the  age  of  fourteen  he. 
was  placed  at  a  dissenting  academy  at  Taunton,  and  after- 
wards a.t  another  at  Newihgton- green,  Loiulon.  Having 
gone  through  the  usual  course  of  studies  in  these  semina«. 
ries,  and  having  decided  in  favour  of  nonconformity,  he 
was  encouraged  by  the  celebrated  Dr.  Manton,  to  preach 
as  a  candidate  for  the  ministry  before  he  was  quite  twenty 
years  of  ag«.  Two  years  after,  in  1679,  he  received  ordi- 
nation from  some  dissenting  ministers,  but  in  a  very  private 
way^  and  his  first  settlement  appears  to  have  been  as  assist- 
'  ant  to  Mr.  Vincent  Alsop,  at  the  meeting  Tothill-fields, 
Westminster.  He  was  also  one*of  those  who  established  a 
lecture  against  popery,  which  was  carried  on  with  good  suc- 
cess in  a  large  room  in  Exchange-alley.  . 

In  1685  he  was  prevailed  upon  by  sir  Samuel  Bamardis-; 
ton  to  accompany  his  nephew  on  bis. travels  upon  the  con- 
tinent. This  gave  him,  what  few  of  his  brethren  had  en- 
joyed, an  opportunity  of  visiting  the  most  remarkable 
places  in  France,  Swisserland^  Italy,  &c.  and  of  returning 
with  additional  stores  of  useful  knowledge.  On  his  return- 
through  Holland,  Mr.  Shower  parted  with  the  companions 

^  fiiog.  Brit.«-Camp))eiP8  Li?es  of  the  Admirah. 


S  H  O  W  E  It.  489 

of  bis  tour,  and  resided  in  that  country  about  two  years. 
In  1686  he  was  again  in  London,  and  took  his  turn  at  the 
lecture  in  Exchange-alley,  but  disapproving  of  the  vaciU 
lating  measures  of  the  court  both  towards  the  dissenters  and 
the  papists,  he  again  went  abroad,  and  took  up  his  resi- 
dence partly  at  Utrecht,  and  partly  at  Rotterdam,  where 
for  three  years  he  officiated  as  lecturer  to  the  English, 
church.  Here  he  remained  until  1690,  when  he  accepted, 
a  call  to  become  assistant  to  the  learned  John  Howe,  at  his 
meeting  in  Silver-street,'  London  ;  whence,  after  Other 
changes,  he  was  finally  settled  at  the  new  meeting-bouse  in 
the  Old  Jewry,  latdy  pulled  down.  Here  he  continued  to 
preach  with  great  popularity*  until  his  death,  after  linger- 
ing illnesses,  June  28,  1715,  in  the  fifty-ninth  year  of  his 
age.  He  was  buried  at  Highgate.  His  works  are  very  nu- 
merous, but  consist  chiefly  of  sermons  moulded,  for  the 
press,  into  the  shape  of  treatises,  of  which  the  principal 
appear  to  be,- 1.  *•  Serious  Reflections  on  Time  and  Eter- 
nity," 12mo.  -2.  "Practical  Reflections  on  the  late  Earth* 
quakes  in  Jamaica,  Italy,  &c.  with  a  particular  historical 
account  of  those  and  divers  other  earthquakes,"  1693, 
12mo.  3.  "  Family  Religion,  in  three  letters  to  a  friend,'* 
16d4,  12mo.  4.  "The  Life  of  Henry  Gearing,"  1694, 
12mo.  5.  "The  Mourner's  Companion,  or  Funerar Dis- 
courses on  several  texts,'*  1699,  l2mo.  6.  "  Sacramental 
Discourses,  &c."  7.  "  Winter  Meditations,"  &c.  &c.  &c.* 
SHOWER  (Sir  Bartholomew),  an  eminent  lawyer, 
was  brother  to  the  preceding,  but  few  particulars  of  his 
early  life  are  on  record.  We  should  suppose  him  of  very 
different  sentiments  from  his  brother.  By  the  appointment 
of  James  II.  he  became  recorder  of  London  during.the  time 
that  the  city  was  deprived  of  its  charter,  but  when  that 
monarch's  fears  compelled  him  to  restore  it,  sir  Bartholo- 
mew and  the  new  aldermen  were  obliged  to  give  place  to 
the  old  recorder  Treby  and  the  legal  aldermen.  As  a 
pleader  he  distinguished  himself  both  before  the  House  of 

*  None  of  bis  biographers  have  in-  written,  as  it  is  said,  by.  Swift,  and  ia 
formed  us  of  a  letter  he  wrote  to  the  a  style  which  aluoiost  inclines  us  to 
high  treasurer,  lord  Oxford,  respect-  doubt,  whether  it  was  sent,  or  seriously 
ing  the  occasioual  conformity  bill,  meant  to  be  sent.  It  is,  hoveTer,  ai 
dated  Dec.  30,  1711.  This  letter  may  great  curiosity,  and  one  of  the  choicest 
be  seen  in  Swift's  Works,  vol.  XI.  p.  specimens  of  Swift's  vituperative  style* 
2OI4  with  the  lord  treasurer's  answer,    . 

*  Life  by  Tong. — Wilson's  Hist,  of  Dissenting  Churches.— Prot.  Djssentern*"* — 
Magazine^  vol.  IV.  and  VI. 


490  SHOWER. 

Commons  uid  at  the  bar.  He  opposed  vehemently  tbe 
Kentish  petitioners,  and  pleaded  strenuously  as  counsel 
for  sir  Joh|>  Fen  wick,  that  his  conviction  might  not  be 
made  a  pretence  for  ruining  innocence.  He  died  Dec, 
1701,  and  was  buried  on  the  12th  of  that  month  at  Harrow-* 
on-tbe-Hill,  near  to  which  he  had.  resided,  at  Pinner-hilU 

Two  editions  of  ^^  Cases  in  parliament  resolved  and  ad^* 
judged  upon  petitions  and  writs  of  error,"  by  sir  Bartholo* 
mewy  have  beep  published,  one  in  1698,  and  another  in 
1740,  with  many  references,  and  a  table  of  principal  mat* 
ters.  These  cases  are  learnedly  reported,  and  the  argu« 
ments  of  the  counsel,  as  well  as  of  the  judges,  are  recorded 
in  a  very  able  manner.  This  mode  of  reporting,  however, 
though  valuable  in  itself,  and  particularly  desirable  to  the 
profession,  was  thought  an  infringement  upon  the  privi* 
leges  of  the  House  of  Lords,  and  the  bookseller  was  called 
to  the  bar,  for  the  publication  of  it  Sir  Bartholomew  abo 
published  his  '^  Reports  of  cases  in  Banco  Regis  from  30 
Car.  IL  to  6  William  HI."  1708,  and  1720,  2  vols,  folio; 
but  tbe  second  volume  is  first  in  poip,t  of  time.  A  second 
edition  was  published  in  1794,  in  2  vols.  8vo^  by  Thomas 
Leach,  esq.  with  additional  notes  and  references.^ 

SHUCKFORI)  (Samu£L),  a  learned  divine  of  tbe  last 
century,  was  educated  at  Caius  college,  Cambridge,  where 
be  took  his  degree  of  B.  A.  in  1716,  and  that  of  M*  A.  in 
1720.  He  afterwards  became  curate  of  Shelthoa  in  Nor- 
folk, prebendary  of  C^terbury,  and  lastly  had  tlie  city 
living  of  All-hallows,  Lombard-street  He  di^d  July  14^ 
1754.  He  published  a  few  occasional  sermons,  but  is 
principally  known  for  his  *^  History  of  the  World,  sacred 
and  profane,"  3  vols.  8vo,  intended  to  serve  as  an  introduc- 
tion to  Prideaux's  '^  Connection,"  but  he  did  oot  live  to 
carry  it  down  to  the  year  747  B.  C*  where  Prideaux  begins. 
He  wrote  also  a  treatise  on  ^*  The  Ci^eation  and  Fall  of 
Many"  intended  as  a  supplement  to  the  preface  to  bis  bis** 
^ory.  His  works  are  heavily  written,  but  display  a  great 
ideal  of  erudition,  although  not  well  applied,  in  the  opinion 
of  the  late  bishop  Home,  and  his  biographer  Mr.  Jones. 
They  blame  Shuckford  for  rendering  tbe  subject  almost 
ridiculous,  by  illustrating  the  sacred  history  of  the  creation 
from  Ovid,  and  Cicero,  and  even  Pope's  "  £ssay  on  Man."* 

1  Noble's  Continuation  of  Granger.— Lysons's  Enyirons.— Bridgman^s  Lq^ai 
Bibliography. 
*  £Bcycl,  BriUQ.— Jones's  Life  of  Bp»  Home,  p..  113. 


6  I  B  B  A  L  D.  491 

0IBBALD  (Sir  Bobert),  an  eminent  physiciab,  natu^ 
ralist,  and  antiquary,  was  a  descendant  of  the  Sibbalds  of 
'Balgonie,  an  ancient  family  in  Fifesbire,   Scotland.     He 
received  bis  education  in  philosophy  and  tbe  languages  at 
the  university  of  Edinburgh,  and  afterwards  studied  mediii^ 
oine  al  Leyden,  where,  on  taking  his  doctor's  degree  in 
1661,  he  published  bis  inaugural  dissertation  ^^  De  variis 
labis  speciebus."     Soon  after  lie  returned  home,  and  fixed 
liis  residence  at  Edinburgh ;  but  for  tbe  benefit  of  study, 
often  retired  to  a  rural  retreat  in  tbe  neighbourhood,  and 
cultivated,    with    much  attention,    many  rare  and  exotic 
plants.     His  reputation  obtained  for  him  tbe  appointment 
of  natural  historian,  geographer,  and  physician,  to  Charles 
II.  and  be  received  the  royal  command  to  compose  a  gene* 
ral  description  of  the  wi^ole  kingdom,  and  a  particular  his-o 
tory  of  the  different  counties  of  Scotland.     The  **  History 
of  Fife,"  however,  is  tbe  only  part  of  this  plan  which  he 
executed.     This  was  at  first  sold  separately,  but  became 
very  scarce ;  a  new  edition  was  published  at  Cupar- Fife  in 
1809.     In  1681,  when  tiie  royal  college  of  physicians  was. 
incorporated,  be  was  one  of  the  original  fellows.     In  1684 
be  published  his  principal  work,  ^*  Scotia  lUustrata,  sive 
Prodromu^  hi^oria^  naturalis,  &c."  folio,  reprinted  in  1696. 
In  this  volume,  which,  he  tells  us,  was  the  work  of  twenty 
yeafs,  one  part  is  appropriated  to  tbe  indigenous  plants  of 
Scotland,  and  contains  observations  on  the  medicinal  and 
{economical  uses.     A  few  rare  species  make  their  first  apr 
pearance  in  this  book,    particularly  that  which  Linnseus 
named  SibbtUdiOj  after  the  author.  Having  thrown  out  some 
strictures  on  the  mathematical  principles  of  physiie,  for 
which  the  learned  Dr.  Pitcairn  was  a  strenuous  advocate^ 
tbe  latter  wrote  a  severe  satire  on  this  work,  entitled  ^^  De 
legibus  historisB  naturalis,'*  Edin,  16^6  ;  but  it  contains  no* 
thing  solid,  and  was  thought  by  some  to  have  been  the  re-* 
suit  of  party  dislike,  as  Dr.  Sibbald  had  embraced  tbe  Ro- 
man catholic  religion  under  James  II.  in  1686,  and  after-' 
wards  recanted,  and  Pitcairn  was  a  zealous  adherent  of  tbe 
exiled  family,  although  he  cared  little  about  religion  of  any 
kind.     Sir  Robert  Sibbald  is  supposed  to  have  died  about 
tbe  year  1712. 

We  have  hitherto  considered  sir  Robert  as  a  physician 
and  naturalist,  but  his  reputation  is  more  securely  founde4 
on  his  having  been  the  first  who  illustrated  the  antiquities 
of  bis  native  country,  in  various  Ijsarned  essays,  the  title9^ 


492  S  I  B  B  A  L  D. 

of  which  it  is  unnecessary  to  give,  as  the  whole  were  print- 
ed in  "A  collection  of  several  treatises  in  folio^  concerning 
Scotland  as  it  was  of  old,  ajid  also  in  later  times.  By  sir 
Robert  Sibbald,  M.  D."  Edin.  1739.  They  were,  however, 
at  that  time  sold  separately,  or  bound  together.  Of  all 
Mr.  Gough  gives  a. particular  accoqnt,  and  also  of  his  MSS< 
now  in  the  Advocates*  library.  Sir  Robert  likewise  pub* 
lished  a  piece  entitled  "  The  liberty  artd  independency  of 
the  kingdom  and  church  of  Scotland  asserted,  from  ancient 
records  :  in  three  parts,'*  1704,  4to,  now  very  rarely  to  be 
met  with  ;  and  "  De  Gestis  Gul.  Valise,"  Edin.  1705,  8vo. 
A  catalogue  of  bis  library  was  printed  at  Edinburgh,  1722, 
in  »vo.  ^ 

SIBBS,  or  SIBBES  (Richard),  a  learned  puritan  divine, 
whose  works  are  still  in  reputation, *^a8  borti  at  Sudbury  in 
SulBFolk,  in  1577,  and  educated  at  St.  John's  college,  Cain- 
bridge,  where  he  took  his  degrees  with  great  applause, 
and  obtained  a  fellowship.  The  foundation  of  that  cha« 
racter  for  humility  and  piety  which  he  enjoyed  throughout 
life,  appears  to  have  been  laid  while  at  college.  After 
taking  orders  he  was  chosen  lecturer  of  Trinity  church, 
Cambridge,  and  held  the  living  of  that  church  during  the 
last  two  years  of  his  life.  The  reputation  he;  acquired  here 
procured  him. an  invitation  from  the  learned  society  of 
Gray's-inn,  and  in  1618  be  became  their  preacher,  and 
bad  for  his  audience  not  only  the  gentlemen  of  the  robe, 
but  many  noblemen  and  persons  of  rank.  In  1625,  he 
was  chosen  master  of  Katherine-hall,  Cambridge,  which, 
although  apuritan,  he  was  permitted  to  retain  till  bis  death, 
with  very  little  molestation.  He  found  that  society,  says 
Granger,  in  a  very  declining  state,  but  it  soon  began  to 
flourish  under  his  care,  and  he  was  a  great  benefactor  to 
it.  He  died  July  5,  1635,  aged  fifty-seven.  His  works, 
which  are  numerous,  have  lately  been  reprinted  in  a  new 
edition,  3  vols.  8vo.  They  are. chiefly  sermons  and  pious 
treatises.  One  of  the  most  popular,  entitled  **  The  braised 
reed,"  of  which  there  have  been  many  editions,  was  that 
to  which  Baxter  tells  us  be  in  a  great  measure  owed  bis 
conversion.  This  circumstance  alone,  says  Granger,  would 
have  rendered  Sibbs's  name  memorable.  As  a  commen* 
tator,  his  principal  work  is  his  *^  Commentary  on  the  first 
chapter  of  the  second  epistle  to  the  Corinthians,"  1655,  fol.'- 

^  Pulteney's  Botany. — Gough^s  Topography,  vol.  II. — ^See  an  account  of  his, 
ooBversioQ,  Boswell*t  Life  of  Johnson.  .  .  ^        - 

,  *  Clark's  Lives  at  the  end  of  th^  Martyrology.— Fuller's  Worthies.— Granger. 


S  I  B  T  H  O  R  p.  49S 

I    SIBTHORP  (John),  3;p  eminent  botanist  and  traveller, 
was  the  youngest  son  of  Dr.  Hupiphrey  Sibthbrp,  professor 
of  botany  at  Oxford,  a  man  not  eminent  for  any  contribu- 
tions to  that  science.     He  was  born  at  Oxford,  Oct.  2S, 
1758..   He  was.  first  educated  at  Magdalen   and  Lincoln 
schools,  after  which  he  entered  of  LincoUi  college,  where 
he  took  his  master^s  degree  in  June  1780;  but  upon  ob- 
taining the  RadciifFe  travelling  fellowship,  became  a  mem- 
ber of  University  college,  and  took  his  degree  of  B.  M.  in 
December  1783.     Being  intended  for  the  medical  profes- 
sion, he  studied  for  some  time  at  Edinburgh,  and  there 
a),so  cultivated  his  early  taste  for  natural  history,  especially 
botany.      He  then  visited    France  and   Switzerland,  and 
communicated  to  the  MontpeiUer  academy  of  sciencea,  an 
account  of  his  numerous  .botanical  discoveries  in  that  neigh- 
bourhood.    On  his  return,  his  father  having  resigned,  *he 
was  appointed  by  the  college  of  physicians  to  the  botanical 
professorship  in  1794,  and  then  took  his  doctor's  degree, 
.    He  passed  a  portion  of  tlie  same  year,  1784,  at  Gottin- 
gen,  where  he  projected  his  first  tour  to  Greece,  the  bo- 
tanical investigation  of  which  country  had  for  some  time 
past  become  the  leading  object  of  his  pursuits.  •  He  first, 
however,  visited  the  principal  seats  of  learning  in  Ger- 
many, and  made  a  considerable  stay  at  Vienna,  where  he 
procured  an  excellent  draughtsman,  Mr.  Ferdinand  Bauer, 
to  be  the  companion  of  his  expedition.     On  the  6th   of 
March,  1786,  they  set  out  together  from  Vienna,  and  early 
in  May  sailed  from  Naples  to  Crete,  where,  in  the  month 
of  June,  as  his  biographer  says,'  "  they  were  welcomed  hy 
Floja  in  her  gayest  attire."  The  ensuing  winter  they  spent 
at  Constantinople,  in  ihe  course  of  which  Dr.  Sibthorp  de- 
voted himself  to  the  study  of  tlie  modern  Greek.     On  the 
14th  of  March,  1787,  they,  sailed  from  Constantinople  for 
Cyprus,  taking  the  islands  of  Mytilene,  Scio,   Cos,  and 
Rhodes,  and  touching  at  the  coast  of  Asia  minor  in  their 
way.     A  stay  of  five  weeks  at  Cyprus  enabled  Dr.  Sibthorp 
to  draw  up  a  "v  Fauna"  and  Flora"   of  that  Island.     The 
former  consists  of  eighteen  mammalia,  eighty-five  birds, 
ninetjeen  amphibia,    and  one   hundred  fishes;    the  latter 
comprehends  six  hundred  and  sixteen  species  of  plants. 
Tliese  and  his  other  catalogues  were  greatly  augmented  by 
subsequent  observations,    insomuch   that   th^   number  of 
species,  collected  from  an  investigation  of  all  Dr,  Sibthorp's 
manuscripts  and  specimens  for  the  materials  of  the  "  Pro- 
dromus  Florae  Graeca;/'  amounts  to  about  3000. 


46*  niBttionp. 

Witboiit  mitiotely  tmcing  6tir  trareHer's  steps  thl*otigll 
Greece^  or  the  various  islands  of  the  Archipelago,  we  may 
notice  that  bis  health,  which  suffered  from  the  confinement 
of  a  ship,  and  the  heat  of  the  weather^  was  restored  at 
Athens,  where  he  arrived  June  19th,  1787.  From  thence 
be  prosecuted  his  journeys  in  various  directions,  and  with 
Various  successes^  The  ascent  of  mount  Delphis,  or  Del-* 
phi,  in  Negropont^  one  of  his  most  laborious^  if  not  peril* 
Qus  adventures,  yielded  him  an  abundant  botanical  bfirvest ; 
and  mount  Athos,  which  he  visited  a  week  after,  also 
greatly  enriched  his  collection  of  rare  plants.  From  hence 
be  proceeded  to  Thessalonlca,  Corinth^  and  Patras,  at 
which  last  place  he  embarked  with  Mr«  Bauer,  on  board  an 
English  vesseli  for  Bristol^  on  the  24th  of  September* 
After  a  tedious  and  stormy  voyage,  they  arrived  in  England 
the  first  we^k  in  December^ 

The  constitution  of  Dr.  Sibtborp,  never  very  robust^ 
had  suffered  materially  from  the  hardships  and  exertions  of 
his  journey.  But  his  native  air^  and  the  .learned  leisure  of 
the  university,  gradually  recruited  his  strengths  The  duties 
of  his  professorship  were  rather  a  recreation  than  a  toil. 
The  superintendance  of  his  exquisite  draughtsman,  now 
engaged  in  making  finished  drawings  of  the  Greek  animals, 
as  well  as  plants;  and  his  occasional  visits. to  the* Linns&au 
and  Banksian  berbariuins,  for  the  removal  of  bis  difficul-^ 
ties ;  all  together  filled  up  his  leisure  hours.  He  was  every 
where* welcomed  and  admired  for  his  ardour,  his  talents^ 
and  his  acquisitions.  His  merits  procured  an  augmenta- 
tion of  his  stipend,  with  the  rank  of  a  regius  professor 
(conferred  in  1793);  both  which  advantages  were,  at  the 
same  time,  conferred  on  bis  brother  professor  at  Cam« 
bridge.  He  became  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1789, 
and  was  among  the  first  members  of  the,  Linnsean  Society, 
founded  in  1788.  In  the  spring  of  the  year  last  mentioned^ 
sir  James  Smith,  with  dr  Joseph  Banks  and  Mr.  Dryander, 
passed  a  week  at  Oxford,  which  was  devoted  to  a  critical 
survey  of  the  professor's  Grecian  acquisitions ;  nor  wa)9  the 
honey  of  mount  Hymettus,  or  the  wine  of  Cyprus,  wanting 
at  this  truly  attic  enterte^inment.  But  the  greater  these 
acquisitions,  th^  less  was  their  possessor  satisfied  with 
them.  No  one  knew,  so  well  as  himself,  how  much  was 
wanting  to  the  perfection  of  his  undertaking,  nor  cou^d  any 
other  person  so  well  remedy  these  defects.  Though  he 
was  placed,  a  few  years  .after  bis  return,  in  very  affluent 


S  I  B  T  H  O  R  P,  495 

circumstances ;  and  though  his  necessary  attention  to  his 
landed  property,  and  to  agricultural  pursuits,  of  which  he 
was  passionately  fond,  might  well  have  turned  him,  in 
some  measure,  aside  from  his  botanical  labours ;  he  steadily 
kept  in  view  the  great  object  of  his  life,  to  which  he  finally 
sacrificed  life  itself.  No  name  has  a  fairer  claim  to  botani- 
cal immortality,  among  the  martyrs  of  the  science,  than 
that  of  Sibthorp. 

On  the  20th  of  March,  1794,  Dr.  Sibtborp  set  out  from 
London,  on  his  second  tour  lo  Greece.  He  travelled  to 
Constantinople  in  the  train  of  Mr.  Liston,  ambassador  to 
the  Porte,  and  was  attended  by  Francis  Borone,  as  a  bo- 
tanical assistant.  They  reached  Cot>stantinople  on  the 
19th  of  May,  not  without  Dr.  Sibtborp*s  having  suffered  ^ 
much  from  the  fatigues  of  the  journey,  which  had  brought 
on  a  bilious  fever.  He  soon  recovered  his  health  at  Con- 
stantinople, where  he  was  joined  by  his  friend  Mr.  Haw- 
kins from  Crete.  Towards  the  end  of  August  they  made 
an  excursion  into  feithynia,  and  climbed  to  the  summit  of 
Olympus,  from  whence  they  brought  a  fresh  botanical 
harvest.  Dr.  Sibthorp  discovered  at  Fanar  an  aged  Greek 
botanist.  Dr.  Dimitri  Argyrami,  who  had  known  the 
Danish  traveller  Forskall,  and  who  was  possessed  of  some 
works  of  Linnaeus. 

Recovered  health,  and  the  accession  of  his  friend's  com- 
pany, caused  Dr.  Sibthorp  to  set  out  with  alacrity  on  his 
voyage  to  Greece,  on   the  9th  of  September.     Passing 
down  the  Hellespont,  on  the  I'ith,  with  a  light  but  favour- 
able breeze,  they  anchored  at  Koum  Cale,  in  the  Troad, 
spent  two  days  in  examining  the  plains  of  Troy,  and  then 
proceeded  to  the  isles  of  Imbros  and  Lemnos.     On  the 
25th  they  anchored  at  mount  Athos,  and  passed  ten  days 
in  examining  some  of  the  convents  and  hermitages,  with 
the  romantic  scenery,  and  botanical  rarities,  of  that  singu- 
lar spot,  on  all  which  Dr.  Sibthorp  descants  at  length,  with 
great  delight,  in  his  journal.     Their   departure  was,  for 
some  time,  prevented,  by  a  few  Barbary  pirates  hovering 
en  the  coast,  but  they  sailed  on  the  5th  of  October,  and 
on  the  7th  landed  at  Skiatho.  ~  From  hence,  on  the  11th, 
they  proceeded  down  the  strait  of  Negropont,  and  on  the 
13th  passed  under  the  bridge  of  five  arches,  which  con- 
>nect8  that  island  with  the  main  land  of  Greece.     On  the 
15th,  at  noon,  they  entered  the  harbour  of  the  Pyrseus, 
and  proceeded  t<>  Athens,  where  the  four  succeeding  week^ 


496  S  I  B  T  H  O  R  P. 

were  employed  ip  collectiog  information  relative  to  tfae 
present  state  of  the  government,  the  manufactures,  and 
the  domestic  economy  of  that  celebrated  spot.  Here  Dr; 
Sibtborp  lost  his  assistant  Borone,  who  perished  by  an  ac« 
cidentui  fall  from  a  window,  in  his  sleep,  on  or  about  the 
20th  of  October. 

November  i6th,  Dr.  Sibthorp  and  Mr.  Hawkins  left 
Athens  by  the  ancient  Eleusinian  way,  while  the  classical 
streams  of  the  Cephisus,  the  heights  of  Helicon  and  Par* 
nassus,  lay  before  them.  They  proceeded  to  Patras  and  to 
Zante,  where  they  arrived  in  the  middle  of  December, 
enriched  with  a  .large  collection  of  seeds,  the  only  botanical 
tribute  that  could,  at  this  season,  be  collected  from  those 
famous  mountains.  An  apothecary  at  Zante  furnished  Dr. 
Sibthorp  with  an  ample  and  splendid  herbarium,  of  the 
plants  of  that  island,  with  their  modern  Greek  names ;  nor 
did  the  winter  pass  unprofitably  or  unpleasantly  in  this  se- 
questered spot ;  where  neither  agreeable  societ}',  nor  co- 
pious information  relative  to  our  learned  travellers'  various 
objects,  was  wanting.  The  season  was  sufficiently  favour- 
able in  the  middle  of  February,  1795,  to  allow  them* to 
visit  the  Morea,  of  which  peninsula  they,  made  the  com- 
plete circuit  in  somewhat  more  than  two  months.  The 
violet  and  pritprose  welcomed  them  in  the  plains  of  Arca- 
dia; but  in  vain  did  our  classical  travellers  look  for  the 
beauty  of  Arcadian  shepherdesses,  or  listen  for  the  pipe  of 
the  sylvan  swain.  Figures  emaciated,  and  features  far- 
rowed, with  poverty,  labour,  and  care,  were  all  that  they 
met  with. 

Proceeding  to  Argos,  and  thence  to  Mycena,  Ihe  travel- 
lers were  highly  gratified  by  findings  on  the  gate  of  the 
iatter,  those  ancient  lions,  which  Pausanias  describes  as 
the  work  of  the  Cyclops;  and  near  it  the  reputed  tomb  of 
Agamemnon,  a  circular  building,  formed  of  immense  masses 
of  stone,  placed  with  such  geometrical  precision, , though 
without  mortar,  that  not  one  had  given  way.  That  whieh 
forms  the  portal  is  described  by  Dr.  Sibthorp  as  the  largest 
stone  he  ever  saw  employed  in  any  edifice.  A  number  of 
fragments  of  vases,  like  those  comnionly  called  Etruscan, 
lay  among  the  ruins  of  Mycena.  From  this  place  they  re- 
turned by  land  to  Argos,  whence  they  proceeded  to  Co- 
rinth, Patras,  and  by  way  of  Elis  to  Pyrgos.  .  Here  they 
obtained  another  escort,  and  safely  reached  Calamata,  on 
the  gulf  of  Corone,  where  they  were  detained. by  the  cde* 


._  J 


S  I  B  T  H  O  R  P;    .  ^97 

Wation  of  Easter,  on  the  12tb  of  April,  amid  aprofusiou 
of  sky-rockets  and  crackers.  Proceeding  in  a  boat  aloiig 
the  barren  and  craggy  shore,  covered  with  bushy  ^nd 
prickly  Suphoriia^  tbey  teacbed  Cardamoula.  Here  Pa- 
nagiot6,  a  popular  character,  nephew  of  the  Cherife,  came 
,domi)  with  a  train  of  foIlowerS|^  to  welcome  the  strangers^ 
dnd  conducted  them  to  his  tower-tike  castle,  where  a  nar- 
row entrance,  and  dark -winding  stair  case,  led  to  a  cham- 
ber, whose  thick  walls  and  narrow  loop-holes  seemed  well 
prepared  f6r  defence.  Taygetus,  the  highest  mountain  in 
the  Morefa,  and  almost  rivalling  Parnassus,  was  ascended 
by  our  adventurous  travellers;  but  the  quantity  of  sno^ 
and  the  great  distance,  prevented  their  reaching  the  sum- 
mit. Panagiote.  and  fifty  of  his  followers  accompani^ed 
them,  and  he  displayed  his  botanical  knowledge  by  shew- 
ing Dr.  Slbthorp  darnel,  still  called  ougix^  among  the  corn, 
which  he  said  occasioned  dizziness ;  and  a  wonderful  root, 
the  top  of  which  is  used  as  an  emetic,  the  bottom  as  a 
purge.  This  proved  Euphorbia  ApioSy  to  which  the  very 
"same  properties  are  attributed  by  Dios^orides. 

From  Cardamoula  the  traveller^  were  escorted  by  the 
dependants  of  this  hospitable  Grecian  chief,  along  a  pre- 
<;ipitous  road,  to  Mistra,  where  they  had  the  unexpected 
plejLsure  of  ineeting  a  party  of  their' English  friends,  in  the 
garb  of  Tartars,  with  whom  they  explored  the  scite  of  an- 
cient Sparta.  After  returning  to  Calamata,  and  surveying 
from  the  summit  of  a  neighbouring  precipice  the  ruins  of 
Messenia,  with  the  rich  plains  watered  by  the  Paniscus^ 
and  bounded  by  the  hills  of  Laconia,  Dr.  Sibthorp  and  Mr. 
Hawkins  hastened  to  Corone^  where  a  Venetian  vessel 
waited  to  convey  them  to  Zante,  which  place  they  reached 
on  the  29th  of  April.  Here  Dr.  Sibthorp  parted  from  the 
taitbful  coinpanion  of  his  tour,  whom  he  was  destined 
never  to  see  again,  but  in  whose  friendship  he  safely  con- 
fided in  bis  last  hours.  Mr.  Hawkins  returned  to  Greece; 
while  the  subject  of  our  memoir  leaving  Zante  on  the  1st 
of  May,  experienced  a  most  tedious  voyage  of  twenty-four 
days  to  Otranto,  though  five  days  are  the  most  ususd  time 
for  t^at  passage.  He  touched  at  the  island  of  Cephalonia, 
and  next  at  rreversa,  on  the  Grecian  shore,  where  being 
detained  by  a  contrary  wind,  he  employed  the  7tb  of  May 
in  visiting  th^  ruins  of  Nicopolis.  The  weather  was  un- 
favourable, and  Dr.  Sibthorp  here  caught  a  severe  cold, 
from  which  he  n^ver  recovered.-    It  seems  to  have  proved 

VOL.XXVIL  Kk 


1 1 


498  S  I  B  T  H  O  R  P. 

the  exciting  cause  of  that  disease,  which  had  long  been 
latent  in  the  mesenteric  and  pulmonary  glands,  and  which 
terminated  in  a  consumption.  Being  obliged  by  the  wea- 
ther to  put  in  at  the  little  island  of  Fanno,  May  llth,  the 
violent  north-west  wind  **  continued/'  as  he  too  expres- 
sively says  in  his  journal,  **  to  nurse  his  cough  and  fever/' 
He  was  confined  to  his  bed,  in  a  miserable  hovel,  to  which, 
after  frequent  attempts  to*  sail,  he  was  driven  back  six 
times  by  the  unfavourable  wind.  At  length,  the  vessel 
was  enabled  to  cast  anchor  in  the  port  of  Otranto  on  the 
24th  of  May.  Hera  he  was  obliged  to  submit  to  a  qua- 
rantine of  three  weeks,  part  of  which,  indeed,  was  allowed 
to  be  spent  in  proceeding  to  Ancona.  From  thence  he 
passed  through  Germany  and  Holland  to  England.  Of  the 
precise  time  of  his  arrival  we  find  no  mention.  It  was  in 
'the  autumn  of  1795,  and  his  few  succeeding  months  were 
'chiefly  marked  by  the  progress  of  an  unconquerable  disease^ 
for  which  the  climates  of  Devonshire  and  Bath  were,  as 
usual,  resorted  to  in  vain.  He  died  at  Bath,  February  8tb^ 
1796,  in  the  thirty- eighth  year  of  his  age,  and  lies  interred 
in  the  abbey  church,  where  his  executors  have  erected  a 
neat  monument  to  his  memory. 

We  have  now  to  record  the  posthumous  benefits  which 
Dr.  Sibthorp  has  rendered  to  his  beloved  science,  and  which 
are  sufficient  to  rank  him  amongst  its  most  illustrious  pa- 
trons. By  his  will,  dated  Ashburton,  January  12, 1796,  he 
gives  a  freehold  estate  in  Oxfordshire  to  the  university  of 
.Oxford,  for  the  purpose  of  first  publishing  his  "  Flora 
Graeca,"  in  10  folio  volumes,  with  100  coloured  plates  in 
each,  and  a  "  Prodromus'*  of  the  same  work,  in  8vo,  with- 
out plates.  His  executors,  the  honourable  Thoma*  Wen- 
man,  John  Hawkfns,  and  Thomas  Piatt,  esqrs.  were  to  ap- 
point a  sufficiently  competent  editor  of  these  works,  to 
whom  the  manuscripts,  drawings,  and  specimens,  were  to 
be  confided.  Their  judicious  choice  fell  upon  the  learned 
president  of  the  Linnaean  Society,  who  has  nearly  com- 
pleted the  "  Prodromus,"  and  the  second  yolume  of  the 
**  Flora."  The  plan  of  the  former  was  drawn  out  by  Dr. 
Sibthorp,  but  nothing  of  the  latter,  except  the  figured,  was 
prepared,  nor  any  botanical  characters  or  descriptions  what- 
ever. The  final  determination  of  the  species,  the  distinc- 
tions of  such  as  were  new,  and  all  critical  remarks,  fell 
to  the  lot  of  the  editor,  who  has  also  revised  the  references 
to  Dioscorides.    When  these  publications  are  finished,  th« 


S  1  B  t  H  O  R  p.  4d9 

»  \  .  ■ 

iSLnMiial  sUm  of  2007.  is  to  be  patid  to  ^  profeissof  of  rural 
tecohomy^  ^ho  is,  under  certain  limitations,  to  be  Sherar- 
dian  professor  6f  botany.  The  remainder  of  tbe  rents  ot 
the  estate  above  mentioned  is  destined  to  purchase  books 
for  the  professor,  and  the  whole  of  the  testator's  collections^ 
with  his  drawings^  and  books  of  natural  history^  botany^ 
and  agriculture,  are  given  to  the  university.  The  only 
work  which  Dr.  Sibthorp  ][)ublished  in  bis  life-time  is  a 
**  Flora  Oxpniensis,*'  179'4,  in  one  vol.  Svo,  which  has  th^ 
hierit  of  being  jentirely  formed  on  his  own  personal  obser-*« 
l^ation.*  .       ' 

SICULUS.     SeeblODORUS.  '. 

SIDNEY  (Algernon),  a  strenuous  cbampioii  for  repub- 
lican government,  who  set  up  Marcus  Brutus  for  his  pat- 
tern, and  died  like  him  in  the  cause  of  liberty,  was  second 
son  of  Robert,  earl,  of  Leicester,  by  Dorothy,  eldest  daugh7 
ter  of  Henry  Piercy,  earl  of  North umberlan^j  and.  was  boV<f 
about  1617,  or  as  some  say,  1622.  Of  his  education, Jin^ 
tiovv  he  spent  the  yoiinger  part  of  his  life, ,  we  know  littlfe 
It  appears  that  his  father^  when  he  went  as  ambassador  to 
Denmark  in  1632,  took  him  with  him,  .when  a  mere  boyp 
and  again  in  1636,  when  he. went  as  ambassador  to  France, 
During  the  rebellion  he  adhered  to  the  ipterest  of  the  par- 
liament, in  whose  army  he  was  a  colonel ;  and  wa^  nomi- 
nated one  of  the  king's  judges^  and  as  soipe  say,_  sat  on  the 
benchj  but  was  not  present  when  sentence  was  passed,  npr 
did  he  sign  the  warrant  for  his  execution.  His  admirers; 
however,  assure  us  that  he  was  far  from  disapproving  of 
that  atrocious  act.  He  was  in  truth  such  a  zealous,  repub^ 
lican,  that  he  became  a  violent  enemy  to  Cromwell,  afte]: 
he  had  made  himself  protector.  In  June  1659  be  was  ap- 
pointed, by  the  council  of  state,  to  go  with  sir  Robert 
Honeywood,  and  Bulstrode  Whitelocke,  esq.  coounission- 
ers  to  the  Sounds  to  mediate  a  peace  between  the  kings,  p^ 
Sweden  and  Denmark  :  but  Whitelocke  observes,  that  hitn- 
self  Was  unwilling  to  undertake  that  service,  "  especially/* 
says  he,  ^^  to  be  joined  with  those  that  would  expect  pre- 
cedency of  me,  who  had  been  formerly  ambasbador  extra*^ 
ordinary  to  Sweden  alone ;  and  I  knew  well  the  over-ruling 
temper  and  height  of  colonel  Sidney.  I  therefote  endea« 
voured  to  excuse,  myself^  by  reason  of  my  old  age  and  in- 
firmities; but  the  council  pressed  it  upon  me  f'  which  at 

>  Bees'8  Cyclopaedia,  b^  the  presideol  of  tbe  lioniean  Socltt^i . 

K  K  2    . 


$0d  SIDNEY/ 

last  be  evaded*  While  Sidney  was  at  .tbe^  court  of  Deiw 
mark,  M.  Terlon,  the  French  ambassador  there,  had  the 
confidence  to  tear  out  of  the  university  Album  this  verse; 
which  the  colonel,  when  it  was  presented  to  him,  bad  writ- 
ten in  it :  . 

*'  ——Mantis  h»c  iAimica  tyranhis 
>    '       Ense  petit  placidani  sufo  libertate  quietemj*^ 

Lpfd' Moles  worth,,  who  relates  this  in  the  preface  to  iiis 
spirited  Account  of  Denmarlc,  observes,  that,  ^^  though  M^ 
Terloh  understood  not  a  word  of  Latin,  he  was  told  by 
ottfers  the  meaning  of  the  sentence;  which  he  considered 
as  a  libel  upon  the  French  government,  and  upon  such  as 
was  then  setting  up  in  Denmark  by  French  assistance  or 
^Jcample.'" 

As  Sidney  adhered  to  the  notions  he  had  conceived  of  a 
pore  republic,  he  refused  to  act  under  Oliver  Cromwell,  6r 
Richard  Ci'omwell,  and  during  this  period  lived  in  a  retired 
mahnef,  sometimes  at  the  family  seat  at  Penshurst,  and  it 
is  supposed  that  he  employed  some  part  of  his  leisure  in 
cbmposing  those  **  Discourses  on  Government,*'  which  have 
formed  the  favourite  code  oif  the  republican  faction  in  all 
ages  since.  When,  however,  Richard  had  resigned  bis 
protectorship,  and  the  long  parliament  was  restored,  and  a 
government  without  king  or  lords,  Sidney  became  one  of 
the  council  of  state,  and  WaS  sent  to  Denmark,  as  we  have 
jufft  noticed. 

At  the  restoration,  Sidney  would  not  personally  accept 
of  the  oblivion  and  indemnity  generally  granted  to  the  whole 
iiation;  but  continued  abroad  till  1677,  when  his  father 
died.  He  then  returned  to  England,  and  obtained  from 
the  king  a  particular  pardon,  upon  repeated  promises  of 
donstant  and  quiet  obedience  for  the  future.  Burnet  oh* 
serves,  **  that  he  came  back  when  the  parliaiiietit  was  press* 
ing  the  king  into  the  war,  the  court  of  France  having  ob« 
'tained  leave  for  him  to  return  ;.  at)d  that,  upon  bis  doing 
ail  he  could  to  divert  the  |)eOple  from  that  war,  some  took 
liim  for  a  pensioner  of  France  t  while  he  in  the  mean  time 
declared,  to  those  to  whom  he  dufst  speak  freely,  that  he 
Inew  ii:  was  a  juggle ;  that  our  court  was. in  an  entire  con* 
tidence  with  France;  and  had  no  other  desigi^  in  this  show 
;of  a  war  but  to  raise  an  army,  and  keep  it  beyOnd  sea  till  it 
was  trained  and  modelled."'  In  1683,  he  was  accused  of 
being  concerned  in  th^  Rye-house  plot;  and^  after  lord 


S  I  D  N  E-y.  *oi 

Russel  bad  been  examitied,  was  next  brought  before  the 
king  and  council.  He  said,  that  he  would  make  the  best 
defence  he  could,  if  they  had  any  proof  against  him,  but 
would  not  fortify  their  evidence  by  any  thing  he  should  say; 
so  that  the  examination  was  very  short.  He  was  arraigned 
for  high  treason  before  the  chief  justice  Jeffreys,  Nov.  1683; 
and  found  guilty.  After  his  conviction  be  sent  to  the  mar- 
quis of  Halifax,  who  was  his  nephew  by  marriage,  a  paper- 
to  be  laid  before  the  king,  containing  the  main  points  of 
his  defence ;  upon  which  he  appealed  to  the  king,  and  de- 
sired he  would  review  the  whole  matter:  but  this  had  no 
other  effect,  except  only  to  respite  his  execution  for  three 
weeks.     When  the  warrant  for  his  execution  was  brought^'  ^ 

he  told  the  sheriff,  that  he  would  not  expostulate  any  thing 
upon  his  own  account;  for,  the  world  was  nothing  to  himc' 
but  he  desired  it  might  he  considered,  how  guilty  they 
were  of  his  blood,  who  had  not  returned  a  fair  jury,  but 
one  packed,  and  as  directed  by  the  king^s  solicitor.  He 
was  beheaded  on  Tower-hill,  where  he  delivered  a  written 
paper  to  the  Sheriff,  Dec.  7,  1 6S3  :  but  his  attainder  was 
reversed  in  the  first  year  of  William  i^nd  Mary.  "  The 
execution  of  Sidney,''  says  Hume,  *^  is  regarded  as  one  of 
the  greatest  blemishes  of  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  ThO 
evidence  against  him,  it  must  be  confessed,  was  not  legal : 
and  the  jury,  who  condemned  him,  were,  for  that  reason^ 
viery  btameable.  But  that  after  sentence  passed  by  a  court' 
of  judicature,  the  king  should  interpose  and  pardon  a  man^ 
who,  though  otherwise  possessed  of  merit,  was  undoubt- . 
edly  guilty,  who  had  ever  been  a  most  inflexible  and  most 
inveterate  enemy  to  the  royal  family,  and  who  lately  had 
even  abused  the  king's  clemency,  might  be  an  act  of  he- 
roic generosity,  but  can  never  be  regarded  as  a  necessary 
and  indispensable  duty."  Burnet,  who  knew  Sidney  per- 
sonaUy,  gives  the  following  character  of  him :  ^'  He  was  a 
man  of  most  extraordinary  courage ;  a  steady  man,  even 
to  obstinacy;  sincere,  but  of  a  rough  and  boisterous  tam- 
per, that  coi^ld  not  bear  contradiction.  He  seemed  to  be  a 
Christian,  but  in  a  particular  form  of  his  own  c  he  thought 
it  was  to  be  like  a  divine  philosophy  in  the  mind^  but  he 
was  against  all  public  worship,  and  every  thing  that  looked 
like  a  church.  He  was  stiff  to  all  republican  principles ; 
and  such  an  enemy  to  every  thing  that  looked  like  mo- 
narchy, that  he  set  himself  in  a  high  opposition  against 
Cromwell  when  he  was  made  protector.    |{e  had  studied 


502^  SIDNEY. 

the  history  of  government  in  all  its  branches,  beyond  any 
i^an  I  ever  knew.'' 

He  left  behind  him  ^^ Discourses  upon  Government;", 
the  first  edition  of  which  was  in  1698,  ^he  second  in  1704^ 
folio.  To  the  second  is  added  the.  paper  be  delivered  to 
the  sheriffs  immediately  before  his  death;  with  an  alphabe<- 
tical  table.  -They  also  formed  one  of  the  publications  of 
Mr.  Thomas  HoUis,  in  favour  of  republicanism  in  1763, 
4to,  with  a  life,  in  which  the  writer  or  writers  declare  that 
they  ^*  cannot  wish  a  greater  or  more  extensive  blessing  ta 
the  \^orld,  than  that  it  (the  volume)  may  be  every  where 
read,  and  its  principles  universally  received  and  propa« 
gated."* 

SIDNEY  (Phiup),  a  very  accomplished  English  gentle- 
man, and  one  of  the  greatest  ornaments  of  the  court  of 
queen  Elizabeth,  was  born  Nov.  29,  1554,  at  Penshurst  ii| 
Kent.  ,He  was  the  grandson  of  sir  William  Sidney,  knight 
banneret,  and  chamberlain  and  steward  of  the  household 
to  Henry  VIII.  His  father,  Henry  Sidney,  was  from  hia 
infancy  the  companion  and  bosom  friend  of  Edward  V^ 
who  conferred  upon  him  the  honour  of  knighthood,  consti- 
tuted bim  ambassador  to  France,  and  afterwards  promoted 
him  to  several  appointments  near  his  person^  He  was  at 
this  time  universally  beloved  and  admired,  as  the  most  ac«* 
pomplished  gentleman  in  the  court  of  the  youthful  monarch, 
who  expired  in  his  arms.  Sir  Henry,  after  this  melancholy 
event,  retired  to  his  s0at  at  Penshurst.  He  afterwards  en- 
joyed the  favour  of  queen  Mary,  and  gave  his  son  the.  name 
of  Phihp,  iu  compliment  to  her  husband  the  king  of  Spain. 
^n  Elizabeth's  reign  his  abilities  were  more  immediately 
called  forth,  and  proved  him  a  brave  soldier,  a  consum- 
mate general,  an  able  counsellor,  and  a  wise  leprislator, 
while  in  private  life  he  was  no  less  estimable  as  a  husband^ 
father,  and  a  friend  ;  firmly  attached  to  the  church  of  Eng- 
land, and  adorning  his  Christian  profession  by  his  temper^ 
ance  and  exemplary  piety.  He  was  lord  president  of 
Wales,  and  for  the  space  of  eleven  }^ear.s  discharged  the 
administration  of  lord  deputy  of  Ireland,  with  extraordinary 
justice  and  probity,  and  left  to  provincial  governors  an  ex- 
ample of  integrity,  moderation,  and  wisdom,  which  wa^ 
never  surpassed.  The  mother  of  Philip  Sidney,  was.  Mary, 
the  eldest  daughter^  of  the  unfortunate  duke  of  Nortbumr 

}  Biog.  Brit,«^Hume>  History. 


SIDNEY.  60% 

berland,  a  lady  no  less  illustrious  and  amiable  than  her 
husband. 

Mr.  Sidney  was  placed  at  a  school  at  Shrewsbury,  where, 
at  the  age  of  twelve,  he  addressed  two  letters,  one  in  La- 
tin, and  the  other  in  French,  to  his  father,  which  produced 
in  answer  a  valuable  compendium  of  instruction,  the  origi- 
nal of  which  was  found  among  the  IMSS.  at  Penshurst,  and 
is  inserted  by  Dr.  Zouch  in  the  life  of  sir  Philip.  Frona 
this  school  Mr.  Sidney  was  removed  to  Christ  church,  Ox- 
ford, in  1569,  where  his  tutors  were  Dr.  Thomas  Thorntoa 
and  Mr.  Robert  Dorsett.  During  his  residence  here,  he 
performed  a  scholastic  exercise,  by  holding  a  public  dispu- 
tation with  Carew,  the  author  of  the  Survey  of  Cornwall, 
then  a  gentleman  commoner  of  Christ-church.  Sidney 
was  at  this  time  only  fourteen  years  old,  and  yet  of  three 
years  standing,  and  his  disputation  took  place  in  the  pre- 
sence of  several  of  the  nobility,  and  particularly  of  his  two 
uncles,  the  earls  of  Warwick  and  Leicester,  which  last  was 
at  this  time  chancellor  of  the  university.  He  also  appears 
to  have  pursued  his  studies  for  some  time  at  Cambridge, 
probably  at  Trinity  college,  where  he  had  an  opportunity 
of  cultivating  and  improving  that  friendship,  which  he  had 
already  contracted  with  Mr,  Fulke  Greville  his  relation,  and 
his  companion  at  school.  During  these  years  his  proficient 
cy  was  very  uncommon  :  he  cultivated  the  whole  circle  of 
arts  and  sciences,  his  comprehensive  mind  aspiring  to  pre- 
eminence in  every  part  of  knowledge  attainable  by  human 
genius  or  industry.  He  acc|uired,  in  particular,  a  complete 
knowledge  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  languages,  and  nothing 
could  equal  the  diligence  with  which  he  explored  the  stores 
of  ancient  literature,  which  had  been  recently  imported 
into  Europe ;  and  hence  at  a  more  advanced  season  of  his 
life,  he  was  highly  esteemed  by  the  juniversities  at  home 
and  abroad. 

Having  inured  himself  to  habits  of  regularity,  he  put  off 
his  gown,  and  left  the  university  with  an  intention  to  travel, 
in  order  to  obtain  a  knowledge  of  the  affairs,  manners,  laws, 
and  learning  of  other  nations,  that  he  might  become  the 
more  serviceable  to  his  own.  Having,  in  May  1572,  ob- 
tained from  the  queen  a  license  for  travelling,  for  two 
years,  he  set  (Jut  for  Paris ;  &qd  on  his  arrival  there,  the 
French  king,  Charles  IX.  appeared  to  be  highly  gratified 
with  bis  ingenuous  manners  and  conversation,  and  gave 
him  an  early  proof  of  his  royal  favour,  by  advancing  him  to 


504  SIDNEY. 

the  office  of  gentleman  ordinary  of  his  chamber;  but  thif 
promotion  has  been  generally  considered,  not  so  much  an 
indication  of  real  regard,  as  an  unworthy  and  insidious  arti« 
fice  to  conceal  the  design  which  was  then  formed,  of  de- 
stroying the  protestants.  Accordingly  he  had  not  held 
this  above  a  fortnight,  when  he  became  a  spectator  of  that 
bideous  and  savage  massacre  of  the  Huguenots,  which  filled 
all  Europe  with  indignation,  amazement,  and  terror.        ' 

During  this  massacre,  Mr.  Sidney  preserved  bis*  life, 
by  taking  refuge  with  several  of  his  countrymen,  in  .the 
bouse  of  sir  Fraucrs  Walsingbam,  the  English  ambassador; 
and  when  the  danger  was  over,  proceeded  on  his  travels, 
pnder  the  tutorage  of  Dr.  John  Watson,  then  dean,  and 
fifterwards  bishop  of  Winchester,  to  whom  sir  Francis 
Walsingham  recommended  him.  ^  Having  left  Paris,  he 
pursued  his  journey  through  Lorraine,  by  Strasburgh  and 
Heidelberg,  to  Francfort.  At  the  latier  place,  he  lodged 
at  the  house  of  Andrew  Wechel,  the  celebrated  printer, 
and  here  was  honoured  with  the  friendship  of  Hubert 
Languet  (See  Languet),  who  was  vthen  a  resident  from, 
the  elector  of  Saxony  ;  and  to  him  he  was  principally  in* 
jdebted  for  his  extensive  knowledge  of  the  customs  and* 
usages  of  nations,  their  interests,  governments,  and  laws, 
and  nothing  could  be  more  honourable  to  si  youth  of  the 
age 'of  nineteen,  than  the  choice  of  such  a  companion  and 
jguide.  Sidne}'  h^s  gratefully  commemorated  Languet  in 
some  lines  in  the  third  book  of  his  '*  Arcadia."  When 
they  were  separated,  Languet  renewed  in  his  leitters  the 
strongest  assurances  of  his  regard,  interqfiixed  with  the 
inost  useful  and  most  endearing  lessons  of  advice. 

At  Vienna,  where  Mr.  Sidney  appears  to  have  arrived  in 
1573,  be  learned  horsemanship,  the  use  of  arms,  and  all 
those  manly  and  martial  exercises  which  were  suitable  to 
]bis  youth  and  nobleness  of  birth.  He  excelled  at  tilt  or 
tournament,  in  managing  all  sorts  of  weapons,  in  playing  a( 
tennis,  in  diversions  of  trial  and  skill,  in  music,  in  all  the 
exercises  that  suited  auoble  cavalier,  while  his  person,  his 
aspect,  his  discourse,  his  every  gesture  were  embellished 
with  dignity  and  grace.  In  1<74}  he  was  at  Venice,  whepc; 
bis  sacred  adherence  to  the  precepts  of  yoqjth  guarded  him 
against  its  dissipations.  His  biographer  thinks  it  proba-r 
ble  that  be  was  not  unknown  to  the  celebrated  Paul  SarpL 
In  June  1574,  Sidney  left  Venice  and  came  to  Padua^i 
where  he  applied  himself  with  bis  accustomed  diligence  tq 


8  I  D  N  E  Y.  505 

l^eometry  and  astronomy,  and  here  he  met  with  the  illus- 
trioa§Tasso,  which  his  biographer  conceives  was^one  of  hi$ 
motives  for  visiting  Padua.  On  his  return  to  Venice  in 
1574,  Mr.  Sidney  derived  great  pleasure  and  instruction 
from  a  free  and  undisguised  conversation  on  topics  of  learn- 
ing with  persons  who  professed  the  religion  of  the  church  of 
Rome.  This  circumstance  gave  rise  to  a  suspicion  among 
his  friends  in  England,  that  he  was  inclined  to  become  a 
inembier  of  that  ciiurch ;  but  against  this  he  appears  to 
have  been  sufficiently  guarded  by  his  friend  Languet,  and 
it  Was  by  his  persuasion  that  he  desisted  from  visiting  Rome. 

In  the  mean  time,  Sidney  went  on  with  his  studies,  and 
by  Languet*s  direction  read  CiceroVEpistles,  Plutarch,  &c. 
All  Languet's  advices  appear*  to  have  been  as  salutary  as 
they  were  aJEFectionate.  On  one  occasion  only,  he  suggest- 
ed to  his  pupil  to  affect  more  attachment  than  he  felt  to. 
Cecil,  the  great  fi^vourite  of  Elizabeth ;  but  it  does  not  ap-r 
pear  that  Sidney  w^s  inclined  to  observe  this  lesson  of  per- 
verted wisdom,  which  was  in  itself  contrary  to  the  whole 
tenour  of  Languet's  instructions.  After  three  years  travel, 
Sidney  returned  to  England  in  May  1575. 

To  bis  attainments  in  Greek  and  Latin,  he  had  now  added 
it  knowledge  pf  the  French,  Spanish,  and  Italian  languages. 
On  his  return  he  became  the  delight  and  admiration  of  the 
English  court,  by  bis  dignified  and  majestictal  address,  the 
urbanity  of  bis  manners,  and  the  sweet  complacency  of  his 
whole  deportment.  The  queen  treated  him  with  peculiar  ' 
kindness,  calling  him  **  her  Philip,^'  in  opposition,  it  \$ 
^id,  to  Philip  of  Spain,  her  sister's  husband.  When  she 
was  on  a  visit  at  Wanstead,  Sidney  composed  a  masque  to 
amuse  her  majesty,  called  "  The  Lady  of  May,"  which  wab 

Serformed  before  her.  In  this  dramatic  composition  he 
etrayed  some  proficiency  in  the  school  of  courtly  adula- 
tion, by  the  frequent  allusions  he  has  made  to  Elizabeth'9 
beauty.  ' 

He  had  not  been  long  at  home  before  what  may  be  term^' 
ed  his  political  life  commenced,  by  his  being  appointed  in 
1576,  ambassador  to  the  court  of  Vienna,  to  condole  with 
the  emperor  Rodolph,  on  the  death  of  his  father  Maximi- 
lian II.  The  queen's  own  penetration  and  discernment 
had  promoted  him  to  this  appointment,  but  it  was  not  in- 
tended to  be  confined  to  the  mere  ceremonial  mentioned 
above.  It  had  in  view  the  union  of  all  .the  protestaut  states 
|a  defence  of  their  common  cause  against  the  ruin  th^t 


Ji06  SIDNEY. 

« 

inenaced  them  from  the  popish  powers,  from  the  supersti- 
^on  of  Rome,  and  the  tyranny  of  Spain.  Sidney  succeeded 
in  this  attempt :  and  they  were  induced  to  conclude  a  reli- 
gious league  with  England,  with  thsLt  country  which  was 
then  justly  acknowledged  to  be  the  firm  support  and  the  in- 
vincible bulwark  of  the  reformation.  He  was  directed  at 
the  same  time  to  visit  the  court  of  John  Casimir,  count 
palatine  of  the  Rhine,  to  whom  he  was  earnestly  and  affec- 
tionately recommended  by  his  uncle  lord  Leicester.  Hi^ 
other  transactions  belong  to  history,  hut  he  managed  them 
all  with  so  much  of  the  sagacity  and  discretion  of  an  able 
and  experienced  statesman,  that  it  was  justly  said,  that 
^*  from  a  child  he  started  into  a  man,  without  ever  being  a 
youth."  When  entrusted  with  these  negociations  of  so 
much  importance,  he  had  scarcely  reached  his  twentyr 
fifth  year. 

Among  other  eminent  persons  with  whom  he  formed  au 
intimacy  during  this  last  embassy,  were  Don  John  of  Aus- 
tria, and  the  great  William  prince  of  Orange,  with  the 
latter  of  whom  he  afterwards  carried  on  a  correspondence. 
Notwithstanding  his  services  on  this  occasion,  he  passed 
some  years  at  home,  admired  indeed,  but  unrewarded  by 
any  higher  promotion  than  that  of  cup-bearer  to  the  queen« 
On  some  emergencies  he  betrayed  a  spirit  too  warmly  in- 
dignant, but  not  uncommon  in  those  days ;  and  a  letter  of 
his  is  extant  to  Mr.  Molineux,  his  father^s  secretary^ 
whom  he  suspected  of  divulging  his  father's  letters,  in 
which  he  threatens  him  with  his  dagger,  in  language  which 
his  biographer  allows  is  extremely  indecorous,  and  admit^ 
DO  excuse. 

His  spirit  and  sense  were  afterwards  displayed  in  a  man- 
ner which  reflects  high  honour  upon  his  character.  When 
in  1579,  queen  Elizabeth  seemed  inclined  to  accede  to  the 
proposal  of  a  marriage  with  the  duke  of  Anjou,  which  might 
have  endangered  the  prosperity,  religion,  and  liberty  of  the 
nation,  Mr.  Sidney  addressed  a  letter  to  her  against  such  a 
connection,  written  with  unusual  elegance  of  expression 
as  well  as  force  of  reasoning,  and  with  uncommon  freedom. 
The  delicacy  of  the  subject,  and  the  difficulty  of  discussing 
it  without  offending  the  queen,  he  was  perfectly  aware  of, 
yet  his  zeal  for  the  welfare  of  his  country,  and  particularly 
the  pjrotestant  religion,  would  not  permit  him  to  be  silent ; 
and  it  is  supposed  that  by  this  letter  he  had  the  honour  of 
averting  the  mischiefs  that  would  have  attended  the  mar- 


SIDNEY,  507 

liage.  Nor  did  he  lose  her  majesty's  favour,  ahhoog^ 
others  who  interfered^  were  treated  with  the  utmost  rigour, 
particularly  Stubbs,  a  gentleman  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  and 
^age  a  printer,  whose  right  haqds  were  cut,  the  one  for 
writing,  and  the  other  for  printing  a  pamphlet  against  the 
ipatch,  Camden,  the  historian,  was  present  at  the  execution 
pf  this  savage  sentmce,  one  of  the  greatest  blemishes  in  th^ 
reign  of  Elizabeth. 

Among  the  fashionable  amusements  in  the  court  of  E\u 
zabe^h,  tournaments  were  most  in  vogue*     In  1580,  Philip 
earl  of  Arundel,  and*'sir  William  Orury  his  assistant,  cbal-r 
lenged  all  comers  to  try  their  feats  of  arms  in  tljpse  exer? 
cises.     This  challenge  was  given  in  the  genuine  spirit  of 
fL*hivalry  in  honour  of  the  queen.     Among  those  who  gaU 
lantly  offered  themselves  as  defenders,  were  Edward  Vere, 
earl  of  Oxford,    lord  Windsor,    Mr.  Philip  Sidi)ey,    an4 
fourteen  others.    The  victory  was  adjudged  by  her  majesty 
to  the  earl  of  Oxford.     With  this  earl  of  Oxford   Sidney 
had  afterwards  a  serious  quarrel,  having  received  a  personal 
insult  from  him.     The  queen  interposed  to  prevent  a  duel, 
with  which  Sidney  was  much  dissatisfied,  and  to  con^pose 
bis  mind  retired  tq  Wilton,  the  seat  of  his  brother-in-law 
the  earl  of  Pembroke.     In  this  seat  of  rural  beauty  (and 
oot  at  Hougbton-'house,  as  asserted  in  Gough^s  Camdeq^ 
which  was  not  built  until  after  his  death)  he  planned  the 
design  of  the  '^  Arcadia."     It  has  been  conjectured  thai 
the  Ethiopic  history  of  Heliodorus,  which  bad  been   re-r 
cently  translated  into  English  prose  by  Thomas  Under* 
downe,  suggested  that,  new  mode  of  writing  romance  which 
is  pursued  in  this  worlc  ;  but  it  seems  more  probable  that 
be  derived  the  plan  of  his  work  from  the  ^^  Arcadia'Vof 
Saunazarius,  a  complete  edition  of  which  was  printed  at 
Milan  in  1504.     The  persons  introduced  by  the  Italian 
author  are  shepherds,  and  their  language,  manners,  and 
sentiments  are  such  atf  suit  only  the  innocence  and  simpli*- 
city  of  pastoral  life.     This  species  of  composition  may  be 
considered  as  forming  the  second  stage  of  romance-writing* 
The  heroism  and  the  gallantry,  the  moral  and  vittuous 
turn  of  the  chivalry-romance,  were  still  preserved;  butthe 
dragons,  the  necromancers,   the  enchanted  castles  were 
lianisbed,  and  some  small  resemblance  to  human  nature 
was  admitted.     Still,  however,  there  was  too  much  of  the 
marvelloos  in  them  to  please  an  age  which  aspired  to  refiner 
)nent»    This  characters  were  discerned  to  be  strainedj  the 


508  SIDNEY! 

Style  swollen,  the  adventares  incredible,  and  the  books 
themselves  were  volaminous  and  tedious.  With  respect  to 
the  "  Arcadia/*  Sidney  formed  a  just  estimate  when  he 
characterized  it  as  ^*  an  idle  composition,  as  a  trifle,  and 
'  triflingly  handled.*'  He  appears  indeed  to  have  written  it 
chiefly  for  his  sister's  amusement,  to  whom  he  sent  it  in 
portions  as  it  came  from  his  pen.  He  never  completed  the 
third  book,  nor  was  any  part  of  the  work  printed  disring^ 
bis  life.  It  is  said  he  intended  to  arrange  the  whole  anew^ 
and  to  have  changed  the  subject  by  celebrating  the  prowest 
and  military  deeds  of  king  Arthur.  The  whole,  imperfect 
as  he  left  it,  was  corrected  by  bis  sister's*  pen^  and  care^ 
fully  perused  by  others  under  her  direction,  so  that  it  was 
very  properly  called  "  The  countess  of  Pembroke's  Arca- 
dia." It  now  lies  neglected  on  the  shelf,,  and  has  almost 
sunk  into  oblivion  ;  yet  the  reception  it  obtained  froth  the 
public,  having  gone  thcough  fourteen  impressions,  and 
having  been  translated  into  the  French,  Dutch,  and  oth^r 
European  languages,  clearly  evinces  that  it  was  once  'held 
in  very  high  estimation.  "  There  are,"  says  his  biogra-' 
pher,  ^<  passages  in  this  work  eicquis^tely  beatitiful^  and 
tiseful  observations  on  life  and  manners,  a  variety  and  ac*^ 
curate  discrimination  of  characters,  fine  sentiments  ex-^* 
pressed  in  strong  and  adequate  terms,  animated  descri|)-« 
tions,  equal  to  any  that  occur  in  the  ancient  or  ^  m<>dern 
poets,  sage  lessons  of  morality,  and  judicious  reflexions  on 
governthent  and  policy.*'  •     '    ^ 

In'  1581  we  find  Mr.  Sidney  one  of  the  knights  in  parlia- 
ment for  the  county  of  Kent,  and  one  of  the  committee/ 
for  enacting  ^*  such  'laws  as  would  secure  the  kingdoiit 
against  the  pope  and  his  ddherent^"  Still,  however,  ad- 
dicted to  a  studious  life,  he  produced  His  <^  Defence'  of 
Poesy>"  which  has  been  pronounced  the  first  piece  of 
criticism  in  the  English  language  worthy  of  our  attetition. 
It  shews  at  once  the  erudition,  judgment,  and  taste  of  the 
author,  and  describes  the  laws  of  the  draofm  with  aingular 
.precision  and  exactness.    '  .  -  «  > 

In  158S'he  married  Frances,  the  only  surviving 
daughter  and  heir  of  sir  Francis  Walsingham,  a  yonng^  lady 
of  great  beauty  and  worth,  who  is  said  to  have  endeared 
herself  to  him  by  those  lovely  qualities  #hicb'  emt»ellish 
and  improve  the  female  character;  and  about  the  sam^ 
time  the  queen  conferred  on  him  the  honour  of  kni|^t« 
booct     She  also  gave  him  a  sineciire  in  ^Vides  of  &k& 


S  I  D  N  ErY%  509 

yearly  value  of  IV^OL  bat  at  what  time  is  nncertain.  About 
X$S^  several  plots  and  cohspiracies  formed  against  the 
que^n^s  person,  both  at  home  and  abroad,  greatly  alarmed 
her.  To  remove  her  fears  of  danger,  the  nobility  and 
gentry,  and  indeed  men  of  all  degrees  and  conditions,  in* 
Btituted  an  association  under  the  direction  of  the  earl  of 
Leicester^  bidding  themselves  under  the  most  solemn  obli- 
gations to  prosecute  even  to  death  those  enemies  of  their 
country  who  should  attempt  any  thing  against  their  sove- 
reign. Of  the  zeal  of  sir  Philip  Sidney  at  this  momentous 
crisis  no  doubt  can  be  entertained.  While  the  efforts  of 
Leicester  exposed  him  to  the  rude  censures  and  severe 
aspersions  of  anonymous  writers,  his  nephew  took  up  the 
pen  to  vindicate  his  fame.  With  this  view  he  composed 
an  answer  to  a  publication,  entitled  ^^  Leicester's  ^om- 
.  mpnwealtb,''  the  reputed  author  of  which  was  Parsons  the 
noted  Jesuit ;  but  s^r  Philip's  production  has  not  been 
thought  conclusive  as  to  the  chief  points  in  dispute,  aud  it 
reipained  in  MS^  <until  the  publication  of  the  Sidney  pa« 
pers  in  1746. 

About  this  tiipe  sir  Philip  formed,  along  with^sir  Fulke 
Creville,  a  design  of  accompanying  sir  Francis  Drake  in  a 
voyage  of  discovery  to  America;  and  this  he  projected  with 
the  greatest  secrecy,  and  with  more  of  a  romantic  tura 
than  bis  friends  could  have  wished.  The  secret,  however^ 
transpired,  and.  the  queen  issued  peremptory  orders  to 
restrain  him  from  his  purpose,  which  in  all  probability 
ivould  have  ended  in  disappointment,"  or,  if  successful^ 
would. have  left  a  stain  on  his  bitherto  spotless  character. 
In  15S5  a  very  remarkable  honour  seemed  to  be  within  his 
reach.  He  wa^  namej^  among  thp  competitors  for  the 
elective  kingdom  of  Poland,  vacant  by  the  death  of  Ste- 
phen Bathori,  prince  of  Transylvania.  Queen  Elizabeth, 
however,  was  averse  from  the  measure,  **  refusing,"  says 
'  jsir  Robert  Naunton,  'Mo  further  his  advancement,  not 
only  out  of  emulation,  but  out  of  fear  to  lose  the  jewel  of 
her  times."  According  to  Fuller  he  declined  the  dignity, 
preferring  rather  to  be  *}  a  subject  to  queen  Elizabeth  thaa 
a  sovereign  beyond  the  seas." 

The   protestant. inhabitants  of   the  Netherlands  being 
grievpnsly  oppressed  by  the  cruelties  of  the  duke  of  Alva,' 
implored  the  assistance  of  queen  Elizabeth,  who  promised 
to  send  a  military  force  to  their  relief,  and  on  this  oc<;a- 
i^ion  indulged  the  martial  disposition  of  sir  Philip  Siflney^ 


\ 


SIDNEY;  sii 

li  the  age  of  thirty-two  years,  and  had  attained  in  that 
short  period,  more  fame,  more  esteem,  more  admiration^ 
both  at  home  and  throughout  Europe,  than  any  man  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  and  for  many  years  after  employed 
more  pens  to  celebrate  his  excellent  qualities  of  bead  and 
heart.  In  England  a  general  mourning  was  observed 
among  those  of  highest  rank,  "  no  gentleman,  for  many 
months,  appearing  in  a  gay  or  gaudy  dress,  either  in  the 
city  or  the  court.*'  His  body  being  brought  to  England^ 
was  interred,  with  great  pomp,  in  St.  PauPs  cathedral. 
No  memorial,  however,  was  erected  to  him,  except  a 
tablet  with  some  very  indifferent  lines,  but  his  fame  did 
not  require  aid  from  brass  or  marble.  For  the  many  testi- 
monies to  his  uncommon  worth  and  excellence,  both  by 
his  contemporaries  and  their  successors,  we  niust  refer  to 
Dr.  Zouch's  elaborate  "  Memoirs  of  the  Life  and  Writings 
of  sir  Philip  Sidney."  There  also  the  petty  objections  of 
lord  Orford  to  this  illustrious  character  are  fully  answered. 
"Both  the  universities  of  England  lamented  the  death  of  sir 
Philip  Sidney  in  three  volumes  of  elegiac  poems,  in  He- 
brew, Greek,  Latin,  and  Italian.  His  widow  afterwards 
msfrried  Robert  Devereux,  earl  of  Essex;  and  after  his 
death^  she  married  Richard  de  Burgh,  the  fourth  earl  df 
Ctanrickard  in  the  kingdom  of  Ireland.  She  became  $l 
-convert  to  popery  after  the  death  of  her  second  husband, 
the  earl  of  Essex.  There  seems  little  that  is  very  estiinable 
in  the  marriages  and  conversion  of  this  lady,  and  certainly 
nothing  respectful  t'p  the  memory  of  her  first  husband. 

The  works  of  sir  Philip  Sidnev,  which  we  shall  but 
briefly  notice,  are,  1.  The  "  Arcadia"  already  mentioned. 
2.  "  Astrophel  and  Stella,'*  with  sonriets  of  various  nobler- 
men  and  gentlemen,  1591,  4to,  3.  "  The  Defence  of 
Poesy,'*  1595,  4to,  afterwards  usually  printed  with  the 
**  Arcadia."  In  1787  Dr.  Joseph  Warton  printed  an  edi- 
tion, with  *'  Observations  on  Poetry  and  Eloquence  from 
Ben  Jx>nson*s  Discoveries,"  8vo.  4.  **  Sonets,"  several  of 
which  appeared  in  Constable's  "Diana,"  1594,  but  wer^ 
/afterwards  annexed  to  the  "  Arcadia,"  with  **  Astropbei 
and  Stella."  5.  "  A  remedie  for  Love."  6.  "  The  Lady 
of  May,  a  niasqUe,"  both  generally  printed  with  the  "  Ar- 
cadia." 7.  "  Valour  anatomized  in  a  fancie,'*  1581,  ' 
printed*  at  the  end  of  ^'^  Cottoni  Posthuma,"  1672.  t^^ 
.Various  songs  and  solinets  in  ^^  England's  Helicon,'*  and 
other  collections*    9.  ^^  English  Version  of  the  Psi^om  mt    ^ 


,5li  S  1  D  N  ^  V. 

•       ^  •  -  - 

David,**  a  MS.  .10.  A  translation  of  DuPJl^sis'^truiB.ttsi 
of  the  Christian  religion,  begun  by  sir  Philip,  and  finished 
at  his  request  by  Arthur  Golding,  1587  and  1592,  160* 
and  1617.  Dr.  ZouOh  is  of  opinion  that  the  greatest  part 
of  it  was  by  sir  Philip.  It  is  pleasing  to  reflect^  adds  this 
biographer,  that  the  most  accomplished  gentlemian  and  the 
most  complete  scholar  of  his  age,  was  deeply  iippresBed 
v/ith  a  sense  of  religion,  (bat  he  delighted  in  contemplating 
the  doctrines  of  revelation,  ^he  existence  of  one  supreme 
being,  the  creation  of  the  world  by  him,  and  his  providen^- 
tial  government  of  it,  the  immortality  of  the  soul  of  maD, 
the  prospect  of  future  blessedness,  the  redemption  of  man- 
kind by  the  Messiah,  who  was  promised  to  the  Jews  for  the 
salvation  of  the  whol^  world. ' 

SIDNEY  (Mary),  countess  of  Pembroke,  sister  of  the 
preceding,  married  in  1576^  Henry  earl  of  Pembroke  ;  and 
ber  eldest  son,  William,  who  succeeded  to  the  titles  and 
estates  of  his  father,  is  the  anqestor.of  tbe  present  faniity. 
She  bad  received  a  liberal  education,  and  was  distinguisl^ 
among  the  literary  characters  of  the  age  for  a  bigbily  cul? 
tivated  mind  and  superior  talents.  Congeoial quaU^ties  and 
pursuits  united  her  v^ith  her  brother  sir  Phirip  Sidney,  in 
bouds  of  strict  friendship ;  and,  as  we  have  mentioned  in  his 
article,  he  wrote  the  "  Arcadia"  for  her  amusement.  Tp^ 
her  alsQ  Mr.  Abraham  Fraunce  devoted  bis  poetic  and  lite<^ 
rary  labours.  The  countess  possessed  a  talent  for  .poetical 
composition,  which  she  assiduously  cultivated.  She  tc^s* 
lated  from  the  Hebrew  into  English  verse  many  of  tb0 
Psalms,  which  are  said  to  be  preserved  in  the  library  at 
Wilton,  and  in  this  was  assisted  by  her  brother.  She 
also  translated  and  published  ^  A  Discourse,  of  Life^^aqd 
\  Death,  written  in  French  by.  Philip  Mornay,  done  into 
English  by  the  countess  of  Pembroke,  dated.  M^  l^i 
1590,  Wilton:"  Lond.  1600,  12mo.  ,  Likejvise,  "Tivi 
Tragedie  of  Antonie:  done  into  English  by,^he  couDte^ 
of  Pembroke,"  Loud.  1595,  t2mo..  This  little  work  cpa* 
tains,  though  not  paged,  54  leaves.  To  these  we  may  49^ 
**  An  Elegy  on  Sir  Philip  Sidney,"  printed  in  Spenseift 
"  Astrophej,*'  1595,  and  a  **  Pastoral  Di^lqguein  praise. (tf 
A$tra;a,"  i.  e.   queen   Elizabeth^  published  in'  Davisipp'a 

'  ^  Dt.  ^oackV  M«mo1rf-*a  work  which  rehdert  other  refere pees  uoaeoeMarf » 
vnlesa  t;»  iome  (admirable  remarks  en  the  iife  aiad  wrki^p  of  lirjfhrlip  8idMy» 
jn  the  first  volume  of  the  Bibliographer,  by  a  c^eniteman  whose  taste  and  ei- 
quisite  seosibility  stamp  a  peculiar  value  on  Ins  opituotti  and  hit  "  "    ' 

Jaboara. 


SIDNEY.  SIS 


I   » 


•*  Poetical  Rapsody/*  1602.  A  long  poem  in  six-lttie 
stanzas^  entitled  "The  Countesse  of  Penibroke*s  Passion," 
occurs  among  the  Sloanian  M SS.'  No.  1303. 

She  survived  her  husband  twenty  years,  and  having  lived 
to  an  advanced  age,  died  at  her  house  in  Aldersgate-street, 
Londcrn,  Sept.  25,  1601.  She  was  inferred  with  the  Pem- 
broke family,  in  the  chancel  of  the  cathedral  at  Salisbury, 
wkbout  any' monument.  The  following  lines,  designed  as 
zti  inscription  for  her  tomb,  were  written  by  the  celebrated 
Ben  Jonson  : 

,     .        .  .    ^MJnderneath  this  sable  herse,   . 

Lies  the  subject  of  all  verse  ^ 
Sydney's  sister,  Pembroke's  mother  j 
Death,  ere  thou  hast  kill'd  another. 
Fair,  and  leam'd,  and  good  as  she. 
Time  shall  throw  a  dart  at  thee.*'* 

,  SID0NIU8  (Caids  Sollius  Apollinaris  MoDESTtrs), 
a  tearited  ecclesiastic  of  the  fifth  century,  was  descended 
of  an  illustrious  family,  hi^  father  and  grandfather  having 
beeia  pretofian  prefects  in  Gaul,  and  was  born  at  Lyons 
about  430:  He  was  educated  with  care,  perfbrmed  his  stu- 
dies under  th^  best  masters  of  that  time,  and  became  very 
skilful  in  all  parts  of  literature,  especially  in  poetry.  He 
married  Paflianilla,  the  daughter  of  Avitus,  "who^  from  the 
office  of  pretorian  prefect '  in  Gaul,  was  raised  to  the  im- 
perial throne,  after  the  death  of  Maximus.  But  Majorianus, 
vpfaom  Leo  had  taken  into  a  partnership  of  the  empire^ 
forced  Avitus  to  lay  down  his  crown,  and  came  to  besiege 
the  city  of  Lyons,  where  Sidonius  had  shut  himself  up. 
Tbe  city  being  takea,  he  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy  ; 
but  the  reputation  of  his  great  learning  softened  the  barba- 
rity of  bis  enemies,  an<Mii  return  for  their  lenient  treat- 
ment of  him,  he  wrote  a  poem  in  honour  of  Majorianus,  who 
wi^  so  highly  gratified  With  it  as  to  erect  a  statue  to  Sido- 
nius in  the  city  of  Rome.  The  emperor- Anthemius  was 
equally  pleaded  with  a  panegyric  which  Sidonius  Wrote  in 
pruise  of  him^  and  made  him  governor  of  Rome,  and  a  pa- 
tricii^n ;  but  he  soon  quitted  his  secular  employment,  and 
«»btained  preferment  in  the  church,  being  iu  472  chosen, 
agiunst  his  will,  as  reported,  bishop  of  Clermortt/  He  ap- 
pears however  to  baye  been  worthy  of  the  station  by  learn-^ 
ing  and  charity.     His  liberality  indeed  was  highly  conspi- 

>  1  Zouck's  Memoitf  of  Sir  P.  Sidney.— Fallard's  Menrairs.— Royal  mnd  Nobl« 
Amhora  by  Park. 

Vol.  XXVH.  L  l 


1)14  SIDONiUS. 

,ciiou;S9.  and  ev^n  before  be  wos  b^befs  be  frequently  ctm- 
'verted  his  silver  plate  to  ibe  use  of  the  poor,  '  When  Cterr 
mont  was  besieged  by  the  Goths,  be  encaqraged  the  peopW 
to  stand  upon  their  defence,  and  would  fiever  eonse.n^  to 
the  surrender  of  the  city;  so  that,  when  it  was.dieliT^c^ 
jip,  he  was  forced  to  fly,  but  was  soon  restored^  Soaj^ 
time  after,  he  was  opposed  by  two  factious  priesls^  ^9h^ 
deprived  him  of  the  governmeDt  of  bis  cburcb ;  but  b^'Was 
agaiu  re-insuted  with  honour  at  the  eDcj  of  a  year«  He 
died  in  peace  in  487,  after  he  had  been  bishop  ^hs0n 
years.  .. 

He  was  a  man  learned  above  the  age  he  lived  in,  skBIed 
in  ail  parts  of  literature  and  science,  of  a  subtle  and  pene- 
trating wit,  and  considering  that  be  lived  in  the  dechne  of 
Koman  literature,  not  an  inelegant  writeir.  Of  his  works, 
nine  books  of  epistles,  with  about  four  Und  twenty  poems 
ibt&tspetsed,  are  still  extant.  There  are  few  things  in  his 
letteri  which  relate  to  religion  or  the  church,  so  thit  his 
opinions  cannot  be  ascertained,  but  they  containlnany  par- 
ticulars relative  to  the  learning  and  history  of  the  titties. 
Tbey  were  published  with  notes  by  father  SiriDOnd,  at 
Paris,  1614,  in  3vo ;  and^  after  bis  death,  reprinted  in  16 $2"; 
with  some  additions,  in  4to. ' 

SIGNORELLI  (Luca),  a  Florentine  artist,  born  at  Cor-i 
tona  in  1439,  was  the  scholar  of  Piero  della  Francesea.  JR^ 
was  an  artist  of  spirit  and  expression,  and  one  of  theiirst 
i£^  Tuscany,  who  designed  the  naked  with  anatomk-kl  nitel^ 
ligence^  though  still  with  some  dryness  of  manner^  kH^ 
too:  much  adheretice  to  the  model :  the  chief  evidence  of 
tills  is  in  the  Duomo  of  Orvieto,  where  in  the  mixed  ima- 
gery  of  final  dissolution  and  infernal  punishment,  h^  has 
scattered  original  ideas  of  conception,  character,  and' atti- 
tude^ in  copious  variety,  though  not  without  remnants  of 
gothicialloy.  The  angels,  who  announce  the  impending 
mom  orscatter  plagues,  exhibit,  with  awful  simplicity,  boNl 
fer0-sborteniiigs ;  whilst  the  St.  Michael  presents  on)y  tftifif 
t^me  heraldic  figure  of  a  knight  all  cased  in  armour.  In  tbe^ 
(Expression  of  the  condemned  groups  and  ds&mons,  be  cbi^y 
dwells  on  the  supposed  perpetual  renewal  of  the  pangs  at- 
tending on  tbe  last  struggles  of  life  with  dfeath,  contriMK^ 
with  the  inexorable  scowl  or  malignant  grin  of  fieiMfe  me- 

t  Cave  vol.  I ^Vosshit  de  Hist.  Lat— Fabric.  Bibl  Lat.  si  BiU.  MW. 

MtUU^BlmarnVB  C2eBi«r«,— »BttmB.««^SazU  Oaoaast. 


S  I  G  N  O  R  B  L  LI. 


5U 


ihodtzing^  torture ;  .a  b^rrld  feature^  f^si^rved  by  Dante  for 
the  li^t  pit  of  bis  Jnferilo.  It  ba<  been  first  said  by  Vasari) 
who  «xttlted  Ui  bU  relation  to  Luca,  that  Michael  Angeio^ 
in  certain  parts  of  his  Last  Judgment^  adopted  something 
of  the  conduct  and  the  ideas  of  bis  predecessor.  This  is 
truai  because  Michael  Angelo  could  not  divest  himself  of 
every  impression  from  a  work  be  had  so  often  seen :  hifil 
origUiality  consisted  in  giving  consequence  to  the  materiak 
9f  Luca,  nptin  changing. them  ;  both  drew  from  the  samd 
sQFUfces,  with  the  same  predilections  and  prejudices,  and 
.  differed  less  in  the  mode  than  the  extent  of  their  con^ 
caption. 

XAica  Signorelli  worked  at  Urbino,  Volterra,  Arezzo, 
Florence,  and  other  cities  of  Italy ;  and  though  by  far  th^ 
grater  part  of  his  performances  be  diefective  in  fc^m 
aud  union  of  colour,  we  meet  in  some  others,  especially 
rn  the  Communion  of  the  Apostles  at  the  Gesu  of  Cortona, 
forms  ahd  tints  of  modern  grace ;  and  he  distinguished  him« 
self  among  the  artists*  who  concurred  to  decorate  the  pan- 
neU  of  the  Sistina,  by  superior  composition. 
.  Of  this  artist,  who  died  in  1521,  aged  eighty- two,  a  stOry 
is  told  as  a  proof  of  what  an  absolute  command  be  had  ov^^d 
his  passions,  or  rather,  it  might  hiive  been  said,  over  natu** 
ral  affection.  He  had  a  son  extremely  handsome,  and  ^ 
youth  of  great  hopes,  who  was  unfortunately  killed  at  Cor* 
tonfi.  When  this  son,  greatly  beloved  by  him,  was  brought 
home,  he  ordered  his  corpse  to  be  carried  into  his  paiht'^ 
ing*room ;  and,  having  stripped  him,  immediately  drew  hii 
picture,  without  shedding  a  tear. ' 

SIGONIUS  (Charles),  a  learned  Italian,  was  of  an  ah* 
cient  fscmily  of  Modena^  and  born  there  in  1524.  His  fa- 
ther designed  him  for  a  physician,  and  sent  him  to  Bolognaf' 
with' that  view;  but  he  soon  abandoned  this  pursuit,  and 
sfttd^d  the  Greek  and  Latin  classics,  which  was  more 
agreeal)Ie  to  his  taste.  He  taught  Greek  first  at  Venice,^ 
then  alt  Padua,  and  lastly  at  Bologna.  He  had  some  lite-* 
rary  disputes  with  Robortellius  and  Gruchius  upon  Roman 
antiquities,  in  which  he  was  exceedingly  well  versed.  Of 
his  numerous  works,  the  most  esteemed  are,  *^  De  Repub- 
lica  HebfseK»rum  j"  "  De  Republica  Athenierisiumy  "  His- 
tpfia  de  Occidentali  Imperio  ;^'  and  ^'  De  regno  Italiae.^' 

^  1  PilkingtoDy  by  Faseli. 

LL2 


fl6.  S  I  G  O  N  I  y  s. 

Lipsiusy  Casaubon^  Turnebus,  and  911  tbe  learned,  speids  of 
))im  in  terms  of  the  profoundest  respect;  and  he  wa9  u|i- 
qMestionably  one  of  tbe  first  classical  antiquaries  of  hvf 
timef  and  a  man  of  great  judgment  as  well  as  learning, 
very  correcit  and  deep  in  researches,  and  of  most  4in wearied 
diligence.  He  died  in  1585,  aged  sixty.  His  works  were 
all  collected  apd  printed  at  Milan  in  1733  and  W34  :  they 
(oake  SIX  volumes  in  folio..  His  '^  Fasti  Consulares^'  were 
printed  with  the  Oxford  LiVy  in  1800.V 

SILHOUETTE  (Stephen  pe),  a  French  writer,  whose 
taste  for  English  literature  entitles  him  to  a  place  here, 
was  born  at  Limoges  in  1 709,  and  appears  to  have  been 
brought  up  to  civil  or  political  life,  although  he  always  cul- 
tivated a  taste  for  literature.  He  purchased  the. office  of 
master  of  requests,  and  after  having  managed  the  affairs  of 
tbe  duke  of  Orleans,  became  comptroller-general  and  mi- 
mster.  of  state  in  1759.  This  was  a  critical  time  for 
France,  which  was  carrying  on  a  ruinous  war,  and  the 
finances  were  in  a  very  low  condition.  ^Silhouette  wished 
to  remedy  this  last  evil  by  retrenchment  and  ceconomy, 
but  finding  that  such  a  plan  was  only  a  topic  for  ridicule, 
he  quitted  his  post  in  about  nine  months,  and  retired  to  his 
estate  of  Brie>sur-Marn^,and  devoted  bis  time  to  study,  and 
his,  wealth  to  benevolence.  He  died  in  1767.  His  works 
were :  L  **  Id^e  generate  du  Government  Chinois,**  1729, 
4to,  1731,  12mo.  2./^  Reflexion  politique,'^  from  the'Spa;> 
Qisb  of  Balthazar  Gracian,  1780,  4to.  3.  A  translation  of 
Pope's  ^*  Essay  on  Man,^'  which  tbe  French  spqak  of  as 
faithful,  but  not  elegant.  4.  A  translation  of  Bolingbroke's 
^^Dissertation  on  Parties.''  This  is  said  to  have  been 
printed  at  London  in  1739,  where,  perhaps  about  thk  time 
Silhouette  was  on  a  visit.  5  *^  Lettre  sur  les  transactions 
publiques  cki  Regne  d^Elizabeth/'  with  some  remarks  on 
Bapin's  account  of  that  reign,  Amst.  1736,  12mo. '  6-  ^ 
translation  ofPope*s  ^^Miscellanies,"   1741,  2vols»  12mo«. 

7.  '<  Trait^  mathematique  sur  le  bonheur^"  1741,  12mq. 

8.  A  translation  of  Warburton's  "  Alliance,"  1 742,  2  vols, 
l^mo.  With  Warburton  be  appears  to  have  corresponded, 
for  in  one  of  Warburton's  letters,  printed  by  Mr.  Nichols^ 
we  find  that  celebrated  author  desiring  that  a  copy  of  his 

<  Life  by  Moralorij  prefixed  io  his  tu)rkt.-*-Moren.««BftiHet  JugedMm*V» . 


SILHOUETTE.  51^ 

^  Divihe  Legation*'  may  be  sent  to  M.  Silbbuette  in  France. 
In  the  "History  of  the  Works  of  the  Learned"  also,  we 
!$nd  "  Observations  on  Ibe  Abb6  Pluche's  History  of  the 
Heavens,'*  translated  from  the  French  of  Silhouette,  ivho 
professes  that  he  was  chiefly  indebted  for  them  to  the 
second  volume  of  the  "  Divine  Legation,"  and  to  some  par- 
ticular remarks  communicated  to  him  by  Mr.  Warburton. 
9'.  ^^  Epitres  morales,  Lettres  philosophiques,  et  Traits 
matbematiques/'  printed  at  the  Bowyer  press,  in  1741. 
10;  "  Memoirs  des  commissaires  du  roi  et  de  ceux  de  sa 
majestd  Britannique  sur  les  possessions  et  les  droits  respec- 
(ils  des  deux  courohnes  en  Amerique,"  Paris,  1755,  4to, 
Ifi  this  he  was  assisted  by  M.  de  la  Galissonniere.  II. 
^*  Voyage  de  ^France,  d*Espagne,  de  Portugal,  et  d*Italie," 
a  posthumous  work,  Paris,  1770. ' 

SILIUS  IT'ALlCUS  (CAiuS),  a  Roman  poet,  and  au- 
thor of  a  poetical  history  of  the  second  Punic  war,  which 
debided  the  empire  of  the  world  in  favour  of  the  Komkns, 
wa^  born  in  the  reign  of  Tiberius,  about  A.  D.  15,  and  is 
supposed  to  have  derived  the  name  of  Italicus  from  the 
place  of  his  birth;  but  whether  he  was  born  at  Italica  in; 
Spain^  or  at  Corsinium  in  Italy,  which,  according  to  Strabo, 
had  the  name  of  Italica  given  it  during  the  social  war,  is  a 
point  which  cannoc  be  known :  though,  if  his  birth'  had 
happened    at  either   of  these   places,  .the   grammarians 
tefl  us,  that  he  should  have  been  called  Italicensis,  and 
not  Italicus.     When  he  came  to  Rome,  he  a[)plied  himself 
to  the  bar ;  and,  by  a  close  imitation  of  Cioero,  succeeded 
so  well,  that  he  became  a  celebrated  advocate  and  most 
accomplished  orator.     His  merit  and  character  recommend- 
ed him  to  the  highest  offices  in  the  republic,  even  to' the 
consulship,  of  which  he  was  possessed  when  Nero  didd. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  aiding  in  the  accusation  of  persons* 
of  high  rank  and  fortune,  whom  that  tyrant  had  devoted  to' 
destruction  :  but  he  retrieved  his  character  afterwards  by  a 
long  and  uniform  course  of  virtuous  behaviour,  and  held  a 
principal  office  under  the  emperor  Vitellius,.  which  he 
executed  so  well  as  to  preserve  his  credit  with  the  public. 
Vespasian  sent  him  as  proconsul  into  Asia,  where  he  be-« 
haved  with  integrity  and  unblemished  reputation.     After 
bftviag  thus-  spent  the  best  p^rt  of  his  life  in  the  service  of 
liis  country^  he  bade  adieu  to  public  affairs,  resolving  to 

1  Diet.  Hot— Worki  of  the  Uamed  for  IT^S.-^^Niohdls't  Bowyer, 


1 


#1«  SILIUS     ITALICUS. 

consecrate  the  remaittder  of  hU  d^ys  to  retirement  and  the 
Muses,  He  had  several  fine  villas  ip  the  couqtry-;  Q»e  at 
Ti;i8Ciiluai»  celebrated  for  having  been  Cicero's ;  apda  farp 
ue^r  Naples,  said  to  have  .been  VirgiPs,  aiid  at  which  aras 
his  tomb,  which  Silius  often  visited^  Martial  cprnpiiments 
him  on  both  thfese  accounts.  In  his  retirement  be  applied 
liiinself  to  poetry,  not  so  ipuch  frpo)  the  impulse  of  gieoiiim 
))vhich  would  have  appeared  earlier,  .but  from  his  enthasias- 
tiQ  regard  for  Virgil,  to  whose  memory  he  paid  the  higbei* 
vene/ation)  and  whose  birth-day  he  is  said  to  have  cele* 
brated  annually  with  mqre  solemnity  than  his  own^  He 
l)aa  epdeavoured  to  imitate  him  in  his  poem ;  and,  though 
he  falls  greatly  short,  yet  there  are  soma  splendid  passages 
and  strains  of  imagination  which  enliven  a  historical  detail 
that  otherwise  may  be  read  with  ifpre  pleasure  in  Livy's 
prose.  After  spending  a  considerable  time  in  this  itetire- 
inent,  and  reaching  his  seventy* fifth  year,  he  was  seiaed 
with  an  ^ncur^ble  ulcer,  which  afflicted  him  with  unsup*r 
portable  paips,  and  drove  him  to  put  an  end  to  bia  life  by 
r/efrainiog  from  sustenance.  The  best  and  almost  the 
pnly  accpunt  we  have  of  Silius  Italicus  is  in  one  of  Pliny's 
lett|5r8,.from  which  most  of  the  above  particulars  are  taken. 

The  first  editipp  of  his  poem  was  published  by  Hmeyn^ 
heym  and  Pftapartfz,  at  Ropie  in  1471»  and  five  other  edi? 
tions  were  printed  in  the  same  century.  Of  modem  edi-r 
tions  theWst  are,  that  of  Drakenborcb,  1717,  4 to,  of  VilliH 
bi\in,  Paris,  17S1,  8vo,  of  Ernesti,  Leipsic,  l79i,  ^vob* 
8vo,  of  Heber,  1792,  2  vols.  l2mo,  elegantly  prinked  at 
the  Bulmer  press,  and  of  Rupert,  Gottipgen,  1794^?^^ 
2  vol^,  8vo, '  ,  .        I 

SILVESTER  11.  (PoPQ),  a  maa  of  great  talents  and  io^ 
fluence  in  the  tenth  century,  was  born  in  Aquitaioc^  of 
i^ean  parentage,  and  was  educated  in  a.  neighbourtng  con* 
vent.  His  original  name  was  Gerbert.  From  baa.coDvettl 
he  passed  into  the  family  of  a  count  of  Barcetooa^  in  iMbinli 
he  prosecuted, his  studies  under  the  care  of  a  Spanish 
bishop,  whom  he  accompanied  from  Spain  to  Borne.  Here 
he  was  introduced  to  Otho  the  great,  attached  himself  to 
Adalbaron,  the  archbishop  of  Rbeims,  whom  he  attended 
to  his  see,  s^nd  returned  with  him  ahoi|t  the  year  9H2  into 
Italy  .^  His  progress  in  learning,  which  eompffizcdgeoQpMry,  ^ 

1  Vossius  de  Hist  Lat  et  de  Poet;  Ut.-.Pluiii  Epist.  Lib.  III.  HpitU  VIli^^ 
lMbdin'iClM«iciMidBibl,Speaceriana.  ^ 


S  I  L  V  E  S  T  E  R^  5If 

MtroDomy,  the  matbenifttics,  mooha^ics,  and  e^ery  brandat 
Af  (Subordinate  ^ience,  is  iaid  to  have  been  prodigious^ 
and  bis  residence  in  Spaing  during  which  he  Fisited  Cor*- 
dlova  aod  Seville,  bftd  enabled  bim  to  profit  by  the  instmc* 
tioa  of  the  Arabian  doctors.     With  such  acquirements)  he 
wfts^  prt>nioted  by  Otbo  to  be  abbot  of  the  monastery  of 
fiobfa^o  in  Lombardy*  but,  finding  no  satisfaction  in  thia 
place,  he  again  joined  his  friend  the  archbishop  of  Rb^ims^ 
iHere  he  had  leiaure  to  prosecute  his  favourite   studiei^ 
while,  as  his  letters  shew,  his  fibilities  were  usefully  en*- 
gaged  in  different  political  transactions  :  in'  addition  to  tht 
auperin tendance  of  the  public  schools,  he  was  intrusted 
-writh  the  education  of  Robert,  son  and  successor  of  Hugh 
Capet.     He  also  employed  himself  in   collecting  booki 
from  every  quarter,  in  studying  them,  and  in  introducing  a 
taste  for  them  among  his  countrymen.     It  is  said  that  the  - 
veffiects  of  this  enlightened  zeal  were  soon  visible  in  Ger<- 
manyy  Gaul,  aod  Italy ;  and  by  bis  writings,  as  well  as  by 
|ib  example  and  bis  exhortations,  many  were  animated  to 
emulate  their  master's^  fame,  and  caught  by  the  loVe  of 
science,  to  abandon  the  barbarous  prejudices  of  the  age« 
In  his  epistles,  Gerbert  cites  the  names  of  various  classical 
authors,  whose  works  he  possessed,  though  often  incom» 
plete :  and  it  is  plain,  from  the  style  of  these  epistles,  that 
he  expended  his  wealth  in  employing  copyists,  and  ex-* 
ploring  the  repositories  of  ancient  learning. 

Though,  if  we  may  believe  his  encomiasts,  the  geniufi  of 
Gerbert  embraced  all  the  branches  of  learning,  its  peculiar 
bent,  was  to  mathcimatical  inquiries.  In  thiese,  when  the 
barbarism  of  the  age  is  considered,  he  may  be  said  to  bavef 
advanced  no  inconsiderable  way.  What  was  the  extent  o^ 
his  astronomical  science,  does  not  appear :  but  what  chiefly 
jdeserves  notice,  is  the  facility  with  which  he  aided  his  oivn 
progress,  and  rendered  discovery  more  palpable,  by  eom- 
haning  mechanism  with  theory.  He  constructed  spheres, 
the  arrangements  of  which  he  describes :  observed  the  stara 
through  tubes :  invented  a  clock,  which  with  some  accuracy 
marked  the  hours,  and  was  esteemed  an  able  musician. 
He.  is  said  to  have  been  as  well  skilled  in  the  construolton^ 
of  musical  instrumenta  as  in  the  use  of  them,  particularly 
the  liydbaulic  organ.  William  of  Malmsbury  speaks  with 
wonder  of  the  perfection  to  which  he  had  brought  this  in- 
strainenty  by  means  of  blowing  it  with  warm  wtLtmr*  th. 
Burney  thinks  that  the  application  6{  wa^m  water  may  hate 


\ 


520  SILVESTER. 

been  the  invention  of  Gerbert^  though^  in  all  probability^ 
he  hud  folio  A  ed  tiie  principles  of  Vitruvius  in  constructing 
the  iiihtiiment. 

.    in  the  RawUnson  collection  of  MSS.  at  Oxford,  there  is  i^ 
didactic  poem,  entitled  '*  Ars  Musica/'  which,  thongli  ano<- 
nymousy  contains  internal  evidence  of  having  been  written 
by  Gerber't.     It  is  composed  in  Latin  monkish  rhyme,  ex- 
cept where  such  technical  terms  oc<^urre(i,  as  could  not 
possibly  be  reduced  to  metre.     The  last  chapter  of  tins 
work  is  a  separate  treatise,  of  a  very  few  pages,  undW  the 
title  of  ^^  Rhythmomachia,"  or  the  battle  of  numbers  anc) 
figures,  which  is  universally  allowed  to  have  been  written 
by  Gerbert.  It  was  composed  as  a  kind  of  game,  soon  af^er 
the  arrival  of  the  Arabian  figures  or  ciphers  in  Europe,  for 
which  the  author  gives  rules  resembling  those  for  chess. 
Hence  some  of  his  biographers  say,  that  it  is  to  Gerbert  we 
aire  indebted  for  the  Arabic  numerals.     Certajinly  such  at- 
tainments were  indications  of  no  common  mind^  and  in* 
duced  the  vulga^  to  suspect  that  he  was  addicted  to  magic ; 
an  nbsurd  notion,  which  Platina  had  adopted,  for  be  says 
thjgit  be  obtained  the  papacy  by  ill  arts,  and  that  he  left  his 
monastery  to  follow  the  devil.     He  allows  him^  indeed,  the 
iQefit  of  a  sincere  repentance ;  but  mentions  some  pr^di* 
gies  at  his  deaths  which  will  claim  little  regard  on  the  tes-t 
timony  of  such  a  writer. 

On  bis  rise  to  the  papacy  we  shall  be  brief.  In  99  i^, 
Hugh  Capet  promoted  him  to  the  archbishopric  of  Rheims; 
but  this  elevation  was  a  source  of  ^isquiet  to  hini,  and  after 
Sidch  contention,  lie  was  obliged  to  resign  the  see  to^Ar- 
nulf,  the  natural  son  of  Lothaire,  king  of  Franc^,.who  had 
been. formerly  deposed  from  it.  This  was  in  997,  and  ai 
the.  same  time  Otho  III.  conferred  upon  him  the  archbi- 
ahopric  of  Ravenna ;  and  on  the  death  of  pope  Gregory -V. 
iq  99,9)  he  was  elected  to  the  papal  dignity,  when  be.a^- 
SQikie4rthe  name  of  Silvester.  The  acts  of  his  pontificate 
were  but  few,  and  not  at  all  important.  In  1000  he  is  said 
to- have  conferred  on  Stephen  I.,  king  of  Hungary,  the  royal 
title,  with  the  famous  crown,  the  palladium  of  that  king- 
dom, and  to  have  constituted  him  perpetual  legate  of  the 
holy  see,  with  power  to  dispose  of  all  ecclesiastical  beae- 
fices.  It  was  also  inthis  century  that  the  plan  of  tfae  h6\y 
war  was  formed ;  and  towards  the  conclusion  of  it,  the  sig- 
nal was  given  by  our  learned  pontiff,  in  the  fir^t  year  of  his 
pontificate,  in  an  epistle,  written  in  the  name  of  the  church 


SILVESTER.  5SK 

of  Jerusalem,  to  the  church  universal  throughout  the  worlds 
in  which  the  European  powers  are  solemnly  exhorted  to 
succour  and  deliver  the  Christians  in  Palestine.  The  pon- 
tiffs exhortations,  however,  were  only  regarded  by  the 
inhabitants  of  Pisa. 

Silvester  died  in  1003.  His  "  Epistles,"  of  which  161 
are  still  extant,  contain  many  curious  particulars  respecting 
natural  philosophy.  They  were  published  at  Paris  in  1611, 
4to,  and  are  also  in  the  "  BibI,  Patrum,"  Duchesne's  c6l- 
liection,  and  the  collection  of  the  councils.^ 

SILVESTRE  (Israel),  a  celebrated  French  engraver^ 
#as  born  August  15,  1621,  at  Nunci,  of  a  good  family, 
originally  Scotch.  After  his  father's  decease,  be  went  6> 
Paris,  where  Israel  Henriet,  his  mother's  brother,  a  skil- 
ful engi*aver,  gladly  received  him,  and  educated  him  as  hist 
own  son.  He  drew  all  the  views  of  Paris  atid  its  environ'sl 
.  engraved  them  with  great  success,  and  went  twice  after- 
wards to  Rome,  whence  he  brought  the  great  number  of 
fine  Italian  views  which  he  has  left  us.  '  Louis  XIV.  being 
at  length  informed  of  this  artist's  great  genius,  employed 
hini  to  engrave  all  the  royal  palaces,  conquered  places,  &cl 
and  appointed  him  drawing  master,  to  the  dauphin,  allow- 
ing him  a  considerable  pension  besides,  with  apartments  in 

•  the  Louvre.  Silvestre  married  Henrietta  Selincart,  a  lady 
celebrated  both  for  her  wit  and  beauty,  who  dying  in  Sep- 
tember 1680,  he  erected  a  superb  monument  to  heir  me- 
mory in  the  church  of  St.  Germain  I'Auxerrois.  He  die^ 
October  11,  1691,  aged  seventy. 

B[is  works,  which  are  very  numerous,  consisting  of  up- 
wards of  700  prints,  are  executed  with  a  fine  point,  and  in 
a  neat^  clear  style.  The  distant  piirts  of  his  landscapes, Iti 
fiarticular,  are  very  finely  expressed.   They  are  very  slight, 

*  yet  no  part  of  them  is  confused ;  but  the  effect  is  exceed- 
ingly agreeable  to  the  eye.  There  are  several  volumes  of 
his  prints  to  be  purchased  in  France,  the  value  of  whieh 
varies  according  to  the  goodness  of  the  impressions.  Hence 
those  published  near  his  time  are  in  most  request,  and  for 
the  same  reason  the  large  collection  published  in  4  voFs* 
oblong  fol.  in  1750,  sells  at  a  very  inferior  price.' 

^  Dii^in.^B^riligton'f  Lit.  History  of  Uie  Middle  Agei Barney's  Hist,  i of 

ll^itick— ^BiHiHiik  Aaoales: — Bower's  Hist,  of  the  Popet.^^axii  O^omast.     '\    .. 
*  Jlorert.^Dict.  Hist.— Strutt's  Dictiooary. 


i<'^i—  i*.  ■  -»rii 


^TTTfT 


INDEX. 


Those  marked  thus  *  are  n^w, 
Thoie  marked  t  are  re-written,  with  additions. 


*  h 


Page 

^AA,  Emanuel 1 

*Saadias-Gaon ,  2 

^^Saavedra-Taxardo>  Diego  de  ib. 

♦Sabatier,  Peter 3 

* : R^phael-fiienvenu    4 

*9abbathier,  Francis 5 

^^bbatini^  Andrea 6 

f .'"  '  '  '  —  Lorenzo ., 7 

|Sabellicu8 ib. 

Sabellius « 8 

Sabinus^  George 9 

*Sacchetti,  Francis  ., 10 

*  Sacchi;  Andrea ib. 

f  Saccfitim^  A.  M.  G 11 

»M.  I  ■ »    ■»»  Francis 13 

JSaeheverell^  Henry ........  ib. 

SackviUe^T.  lord  Buckhurst  16 

.  n ^  Char,  lord  Dorset  20 

*Sadeei;  Anthony 33 

fSadi..: .....2d 

Sadler^  John 26 

t^, ,  ■    ■  si r  Ralph 98 

*Sadelers,  engravers 33 

.Saddlety  James ,33 

^Saemund,  Sig.  ...........  34 

i,  Alain  K.  Le 35 


jSage, 


John^ 


f  • 


38 


^Sagittarius^  Caspar. .......  39 

^Sauactes^  Claudius  de ......  ^ 

^St.  Amanda  James  ........  41 

St.  Amiint>  M.  A.  G. ......  ib. 

«St.  Amoi|r«  William  de 4^ 

St.  Andrfi,  Nath.. 43 

*St.  German,  Christ 44 

St  Jdhii,  Henry 45 

*St  Lambert,  Ch.  Francis  de  56 

St.  Marthc,  family  of . . 58 

•St. 'Fialaye,  J.  B.  de  la 60 

fSt.  F^vin,  Den.  Sanguin  de  ib. 
*St.  Pierre^  C.  I.  Castel  de  . .  61 

St.  R«J,C.  V.  de  . . . . ib. 


^St.  Si<mon>  dnke  of. . . . « -. .  i6S 
^Salden,  WUlMm* ♦vW 

Sale,  George ^  « .ib. 

♦Salian,  James. . . , . .  ^ . . .  .%"64 
t$alisbury,  John  of ...;.. .  *^, 
* .  William .«7 

Sallengre,  A.  H.  de jIS» 

fSallo,  Denis  de ,.'i59 

f  Sallustius>  C.  C»»  ...*•... . «.  QRJ- 
t  Salmasiua,  €hndtti  t . » . . .  ^ . .  f% 
^Salmon>  FranoiSL.  • . .'  • .  u  ^  v .  98 

—  Nath. .yd 

t Thomas 80 

Salter,  Samuel  ».<,.. . .  SI 

Salvian —  *^  .  ..-84 

tSalviati,  F.  K . .  ^Jbi 

fSalvini,  A.  M. ...... .  *  ^^^  J89 

^Sambucus,  J<^n .^80 

*Sampson>  Thomas . . .  ^ « ..^  .ib«. 

Sanadon,  N.  S. 88 

Sanches,  A.  N.  Bibierd  ....  89 
^Sanchez,  Frahicis  .  . « . .  v^  v%4>3 
*'*  Gaspai^ .  t .  • . .  r:}iJSt$^ 

^■■■»f  '    '  Pfeter  AsthdAy.  r-ar«^. 


*-^ 


Rodoingot.  w . . . . *".-» 

--*«-  Thcmnas  ;Aatb. . )» ^  .KK 

Sanchoj  Ignatiua . «  . .  ^  . . . .  tbv 
f  Sanchoniathoi^ .^ 

Sancroft,  Will. ,...,....,  .^ 
fSanctoriiiB**. ...  ^ ....  «\ .  ^  U>& 
*Saiidby,  Paul. . . . .  i . . .  i .  ^  lOT 
tSapdeman^  Robeit...w»..*iljfl6r 
f  Sanders,  l^^k. » •>« « .4 ...... .  lA 

■  Robert. .  .^  .«».^».  14d 

Sanderson^  Robert .  i .  v .  •^^IIS 

t: ^  Rob.  antiqutty  IM' 

^Sapderufl^  Asith .'.  *  193  - 

^Sandfordj  Francis^ ...» *«,«lSir 
^Sandini,  AiKth.  ....*.  .)i.r«  lif 
^Sandius,  Christ « .  .^ib. 

Sandrart^  Joachim .db. 


l:N.l>£.Xf 


&tt 


Pafe 
fSMMljMU  JEdwin . ...... ...  Ii9 

r  JSdwii!^  9on «...  < . .  137 

: — George 139 

tS*Di^zariu8«  lames  .^  «...  141 

SailaQn^Nich 145 

*S¥uiaoTmo>  Francis 14^ 

tSknteul^John  Bapt.  .^.i . .  ib. 

f' Claude 147 

fSappho r.  .MS 

fimsin,  Jobn  Fnmcii . . . .  149 
^^Sacavia,  Hadrian  ft  ..,.*. .  160 
«»Siiinewski,  M.  G 151 

Saijeanty  John 162 

^^Samalli,  Pompcy 153 

I Saipi^  Paul •.......•».... ib. 

ffterauj.  Claude 166 

*Sarti»  Joseph ib. 

taftrto>  And.  M. 168 

fSaundens,  air  Edmund. . . .  169 

Saunderson^liiiok 170 

♦Saurin,  Elias. 176 

•  ■  ■    . . —  James:. , . .  ^ 177 

.«        ■     Joseph  ♦.;.,. 179 


Pagt 

<  Sebaaf^Chailfli. »:.•««.. .930 

Schalken,  God&ey  ,,.....•  ^1 

«Seheek»  Charkt.  WiUiom . .  «i 

Schti&r^  John ^ .  S3S 

Scheincr^  Christ. . « ...  fS4 

^Sehelhammer,  OX. ..... .  ttS 

'^Scbeudwer,  John  Jame9  ..ib. 

fSchiaitODi,  And ISSft 

*Schiavonetti,  LeWis ib. 

*Schidoni,  Barth. t40 

*Schiller,  Fredcriek  4 :941 

*Seh]]ter,  Jbhn "S^S 

^Schmidt,  Christ. .. ., 343 

ErastMS. . . .  ^ . . .  ib« 
-•-John  And!rew  . .  1244 


*.  ■»' 


*Schnebbelie>  Jacob ib. 

Schoepflin,  John^Danid  . .  947 
*Schombecg>  A.C ^ 

Fred,  duke  of. :  ib. 

*        Isaac ' . .  %4 

*        Ralph  . .  ....  2f56 

fSchoner,  John 257 

^Schonntng,  Gerard .......  ib, 

^8choockius>  Martin 958 


^NSttussajr^And.  du 160 

^^^Smasuxe,  H.  B.  de ....  i ...  ib.    .  ^Schooten,  Francis  . .  ....  959 

^^dauvages^ F. B.  de 189       Schott^  Andrew. . , .  1 . .  1 . .ib. 


tdauveur,  Joseph 184 

^^Savage,  Hemy : . .  196 

.•— — —  John ib. 

>><  Richard ;  ^87 


Gaspar 


960 


^tSavaron,  John.  .^ « . .  199 

^terary,  Francis 193 

>i    ■ .  ■  Janies 194 

i'3     1 1  .Nichi^aa ........  195 

Sinilt^  sic  GiMMge ib. 

^** sir  Henry 900 

fSttvonarola,  Jerome . . , .  v .  90tf 
tSlwvyer,8irHob«rt..w..  9tt 
i^SMce,  Maurice,  count ..... .lb. 

«flMi:i,  Jos.  Anth. 919^ 

««ULiu8, Christ. '.tM 

Sito  Grammaitieui  ....,<  914 

81^,  Samuel.. 916 

'Scala*  Barth.. ..«/.% 918 

flfe^Oiger,  Julius  Cttsar  ....  919 
frfi  '  ■  I'  .  Joseph Justui ... 994 
«8e4moszi,VinMnt......  996 

t)Scapu}a>  John 997 

fScarborough^  oir  Qmxlm. .  998 
tSearron,  Faul . , ; 899 


fdchreTttlius/  Oottlteliiis  . .  . :  ib. 

^faultens,  Albert 961 

^il Henry  Albert '. . .  ib. 

^Schurman>  Anna  Maria  ..5SS4 
*Schurtzfleisch,  C.  S : .  966 

Schwartz^  Bertholet . .  967 

i^ioi^us>  Gaapar ib. 

^dcopoli,  John  Ant 969 

Seott>  David 970 

t- Daniel.... :...:.. 971 

*^"  '    ■  GeorgeLewis  . ; . .  .979 

— ~  John,  D.  D. . . ' 974 

-  John,  poet . . : .': .  ,976 
Michael.....  :.i'.T983 


^0^11 


*JU 


-  Reyiiolde . . . . : .' . .' . .  ib. 

-  or  Roth6rain,Tllihtt.985' 

fScougal,  Henry 986 

«8criboniu&  Largus  : :  I':. .  9813' 
^Scrimaeor/  Heilry .......  989 

Soriverius,  P)eter  .1 29l, 

fScuderi,  George  de 999  ' 

t'^  Magdeleine  de  .  • .  ib. 

^Scultetos,  Abraham. . . .  ^ .  993 


fit4 


IN  DEX. 


Page 

^Scultetua^  John 99S 

*Scylax  • ib. 

fScylitza,  John ; 396 

fSeba,  Albert ib. 

Seckendorf,  Vitus  Louis' de  ib. 

f^ker,  Thomas 397 

*Secou88e>  Denis  Francis  . .  310 
*Sedain^^  Mich.  John  . .  .  •  311 
*Sedgwick,  Obadiah  . .  ^ . . . .  ib. 
fSedley,  sir  Charles  .......  313 

Seduliusj  Cselius 313 

See4>  Jeremiah 314 

*Segers,  Gerard  and  Dan. .  315 

*Segni>  Bernard 316 

fSegrais^  J.  R.  de ib. 

fSelden,  John 317 

*Sdkirk,  Alex. 332 

«Senac,  John 334 

^Senault,  J.  F.. 335 

fSeneca,  L.  A. 336 

Sennertus^  Daniel 341 

^^ptalius,  Louis 343 

Sepulyeda^  John  Genes  de  343 

fSerapion^  John ^. . .  ib. 

*Scrariu8,  Nich , . .  344 

♦Serassi,  P.  A. ib. 

^Sergardi,  Louis 345 

SeiranuSt  Joannes ib. 

♦Servandoni,  J.  N 347 

Servetus,  Michael ib. 

"^Servip^  Louis , .  350 

Ser^ius,  M.  H 351 

tSettle^  Elkanah 353 

^Severinus^  M.  A 353 

Severus^  Pub.  Corn ib. 

tSevigne^  Marchioness  de, .  354 

*Seward>  Anne 355 

* William 358 

Sewell,  George «^ . .360 

t —  WiUiam, 361 

^Sextius^  Quintus 363 

Sextus  £mpiricu&. 363 

^Seymour,  duke  of  Somerset  ib. 

Shadwell,  Thomas 368 

fShakspeare^  Will. .  . , 369 

^Sharp^  Abraham 389 

f .  James 395 

•f  ■        John , . .  398 


Page 

*Sliarp^  Thomas. 40$ 

* GranviUe  .. 406 

* Samuel 411 

Sharpe,  Gregory 413 

Sharroch^  Robert. 414 

*Shaw,  Cuthbert ib. 

* Geoige 416 

* Peter 433 

*  Samuel ib. 

* r-  Stebbing 435 

* r-. Thomas 438 

*Shebbeare,  John 430 

^Sheepshauks^  William ....  4S4 
tSheffiekl,Jno.duke  of  Bucks;  436 
fSheJdon,  GUbert 443 

*  Shenstone,  William 446 

fShepreve^  John 449 

«Sherard,  William 450 

fSherburne,  sir  Edward  . . .  453 

Sheridan,  Thomas 4^7 

• r— 468 

Sherlock,  Richard 466 

■   ■  Jir.  wiinam  ,  •  •  • .  10. 

t Thomas 468 

^Shipley,  Jonathan 477 

♦Shirley,  Anthony 479 

James 480 

* Thomaa 483 

♦Short,  James ib. 

* Thomas 484 

Shoyely  MT  Cloudesley  . . . « 485 

tShower,  John 488 

* ; —  s\t  Bartholomew.  •489 

♦Shuekfbrd,  Samuel .490 

fSibbald,  sir  Robert  . .  , . .  491 

♦Sibbs,  Richard ...493 

♦Sibthprp,  John 493 

fSidn^y,  Aleemon 499 

t : — Philip 508 

t^-^- —  Mary 513 

Sidonius,  C.  S.  A.  M 513 

tSignor^Ui^  Luca  ; 514 

Sigonius,  Charles 515 

♦Silhouette,  Stephen  de .  . .  516 
SUius  (t^Uicus  ^ 517 

♦Silvester  II.  pope  ....*.•..  518 

♦SilTCStre,  Israel 531 


I 
I 
t 


END   OF  THE   TWENTY-SEVENTH   VOLUME. 


1  Printed  by  Nichols,  Sen,  and  Bentley, 
K«d  Li«D  Pasft«|fe,  Fleet  Street,  London. 


J 


f^^p^